Four Types ofFour Types ofOrganic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Made by cellsMade by cells

Contains carbonContains carbon

Importance of CarbonImportance of Carbon

Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest is composed mainly of carbon compounds.is composed mainly of carbon compounds.Proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and other Proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and other molecules are compounds of carbon molecules are compounds of carbon bonded to other elements.bonded to other elements.Carbon often bonds to H, O, N, S, and P in Carbon often bonds to H, O, N, S, and P in organic compounds.organic compounds.

Properties of CarbonProperties of Carbon

Has four valence electrons; can form Has four valence electrons; can form covalent bonds with four other atoms covalent bonds with four other atoms ((tetravalencetetravalence))

Carbon bonded to four atoms forms a Carbon bonded to four atoms forms a tetrahedron-shaped molecule.tetrahedron-shaped molecule.

Carbon can form single, double, or triple Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.bonds with other atoms.

Carbon chains form the backbone of most Carbon chains form the backbone of most organic molecules.organic molecules.Chains can be straight, branched, or Chains can be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings.arranged in closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain carbon and Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen only, and are hydrophobic. H—C hydrogen only, and are hydrophobic. H—C and C—C bonds are nonpolar.and C—C bonds are nonpolar.Hydrocarbons make up fossil fuels, and Hydrocarbons make up fossil fuels, and parts of cellular organic molecules such as parts of cellular organic molecules such as fats and phospholipids.fats and phospholipids.

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates- used as fuel and - used as fuel and building materialbuilding material

2. Lipids2. Lipids-energy storage-energy storage

3. Proteins3. Proteins-structure, movement, enzymes-structure, movement, enzymes

4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids-store and transmit -store and transmit hereditary information.hereditary information.

All four are All four are macromoleculesmacromolecules because of because of their large size.their large size.

The largest The largest MacromoleculesMacromoleculesare called are called polymerspolymers

Created by linking Created by linking smaller subunits smaller subunits called called monomersmonomers..

Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water

Monomers are linked together by covalent bonds

Dehydration

Dehydrationreaction

Unlinkedmonomer

Short polymer

Longer polymer

HydrolysisPolymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water

Breaks covalent bonds between monomers

Hydrolysis

1.1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides - one ring sugars - one ring sugars glucose, galactose and fructoseglucose, galactose and fructose

* A 6-carbon sugar

* The sugar in our blood

* A 5-carbon sugar

* the sugar that sweetens fruit

* A 6-carbon sugar * Found in peas.

Diabetes Disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production

Monitored with blood glucose device.

disaccharidesdisaccharides - two monosaccharides (2 ring - two monosaccharides (2 ring sugar)sugar)Glucose + fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)

Glucose + galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)

Glucose + glucose = Maltose (malt sugar)

Lactose intolerant If the enzyme lactase is not present, the body is unable to break down lactose. Allowing it to reach the large intestines. Normally, sugars do not reach the large intestine. This is what causes a stomach ache!

polysaccharidespolysaccharides - long chains of repeating units of - long chains of repeating units of monosaccharides, these are energy storing monosaccharides, these are energy storing molecules or structural moleculesmolecules or structural molecules

Energy:Energy:starch starch (plants produce for a storage molecule.)(plants produce for a storage molecule.) glycogenglycogen (storage molecule in muscle and liver cells.) (storage molecule in muscle and liver cells.)

Structural:Structural:chitin (used by insects and crustaceans to build an

exoskeleton.)cellulosecellulose (plants produce for cell wall construction.) (plants produce for cell wall construction.)

indigestible because we lack enzymes to break it down.indigestible because we lack enzymes to break it down.

Starch, Cellulose & GlycogenStarch, Cellulose & Glycogen

                                                              

                                                                                                                                                                    

                              

All the sugars are oriented in the same direction

Every other sugar molecule is "upside-down

Branched or "forked"

Review Q:Review Q:

Polymers of carbohydrates are all Polymers of carbohydrates are all synthesized from monomers bysynthesized from monomers by

A)A)the joining of disaccharides.the joining of disaccharides.

B)B)hydrolysis.hydrolysis.

C)C)dehydration synthesis.dehydration synthesis.

D)D)ionic bonding between monomersionic bonding between monomers

E)E)cohesion.cohesion.

2.2. ProteinProteinMade ofMade of a long chain of amino acidsa long chain of amino acidsMake up 50% of cellular dry weightMake up 50% of cellular dry weight

Amino acids (building blocks)

Have an amino group and a carboxyl group

Also a chemical group symbolized by R

Aminogroup

Carboxylgroup

Aminogroup

Peptidebond

Dipeptide

Dehydrationreaction

Carboxylgroup

Amino acid Amino acid

– Dehydration reaction links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid

– The covalent linkage resulting is called a peptide bond

Proteins function as…Proteins function as…

SupportSupport keratin for hair and nails & collagen for keratin for hair and nails & collagen for

ligaments, tendons, skinligaments, tendons, skin

Proteins function as…Proteins function as…

EnzymesEnzymes to speed up reactions to speed up reactions

Example: Example: AmylaseAmylase is an enzyme in saliva is an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch into glucose monomers.that breaks starch into glucose monomers.

Saliva Identification - AmylaseSaliva

TransportTransport across cell membranes across cell membranes HemoglobinHemoglobin

DefenseDefense from infection from infection AntibodiesAntibodies

HormonesHormones Insulin Insulin

Proteins function as…Proteins function as…

Insulin is a hormone that helps your body use glucose.

ProteinProteinstructure is structure is key to their key to their ability to ability to function.function.

**A protein can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality..

Review Q:Review Q:

The linkage between the monomers of The linkage between the monomers of proteins are identified asproteins are identified as

A)A)Peptide bondsPeptide bonds

B)B)Glycosidic linkagesGlycosidic linkages

C)C)Ionic bondsIonic bonds

D)D)Covalent bondsCovalent bonds

E)E)Ester linkagesEster linkages

Review Q:Review Q:

Which two functional groups are always Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?found in amino acids?

A) Carboxyl and sulfhydrylA) Carboxyl and sulfhydryl

B) Carbonyl and carboxylB) Carbonyl and carboxyl

C) Carboxyl and aminoC) Carboxyl and amino

D) Alcohol and aldehydeD) Alcohol and aldehyde

E) Ketone and sulfhydrylE) Ketone and sulfhydryl

3.3. Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsStores informationStores information

Two types:Two types:

DNADNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)(deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid)(ribonucleic acid)

NucleotidesNucleotides are are the building the building

blocks of blocks of Nucleic acids.Nucleic acids.

HydrophobicHydrophobic – Will not mix with water – Will not mix with water

Types of Lipids:Types of Lipids: Phospholipids Phospholipids - form cell membranes - form cell membranes

4.4. Lipids Lipids

The polar heads are towards the water, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the cell.

SteroidsSteroids cell messengers cell messengers examples: testosterone, estrogen examples: testosterone, estrogen

WaxesWaxes protection & waterproofingprotection & waterproofing

TriglyceridesTriglycerides fats and oils fats and oils fats are made of chains of fats are made of chains of fatty acidsfatty acids

Saturated & UnsaturatedSaturated & Unsaturated

SaturatedSaturated - no double bonds - no double bonds solid at room temperaturesolid at room temperature

UnsaturatedUnsaturated - have double bonds - have double bonds liquid at room temperatureliquid at room temperature

Review Q:Review Q:

Which macromolecule is the main Which macromolecule is the main component of cell membranes?component of cell membranes?

A)A)GlucoseGlucose

B)B)SteroidsSteroids

C)C)CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

D)D)PhospholipidsPhospholipids

E)E)DNADNA

Review Q:Review Q:Which of the following macromolecules below Which of the following macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement or or involved in cell movement or communication?communication?

A)A)Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsB)B)ProteinsProteinsC)C)LipidsLipidsD)D)CarbohydratesCarbohydratesE)E)MineralsMinerals