Russia and the Central Powers Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey) (Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey) were excluded from the conference.were excluded from the conference.

Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey made separate Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey made separate treaties… all lost territory.treaties… all lost territory.

Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia became independent.became independent.Greece and Romania acquired more land.Greece and Romania acquired more land.

Russia was excluded as a result of Bolshevik Russia was excluded as a result of Bolshevik Revolution and Treaty of Brest-LitovskRevolution and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Land in Middle East fell under British and Land in Middle East fell under British and French control.French control.

The Big FourThe Big Four

Woodrow Wilson: USA David Lloyd-George: Great Britain

Georges Clemenceau: France Vittorio Orlando: Italy

27 Nations were27 Nations wererepresented- represented-

dominated by thedominated by the

Great Britain, America and France were the three most Great Britain, America and France were the three most

powerful Allies and they wanted to exert their influence upon powerful Allies and they wanted to exert their influence upon

the Treaty of Versailles. the Treaty of Versailles.

Yet they wanted different things.Yet they wanted different things.

Treaty Of VersaillesTreaty Of Versailles

LeadersLeaders Wanted Wanted Did not wantDid not want

David Lloyd David Lloyd GeorgeGeorge

Woodrow Woodrow WilsonWilson

George George ClemenceauClemenceau

Lloyd George (UK)Lloyd George (UK)

•Germany to be justly punished, but Germany to be justly punished, but not too harshlynot too harshly

•Germany to lose its navy and Germany to lose its navy and colonies as these were a threat to colonies as these were a threat to Britain's own navy and empireBritain's own navy and empire

•Germany and Britain to become Germany and Britain to become trading partnerstrading partners

BUTBUT Overall, Lloyd George did not want to punish Germany Overall, Lloyd George did not want to punish Germany

too harshly as he did not want Germany seeking revenge in too harshly as he did not want Germany seeking revenge in

the futurethe future

Lloyd George (UK)Lloyd George (UK)

There was pressure at home to make Germany pay There was pressure at home to make Germany pay

– if he had been too soft he would have been voted – if he had been too soft he would have been voted

out as PM. Lloyd George hated the Treaty. out as PM. Lloyd George hated the Treaty.

However However "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany

Pay" were two very common calls in the era Pay" were two very common calls in the era

immediately after the end of the war and Lloyd immediately after the end of the war and Lloyd

George, looking for public support, echoed these George, looking for public support, echoed these

views.views.

He liked the fact that Britain got German colonies, He liked the fact that Britain got German colonies,

and the small German navy helped British sea-and the small German navy helped British sea-

power. But, although many British people wanted power. But, although many British people wanted

to ‘make Germany pay’, Lloyd George thought to ‘make Germany pay’, Lloyd George thought

that the Treaty was too harsh, and that it would that the Treaty was too harsh, and that it would

start another war in 25 years time.start another war in 25 years time.

What did Lloyd

George like and dislike about the Treaty?

Wilson (USA)Wilson (USA)

• a better and more peaceful worlda better and more peaceful world

• a League of Nations that would help and a League of Nations that would help and support each other and help to promote support each other and help to promote

world peaceworld peace

• the right to self-determination. The right the right to self-determination. The right to decide which country you wish to be to decide which country you wish to be

governed bygoverned by

The U.S.A. had joined war late (1917) and The U.S.A. had joined war late (1917) and hadn't suffered as much as the other Allies hadn't suffered as much as the other Allies

in terms of human and material costs.in terms of human and material costs.

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

End of secret diplomacyEnd of secret diplomacyFreedom of the seasFreedom of the seasArms reductionArms reductionFree tradeFree tradeNational self-determinationNational self-determinationCreation of an international Creation of an international peace organization called thepeace organization called theLeague of NationsLeague of Nations

Wilson (USA)Wilson (USA)Wilson got self-determination for the Wilson got self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe, and a League of peoples of Eastern Europe, and a League of Nations, but he was disappointed with the Nations, but he was disappointed with the Treaty because few of his ‘Fourteen Points’ Treaty because few of his ‘Fourteen Points’ were acted upon. were acted upon.

Worst of all, when Wilson went back to Worst of all, when Wilson went back to America, the Senate refused to join the America, the Senate refused to join the League of Nations, and refused to sign the League of Nations, and refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles! Treaty of Versailles! In America, there was In America, there was a growing desire for the government to a growing desire for the government to adopt a policy of isolation and leave Europe adopt a policy of isolation and leave Europe to its own devices. Wilson believed that to its own devices. Wilson believed that Germany should be punished, but in a way Germany should be punished, but in a way that would lead to European reconciliation that would lead to European reconciliation (peace) as opposed to revenge (war).(peace) as opposed to revenge (war).

What did Wilson like and dislike about the

treaty?

Clemenceau (France)Clemenceau (France)

• to cripple Germany so it couldn't to cripple Germany so it couldn't attack France again.attack France again.

•Wanted Germany broken down into Wanted Germany broken down into smaller states (weakened). smaller states (weakened).

France had suffered the most during France had suffered the most during the war so Clemenceau was under the war so Clemenceau was under

great pressure from the French people great pressure from the French people to make Germany pay.to make Germany pay.

Clemenceau (France)Clemenceau (France)Clemenceau liked the harsh things that were in Clemenceau liked the harsh things that were in the Treaty, especially reparations, because they the Treaty, especially reparations, because they would weaken Germany while helping France to would weaken Germany while helping France to recover. recover. He had one very simple belief - He had one very simple belief - Germany should be brought to its knees so that Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start a war again (France had she could never start a war again (France had been invaded by Germany before in 1871).been invaded by Germany before in 1871).

He liked the idea of a small German army, and He liked the idea of a small German army, and the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland, because the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland, because he thought that this would protect France from he thought that this would protect France from attack in the future. Also, he was pleased that attack in the future. Also, he was pleased that France received Alsace-Lorraine as this had France received Alsace-Lorraine as this had been taken off France by Germany in 1871. In been taken off France by Germany in 1871. In truth though, he wanted the Treaty to be truth though, he wanted the Treaty to be harsher. harsher.

What did Clemence

au like and

dislike about the Treaty?

Orlano (Italy)Orlano (Italy)

• wanted to gain territory from wanted to gain territory from AustriaAustria

•wanted a part of German colonies in wanted a part of German colonies in Africa and Middle East Africa and Middle East

Walked out of the conference when Walked out of the conference when terms of the treaty did not meet terms of the treaty did not meet

Italian demandsItalian demands

Germany had to accept total responsibility for starting the First World War.

this was called the War Guilt Clause or Article 231.

Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations to cover war damages and other Allied losses.($442 billion today)

Germany had to hand over some 27,000 square miles of land.

This accounted for about 13% of all of her land and six million of her people who lived there.

Germany was to have her colonies taken away from her.

These colonies were to become mandates run by the Allies on behalf of the League of Nations.

The German army was to have no more than 100,000 men and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors.

There was to be no air force and no submarines.

The German navy was only allowed six battleships and Germany was forbidden to buy any more weapons and other war material.

An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a period of fifteen years.

No German troops were to be allowed into the occupation zone.

German Territorial LossesGerman Territorial Losses•Germany lost ALL of her overseas coloniesGermany lost ALL of her overseas colonies

•Alsace-Lorraine was given to Alsace-Lorraine was given to FranceFrance

•The Rhineland was to be de-militarizedThe Rhineland was to be de-militarized

•The Saar coalfields were given to The Saar coalfields were given to FranceFrance for fifteen years for fifteen years

•Eupen and Malmedy were given to Eupen and Malmedy were given to BelgiumBelgium

•North-Schleswig was given to North-Schleswig was given to DenmarkDenmark

•Posen was given to Posen was given to PolandPoland so that it would have access to the so that it would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

•The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

•Germany was forbidden from uniting from AustriaGermany was forbidden from uniting from Austria

Terms of the treatyTerms of the treatyDamage Damage Germany Germany

economicallyeconomically

Damage Damage Germany Germany militarilymilitarily

Damage Damage Germany’s Germany’s

pridepride

27,000 sq mi of land was 27,000 sq mi of land was taken away from Germany taken away from Germany

No overseas coloniesNo overseas colonies

Germany’s army was Germany’s army was reduced to reduced to 100,000100,000 men men

She was not allowed an air She was not allowed an air forceforce

She was allowed only She was allowed only 66 battleships and no battleships and no submarinessubmarines

Allied troops to occupy the Allied troops to occupy the Rhineland at all timesRhineland at all times

Germany had to accept Germany had to accept full responsibility for full responsibility for starting the war. starting the war.

Germany had to pay $33 Germany had to pay $33 billion in billion in reparationsreparations

TThe Treaty seemed to satisfy the "Big Three" overall.he Treaty seemed to satisfy the "Big Three" overall.

• It made sure that Germany was too weak to start another It made sure that Germany was too weak to start another

European War, yet strong enough to help stop the spread European War, yet strong enough to help stop the spread

of Communism.of Communism.

•It kept the French border with Germany safe from future It kept the French border with Germany safe from future

German attacks.German attacks.

•It created the League of Nations. This would help It created the League of Nations. This would help

promote peace and trade throughout the world.promote peace and trade throughout the world.

•Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it.they did not sign it.

•The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Points as the Germans had been promised it would.

•Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the waras much to start the war

How did Germans React to the Treaty?How did Germans React to the Treaty?

•The loss of territory and population angered most Germans The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.who believed that the losses were too severe.

•Many Germans believed the German economy would be Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.crippled by having to pay reparations.

•They also thought the financial penalties that the treaty They also thought the financial penalties that the treaty imposed upon their country and her people to be immoral and imposed upon their country and her people to be immoral and unjust.unjust.

•The German Government that had agreed to the treaty became The German Government that had agreed to the treaty became known as the “November Criminals”.known as the “November Criminals”.

•Many German citizens felt that they were now being punished Many German citizens felt that they were now being punished for the mistakes of the Kaiser and German government of for the mistakes of the Kaiser and German government of August 1914 who had started the war as well as the government August 1914 who had started the war as well as the government of 1919 that had signed the treaty that brought peace.of 1919 that had signed the treaty that brought peace.