1914-1914-1918:1918:

The WorldThe Worldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The WorldThe Worldat Warat War

Part 2 of 4

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies1914-1914-

1717

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies1914-1914-

1717

Belgium Frustrates Belgium Frustrates Germany’s Schlieffen Germany’s Schlieffen

PlanPlan

Belgium resists German passage to France

Belgium says. “No!

German Atrocities: German Atrocities: RealReal and Imaginedand Imagined

The remains of Nurse Edith Cavell are returned to Britain.English nurse working in Belgium was executed as a spy by Germany.

German Atrocities: Real German Atrocities: Real and and ImaginedImagined

Stories of German Atrocities in Stories of German Atrocities in Belgium Influence American Belgium Influence American

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

Stories of German Atrocities in Stories of German Atrocities in Belgium Influence American Belgium Influence American

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

America to the Rescue, 1914

America to the Rescue, 1914

The American Relief The American Relief Agency Feeds Belgian Agency Feeds Belgian

ChildrenChildren

By answering the call for Belgium relief, in 1914, Americans all but ensured that if they entered the war, it would not be on the side of Germany (World War I. CBS Video. 1965).

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

1915

America & Britain America & Britain React to Sinking of the React to Sinking of the

Lusitania Lusitania

The German restriction order of September, 1915, stated that attacks were only allowed on ships that were definitely British, while neutral ships were to be treated under the Prize Law rules, and no attacks on passenger liners were to be permitted at all.

German Reaction to American Protests

German Reaction to American Protests

Cartoon supporting restrictionson submarine attacks

Following the sinking of an unarmed French boat, the Sussex, in the English Channel in March 1916, Wilson had threatened to sever diplomatic relations with Germany:

…unless the German government refrained from attacking all passenger ships, and allowed the crews of enemy merchant vessels to escape from their ships prior to any attack.

More Protests from America

More Protests from America

The Sussex Pledge

On May 4, 1916, the German Government accepted Wilson’s terms and conditions in what came to be known as the "Sussex pledge."

The Sussex

In January, 1917, representatives from the German navy convinced the military leadership and Kaiser Wilhelm II that a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare could help defeat Great Britain within five months.

Germany Changes PolicyGermany Changes Policy

Kaiser Wilhelm II

On January 31, 1917, The German Ambassador to the United States, Count Johann von Bernstorff, presented U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing with a note declaring Germany's intention to restart unrestricted submarine warfare the following day.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Returns

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Returns

Count von Bernstorff

Robert Lansing

Cutting the CableCutting the Cable

On midnight of August 4th, 1914, the English cable ship Telconia cut Germany’s transatlantic cables, severing its communication link with the rest of the world.

Now all of their communication would be funneled by wireless from Berlin and then across a cable in Africa.

Saunders, Roger. The Zimmerman Telegram - England's World War I Cryptographers, Room 40. http://modern-us-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_zimmerman_telegram_wwi.

Cipher Geeks to the Cipher Geeks to the RescueRescue

The abilities of British code breakers were greatly improved when German ciphered intercepts were given to a naval engineer named Alfred Ewing whose unique hobby was constructing ciphers.

Ewing’s rapidly expanding group of cipher geeks was to become known as Room 40 for the duration of the war.

Saunders, Roger. The Zimmerman Telegram - England's World War I Cryptographers, Room 40. http://modern-us-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_zimmerman_telegram_wwi.

Intercepted German Intercepted German CodesCodes

A German naval codebook, the Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine, and maps were passed on to the British navy by the Russians, who had seized them from the German cruiser Magdeburg when it had run aground off the Estonian coast on late in August, 1914.

Room 40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_40.

German Code German Code “Cracked”“Cracked”

In November, 1914, a British trawler recovered a safe from the sunken German destroyer S-119, in which was found the Verkehrsbuch, the code used by the Germans to communicate with naval attachés, embassies and warships overseas.

Room 40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_40.

On January 19, 1917, British naval intelligence had intercepted and decrypted a telegram sent by German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German Ambassador in Mexico City.

A Secret Telegram is Sent A Secret Telegram is Sent

Arthur Zimmermann

Secure Cable TappedSecure Cable Tapped The Zimmermann Telegram was sent through a

supposedly secure transatlantic cable, belonging to Scandinavia and devoted to peace negotiations, on January 19th, 1917.

The Zimmermann Telegram, often called the “Zimmermann Note”, informed the ambassador that Germany would be resuming its policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and, crucially, ordered him to propose an alliance with Mexico.

The Zimmermann Telegram. http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=The_Zimmermann_Telegram.

The Zimmermann Telegram as it was forwarded to Mexico.

A portion of the Telegram as decrypted by the British Naval Intelligence code breakers.

Zimmermann TelegramZimmermann Telegram

Room 40 of the British Admiralty where codes were broken

during the Great War

The British had initially not shared the news of the Zimmerman Telegram with U.S. officials, because they did not want the Germans to discover that British code breakers had cracked the German code.

However, following Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February, the British decided to use the note to help sway American official and public opinion to join the war.

Britain Sends Secret Telegram to WilsonBritain Sends Secret Telegram to Wilson

Decoded TelegramDecoded Telegram

Telegram Sent to the Telegram Sent to the German Ambassador in German Ambassador in

MexicoMexico Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare

unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.

Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.

Zimmermann(Secretary of State)

Map showing Mexican territory in 1917 (dark green), with territory promised to Mexico in the Zimmermann telegram denoted in light green.

Land Promised to Mexico

Was Germany serious about its promises to Mexico?

The British finally forwarded the intercepted telegram to Wilson on February 24. The American press carried the story the following week.

However, by 1917, the continued submarine attacks on American merchant and passenger ships, and the "Zimmermann Telegram's" implied threat of a German attack on the United States, had served to sway American public opinion in support of a declaration of war.

America Supports War with Germany

America Supports War with Germany

The Time to Act The Time to Act isis

Wilson convenes Congress two weeks early to seek war declaration approval.

Now!Now!

America Declares War, 1917America Declares War, 1917