Renaissance, Reformation, and Revolution

RenaissanceRenaissance:

◦Rebirth◦Time period of many developments, including

the invention of the printing press, advances in science, and a new emphasis on reason.

Inspired by Greek and Roman literature and life.

Arab and African developments in science and medicine also.

Art and humanities were also emphasized.

Renaissance menWriters:

◦Niccolo Machiavelli: The PrinceLeonardo Da Vinci

◦Sculptor, Engineer, Architect, and scientist.

◦Known for his paintings. Michelangelo Buonarroti

◦Painter and Sculptor◦Sistine Chapel

Scientific revolutionDuring this time period developments

and thought in modern science advanced knowledge of human life.

Scientific revolution:◦Transformation of thinking during the

1500’s and 1600’s as a result of a new system of investigation.

Scientific Method:◦The method of inquiry that includes

carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations.

The people of ScienceRene Descartes

Francis Bacon

Sir Isaac Newton

Other Scientific Discoveries

ReformationRevolution:

◦A drastic change in a social institution or in way of thought.

Johannes Gutenberg◦Moveable print and the Printing Press◦Allowed cultural diffusion and

information to be more readily available Catholic Church

◦Indulgences: payment for forgiving sins and entry into heaven.

Martin LutherGerman MonkPosted the 95 thesis

◦Statements arguing indulgences and other sacraments.

Was an outlaw until he was protected

Translated the bible into German.◦Allowed all Germans to read the

bible for themselves. Preached for a more direct faith

Protestant churchesSects

◦Small religious groups that were often unorganized and lacked authority and disciplines.

England◦Anglican Church◦Was established to allow King Henry

the Eighth to divorce his wives.

Counter-ReformationCatholic-ReformationDifferent tactics were used to

punish Heretics.◦People that defied the church

The Council of Trent◦Aligned Catholic doctrine◦Banned indulgences◦Disciplined clergy◦Emphasized ceremonies.

European, Exploration, and AbsolutionAbsolute Monarchy

◦Ruler has total control of the state without needing to consult other leaders or representatives of the people.

Advances in Map MakingNavigation instruments

◦Compass◦Astrolabe: astronomy to navigation

Mercantilism ◦Economic theory that countries wealth

depends on gold and silver. ◦Colonies could grow wealth.

EnlightenmentWhat was the enlightenment?What changing worldviews

characterized the Age of Enlightenment?

Who were the crusaders of the enlightenment?

What did the following people believe?◦John Locke◦Montesquieu◦Voltaire◦Rousseau

French Revolution1789 sparked by the American RevolutionFrance was ruled by an absolute

monarchy with privileges for an aristocracy and catholic clergy.

Radical change based on enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

The revolution sparked changed, but would be unstable until the formation of modern France.◦Republic, constitutional monarchy, and

empire.

Causes of the RevolutionPolitical and Social inequalities

◦ Nobility and Clergy had special privileges like absolute rule and no taxation.

Bankruptcy in the Government◦ Louis XIV spent too much on war. Louis XVI did nothing

to improve the situation. Enlightenment thought and American revolution.

◦ Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau Change was too little to late

◦ Attempts by Louis XVI to solve economic woes and the refusal to surrender any power led to the movement of the hungry Parisians who stormed the Bastille and started the FR.

French Revolution

Napoleonic EraNapoleon Bonaparte

◦French General ◦Military Genius

Led successful campaigns against Italian and Austrian armies.

Movement of troops rapidly and mass forces to critical points. ◦Cannon warfare

Napoleon Seized power in 1799◦Aristocracy controlled the government and a

plot was drafted to oust the government and place Napoleon in control.