Exam 1 Review

• Arrange the following in order of complexity and give the definitions

• Cells• Organ systems and organs• Populations• Tissues• Ecosystems• Molecules• Atoms• Communities• Organelles• biosphere

• Biosphere-includes all life and all the places where life exists on earth

• Ecosystem-all living organisms in a particular area and all of the nonliving components of the environment in which life interacts like air and soil

• Communities-all organisms in a particular place like a tidepool or desert

• Population-all of the numbers in a particular species within a community ie: human, dogs, insects etc.

Name the 7 Properties of Life

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

• 6

• 7

Properties of Life

• How do you know a living thing from a non-living thing?– Order– Regulation (homeostasis)– Growth and development– Energy processing– Response to environment (homeostasis)– Reproduction– evolution

What are the 3 Domains of Life?

• 1

• 2

• 3

What are the 3 Domains of Life?

• 1 Bacteria

• 2 Archaea

• 3 Eukarya

Taxonomy

• Naming and classifying of species (for records)

What are the 4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

What are the 4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes

• 1 Plantae

• 2 Fungi

• 3 Anamalia

• 4 Protists (multiple kingdoms)

What is Evolution?

What is Evolution?

• Over time, genes change according to the environment and express features which will give an advantage or disadvantage to an organism. Those individuals who survive carry the best genes for that particular niche in which it lives.

What is the Scientific Method?

What is the Scientific Method?• A scientific study is different from a non-scientific study. • Science is based on observation and measurement as well as

repeatability (as opposed to for example, psychic ability)• Scientists seek natural causes for natural phenomena• This distinguishes science from faith• The steps of the Scientific Method are:

– Observation– Question– Hypothesis– Prediction– Experiment– Data collection– Publish for review

Describe the structure of ALL atoms

Describe the structure of ALL atoms

• All atoms have a nucleus• All atoms have electrons orbiting the

nucleus• The nucleus contains neutral neutrons,

positively charged protons• Hydrogen has no neutron• The first shell holds 2 electrons• The second and third shells contain 8

electrons

C=6, O=8, N=7, Cl=17, K=19 , H=1, He=2, P=15, Fe=26

Protons Neutrons Electrons Covalent Ionic Hydrogen None (outer shell)

OCNClKHHePFe

Describe Ionic, Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds

Describe Ionic, Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds

• Ionic bonds occur when two atoms, one with a single electron in the outer shell exists and the other has 7 electrons. The atom with the single electron will donate it to the atom with 7, completing it’s shell.

• Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons

• Hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules

What are the properties of Water?

What are the properties of Water?

• Polarity– Cohesive properties– Ability to moderate temperature– Ice floats – molecules are farther apart,

capturing air which is lighter than water– Water is the solvent of life

What are Acids and Bases?

• In an aqueous solution, some water molecules break into H+ and OH- ions. A balance of these is critical for the proper functioning of chemical processes.

• A compound which releases H+ ions is an acid, a compound which accepts H+ ions is a base.

• The pH scale determines how many H+ or OH- ions exist in a solution

What is an organic Compound?

What is an organic Compound?

• A compound which has Carbon and hydrogen bonded

What are the four classes of molecules of life?

What are the four classes of molecules of life?

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

Some Simple Sugars

Glucose usually comes in the form of a “ring”

These are also called monomers. A monomer is a molecule that can be bonded to other identical

molecules to form a polymer

MACROMOLECULES -   Monomers link together to form polymers  

Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together

Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature;(meat, poultry skin, high-fat dairy, and eggs ) Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature (vegetable oils) Heart Healthy

glycerolFatty acid

The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right

One carbon chain, single bonds;  2 functional groups

3.  ProteinsPolymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides

Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue

Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

Proteins have four shapes1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Why would non organic life which is highly disorganized, evolve into a highly organized living

system?• 3.5 billion years ago!• First cells: Prokaryotic – bacteria and archaea –

very simple with no organelles• 1/10th the size of a prokaryotic cell• 2.1 billion years ago a prokaryotic cell

(probably) evolved into a eukaryotic cell• Eukaryotic cells have discrete organelles• Eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells

Figure 4.6b

Other Organelles

-- Peroxisomes – result in hydrogen peroxide, broken down by catalase

-- Vacuole  --  mainly storage or specific functions (contractile vacuole)-- Plant cells have a CENTRAL VACUOLE  - used for storage and help to maintain hydrostatic pressure

Eukaryotes – plant and animal cells

Prokaryote

Energy = the ability to do workKinetic Energy (energy of motion)Potential Energy (stored energy)

First Law of Thermodynamics - the law of conservation of energySecond Law of Thermodynamics - energy cannot be changed without a loss of usable energy (heat)

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism

• An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

• An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

ATP - the energy currency of cells

(adenosine triphosphate) 

Functions:1. CHEMICAL WORK - Supplies energy needed to make macromolecules that make up the cell (and organism)2. TRANSPORT WORK - Supplies energy needed to pump substances across the cell membrane3. MECHANICAL WORK - supplies energy needed to make muscles contract and other cellular parts to move (flagella)

ATP VIDEO

Movement through Plasma Membrane

• What are the passive modalities?

• What are the active modalities?

• What is the difference?

• What is tonicity?

Movement through Plasma Membrane

• What are the passive modalities?• Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion• What are the active modalities?• Active Transport, exocytosis, endocytosis• What is the difference?• Active requires energy• What is Tonicity? The relative concentration of

solution compared to another compartment.• Hyper, hypo, iso

Metabolic Pathways & Enzymes (6-3)

Enzyme - protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed reactions

Substrate - reactants in the enzymatic reaction, this is what an enzyme attaches to

Energy of Activation - the energy required to cause the reaction

Properties of Enzymes:• Enzymes are made of

proteins.• They speed up

chemical reactions inside the cytoplasm.

• They are needed only in small amounts

• They remain unchanged after each reaction and can therefore be reused

• Each enzyme is specific for a substrate

Enzyme Animation (Tutorial) 

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/enzymes/prox-orien.swf

Enzyme Quiz

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U2Enzymes.htm