World War IWorld War I

3 Causes3 Causes

Alliance building Alliance building MilitarismMilitarism Nationalism Nationalism

11stst Cause: Alliances Cause: Alliances Europe Europe alliance not new idea alliance not new idea

Many made & broken over the yearsMany made & broken over the years 1882 Germany1882 Germany

HungaryHungary ItalyItaly

France scared of GermanyFrance scared of Germany Shared borderShared border Germany:Germany:

Strong militaryStrong military Growing industryGrowing industry Growing populationGrowing population

1894 Russia & France = alliance 1894 Russia & France = alliance

Alliances (cont.)Alliances (cont.) G. Britain nervous of GermanyG. Britain nervous of Germany

Rival sea power and colonizing AfricaRival sea power and colonizing Africa France wanted more allies – 1904 – France allied France wanted more allies – 1904 – France allied

with GB (Entente Cordiale) “Friendly Understanding”with GB (Entente Cordiale) “Friendly Understanding” Russia & Britain Russia & Britain rivals in W. Asia rivals in W. Asia

““R” was weak – just lose Russo-Japanese war & R” was weak – just lose Russo-Japanese war & workers unhappyworkers unhappy

GB & Russia needed each otherGB & Russia needed each other Result 1907 Result 1907 “Triple Entente” “Triple Entente”

Not meant to be total militaryNot meant to be total military Germany saw as a threat Germany saw as a threat West GB = France West GB = France East = RussiaEast = Russia

All of Europe grew uneasy All of Europe grew uneasy

22ndnd Cause: Militarism Cause: Militarism

1900s open = rulers really military 1900s open = rulers really military leadersleaders Leaders:Leaders:

Glorified warGlorified war Concerned with build up of weapons & Concerned with build up of weapons &

armiesarmies Powerful countries spent $ on arms & Powerful countries spent $ on arms &

maintaining armies (during peacetime) “Arms maintaining armies (during peacetime) “Arms Race”Race”

With lrg armies With lrg armies had to settle diplomatically had to settle diplomatically any issue any issue

33rdrd Cause: Nationalism Cause: Nationalism

Least siginificant cause of warLeast siginificant cause of war Aided militarist in enlarging armiesAided militarist in enlarging armies Things seen as threat cause Things seen as threat cause

countries to anger quicklycountries to anger quickly Nationalism Nationalism citizens had blind citizens had blind

faith in military leadersfaith in military leaders

ResultResult

Minor incident (events snowballed) & crisis Minor incident (events snowballed) & crisis caused WWIcaused WWI Scene: BalkansScene: Balkans

Balkans: independent of TurkeyBalkans: independent of Turkey 2 pieces of Bosnia & Herzegovina under A-H2 pieces of Bosnia & Herzegovina under A-H

People wanted 1 slavic area “Greater Serbia”People wanted 1 slavic area “Greater Serbia” AH leaders feared revolt in areaAH leaders feared revolt in area

June 28June 28thth, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia (yugo.) , 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia (yugo.) ““Powder Keg of Europe”Powder Keg of Europe” Nationalist “Princip” shot – Archduke Francis Nationalist “Princip” shot – Archduke Francis

Ferdinand & wifeFerdinand & wife Princip Princip organization “Black Hand” organization “Black Hand” Full scale Slavic Revolt Full scale Slavic Revolt (AH = turned it around) (AH = turned it around)

War BeginsWar Begins

Result of AssassinationResult of Assassination

Excuse for AH to attack SerbiaExcuse for AH to attack Serbia AH calls in Germany, attack quick before other AH calls in Germany, attack quick before other

alliances can mobilizealliances can mobilize 4 weeks later – AH = ultimatum to Serbia 4 weeks later – AH = ultimatum to Serbia

(made it so Serbia couldn’t/wouldn’t meet it) (made it so Serbia couldn’t/wouldn’t meet it) 48 hours to respond or war48 hours to respond or war Serbia did agree to all but 1 demand Serbia did agree to all but 1 demand no no

investigation of murderinvestigation of murder AH saw 1 rejection as total rejectionAH saw 1 rejection as total rejection

July 28July 28thth, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared , 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia war on Serbia

Result (cont.)Result (cont.)

Germany Germany reacts quickly reacts quickly Knew France/Britain would follow Russia Knew France/Britain would follow Russia

helped Serbia helped Serbia Germany cocky about army (defeat both Germany cocky about army (defeat both

France & Russia) France & Russia) July 30July 30thth Russia declares war on AH & Russia declares war on AH &

GermanyGermany Germany tells Russia to stop mobilizingGermany tells Russia to stop mobilizing Russia ignores GermanyRussia ignores Germany Germany declares war on RussiaGermany declares war on Russia 2 days later Germany declares war on France2 days later Germany declares war on France

Results (cont.)Results (cont.)

BritainBritain Alliance system “trapped” nations one by oneAlliance system “trapped” nations one by one Germany Germany go through Belgium to get to France go through Belgium to get to France Belgium – “no” Belgium – “no” August 3 August 3rdrd Germany proceeded Germany proceeded

through Belgiumthrough Belgium Britain promised to keep Belgian neutralityBritain promised to keep Belgian neutrality In France falls Belgium & Germany = all of In France falls Belgium & Germany = all of

Europe (west) Europe (west) August 4August 4thth = Britain in w/ France & Russia = Britain in w/ France & Russia In just 6 weeks all European powers involved in In just 6 weeks all European powers involved in

war war

Other Countries Other Countries Enter the War Enter the War

New Countries in WWINew Countries in WWI Central Powers got Turkey & BulgariaCentral Powers got Turkey & Bulgaria Allies = JapanAllies = Japan Only 2 big powers neutral: US & Italy (1915 Only 2 big powers neutral: US & Italy (1915

allies)allies) Opens up “war zones” Opens up “war zones”

Allies try to take Turkey (back door to AH)Allies try to take Turkey (back door to AH) Big mistake Big mistake Dardanelles = stalemate Dardanelles = stalemate

Gallipoli: Campaign allies vs. Central powers fought all Gallipoli: Campaign allies vs. Central powers fought all through 1915 – December through 1915 – December allies pull out (250,000 dead) allies pull out (250,000 dead)

Side note – Arabs thought good time to kick Turkish rulers Side note – Arabs thought good time to kick Turkish rulers out of Arabiaout of Arabia

British solider helped – “Lawrence of Arabia” (T.E. Lawrence)British solider helped – “Lawrence of Arabia” (T.E. Lawrence) W/ help of Arabs – Allies took M.E. W/ help of Arabs – Allies took M.E.

New Countries (cont.)New Countries (cont.)

Map pg. 374 Map pg. 374 why called World why called World WarWar ImperialismImperialism

France/Britain recruited and enlisted France/Britain recruited and enlisted colonial subjectscolonial subjects

Subject attitude:Subject attitude: Some wanted nothing to do w/ rulersSome wanted nothing to do w/ rulers Some wanted to help fight = independenceSome wanted to help fight = independence

Major leader emergesMajor leader emerges India: “Mohandas Gandhi” India: “Mohandas Gandhi”

Eastern Front Eastern Front and Russian and Russian Revolution Revolution

19161916

Eastern Front = front line btwn Eastern Front = front line btwn Russia & eastern German borderRussia & eastern German border Sides: Serbs & Russians vs. GermansSides: Serbs & Russians vs. Germans Slaughter & Stalemate here tooSlaughter & Stalemate here too

Central powers begin to wear downCentral powers begin to wear down Germany takes PrussiaGermany takes Prussia 30,000 Russian troops killed30,000 Russian troops killed Russians pushed totally out of AH Russians pushed totally out of AH

1916 (cont.)1916 (cont.)

Russia drops out of warRussia drops out of war End of 1916 “R” goneEnd of 1916 “R” gone Why?Why?

Not industrialized (couldn’t produce supplies, Not industrialized (couldn’t produce supplies, weapons etc. for war effort fast enough) weapons etc. for war effort fast enough)

Allies couldn’t ship necessaries to Russia (Black & Allies couldn’t ship necessaries to Russia (Black & Baltic Sea ports blocked)Baltic Sea ports blocked)

Only Russian advantage = her population Only Russian advantage = her population 1915 alone 1915 alone 2 million troops died 2 million troops died 3 years kept throwing numbers in 3 years kept throwing numbers in

After & during 1916 – massive internal problems – After & during 1916 – massive internal problems – pulls out pulls out

World WarWorld War

Mean time, fighting also spread to Mean time, fighting also spread to Africa, Asia, SE Asia = European Africa, Asia, SE Asia = European conflict now true World War conflict now true World War

US Enters War & US Enters War & War EndsWar Ends

19171917

2 incidents lead to US entry2 incidents lead to US entry Germany = steps up war effort = Germany = steps up war effort =

“strangle allies” “strangle allies” block ports block ports Declares “sink any ship around Britain w/o Declares “sink any ship around Britain w/o

warning” (unrestricted submarine warfare)warning” (unrestricted submarine warfare) May 1915 – Br. Ship “Lusitania” sunk = 1,198 die May 1915 – Br. Ship “Lusitania” sunk = 1,198 die

(128 Americans) (128 Americans) US population angry – Pres. Wilson = stop (did US population angry – Pres. Wilson = stop (did

for 2 years)for 2 years) 1917 started again = gambled 1917 started again = gambled

1917 (cont.)1917 (cont.)

22ndnd incident: “Zimmerman Note” incident: “Zimmerman Note” Public “war with Germany”Public “war with Germany” More sympathy for allies than C. PowersMore sympathy for allies than C. Powers April 2April 2ndnd, 1917 , 1917 US in US in Europe before we get there: changed Europe before we get there: changed

foreverforever LivesLives Civilian life (roles)Civilian life (roles) EconomicsEconomics Governments Governments Society (values & thoughts)Society (values & thoughts)

1917 (cont.)1917 (cont.) ““Total War” Total War”

What little energy left = threw to winningWhat little energy left = threw to winning Most factories converted to munitions plantsMost factories converted to munitions plants All/any able bodied = workersAll/any able bodied = workers

Unemployment disappears Unemployment disappears All resources 1All resources 1stst priority = war effort priority = war effort

(left over) civilians can use = rationing (left over) civilians can use = rationing Governments use propaganda Governments use propaganda tell 1 side to tell 1 side to

publicpublic Lie about what enemy doingLie about what enemy doing Lie about how well your side is doingLie about how well your side is doing Keeps morale up Keeps morale up Posters Posters

1917 (Cont.) 1917 (Cont.)

Women’s RoleWomen’s Role Women left at home Women left at home

Head of householdHead of household Ran family businessesRan family businesses Worked in factories/warfront = Worked in factories/warfront =

nurses/couriers/driversnurses/couriers/drivers Result:Result:

Got pay checkGot pay check Made decisionsMade decisions Leadership rolesLeadership roles Changes American women forever, a lot liked the Changes American women forever, a lot liked the

freedom and responsibility freedom and responsibility

War Ends War Ends

US fresh men, supplies everything to alliesUS fresh men, supplies everything to allies ““Dough Boys”Dough Boys” ““we won’t come back till its over, over there”we won’t come back till its over, over there” ““It’s a long way to Tipperary”It’s a long way to Tipperary” ““Uncle Sam Wants You!” Uncle Sam Wants You!”

Germans throw all against Allies in W. Germans throw all against Allies in W. FrontFront May 1918 May 1918 Marne River, France – looked like Marne River, France – looked like

victoryvictory 140,000 fresh US troops aided French (Foch) 140,000 fresh US troops aided French (Foch) Inexperienced but eagerInexperienced but eager

War Ends (cont.)War Ends (cont.) July 2July 2ndnd Battle of Marne Battle of Marne

US 350 tanks/ 2 million more menUS 350 tanks/ 2 million more men Marched toward GermanyMarched toward Germany

C. P’s break downC. P’s break down Bulgaria & Turkey surrenderBulgaria & Turkey surrender AH revolution inside empireAH revolution inside empire Germany Germany soldiers mutiny, turn on Kaiser soldiers mutiny, turn on Kaiser

Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down steps down Nov. 11, 1918 – armistice = agreement to stop fightingNov. 11, 1918 – armistice = agreement to stop fighting

John J. Pershing John J. Pershing Peace Treaty “Treaty of Versailles”Peace Treaty “Treaty of Versailles”

UnfairUnfair Britain & France Britain & France stick Germany with blame (owed 20 billion) stick Germany with blame (owed 20 billion) Left many defeated bitterLeft many defeated bitter Pres. Wilson – 14 ideas to end World War = 14 pointsPres. Wilson – 14 ideas to end World War = 14 points