THE OPPOSING SIDES

THE CIVIL WAR

CHAPTER 11

CHOOSING SIDESCHAPTER 11.1

CHOOSING SIDES• GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT: ASKED

ROBERT E. LEE TO COMMAND THE UNION TROOPS

• ROBERT E. LEE: ONE OF THE BEST SENIOR OFFICERS FROM VA WHO CHOSE TO SUPPORT THE CONFEDERACY

• MILITARY COLLEGES: 7 OUT OF 8 WERE IN THE SOUTH (SOUTHERN LOYALTY), SOUTH HAD LARGE NUMBER OF TRAINED ARMY OFFICERS

• U.S. NAVY: STRONG, ¾ LOCATED IN THE NORTH, POOL OF TRAINED SAILORS, NAVY UNDER UNION CONTROL

SCOTT LEE

WEST POINT MILITARY ACADEMY

NEW JERSEY

• MottoDuty • Honor • Country

• 1Established16 March 18022

• TypeFederal military academySuperintendent3Admin. staff600 faculty4Undergraduates4,4875

• Location, , Campus15,974 acres (65 km2)6ColorsBlack, gray, and gold AthleticsBlack Knights24 varsity teams

• AffiliationsPatriot League, Atlantic Hockey Association

• Websitewestpoint.edu

Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that "a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do." The academy bases a cadet's leadership experience as a development of all three pillar's of performance: academics, physical, and military.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES• POPULATION OF THE NORTH: TWICE AS LARGE

AS THE SOUTH GIVING THEM THE ADVANTAGE IN RAISING AN ARMY AND IN SUPPORTING THE WAR

• POPULATION OF THE SOUTH: 1/3 WAS ENSLAVED THEREFORE, THEY HAD FEWER PEOPLE TO JOIN THE ARMY

• INDUSTRIES OF THE NORTH: ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE OVER THE SOUTH (80% OF U.S. FACTORIES IN NORTH) (PRODUCE 90% OF NATIONS PIG IRON (WEAPONS/EQUIPMENT/FIREARMS AND GUNPOWDER) AFTER THE WAR THE SOUTH SET UP ARMORIES AND FOUNDRIES TO PRODUCE WEAPONS, GUNPOWDER, AND AMMUNITION

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES continued…

• FOOD IN THE SOUTH: ABLE TO PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS, HAD ONLY ONE RAILROAD LINE FOR MOVING FOOD AND TROOPS (NORTH EASILY DISRUPTED THE RAIL SYSTEM)

• LEGAL TENDER ACT: 1862, CREATED A NATIONAL CURRENCY, ALLOWED GOVERNMENT TO ISSUE GREEN-COLORED PAPER MONEY (GREENBACKS) NORTH CONTROLS NATIONAL TREASURY, COLLECT MONEY FROM TARIFFS, NORTHERN BANKS LOANED THE FEDERAL GOVT. MONEY BY BUYING GOVERNMENT BONDS

• SOUTHERN ECONOMY: NOT GOOD AT FIRST AND GOT WORSE (BANKS C/N BUY BONDS, UNION NAVY BLOCKADED SOUTHERN PORTS WHICH HURT THE TAXING TRADE, TO RAISE MONEY THE SOUTH TAXED ITS PEOPLE WHICH MANY REFUSED TO PAY, PRINT PAPER MONEY WHICH CAUSED RAPID INFLATION IN THE SOUTH

PARTY POLITICS IN THE NORTH

• LINCOLN’S POLICIES: REPUBLICANS AND NORTHERN DEMOCRATS CHALLANGED LINCOLN’S GOAL WAS TO PRESERVE THE UNION EVEN IF IT MEANT ALLOWING SLAVERY TO CONTINUE

• WAR DEMOCRATS: SUPPORTED THE CIVIL WAR AND RESTORING THE UNION YET WANTED SLAVERY

• PEACE DEMOCRATS: (REPUBLICANS CALLED THEM “COPPERHEADS”) OPPOSED THE WAR AND WANTED TO REUNITE THE STATES BY USING NEGOTIATION

Clement Vallandigham

• CONSCRIPTION: MILITIA LAW/DRAFTING OF PEOPLE FOR MILITARY SERVICE TO FILL THEIR REGIMENTS (DEMOCRATS OPPOSED THE LAW/RIOTS ERUPTED)

• HABEAS CORPUS: MILITIA LAW LINCOLN SUSPENDED WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS WHICH MEANS A PERSON’S RIGHT NOT TO BE IMPRISONED UNLESS CHARGED WITH A CRIME AND GIVEN A TRIAL

WEAK SOUTHERN GOVERNMENT• CONFEDERATE STATES’ RIGHTS: CONSTITUTION

LIMITED PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS’S ABILITY TO CONDUCT THE WAR

• SOUTHERN LEADERS: OPPOSED DAVIS’S POLICIES (CONFEDERACY FORCING PEOPLE TO JOIN THE ARMY) (SUSPENDING WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS) (NEW TAXES)

THE DIPLOMATIC CHALLENGE• UNITED STATES: DID NOT WANT EUROPEANS TO

RECOGNIZE THE CSA AS AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY (RESPECT THE UNION NAVY’S BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS)

• SOUTH: WANT EUROPEANS TO RECOGNIZE THE CONFEDERACY (DECLARE THE UNION NAVY’S BLOCKADE ILLEGAL) (WANTED THE BRITISH NAVY TO HELP THE SOUTH IN THE WAR AND STOPPED SELLING COTTON TO FRANCE AND BRITAIN UNTIL THEY WOULD HELP)

TRENT AFFAIR• 1861 THE CONFEDRACY SENT JAMES

MASON (VA) AND JOHN SLIDELL (LA) TO EUROPE TO BE PERMANENT MINISTERS TO BRITAIN AND FRANCE

• A UNION WARSHIP INTERCEPTED THE TRENT AND MASON AND SLIDELL WERE ARRESTED BRITAIN THREATENS THE U.S. WITH WAR UNLESS LINCOLN FREED THE MEN WHICH HE DID (CONFEDERACY NEVER RECEIVED THE SUPPORT OF THE EUROPEANS)

THE FIRST “MODERN” WAR• NEW MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND TACTICS• HUGE ARMIES MADE UP OF CIVILIAN VOLUNTEERS• VAST AMOUNTS OF SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT• NEW CONE-SHAPE BULLETS WERE MORE ACCURATE AND

COULD BE FIRED FASTER THAN PREVIOUS BULLETS• TRENCHES AND BARRICADES WERE USED FOR

PROTECTION• HIGH CASUALTIES• ATTRITION (WEARING DOWN YOUR OPPONENT THROUGH

THE EXHAUSTION OF SOLDIERS AND RESOURCES) ARMIES HAD TO KEEP RECRUITS

• DEFENSIVE WAR OF ATTRITION: DAVIS WANTED TO WAGE THIS DEFENSIVE WARFARE AGAINST THE UNION WHICH OUTRAGED THE SOUTHERN TROOPS WHO INSTEAD WENT ON THE OFFENSIVE CHARGING ENEMY LINES AND SUFFERING LARGE NUMBERS OF CASUALTIES

ANACONDA PLAN• UNION IMPLEMENTED

• STRATEGY PROPOSED BY WINFIELD SCOTT

• INCLUDED A BLOCKADE OF CONFEDERATE PORTS AND SENDING GUNBOATS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI TO DIVIDE THE CONFEDERACY