victimization - criminology
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3Victim and Victimizations
Group 8Criminology (SSWD3623)
Siti Fadzlikha AsyifaNur Diana
Prepared for:Prof Madya Dr. Jamaludin bin Mustaffa
The Nature of the
Victimizations
The Social Ecology of
Victimizations
The Victim’s Household
Victim’s Characteristi
cs
Victims and Their
Criminals
The Social Ecology of Victimizations
For light crime, usually the offence occurs in the open
places
Such as in public, during the daylight
For more serious crime, such as rape or
murder, the offence usually occurs in the
night
Usually it take place after 6 PM
Those living in central city also have higher
percentage to get involve in the offence,
whether to be the victim or predator
The Victims Characterist
ics
Gender
Age
Social Status
Marital Status
Race and
Ethnicity
Gender•Affects the victimizations risks•Male are more likely than females to be the victims of violent crime•Women are much more likely to be victims of rape or sexual harassment•Females are most often victimized by someone they know•For male, they eventually victimized with someone they do not know or strangers
Age•Young people face a much greater victimizations risk than do older people•The elder are more likely to be helpless targets for the predator criminal actually much safer than their grandchild• Teens also face high risk because they spend great time in the most dangerous place such as local school
Social Status
•Poorest Americans also the most victim of violence and property crime•For example, homeless people
Marital Status •Never marries man and women has higher risk to the victim•Widows and widowers have lowest victimization risk
Race and Ethnicity •Because of income inequality, racial and minority group members are often forced to live in deteriorated a urban areas beset by alcohol and drug abuse
Repeat Victimization •Target Vulnerability- the victims physical weakness of psychological distress renders them incapable of resisting crime and makes them an easy target•Target Gratifiability- some victim have some quality, possession, skill, or attribute that an offender wants to obtain, use , have access to or manipulate. Having attractive possession such as leather coat may make one vulnerable to predatory crime•Target Antagonism- some characteristics increase risks because they arouse anger, jealousy, or destructive impulses in potential offenders
Victims and their Criminals
Tells us something
about relationship
Males are more likely to be
violently victimization by the strangers
Females are more likely to be victims to people they
know
There are also crimes done by their own
relative - siblicide
CARING FOR VICTIMS
The Government’s Response to Victimization
Victim’s and Self Protection
Victim’s Right
• May be made for medical bills, loss of wages, loss of future earning
• To pay for the damages obtained
• To help the victims to recover from long-term trauma
• Provide crisis interventions to victims
• Help to familiarize of all victim’s program
• Teach method with dealing with conflicts
• Assuring victim’s right
• Need to interact with the agencies of justices
Victim’s Compensation
Victim’s Counseling
Public Education
Victim’s Advocates
Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs
• To engage the direct negotiations that leads to restitutions agreement
• Reconciliation between both party
Victims Impact Statements
• Opportunity to tell his or her experiences• Make before the sentences given
Victims and Self Protection
Stand Your Ground
Community Organization
Fighting Back
Victim’s Right according to
European Union Members
Be treated in respect
Have their entitlement to real
and appropriate role in the criminal
proceeding
Have the right to be heard
during proceeding
Receive information on ;
the type of support , where and how to report an offence
PROBLEMS OF
CRIME VICTIMS
ECONOMIC
LOSS
SUFFERING STRESS
& PTSD
ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR
VICTIMS’ CHARAC
TER
ECONOMIC LOSS
COSTS OF
GOODS
PRODUCTIVIT
Y LOSS
COSTS OF VICTIMIZATION
A] SYSTEM COSTSB] INDIVIDUAL COSTS
Criminologists use this below method which is similar to determine civil damages, to estimate the costs of victimization:
A] SYSTEM COSTSEffected party: Society at large, taxpayer,
federal and state government.Cost incurred to:
• Early prevention program• Organization to combat crimesReduce crime
• Medical treatment for injuries• Services for victims• Loss wages, pain and suffering,
also reduced quality of life Victims
•Legal costs•Treatment costs
Justice system
•Abused product•Treatments and care centreSocial costs
B] INDIVIDUAL COSTSEarning and occupational attainment
affected.If happen to have physical disabled during
the incidents of crime but victims had no insurance financial devastating occur due to the costs of special treatment.
Victims may bear psychological and physical ills that may inhibit academic achievement and later their economic and professional success.
SUFFERING STRESS & PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a condition whose symptoms includes depression, anxiety, and self destructive behaviour.
Common problem especially when the victims does not receive adequate support from family and friends.
ADOLESCENT STRESSYounger victims are prone to suffer stress. Meanwhile, adolescent victims are particularly at risks to PTSD.
Kids victim may suffer psychological deficits which was significantly associated with visual, auditory and tactile hallucination.
This may give effect on long-term mental health, low self-esteem and be more suicidal as adults.
They also risked to be re-abused as adults which may lead to despair, depression, and even homelessness.
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
The abuse-crime phenomenon is referred to as cycle of violence.
Research shows that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they were the targets of physical abuse.
They more likely to smoke, drink, and take drugs than are non-abused youth.
Links between victimization and crime:1. Victimization causes social problem2. Victimization causes stress and anger3. Victimization prompts revenge4. Victimization and crime are spurious association.
VICTIMS’ CHARACTER - FEARVictims of violent crime are the most deeply fear a
repeat of their attack. Many go through a fundamental life change,
viewing the world more suspiciously and a less safe, controllable and meaningful place.
Trauma may disrupted memory, cutting off events that happened before the incident and eliminated ability to conceive a happy and productive future.
Vicarious Fear- hearing about another’s victimization may make people timid and cautious. They will make preparation after hearing news of crime happen within their circle.
THEORIES OF
VICTIMIZATION
VICTIM PRECIPITA
TION THEORY
LIFESTYLE
THEORY
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY(Victim helps in fastening the crime)
Active Precipitation
Victims act provocatively.
Use threats or fighting words or even attack first.
Eg: Dressing provocatively leads to rape.
LIFESTYLE THEORYThe basis of this theory is that the crime is not a
random occurrence but rather a function of the victim’s lifestyle.
Victimization risk is increased by such behaviors as associating with young men, going out in public places late at night and living in an urban area.
Conversely, the risk reduced by staying home at night,l moving to a rural area, staying out of public places, earning more money and getting married.
Factors that also lead to victimization are risky life (homeless and runaway), status, getting involved in criminality and college lifestyle.
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORYLawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson (1979), the
volume and distribution of predatory crime are closely related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the routine activities. They are:
1. The availability of suitable targets2. The absence of capable guardians3. The presence of motivated offenders
Routine Activities and Lifestyle rely on four basic concepts:
a) Proximity to criminalsb) Time of exposure to criminalsc) Target attractivenessd) guardianship
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORYThese two theories share five predictions
that people increase their victimization risk if they:
1) Live in high-crime areas2) Go out late at night3) Carry valuable things4) Engage in risky behavior5) Without friends and family to watch or help
them.