chapter 20 the progressive era. chapter 22 questions 1.evaluate and discuss wilson’s decision to...

Chapter 20The Progressive Era

• Chapter 22 Questions

1.Evaluate and discuss Wilson’s decision to enter WWI.

2. Why was WWI considered a Total War?

3. How did the war affect economic and social affairs at home?

4. How and why did Wilson attempt to shape the treaty of Versailles?

5. How did the war impact African Americans and Immigrants?

The Course of ReformI.A

• Problems stemming from Industrialization and Urbanization?–Economic

–Political

–Social

–Environmental

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/resources/graphic/xlarge/38_00392.jpg

Joseph Keppler, Puck Magazine

The Course of ReformThe Progressive Mind

I.A

• There was no such thing as a “Progressive” nor was there a “Progressive” movement

• Widespread effort to build a better society:

– No agreed upon agenda

– No uniform membership, may be a reformer on one issue/conservative on others

– Intellectual in Nature – placed faith in academic expertise


I.A

• Scientific Management (Taylor) of society possible

• Laissez-Faire rejected – unregulated market does not end in “perfect competition” but rather strong devouring weak


I.A

• Law should reflect social reality – Legal Realism

• Law should not claim false neutrality, but rather be an agency for human betterment – Pragmatism

• Lochner v. New York, Oliver Wendell Holmes dissents


I.A

•Idealists – many had roots in evangelical Protestantism - Social Gospel

•Religion more than just personal salvation

•Middle Class


I.A

• Literature Roots:

• Progress and Poverty, Henry George

• Looking Backward, Edward Bellamy

• Wealth against Commonwealth, Henry Lloyd


I.A

• Muckrakers – Magazines like Collier’s and McClure’s

• Investigative Journalism sells

• “The man with the Muckrake”

Jacob Riis – Hoe the Other Half LivesExposed the slums through magazines, photographs, and a best-selling bookHis fame helped spark city reforms.

Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil

Exposed the corrupt Standard Oil Company and its owner, John D. Rockefeller

Appealed to middle class scared by large business power

• Lincoln Steffens

• Shame of the Cities (1904) exposed corrupt city governments

• Frank Norris

• Exposed railroad monopolies in a 1901 novel

Upton Sinclair - The Jungle• Exposed working and sanitary

conditions in the meat packing Industry.

The Course of ReformWomen Progressives

I.B

• MC women – humanitarian history

• Josephine Shaw Lowell – National Consumers League, assistance to poor not enough, only state had resources to combat growing problem

• Florence Kelly – Consumer’s league becomes powerful lobby for legislation


I.B

• National Consumers League

• Achievements –

• Muller v. Oregon (1908) – upohlds law limiting women’s workday

• Clears way for protective laws across nation

• Public assistance for mothers with dependent children


I.B

• National Consumers League• Achievements –

• Public assistance for mothers with dependent children (Illinois, 1911)

• Women’s minimum wage law (Mass., 1912)

• Child Labor laws in many states


I.B

• Settlement Houses – Model was Hull House (Jane Addams) in Chicago

• Community centers in poor neighborhoods

• Fought for better lighting, playgrounds, garbage removal

• Purpose twofold – help poor, provide experience for MC


I.B

• Suffrage Movement

• Women’s Labor movement – National Women’s Trade Union League

• Changing views of Women

• State by state route too slow – constitutional amendment needed


I.B

• Feminism – New younger educated generation comes forward

• Not content with the “separate” sphere

• Considered themselves equal to males

• More Radical – Margaret Sanger


I.B

• More Radical – Margaret Sanger openly (against the law) promoted birth control – birth control to tied to woman’s rights

• Differed from Addams – women DO NOT need “special protection

The Course of ReformReforming Politics

I.C

• Robert M. LaFollete – fought Republican machine in Wisconsin and won governorship on campaign of regulation and higher corporate taxes

• Advocated Primary elections (popular vote) to deny party bosses power of choosing candidates


I.C

• Initiative – enabled citizens to have issues placed on the ballot

• Recall – enables citizens to recall officeholders who have lost publics confidence

–Still require power, money and organization


I.C

• Urban Liberalism – Advocates of using state power to uplift laboring poor

• Ex. New York State Factory Commission after Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1914)


I.C

• Cultural Pluralism Embattled – Attempts to impose moral code on immigrant classes takes cloak of progressive reform – prohibition

• Immigration restrictions advocated, particularly of S and E Europeans – Immigration Restriction League

• Some fought this!


I.C

• Urban Liberals vs. “Conservatives”

• Democrats begin to side with UL for political reasons, want Immigrant vote

• Personal Freedom vs. Moral Reform


I.C

Labor – begin to become more politicized. Courts continuously side with management orderings injunctions and fines for strikers

•Begin to align with Democrat Party

•Become biggest advocate of social legislation for workers


I.C

• Toward Social Insurance

• Many states pass insurance laws covering on the job accidents

• Unemployment and health insurance , old age pension

–Little to no success…yet


I.C

• Southern Politics still exclusionary, including primary (white primary)

• Great migration leads to racial tension in North

• Northerners, Republicans, Progressives – Blacks viewed as inferior class

The Course of ReformRacism and Reform

I.D

Niagara Movement – W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter break with Booker T. Washington – “compromise has failed”

•Principles:

–Black Pride

–Full political and civil equality

–Denial of Negro inferiority

The Course of ReformRacism and Reform

I.D

• Some white support among Progressives

• Mary White Ovington–Formation of NAACP – 1909

–Du Bois editor of The Crisis

• National Urban League

D.W. Griffith – Birth of A Nation

National PoliticsThe Making of A Progressive

President

II.A

• Slow to reach National Politics

National PoliticsThe Making of A Progressive President

II.A

• Theodore Roosevelt

• Republican Reformer

• Spanish American War Hero (Rough Riders, Battle of San Juan Hill)

• 1898 – Governor of NY

• Civil Service Reform, Corporate Tax, fighter of Corruption,

• Election of 1900 – McKinley’s VP Nominee, to neutralize him

National PoliticsII.A.

• Theodore Roosevelt (R)

• Public Interest

• Conservation – Scientific management of natural resources – Utilitarian not preservationist

• Expands National Forrest, modernized land management, prosecuted violators

Federal Lands TodayI.B

• Problems stemming from Industrialization and Urbanization?

National PoliticsII.A.• Theodore Roosevelt (R)• Labor – Intervenes in Coal Miners Strike

(1902) threatens to use federal power to take over mine!

National PoliticsII.A.

• Theodore Roosevelt (R)

• Regulating the Marketplace

• Trusts - goal was to eliminate competition

• By 1910 1% controls 44%

• Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)

• TR establishes Bureau of Corporations to investigate abuse

• Took 45 of nations Corps. to court

National PoliticsRegulating the Marketplace

II.B.

• Trustbuster – “Square Deal”

• Used HIS discretion to decide whether or not to prosecute Trust

• Courts ruled against any Trust regardless of public impact, he wanted to prosecute only those that abused their power

National PoliticsRegulationg the Marketplace

II.B.

• Railroads – Already under Federal regulation – Interstate Commerce Commission –

• 1903 – Elkins Act

• 1906 – Hepburn Railway Act – allowed feds to set maximum shipping rates!!!!!!

National PoliticsFracturing the Republican Party

II.C.

TR’s Chosen Successor –Dems run WJ Bryan….again….

•Legal mind, not political

•Repubs fractured left/right

•Raised tariff, Pinchot/Ballinger affair

•“Progressive” repubs abandon Taft

•National Progressive Republican League


II.C.

• William Howard Taft (R)• TR and Taft have (IRONIC) falling out

over Trust prosecution (esp. U.S. Steel)


II.B

• Election of 1912 – TR announces candidacy but loses Primary

• TR’s NEW NATIONALISM – The government should become the “steward of public welfare” even over property rights!–Child Labor, female minimum wage,

federal trade commission, attack on legal system

National PoliticsWilson and the New Freedom

II.D.

• Election of 1912• 3 Way Taft (R), TR (P), Woodrow Wilson (D)• Woodrow Wilson – New Jersey• “New Freedom” –• WW wins due to split in Repubs• Signifies end of Progressive Repubs• Wilson attacks Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” as

too collectivist

Wilson-Marshall – 435

Roosevelt-Johnson – 88

Taft-Butler - 8

Debs-Seidel – 0

• Wilson-Marshall – 6,296,284

• Roosevelt-Johnson – 4,122,721

• Taft-Butler – 3,486,242

• Debs-Seidel – 901,551


I.D

• New Freedom

• Tariff Reform (lower)

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Federal Reserve Act (1913) – 12 district banks controlled by member banks – oversight by Federal Reserve Board

Federal Reserve

• The “Fed” controls money supply

• All national banks are members – borrow money from Fed.

• Fed controls how much is borrowed (and thus distributed into the economy) through interest Rates

• Chairman of Fed appointed by president – Ben Bernanke


I.D

• New Freedom

• Federal Trade Commission

• Labor (Ludlow, Colorado – Fire)

• Federal Child Labor Law, eight hour workday for RR employees, Seaman’s Act

• Political realities vs. principle

chapter 20 the progressive era. chapter 22 questions 1.evaluate and discuss wilson’s decision to...

Documents

novel slide

progressive era slide

henry lloyd slide

progressive mind

academic expertise slide

puck magazine slide

large business power

strong devouring weak