the rise of dictatorships in europe · a. the rise of dictators in europe occurred the same time...

The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe

Chapter 21Section 1

I. Introduction

A. European nations had tough time recovering from WWI

1. Caused some to turn to dictatorships

B. During 30’s, dictators gained power, countries did not challenge them

C. The result was World War II

II. Depression Hits Europe HardA. WWI left European nations with huge debts

1. Allies - $11 billion

2. Germany owed $33 billionB. Political disputes worsened economic crisis

1. Germany missed payment to France

II. Depression Hits Europe HardB. Political dispute worsened economic crisis

1. Germany missed payment to France

2. France takes over Ruhr steel mills and coal mines

3. Germany told its workers to strike and that it would pay salaries

4. Germany prints money causing hyperinflation

Occupation of Rhur

Hyperinflation in Germany

C. Because Germany could not pay its debt to Allies, Allies could not pay U.S.

D. Coolidge appointed Charles Dawes to find solution

1. America loans money to Germany that allows continued payment to allies and U.S.

E. Great Depression in U.S. spreads to Europe

1. Bankers want loans paid

2. Americans had no money to buy European goods3. European banks and businesses fail

4. Europe’s economic conditions mirrored the U.S.

F. Some European countries loss confidence in democracy and establish dictatorships

III. The Rise of European DictatorsA. People more concerned about their conditions than their form of gov.

B. Countries without a long history of self government offer opportunity for dictators

C. Stalin in Russia

1. By 1921 communists in control of Russia becomes United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)2. Communists eliminate opposition3. No private ownership

4. After Lenin dies Stalin takes over

a. Abolished political, religious and property rights

b. Wanted to spread communism

Stalin

Ukrainian Starvation• The great hunger • At the height of the Ukrainian famine in 1933, an estimated 25,000 people died

each day • By the end of 1933, almost 25 per cent of the Ukrainian population is thought

to have perished • An estimated 80 per cent of Ukraine's population were small-scale farmers • By mid-1932 almost 75 per cent of farms had been seized by the state to force

Ukrainian peasants into the Soviet system of land management • Grain exports were raised dramatically and agents were sent to villages to

confiscate grain, bread and any other food they could find • The Soviet Union exported 1.7million tonnes of grain to the West during the

famine. Nearly a fifth of a tonne of grain was exported for each person who died of starvation

• Holodomor, the Ukrainian name for the famine, means murder by hunger • Sources: ukrainiangenocide.com ; historyplace.com ; loc.gov

http://ukrainiangenocide.com/

http://historyplace.com/

Ukrainian Starvation

Stalin’s Cult of Personality

Stalin’s Cult of Personality

“I write books. I am an author. All thanks to thee, O great educator, Stalin. I love a young woman with a renewed love and shall perpetuate myself in my children--all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. I shall be eternally happy and joyous, all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. Everything belongs to thee, chief of our great country. And when the woman I love presents me with a child the first word it shall utter will be : Stalin.”

Stalin Quotes

“Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our Enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas” Stalin

Stalin Quotes

“Death is the solution to all problems. No man, no problem” Stalin

D. Fascism in Italy

1. Feared communism

2. Italy faced hard economic times3. Benito Mussolini founded Italian Fascist Party promising peace and respect

4. 1922 – Reduced power of parliament and eliminated all opposition5. Takes control of press and police6. Italy becomes totalitarian state

Benito Mussolini

E. Nazism in Germany1. Hitler began rise to power

2. National Socialist Party (Nazi) gained popularity in 20’s3. Blamed Germany’s problems on Jews, communists and western democracies

a. Believed Germans “master” raceb. Jews, slavs and blacks “sub-human”c. Gained power as economy worsened

4. Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933

Adolf Hitler

Stab-in-the back

Nuremberg Rally

E. Nazism in Germany5. Once in power Hitler eliminated all political opponents

a. Began rebuilding military

b. Started campaign against Jews

i. Civil rights eliminated

ii. humiliated

iii. Sent to concentration camps

Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)

IV. German ExpansionA. Hitler wanted to expand Germany

B. Confident world would do nothing

C. First part of expansion was to reunify German people in other countries

1. Took control of Rhineland in 1936a. Taken from Germany after WWI

2. Annexed Austria in March 19383. Invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia

Anschluss

3. Invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakiaa. Region was home of German speaking people. Also site of important fortsb. Czechs asked for help but democracies chose appeasement

i. Munich Conference – Sept. 1938 – leaders of France and Britain give Sudetenland to Hitler. Neville Chamberlain – “Peace in our time”

c. 1939 – Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia

Chamberlin at Munich

The Sudetenland

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

V. War Breaks OutA. Italy Annexed Albania

B. Poland

1. August 1939 – Germany and USSR sign Non-Aggression Pact

i. Will not attack each other

ii. Poland to be divided between them

B. Poland2. September 1, 1939 – Hitler attacks Poland

a. Uses new strategy called blitzkrieg

i. Attack swiftly and massivelyb. September 3, 1939 - France and Britain declare war, but do nothing called “phony war”

c. Poland surrenders within a month

Invasion of Poland

C. War in France1. Spring 1940 – Germany invades Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands

2. Moved across France to sea

3. Moved north, trapped Allied soldiers at Dunkirk

a. British Navy, Air Force, and citizens rescue 338,000 troops using every ship possible

4. June, 1940 – France surrenders

Maginot line

Invasion of France

Dunkirk

Hitler in Paris

F. Battle of Britain1. Britain only country left to face Axis

2. Fall 1940 – Britain constantly bombed

3. Citizens slept in subways and children sent to country

4. Defiant in face of German attack5. Churchill gave British hope “finest hour”

6. Hitler turns attention elsewhere

Battle of Britain

Winston Churchill

“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.”

Winston Churchill

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/winstonchu100130.html

Aggression in East AsiaChapter 21Section 7

I. Introduction. A. The rise of dictators in Europe occurred the same time that militarism gained a

hold in Japan in the 1930’s

1. Militarism is an aggressive policy put forth by the military or by people who follow the ideals of the military

2. In the 1920’s Japan had a brief period of democracy followed by the rise of a military dictatorship in the 1930’s

Emperor Hirohito

II. Japan Expands its Empire

A. Japan had emperors for over 2,500 years

1. Military leaders often held power in the name of the Emperor2. In the late 1800’s Japan became a constitutional monarchy in which democratically elected officials govern in the name of the monarch

3. In 1925 all males over 25 could vote

III. Japanese MilitarismA. As Japan’s economy worsened in the 1930’s, Japan’s military leaders

rejected democracy.

1. The military leaders were extreme nationalists

2. Wanted to expand the Japanese empire through force

Imperial General Headquarters

III. Japanese MilitarismA. Japan was limited by its geography.

1. An island without much land or resources

a. Could not feed its growing population

b. Could not support growing industry

1. Shortages of oil, iron rubber, bauxite and tin

III. Japanese MilitarismB. 1931 - Japan attacks Manchuria

1. Invasion was against the wishes of the Japanese government

a. The prime minister disagreed

i. Assassinated by military extremists

2. Japanese military takes control of government in 1932

a. Begin crash program of military expansion

Manchuria

Manchukuo

IV. Response to JapanA. Invasion of Manchuria violated laws of League of Nations and peace treaties

1. October 1932 – League of Nations orders Japan to withdraw from Manchuria

a. Japan ignores the League and leaves the League instead

i. Within months has full control of Manchuria

IV. Response to JapanA. United States does little to stop Japan’s

expansion

1. Secretary of State Henry Stimson announces that U.S. will not recognize Japan’s control of Manchuria.

a. The Stimson Doctrin

i. Hoover and FDR do not feel U.S. has the military power to oppose Japan

V. Civil War in ChinaA. Nationalists vs. Communists

1. Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek

2. Communists led by Mao Zedong

3. Fighting began in 1920’s and continued till 1949 when the Nationalist fled the mainland

Chaing Kai-Shek

Mao Zedong

V. Civil War in ChinaB. At the time of the Japanese invasion the Nationalists had upper hand in civil war

C. The Long March – 1934 – 100,000 men, women, and children escape through Nationalist lines

1. When they safely reach the Chinese interior only 20,000 remained2. Once safe from Nationalist attacks they begin to build up strength 3. Beginning of new phase in communist struggle

VI. China and Japan at WarA. With China divided by war, Japan announces a new policy

1. “The fundamental national policy to be established by the Empire is to secure the position of the Empire on the East Asian national debate

a. Claim for diplomacy and debate was falseb. Japan increased attacks on China in July of 1937.

VI. China and Japan at WarA. With China divided by war, Japan announces a new policy

b. Japan increased attacks on China in July of 1937.

i. Japanese capture Beijing and Shanghaiii. Attacks on China increases sympathy for China

iii. U.S. did not want to get involved sold arms to both sides

VII. Provoking the United StatesA. After Japanese capture Shanghai they move up the Yangtse River

1. In December 1937, Japanese planes observe American gunboat Panay guarding three oil tankers

2. Panay has two large American flags to identify it3. Japanese sink Panay killing 2 sailors4. Japanese pay $2 million and promise to protect U.S rights in China

U.S.S. Panay

VII. Provoking the United StatesD. Japanese economy exhausted

1. Japan begins looking the resource-rich European colonies of Southeast Asia2. Japanese believe European’s will not respond because of the war in Europe

a. Japanese seek to establish an Empire known as the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

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