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Historical Outline of the Middle Ages for

Western History and Literature Course

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The Classical World and the Medieval Mind 529 A.D. Justinian closes schools of Ancient philosophy because they are not Christian.

Thales of miletus mort 546 Pythagoras of Ionia 497 Socrates 347 Plato 399 Main contributions of schools: Idea of a Single Force Idea of an ordered Cosmos Heraclitus Logos Parmeneides The One Anaxagoras Nous

Aristotles Lyceum closed 322 B.C. Unmoved Mover Xenophenes: One god there is, midst God and men the greatest; in form not like to mortals; he without toil rules all things; ever unmoved in one place he abideth 5th Century B.C. Persian Wars Protogoras: "Man is the measure of all things;" so everything is relative

We see development towards Christian principles, a tunr toward the metaphysical. For Socrates and Plato: 1. Development of the Soul most important thing in life. 2. Universe ruled by intelligent and moral Force/es 3. Virtue lies in knowlege, full comprehension of the Good. 4. All wickedness due to ignorance.

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Socrates: "know thyself" Before Socrates, philosophy concerned with beginnings, after, concerned with the end for wich world exists. Turning from Facts to Values

Plato's School: The Academy 387 B.C. to 529 A.D. First elaboration of the theistic philosophy of a divinely made and directed Universe. A world of eternal realities, of: 1. Forms/Ideas that make up structure of real being 2. The above structure is highest form of the Good, the │ FIRST PRINCIPLE OF REALITY. │ └────differs from Judaism cause the highest form does not incorporate others, as does Hebrew God. 3. 1st Principle defined in 3 Aspects: a. Divine Craftsmen b. Forms of Ideas c. World Spirit [deputy or agent of Div. Craftsman]

....our world but feeble copies of spiritual realities. We know of Forms because SOUL knew them before entering body, and is reminded of them by perceiving thru senses those things in life that participate in them..... World of senses as world of flux, but it is 1/2 real ....those that know this accept appropriate intellectual discipline [accepting REASON first, then RELIGIOUS FAITH], and can come to see forms of Justice and Beauty, realities that are real as nothing in this world is real. ....It is only of immaterial, unchanging realities that man may have

knowledge, all else but sensation and opinion. Faults with Plato: 1. Abstractions do not replace concise definition 2. Does not deal adequatly with finite world. 3. No method of expanding factual info about man and world. 4. Vage, incomplete system.

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Platonic influence on side of super rational monotheism and reasonable ascetism. Only the Timaeus available in Latin during Middle Ages. But he influenced Cicero and Roman Church Fathers, who made him dominant in Church criticism in 1st thru 12th centuries, afterwhich Aristotle comes in to vogua also.

Aristotle's Lyceum 335 B.C.- 529 A.D. until the 12th, only Categories [classes of propositions] DeInterpretative [parts and kinds of sentences] │ └both available only in Latin, translated by Boethius. Dante on Arry: "Master of those who know" in 12th, turks [averoes]

1. Careful and objective investigation 2. Rejected Plato's separation of Form from things 3. Forms have no existence outside of things 4. Matters and Form are relative terms. 5. Only God has separate real existence, apart from matter. 6. Only MIND separates FORM and MATTER [Great Chain of Being] 7. Looking at individuals to gain transcendent end. Great Chain of Being:

[matter] earth air inorganic life ...organic life fire Vegetable water Animal Soul [cap of sensation/motion] Man [rational being FIRST CAUSE PURE FORM W/O MATTER UNMOVED MOVER

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We all move by inner necessity, towards the unmoved mover. Aristotles Ethics Nothing is bad, save when it is in excess Excess throws Man's Soul off Balance Rule: Act Always between Two Extremes; follow the Golden Mean Nothing in Excess For Arry, Soul and Body United, unlike Plato. Scientific, Arry nonetheless ends his logic in the mystical character of the Unmoved Mover, especially when talking of matter of Soul. He is in this way a good Platonist. Arry more Monotheist than Plato. Plato's style; casts a spell Arry's style; jottings, rather like telegrams

Problems with Arry: 1. System denies idea of Divine Providence, Gods Intervention. 2. Matter is eternal, unlike Genesis account. 3. Denied Personal Immortality Conclusion: Ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle came to Middle Ages through later Greek Schools: Stoics Neo Platonists

And through works of Romans: Cicero Seneca Great Migrations mid Fourth Century B.C. for 300 years 350 B.C. Alexander the Great destroyed self-governing Greek City States, set up dictatorship. But he dies early, so next 3 centuries this region in tumult. Calm only comes through founding of Roman Empire by Augustus just prior to Christian era [33 B.C. at Phillipi

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over Antony] Old Greek City -States not just a corporation, but a training ground for youth. It had ethical function, furnished police protection, just like Medieval Church and Hegelian State. There was little idea in ancient Greece of conflict between interests of individual and interests of the state. No thoughts of a self apart from state until: 1. destruction of Greek City-States. 2. Gradual loss of faith in old Gods.

3. Long Wars and disorder. then folk thought to a perfection separate from the state. State now seen as Evil, as a Killing Machine │ UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENT MADE MAN FEAR LIFE THUS WAY TO FREEDOM AND PEACE SEEN THROUGH REDUCTION OF FIELD OF INTEREST........ ┌─────── RELIGIOUNS OF RENUNCIATION AND CONSOLATION │ RESULTING FROM "FAILURE OF NERVE' │

│ REVIVAL OF GREEK MYSTERY CULTS EGYPTIAN MYSTERY RELIGIONS PYTHAGOREANISM REVIVED Note the change: Plato and Aristotle plunging ahead to know more. After Alexander, philosphy becomes no longer a bright star, but a stretcher bearer: Stoic Epictetus: consciousness of ones own weakness Cicero: healing of the soul Plutarch: only medicine for spiritual deseases

New philosophies of Personal Salvation independent of state: Philosphies become cosmopolitan, classless. community re-defined. Epicurus [270 B.C.] The Garden: 1. indifferent to learning 2. No belief in soul, immortality, God.

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Anticipation of death saps strength [Keatsian], courage: There is nothing to fear in God There is nothing to feel in Death What is good easily procured What is bad easily endured Epicurianism urges withdrawal, non participation Pleasure is negative, avoidance oriented, seeking a Peaceful state Epicurianism has an essential Distrust of Life

Escapist Note; hedonism and materialism attractive to later Greeks, inspired by Lucretius poem De Rerum Nature [55 B.C.] Lucretius condemmed by Middle Ages back in vogue in 16th with Montaigne Hobbes Holbach

Stoicism Cynics [precursors, school of Socrates, witty, gypsy]: 1. Supreme value of Virtue 2. Utter insignificance of all else. Virtue for the Cynics the only basis for distinction among Men Cynic: Look at me, I am without house or city, property, or slave. I sleep on the ground. I have no wife, no children. What do I lack? Am

I not without distress and fear? Am I not free? Stoics founded by Zeno [263 B.C., on the Stoa, or "Porch" in Athens: 1. Socratic idea of knowledge as Virtue 2. Platonic Universe [not atomic Democritus] 3. Belief in Moral Order

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4. Reason and Justice at Heart of Universe 5. Man's Reason, suppressing emotions, to attain temperance, courage, peace, harmony with God. 7. Emphasis on duty to family, friends, obligations 8. Belief Man must listen to his conscience, his inner light. 9. Doctrine of "Natural Law"; maintaining Soul as

Fortress: Fighting Alone Stern Self Sufficiency Inaccessibility to Grief Best No reliance on loving God, Salvation Stoicism is essentialy a religious ethic. Stoic Epictetus: Have courage to looke up to God and say; "deal with me as thou wilt. I am thine. I flinch from nothing so long as thou thinkest if good. Would'st thou have me hold office or eschew it, be rich or poor? for all this I will defend thee before men."

Stoics took over gods and used allegory to explain myths. All mythology given a physical and moral meaning: ex: Zeus hangs Hera in air; this points to origin and succession of elements │ └Jews and Christians got Typology, script interp from this. Stoics accepted astrologies and astral systems flourishing in Roman world after 200 B.C.

Stoics taught submission to authority, like Confucius. Stoics influences development of Roman Law by pushing it towards ideal of "Natural Law." Virgil stoic Seneca Stoic St Paul Stoic

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Marcus Aurelius Stoic Problems with Stoicism: 1. Making a desert in ones heart and calling it peace. 2. Slight purpose and little hope for future of mankind. Christianity brought Hope. Turning Points in Time Oracle of Delphi : Mysterious Prophecy governing actions

to Aristotles : "Golden Mean" to Ascetic view of life in Epicurians and Stoics Passions and Desires in Themselves neither good nor bad, except in the manner of their use [Aristotle], now seens as an EVIL philos. Earlier ideas of Temperance give way to Doctrine of Renunciation [Saint Jerome Letters] Ptolemy [160 B.C.] Last great Greek works [astronomy] Galen ....................................[medicine]

First Three [3] Centuries of christianity loaded with religions: Platonists Aristotelians cynics Skeptics Cyrenoics Stoics Epicurians plus

Neo-Pythagoreans Neo-Platonists also Astral theologies Gnosticism Hermes Orhpism Mystery Religions etc...

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Neo-Platonism: founded by Christian, Ammonius Saccas, in Alexandria. His pupils: Plotinus [dies 270 B.C.] Longinus Origen [a father of church] Plotinus and Origen in same school just as St Ignatius Loyola and Jean Calvin at Univ of Paris in 16th. Plotinus ashamed that he had a body

Neo-Platonism: thru study, prayer, and ascetic practices, we may attain some knowledge of the One. 1. One [undefinable, unlimited] 2. Universal Mind [world of ideas, archetypes, forms] 3. Soul [in individuals, gives existence, longs to return to the One.] 4. Evil and Illusion 5. World of phenomena results from a falling way from the One towards denser Matter.

6. At height, Man's intellect fades into a haze of the One, has an immediate identity which rises above senses above life of intellect attains cosmic consciousness Cosmic Consciousness: "flight of the alone to the alone" Plotinus' Enneads: Metaphysics warmed by religious faith Plotinus' ascending order of Virtues tops with Contnemplation Matter becomes almost Illusion in Hypostasis

Plotinus' Heirarchy has some evil spirits; his system contributed to vogues of angelology demonology magic astrology Origen in East ┐ Neo Platonic bases in Christianity

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Augustine in West ┘ Augustines conversion to Neo-Platonism last step in a long spiritual Aeneid before his conversion to Christianity. Renounced NP because too cold, impersonal, could not reach masses, and because it lacked a religious leader like Jesus. Psellus, Byzantine, 11th century: God is not the sky, nor the sun, not anything that can be perceived, not the best possible mind, not a Platonic form apart from matter. God is of an unfathomable nature."

John Scotus Erigen a 9th centuy Neo-Platonis Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, 15th cent N.P. By Third century A.D. Knowledge is no longer attained my mental effort alone, but by revelation also.

Mystery Religions Great changes in popular religion after 300 B.C. due to spread of mystery religions originating in Near and Middle East; Magna Mater [Asia Minor, from 6 B.C. reached Rome 204 B.C.] Isis [Egypt, fourished mainly 300 B.C. to 300 A.D.] Mithra [Persia]

1 In pre 300 B.C. Greco-Rome, cults of Eleusis, some foreign mystery religions, Orphism, philosophic schools, and Pythagoreans and Platonists. 2 In 1 - 300 A.D. some of the most fervent religous activity in world. 3 Post 300 A.D. christianity about to become official religion of Roman Empire.

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Magna Mater From 6 B.C. reaching Rome 204 B.C. 1. Great Mother, source of all life, infuriated with Attis, her lover unfaithfull. Drove him Mad so he emasculated himself below a pine tree into which his spirit passed; at same time his blood was turned into violets. 2. Great Mother mourned death of Attis, brought back to life. It is a nature myth, a Vegetation Myth. Attis is God of Vegetations.

3. Great Mother mourned in autumn and winter, but in spring able to restore. rites celebrated in March, especially 21 March. Pine Tree felled, wrapped in woolen bands and violets to temple of Goddess, then buried midst ceremony, shrieks, flagellation. Priesthood candidtes emasculated selves then. 4. March 25: Pine Tree dug up, wild celebration March 27: Procession through Streets 5. Baptismal Ceremony: a. pit dug, candidates in, under planks b. Bull slain on planks c. Blood runs down over naked initiates to wash away human sin, weakness, and to give a

second birth. a. Pit signifies kingdom of the dead b. Enter pit to die, blood resurrects c. Ascending like Infant, initiates given milk to drink. 6. Baptismal Ceremony repeated every twenty years; ritual meal of bread served on drum and symbol, scred instruments of Magna Mater. It is a ceremony personifying the interaction of the force of nature and human hope for a final triumph of life over death.

Cult of Isis Vegetative, like Demeter, Magna Mater Supreme Deity a Femal, and her lover, Osiris, giver of laws, arts. Osiris killed, reborn through efforts of Isis. "As truly as Isis lives, he also shall live, as truly as Osiris is not dead, shall he not die."

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Note that Eleusinian Mysteries, Magna Mater, Isis, and Mithra emphasize dignity and value of the individual. In Greco-Roman World, worship of Isis popular amongst women: 1. daily liturgy in morning 2. benediction in afternoon 3. Chanting, ringing of bells, sprinkling of water, burning of candles, incense. Mithra keenest competitot with Christianity and most moral. form of old Zoroastrianism, a dualistic system where powers of light and darkness contend for mystery of universe and over the Soul of Man. Mithra: Agent of Light, upholder of virtue, truth. Legend: 1. Mighty hunter who slays bulls. 2. 25 December his birthday 3. Sacred day the first of week 4. Strengthened followers in fight against temptation of flesh.

5. Those of merit got immortality 6. Baptism by water [later taurobolium/ie bulls blood] 7. Eating of sacred bread, wine. 8. No women devotees. 9. Appeal to soldiers,, Scotland to Persia to Afrique Note that Mithraism, like other mystery religions, is at once monotheistic and polytheistic; one deity makes, sustains world, but other divine forces at work; saviours, heroes, saints. All Mystery Religions, except Christianity, identified its deities with those of others. Phrygians recognized Great Mother in Syrain

Godesses, etc....Greeks and Romans saw Dionysiuos or Bacchus in Osiris, Hercules in Samson....Magnat Mater...Demeter...Ceres. Slowly Classical World turned,, within a milleniums, from Animism [simple nature religion] through rationalism.. to monotheism ascetism note that these are all

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mysticism medieval religious traits world worthlessness From Love of Sensual, to condemnation fo the Corporeal. Greek word for athlete 'asketes' has become the word for ascetic. Jewish and Christian Sources 1000 B.C. - A.D. 150: Bible written down

Mohammedism, Judaism, and Christianity; religions of the book. Bible: biblion; payrus scrolls, or Byblus, Syrian town famous for papyrus market. Old Testament: Bible reached present form A.D. 100 Psalms; anthology covering 9th B.C. to 3d B.C. Hebrew vocabulary very concrete O.T.: books considerd messages from God [until 19th, 20th, anthrop, philolog, and archeolog studies]

Prophets: always the voice of the minority; theey usually worked against common ideas and practices, generally unpopular and were failures in their own time; despised and rejected by men. [see Isaiah] Dialectic between Priestly Caste [highly ritualized, rigid] and Prophets; spontaneous, immediate approach to God Judaism Northern kingdom of Israel fell 721 B.C. Southern kingdom of Judea fell 586 B.C.

ruled by: Babylonians Persians Romans Hebrew style grand, solemn, and powerful, influenced by Egyptian, Canaanite, and Mesopotamiam religious literature. │

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this sublime tone runs from O.T. to N.T. to Medieval Literature Significance of Judaism: connection of stern morality with a lofty religion 1. Contains little Mysticism, no merginf with God [New Testament from Greek Philosophy and Mystery Religions] 2. Contains little Ascetism, little warring of body and soul. 3. Condemned sensuality, sex for children only.

4. No reference to heaven as abode of dead. Dead to Sheol. 5. Messianic hope centered not on person, but on Jewish state purged, readied. 6. Little/nothing on Holy Ghost, Trinity, Virgin Birth. But what survives of the Old Testament in both the New Testament and Mohammedism: 1. All powerfull, all just God. 2. Ideas of holy book revealing God's Will and Ways.

3. Use of Sacred caste set aside to direct religious services. 4. Concept of Orthodoxy to which all must conform. 5. Interpretation of Church/State. 6. Hostility toward foreign governments and emperoro worship. 7. Unwillingness to take part in state ceremonies, theater, etc.

8. Idea of Divine Plan in history, fulfillment of God's Will [Greeks regarded whole world process as an eternal repetition and a vain recurrence, as did Romans. │ see Alliterative Mort Arthur 9. All others are wrong 10. Belief in Creation of the World. 11. Miracles, contradictions [Jonah, 3 days, 6 creation]

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12. Glorification of Violence, Cruelty, Bigotry. 13. Chanted Prayers. 14. Congregational Singing. 15. Preaching. 16. reading Fromm Holy Book Diaspora [Dispersion] 1. Begun in 6th Cent B.C. with removal of an elite of the

Nation to Babylonian Captivity. 2. Stopped living on land, became merchants, crafstmen, money lenders, intellectuals. 3. Used Popular Greek Tongue [koine] 3d B.C. Pentateuch translated into Greek, in Alexandria. Version called the Septuagint. It was the work of 72 Translators. Outside Palestine, after Diaspora, average Jew thought and spoke Greek,, though he kept the sabath, practised circumscision. Came

to adpat Neo-Platonic version of their God. These Hellenized Jews precursors to Christianity. Philo the Jew Philo the Jew [A.D. 50] brought Hebrew Ideas and Greek Philosophy closer to Christ. borrowed allegorical method fro Stoics, explained away: circumcision dinstinction between clean and unclean foods. use of Sabbath. Philo saw Pentateuch as Allegory of Virtues and Vices and Processes of Soul. Says Jews in Egypt represent Man in the Body: 1. Moving from material world [Egypt] Towards spiritual one [Palestine] │ Moses the Neoplatonic World Spirit, 2 cent before its time

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│ saw early Greeks as inspired by Earlier Hebrews: Plato had read Moses Philo's Message: suppress the flesh, unit with God. Aim of Human experience is to live as little as possible in body. Christianity 110 A.D.: early Christians began to consider their writings [not Old Testament] as part of a New Testament.

185 A.D.: Agreement on New Testament Canon based on Teachings of First followers of Jesus. Until invention of pri9nting in 15th, bible used in parts, not as whole. O.T.: 2000 year period N.T.: approx 100 year period N.T. opens with 4 accounts of Jews based on oral tradition [Books of the Evangelists, "bearers of good tidings."] earliest: Mark, in Greek, in Rome, cicra A.D. 70:

Jesus son of God, miraculous powers, dramatic. Mathew A.D. 85-90: Jesus as Great Teacher, successor to Moses, fulfills ideas of some Jewish groups about Messiah [5 sermons] Luke: work of a converted physician, christianity as logical outgrowth of Judaism. John, A.D. 95-110: links Jesus to Platonism, as philosopher Acts: emphasis in career of Paul [same author as Luke]

Much of Mathew and Luke taken from Mark. New Testament 1. 5 Books of Narrative 2. 21 Pastoral letters adressed to special bodies of Christians [9 or 10 by Paul] 3. Revelations; vision resembling Ezekial, Chapter I, David, chapters 7 and 8; written to encourage Christians in Asia Minor, circa A.D. 95 [persecuted bunch in Asia Minor.]

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of Note: 1. None of the writers knew Jesus 2. Earliest in written form is Pauls 1st Epistle to Thessalonians [A.D. 50] 3. Last written: Second Epistle to Peter, A.D. 150. New Testament idea: Restless Jews resenting Roman Rule, expressing Return to Goldne Age of Israel motif; jews united, free, prosperous.

Jesus criticied religiouns leaders: "blind leading the blind" New Testament revolutionary, religion of revolt Jesus shows no interest in organizing a church Parables depict country scenes, play, sowing, reaping, lost sheep, the beauty of wildflowers. Jesus a man of the people; virile, vivid, forcefull; teaching not

systematic, deals chiefly with particular situations. We know of only about 60 days out of his life of over 30 years. New Testament Significance: Building the Kingdom of God on Earth. [See Book of Matthew] Jesus; beyond moses, Isaiah, and Plato, though in the same great tradition. Christian tales of Jesus didn't wash in Palestine, but Jews of the

Diaspora, softened by Hellenistic philosophy, culture, took tales and were a seed for the early Christian Church. Paul re-conceived faith as being for All Men Everywhere, and that old Jewiosh ceremony laws unnecessary: Gentiles coudl become Christians directly. Salvation by Faith: Mystic Union with Divine One: The Christ replaced old

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Jewish Law. Sacraments; Acts that in themselves are effective in changing relalationship of God and Men, like Chinese Imperial Rites to keep "mandate of heaven." Interprets Christ as Divine Sacrifice of atonement, │ Paul places Crucifixion and ressurrection as central events in all time time and all existence.

Drama of Eden climaxed now on Calvarly, and will culminate in a Last Judgement [See Matthew] Gnosticism greek philosophic cult; principle of salvation is Gnosis: knowledge of Divine Order Only a few capable of this gnosis. Gnosis a secret revelation given only to initiates: 1. Ascetic, renouncing world as only changes and corrupt

2. saw Heaveny illumination of intellect and emotions 3. Many cults, some just majic, mystic. Christians fought Gnosticism until A.D. 5th. About A.D. 150, a Catholic, of Universal Church arose; A STATE SET OFF FROM THE ROMAN STATE. A BODY OF SCATTERED RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES HELD TOGETHER BY COMMON BELIEFS AND COMMON HOPE; LITURGY AND RITUAL FORMING CENTERED ON lAST SUPPER [BREAD AND WINE]

Institutional Christianit forming, a sysnthesis of Judaism Greek Philosophy Greco Roman Paganism Mystery Religions Harnack: "Primitive Christianity had to dissappear so that christianity might remain."

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A.D. 250: Christians 1/10 of population, would take no part in pagan public ceremonies, not bow before statue of emperor, refused to serve in courts, refused to serve in Armies. Persecutions strengthened church A.D. 4th: christinaity official religion of Roman State. still... A.D. 325, more than 90 Christina sects, but end of A.D. 5th, less than 20.

Success of christianity: 1. Enormous capacity to borrow 2. Fast organization, congregations in Dioces; flexible and sizeable; Constantine turned to church for this order. 3. Hebrew Tradition behind it. 4. Promise of Salvation appealed to masses, poor. 5. Cause of building a better world in a world gettingh better.

6. Personality of Jesus betters Attis, Adonis, Mithra; he not Platonic form; he walked among men. Life becomes, through christianity, says Augustine, merely the "via" on the road to the "patria" in Heaven. Note on Christianity: The seeking for a righteousness never reached, and this reaching up to God with the aid of his divine grace, was to be the deepest inspiration of medieval faith.

Patristic Age 2- 5th Centuries The Physiologus, popular animal stories in Greek, A.D. 2nd, all moralized and allegorized. │ work for a popular, not an intellectual crowd. Lions sleep with eyes open; so slept Jesus on the Cross Origen iin East

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Ambrose, Jerome, augustine, in West Heretical Movements: Docetism Marcionism Montanism Gnosticism Patristic Age comes after Apostolic Age: Instituionalized Christianity with organization and ecclessiastical caste.

Christian Schools in Antioch Alexandria Carthage Athens Rome Christinaity attempts to construct a theology in A.D. 2nd by group called Apologists; they defended Christianity from pagan writers and Roman government.

Pagan writers and Roman State both accused Christianity of Atheism. The Apostolic Age wrote for faithfull Patristic Age tried to influence opinion of outside world Apologists: Justin Marty [A.D. 165] wrote Apology to Emperor, Senate Irenaeus [A.D. 200] wrote Against the Heretics; attempt to standardize church Doctrine.

A.D. 3d: Alexandria the center of Christian learning. Clement the 1st teacher: wrote handbood on ethics to Pagans; Faith more important than knowledge, but Faith to be fortified by knowledge

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Origen [A.D. 254] Concerning Principles a handbook on Ethics: Simple statement, ie, "God is spirit" sets forth obvious impact requiring analysis and a drawing out of implications: discussion of whence spirit comes how is it to be revealed how it acts. From Philo the Jew, Origen borrows allegorical method of interpreting scripture: Truth in Bible is

"sometimes conveyed in what one might call literal falsehood." Origen says Everyline of Scripture has Three [3] Meanings: 1. Literal 2. Moral 3 Allegorical │ only in this last, the allegorical, is the heart of Truth. │ this Truth is Neoplatonic

Origens Christianity is Abstract Patristic Age one of Questions; Is God 1 or 3? ......very Medieval Aruis Aruis limited Christ's divinity cause involved in matter: A.D. 4th, Aruis versus Athanasius [trinitarian].

Emperor intervenes at Council of Nicea, A.D. 325] │ condemns Arianism ...but is survives until A.D 6th Dionysius the Areopagite A.D. 500 dominant theme: attaining mystic Unions with God Three Ways:

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1. linear; we pass from observation of real to spiritual world 2. Spiral: elaborate reasoning, intellectual process. 3. [best way] Circular; turning from all things earthly, abandoning reason, we emotionally lose ourselves in Absolute Being of God. Dionysius the Areopagite very popular in middle Ages. His work:

Celestial Heirarchy Mystical Theology Divine Names of God. John Scotus Erigena translated Dionysious the Areopagite into Latin, A.D. 9th. so his influence begins. Dante puts Dionysius the Areopagite in flame of Paradise. John of Damascus A.D. 754 Fount of Knowledge.

Latin Fathers Tertullian A.D. 222 Cyprian A.D. 258 Unity of Catholic Church "all lost outside of church." Ambrose A.D. 397 Jerome A.D. 420 New Translation of Old Testament, directly into Latin from Hebrew, Life of Paul the Hermit Augustine A.D. 430 Confessions [Carthigin libertine to Christian tale] Gregory A.D. 604

Manicheans followers of Zoroastrianism, believed evil was a positive principle in the world, independent of God...also [with Donatists] believed sacraments inneffective because priests were men of bad character. Pelagians human nature could not but do good, and men have free will to choose own way of life. │

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Wordsworth? Christians lives to discover the creator behind his handiwork, as best he can. 1. rejects Neo-Platonic Emanationism 2. World created by voluntary act in 6 days. 3. Evil the absence fo the true good. God allows it to exist tomake the good more evident to men.

4. Equates love to lust, prefers monastic renunciation. 5. Human nature so bad men cannot be saved without God's grace. 6. Predestination of some - [medieval church rejected this, but revived by Calvin] Augustine Spiritual Autobiography introduces stressed rythm into Christian Poetry, which emphasized change from Greek quantitative verse to one based in regular stress rhythm of Syriac.

A.D 250 Commodius A.D. 4th Phoenix Christian poets? Hymns: Te Deum [rhythmic prose] Gloria in Excelsis Greek Poet Prudentious A.D. 405 writing in queantitative verse: hymns odes using material from Bible, not Classical Myth Lives of Martyrs Short Epics, ballads, essays

Prudentius famous Long Poem Psychomachis [A Soul's conflict] │ favortie work of Middle Ages. Architectual Art of Middle Ages transcendental and other worldly qualities permeate nealry all medieval architecture, sculpture, painting, Christian religious character to be seen in : Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic,

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setting them off from art of ancients, and moderns A.D. 100 and after: Greco-roman art interested in Realism, 3d style: Art done to measurment of Man's World In East [antioch, Alexandria], Oriental ideas of all powerful gods, of a Mystery Universe, and Different Techniques of Architecture, painting, and sculpture deeply modified prevailing Greco-Roman style. │ │

Penetrations of Styles of art from East paralele movement westward of Gnosticism, Neo-Platonism and Mystery Religions. │ │ These Oriental styles from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and above all, Syria, showed: 1. Less interest in Realism 2. Indifference to Perspective 3. Indifference to Human Anatomy [Yeats Byzantium] 4. Men/Objects stand flat, like abstract patterns on single planes.

5. Removal from sphere of actual life. 6. New stiffness, awkwardness. 7. shift from Classical Proportion in bodies; figures isolated, unrelated, staring into space in 2 dimensions. All of the above show developing Protest agasint Realism of PAst and Against old Ideals of Beauty World of Nature Out

World of Supernatural In De-Naturalizing of Style leads to Gothic. Symbology of A.D. 5th Jesus first depicted on Cross Symbology based on Ezekials Vision: Mathew assigned Angel Luke OX Mark Lion

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John Eagle Augustine dies A.D. 430, during seige of Hippo by Vandals. this event closes the Patristic Age... German Barbarians overrun Systems overturned, regress │ Backward , agricultural Localisms Twilite of Culture ..........Only in East, Byzantium, did old Greek and Roman way continue.

Byzantium Late A.D. 4th - A.D. 15th, middle, Byzantium centre of brilliant culture. A Christian City. Divided into Three [3] Epochs I. Golden Age of Justinian [A.D. 6th] a. extensive Mediterranean Conquests b. Hagia Sophia built at home c. codification of the Law

..but also 1. Period of Struggle; overuse of images: Iconoclastic Strife 2. Efforts to hold Empire agaisnt Persians, then agasint Mohammedans. II. A.D 9th -12th Centuries a. Economic, political,, cultural revival but also 1. 4th Crusade Ended Epoch 2. Venetian Occupation 1204-1261 III. A.D 14th -15th a. empire falls to Ottoman Turks, 1453

Byzantiens called city the "city protected by God." Historian Luidprond, sent by Otto I in 949: for God there was the Hagia Sophia For the Emperor the Scred Palace And for the people the Hioppodrome

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Byzantium always on the Defensive, but historically delighting in Magnificent shows of ceremony, blood and brutality: People lacked Aristotelian balance; Mystic Heights and Brutal Depths empire waxced and waned, but Capital only taken twice; 1204 Venetians 1453 Ottomans

Byzantium had a Frontier Garrison Ethos Iconoclastic Struggle A.D. 725-843] Emperor forbade carved or painted religous figures at behest of certain groups.... Byzantine peoples regarded images as the real thing.... Refomring Party Defeated... ...Image Worship Allowed. │ but church split Crusades 1095 - 1291

Hermits A.D. 350 thousands of eastern Mediterranean hermits: Cenobite Communities; groups in hovels, surrounding most often a holy man, would often put up wall to protect "athletes of God." │ St Pachomius [A.D 346] such a holy man.

Muchjj Byzantine music, art, literature looked backward to ancient links... Byzantine Mosaics; figured highly transcendental, hardly have bodies No flesh, No Bones No Breath A.D. 6th Century Churches Hagia Sophia in Byzantium

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San vitale, San Appolinaire Nuovo in ravenna San Marco in Venice Late, degenerate Byzantium, 14th, 15th; fresco overtakes Mosaic. Islam A.D. 8th through 12th: Islam's great cities the centers of brilliant material civilization and gret scientific, philosophic, artistic culture.

Arab expansion in first half of A.D 7th, with one cultural trait; love of poetry. but learned from Byzantines, Jesus, Persiqans, Hindus, the bsic elements of culture. Embraced more different national groups during expansion than any other world religion, ut till 19th centu christianity through Missionaries: Caucasions Chines Malayans Negrpoes Today, Mohammedism represetns approx 1/7th of Mankind.

Mohammed, A.D 600, in Arabia, in time of economic misery, stagnation of the Soul. Mohammed born in Mecca, a place of Tribal organizations in defense of date growing Oasis... Mohammed from time of Tribal Warfare Blood Revenges Worshipped at Kalbah or "cube', as small square building near town center, with sacred black stone. Allah, single Deity, thought by some

.... Mohammed born A.D. 570,, five yeard after death of Justinian Father died before birth mother died just after birth Reared by grandfather, then an uncle in caravan trade Mohammedism: a fervent denunciation of social injustice

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Age 25, married wealthy widow On Caravan trips met Jews, christians, Persians. Age 40, after fasting and meditatingh alone, he heard voice calling him to proclaim uniqueness of Allah. Mohammeds teaching showed strong Jewish and Christian influence. Mohameed especially impressed by life of Abraham, which he heard orally, no doubt. Mohammed considered Abraham ahd dounded Kabah at Mecca.

Mohhammed thoguht Jews and Christians right about one God, but that Judaism not right for his people, and thrat Christianity mixed up with too much idolatry. Mohammed was looking for common ground for all monotheists. Mohammed called Jews, Christains, the "People of the Book." Wanted also to give a book. Mecca, a popular merchant trade route, rejected Mohammed because they did not want to upset government, interfere with lucrative trade routeing through their city.

Nohammed goes to Madina, 200 miles north of Mecca in A.D. 622 This migration called the Hegira, year one of the Muslim claender. In Medina, Jews rejected, but Bedoins accepted fiollowing idea: 1. Warfare on the unbelieving is Holy [prospect of plunder with salvation motif] 2. Friday made Holy Day, not Sat or Sun. 3. Call from Minaret instead of Jewish trumpet and Christian Bells.

4. Month of fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca. 5. Idols of Kabah destroyed, buildings kept. A.D. 623 Mohammed dies tradition has it: Koran comp[iled after his death,m from "scraps of parchment and leather, tablets of stone, ribs of palm branches, camels shoulder

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blades, and ribs, pieces of board and the breasts of men." Koran arragned according to content, not chronology. If anything, arranged according to length. 114 Chapters [suras]; whole structure shorter than New Testament. Chapters early of Mecca, of vivid, brief, oracular styole replete with prophetic feeling... Chapters later are verbose, ornate, filled with legislative details and theological dogmas.

Angle Gabriel dictated to Mohammed. Each passage opens with: "In the name of Allah..." Arab race said to be srpung from Abrahams oldest son. God had revealed himself to Jews and Christians, but they had strayed, and had rejected mpohammed, God's latest revelation. Mohammedism ahs a a spirit of forgiving injuries as well as avenging

them. Lots of Behavioral Rules, like Judaism, but also had an equity that mde it stand up well next to the Judaism and Christianity of Theodosius and Justinian: 1. Equality of Mohammedans before Law 2. Absence of antagonistic class distinctions 3. Absence of priestly class [each his own]. Regulation of life of the Faithful partly depends on Koran,m and partly depends onf tradition [Sunna]

Sunna handed down in short narratives tole by someone who knew prophet Mohammed. Sunna edited 2 centuries after Mohammed's death. Strongest Monotheism extant on Islam: "It is the will of Allah, I am content with his decree."

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1. No image worship 2. Angels God's messengers who a.record actions of men b. receive their souls when they die c. witness for them at last judgment 3. Devila alongside Angels, ready to lead men astray. 4. Belief that God has always sent prophets to warn; a. Koran mentions 25 prophets of God 1. 3 Earlier Arabs 2. Patriarchs of Israel 3. Jesus 4. Mohammed the last the "Seal" but he disclaims divinity.

Last Judgement; out of their graces all men will rise, blessed, to paradise. Evil ones to burn in hell. Judgement based on right belief, and observance of rites, duties, an dPrayer. 5 Prayer Timed per Day [not in koran, but tradition], facing Mecca, prayer in Arabic. ...Ablutions in water or sand before prayer, of face, feet, hands.

Friday; faithful together at noon for prayers in mosque. Leader [Imam] takes direction in timing prayers: No Sacraments No Priestly Caste, of Ordination No Apostolic Succession Note: In neither Jewish nor mohammedan religions may anyone stand between worshipper and God. Relationship must be direct. Unison Prayers in mosque a show of community, solidarity, and social equality. Five Sacred Duties #2: Prayer #3: Giving Alms [in practice, loans to God, which he would repay manyfold. Used to support poor, run charitable institutions, repair mosques. #4: Fast during Ramadan [9th month of lunar year]

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#5: Pilgrimage once in lifetime to Mecca, to their follow traditional ceremonies and also SACRED WAR against Non Mohammedans Korans Significance: substitution of Moral fellowship of religious belief and ethical conduct for tribal union through blood kinship. He rejected nationalist side of Judaism and accepted universalism of Christianity. Only Buddha and Jesus compare in influence with Mohammed.

Soon after Mohammeds death in A.D. 623, wave of conquest gathered in all of Arabic Palestine Syria speedy, organized, little damage Egypt part of Persia In less than One Century: All of North Africa Spain conquered could keep own

Asia minor relig by paying tax Central Asia to Indus River Conquest Idea like Roman: First Subdue Then Set up Administrations Wait for populace to be converted to new order. Later, Seljuk Turks made Mohammedism Fanatical [they were outside of Greco-Roman Tradition] A single night in arms bettwer than 2 months fasting and praying.

Use of troop on horse, good organization, focus of religious zeal, and brilliant generalship made for Arab conquests. Checked almost at the gates of constantinople, A.D. 718 Checked at Battle of Tours in the Valley of the Loire, by Charles Martel [the Hammer] in A.D. 732.

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Mohammeds daughter Fatima, with husband Ali became Calip [successor, vicar] in A.D. 656 │ center moved from Medina to Damascus modelled on Byzantium. Seats: Fatimites set of Caliphate in Tunis, A.D> 909. Islam, though never administratively stable, spread:

Common religion common language Common economic life Common Culture Mohammed's Prophecy: people to divide, agasint God's wish, into 73 seats, of which only one wil be saved. First Split after Mohammed's Death: Sunnites; wanted elective caliphate, accepted ideas of the

Sunna; Arabic, Turkey, Aghganistan, N. India, Malaysia

Shiites; Caliphate from mohammed's family, held only to Koran, not Sunna [mostly Iran] Note, Islam, like Gnostics, Neoplatonists, Jewish, christian, Hindu, and Persian religions all believe in knowledge imparted in excstasy, in wisdom differing from intellectual understanding.....Language becomes obsolete, inadequate, falls back into symbolism. Sufis; mystics, gained power, organization into monastic communities starting in A.D. 9th, and strongly after A.D. 12th.

Sufies are to Islam what Prophets are to Old Testament: ...scorned, eventually Canonized. Prophet al-Ghazali secured Sufie respect midst Koran and Sunni ....but Sifism swept over faith after A.D. 12th, and degenerated fiath into Neo-Platonic abstractions │ Mohammed identified as Heraclitan Logos or │ Divine Agent

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│ │ Poets of 12th and 13th warped this into notion that all was illusions Persia in middle of A.D 6th, a great repository of Greek Science and Philosophy driven out by Byzantine Empire. By A.D 641 Arabls had conquered Persia, fell heir to Greco- Persian heritage: ...within 200 years, most work available in Arabic translation,

and Byzantine culture in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine taken over by Muslims. Muslim Centers Damascus, Syria, built at confluece of 5 streams Bagdhad: 800,000 inhabitants, built on Tigris. After constantinople, largest city in World, systems of canals gave access to the sea. Cairo: Cordova, Spain: A.D. 11th, 200,000 houses, 600 mosques, 900 public baths, streets paves with stone, cleaned, policed, illuminated at

night. Water by conduit. Muslims had finest horses, sheep, best orchards and vegetable gardens. Muslims introduced following products to Europe: Oranges Lemons Roses Peaches Strawberries Figs Spinach

Artichokes Asparagus Cotton Rice Sugar Cane Hemp Mulberry Silk Worms .....by A.D. 900, leanring held in high esteem; both teachers an pupils greatly respected.

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Avicenna [dies A.D 1037]: Gret General Scholar; largelibraries showed learnign a mark of a gentleman, just like in Italian Rennaissance. Mulslim syste,m one of Law over Theology, but Muslim Law more lenient that that of Jews, christians │ it allowed for the good things, for the off-days Aristotles works available in Arabic: Organon

Metaphysics. Vleme: Learned interpreters of Law, correspond to Judaic

Scribes, Christian Clergy. Mulsim a religion of Brotherhood: "A people whose chief is a woman cannot prosper" Caliph, unlike Pope, not a depository of divine Truth. Plotinus's Enneads

Aristotles Organon─────────┐ │attempt to link Arry to Islam like later attempt to link to Christinaity. Avicenna [A.D. 1037] philosophy; platos Universals before [ante res] things in God's

Unbderstanding; God decides: 1. to create Man; this requires idea; man is anterior to particular men. 2. Universals are in [in rebus] things; when Man created, Mankind is in each Man.

3. Universals are after [post res] things in our thoughts, because when we have seen many men we notice their likeness and arrive at the general idea, Man. Avicenna's ideas attacked, especially by Mystic, al Ghazali, in his work Incoherence of the Philosophers. Showed that Avicennas work: 1. followed Aristotles materialism so denied story of creation.

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2. Denied possibility of God's interest in individuals 3. Denied personal immortality. Averroes [Spanish Ibn Rushd, of Cordova] [A.D 1198 mort: did not know Greek, needed Arab ponies. Worshipped Aristotle. Tried to define exact knowledge each group should possess, ie.,: Since koran contains various Truths; external sense for laymen, and hidden meaning for philosphers - Aristotles esoteric, and exoteric doctrines... Philosophers should have all truths rationalized

Masses, educated, need some explaination, but not all truth. General masses, who needed only poetic, emotional explaination. Islam and Judaism both influenced by Jewish Mystic Writings stemming from Philosophical Jewish Cabballa: 1st Part Creation writ A.D. 9th 2nd Part Brightness writ A.D. 1300

in sakme region Moses Maimonides [A.D 1204]: tried to harmonize Jewish Faith with Aristotle in his work entitled :Guide to the Perplexed From A.D. 8th to 9th, works of Hippocrates Galen Dioscarides Aristotle availble in Arabic translations Archimedes Euclid

Ptolemy Math adn Astronomy of Persia, North India also avaialble. Studies in Alchemy... Alchemy begun in china, B.C. 4th, with the goal of prolonging life...then to Egypt during early Christian ere. Mohammedans got it from Egyptians.

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Alchemy produced following products as resutl of experiments: ammonia, alum, soda, arsenic, steel, cloth, leather, glass.. Alchemical Basics: 1. all matter of 4 elements; earth, air, fire, water, in various combinations. 2. Gold noblest elemtn, and purest of all metals. Silver next. 3. Transmutation fo one metal to another possible by altering admixture fo elements; base metals can be made noble by means of a precsious substance often called the "fifth element" or "quintessence."

Alchemical experiments advanced making of glass, leather, cloth, metal working, drug properties.... ........first laboratories in history set up by IOslamic alchemists practicing: distilation sublimation evaporation─────────┐ filtration added later by Islamic Alchemist crystallization─────┘ Geber, A.D. 9th calcination┐ two principle operations of chemistry reduction ┘

Geber; " the first essential is that you should conduct experiments. for he who does not conduct experiments will never attain to the least degree of Mastery. It must be taken as an absolutely rigorous principle that any proposition which is not supported by proofs is nothing more than an assertion which my be true or may be false." E.J. Holmyard The Great Chemists 1929 Geber Classifications: Gold, Silver, Mineral substances "bodies" Sulphur, arsenic "Souls"

Mercury, solammoniac "spirits" ..classifications improved by Rhazes [A.D 925], adding: Animal Vegetable Mineral... ..with sulphur and mercury the primary principl of things....Rhazes system of classification lasted into 17th century as an alternative to Aristotles 4 elements.

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Astronomy Ptolemy wrote Almagest Hindu arithmetic [digits depend for their value on their position]..Mathematics surpassed all Greeks and Hindu: geometry and trigonometry Hindus: arithmetic and algebra Islam in Decline A.D. 8th -11th: synthetic quality, tolerant receptive, unifified by religion, law, Arabic language.

Decline: 1. A.D 11th, middle, when Seljuk Turks, late converts, took Bagdhad and much of middle east. Seljuks repressive, orthodox. Long fight between orthodoxy and freedom of thought in Islam. With Seljuks, blance upset, orthodoxy won. But Seljuks could not maintian order...revolts...anarchy..brought devastation, depopulation, stagnation. 2. Islam overrun by inferiro cultured, like Rome in A.D. 5th. Mongols in A.D. 13th nearly wiped culture out. After A.D 13th, important Muslim centers in India, Persia, Egypt, Spain only...and by mid 13th, those in decline. A.D. 8-11th: Islam's Greatest Centuries were those

of backwardness in Christian/Latin world A.D 10th, 11th: Christian World turned to Islam to to learn, imitate. By A.D. 11th, flow through Spain and Scicily a stream of Greek and Arabic works in translation...also.. ... Troubadour and Minnesinger themes often from Muslim Literature ...Music; lute drum conductors baton theoretical acoustics

mensural music ideas of harmony ...Art; stained glass design Arabic words: chemistry, alchohol, alkali, elixir, zenith, cipher, zero, algebra, root, orange, guitar, cofee, lilac, saffron, muslin, satin, sherbet, julep, candy, sofa.

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Latin West A.D. 5-10 Barbarian Migrations of A.D. 5th broke down Roman political regime in central and western Europe and in North Africa. ...Universal Rule of Rome supplanted by multitude of small, weak states.... Roman Economy went to pieces during next 4

centuries... Urban economy reverts to crude agricultural order tied to soil and to imediate locality, so constituted so as to be self-sufficient.... but towns roads bridges sank down Writer Gildas: "every colony is levelled to the ground. The inhabitants are slaughtered, and the flames crackled around. How horrible to behold the tops of towers turn from their lofty hinges, the stoned of high walls, holy altars, mutilated corpss, all covered with lurid clots

of blood, as if they had been crushed together in some ghostly wine press." G.M. Trevelyan Hist of England N.Y. 1926 [38-40] Paul the Deacon: You see villas of fortified places filled with people in utter silence. The whole world seems brough back to its ancient stillness; no voice in the field, no whiustling of sheperds. The harvests were untouched. Human hjabitations became the abodes of wild beasts. W.D. Foulke Hist of Langobards of Paul the Deacon. N.Y. 1906

A.D. 5 -11 Latin writers during Dark Ages, seen to have gained certain reputations they would never have gained had they lived in earlier or later periods.. Gregory Isidore Bede Alcuin Robancs A.D. 10 and 11 Europe Revives...during this Medieval Revivla, a

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knowledge of Greek and Roman Civilization essential...Survival of Latin Classics in Western between Augustine and Erasmus decent, but Homer a closed book to Petrarch and Dante in A.D. 14th... A.D. 15th, Homer read in Greek and translated into Latin vernaculars A.D. 15th, Sappho, Pindar, Greek Lyric Poets recovered A.D. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides recovered through Livvy.... A.D> 15th, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, through Plautus, Terence, Seneca.

A.D. 15th and 16th, Demosthenes, Greek Orators, Helleneistic poets, and Plutarch discovered and translated. 16th Century, the world of Tasso, Montaigne, Ronsard, Shakespeare, Cervantes, all knew Greek imaginitive writers. Plato: only Timaeus translated, but indirect influece through Cicero, Neoplatonism, Shurch Fathers, Muslim/jewish philosphers. All original Plato recovered by Italians in A.D 15th

Aristotles; two treatised translated by Boethius: Arry came with great Greek writigns on medicine, astronomy, mathematics, physics, into Western Europe through Latin translation travelling from Byzantium to Scicily to Spain between A.D 11-13. │ this new material dominated schools of Latin Christendom from later A.D 12th onwards │ A.D 15th -16th, Arrys influence waned, but his Aesthetics grew in esteem:

Poetics Rhetoric thus Greek influcen from A.D 500-1400 at once small, direct, and large, indirect. Virgil the model of Style [as was Milton] Ovid Art of Love translated by Chretian in 12th, was basis of Andreas Capellanis Art of Courtly Love.

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Horace: quoted, but too urbane, polished [Rennais loved him] Tibullus and Propertius: elegiac poets Catullus and Lucretuis Lucan and Statius [2nd rate Epic poets loved by Dante, writes of chivalric romance, and Chaucer] Cicero [oratory, eloquence]

Seneca [essays on morals Pliny [Natural History] Quintillian [Rhetoric] Tacitus [historian] [both ignored by middle ages] Augustine [A.D 430]

Leaders in Latin West St Benedict of Nursia [A.D 543] founded monastic order for the House of Monte Cossino, A.D 520...a reasonable order: 1. 6 hourse work, 4hours prayer, 3 hours devot. reading 2. No extraordinary extremities, austerities. 3. Vows of poverty, chastity, obedience. 4. Emphasis on humilty [12 stairs of humility" the road

to God.] Benedict: "idleness is the great enemy of the Soul" Typical Day: 1. began at midnight wtih Matins and Lauds, half hour each. 2. Retunr to bed

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3. rose with sun, service of Prime, the Regular Mass 4. tasks for the day, confession, sjermons 5. 3d hour of daylight for Terce High Mass Sext.......short intervals in between 6. Dinner [first meal] of bread, soup, meat, fruit 7. Read intil 9th hour

8. 9th hour,m gather for None [short service] 9. 10th hour, Vespers sung. 10. Supper 11. Compline 12. to bed. Abbot governed for life Monastic orders of A.D. 6 -12 wealthy, venerated, learned part of

Church, founded to: a. save souls of mankind [monks] and b. set example of virtuous living. ..by-products: a. fostered learning b. fostered craftsmanship c. improved agriculture KMonascticism became a great Medieval instutution..Later Monastics were Revival Movements; Revival of Cluny in A.D 10th Cistericians and Carthusians in A.D 11th

By end of A.D 6th, confusion,m barbarism prevailed in Europe. To offset, church launched new Christianization.. Missionaries again, like before Barbarian Migrations of 5th. Migrations drove Heathendom from Germany down into Spain and North Africa.... 2nd Mission, past 5th, Missionares worked from Ireland and Rome; Clovis and 30000 warriors baptized in 1 afternoon...christianity brought back to Rojmant empire, also extended to Scandinavia, East

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side of Baltic, poland, Bohemai, slovakia, Croatia on Adriatic. Gregory the Great [A.D 604] contemporary of Mohammed, served in ruined Rome, dwelling place of bats, owls, snakes, and lizards....only business was pilgrims, court attendance... A.D. 10th; Rome a vast picturesque wilderness, murmerous with the prayers of christian pilgrims... Gregory [A.D 604] promoted missionaires like St Agustine, whom he

sent to found the see of Canterbury in A.D 597. Gregory re-organized Church liturgy and music. Gregory founder of papcy with : 1. One Doctrine 2. One liturgy 3. one earthly head a. urged takeover of pagan temples b. abidednecessary church syncretisms of superstition, legends

Language Mid A.D 4th, Donatus [Ars Maior, Ars Minor] Great grammarian] A.D 5th, Priscius By A.D 300, Latin separated into two languages: Upper Class Vulgate Vulgate; distinctive for long and short vowels dissappeared, differences in pronunciation, vocab, syntax. A.D 800: Latin ceased to be a spokent language exept by clergy.

General decline inleanring. Gregory the G4reat shows this decline, but he is link between early Christianity and Medieval Converging Views of Barbarism and Classical Decadence: Gregories faith routed in fear of hell, angels,, demons, purgatory, miracles, use of relics, cult of the saints, magical value of sacraments... Gregory published Moralia

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Venerable Bede [A.D 735]; clarity and correctness and order inthought. Monastic learning in ireland behind Bede and extensivegrowth of leanring in English monasteries of A.D 7th......Greek taught for God's sake... Bede lived whole life in monastery in northern England

Wrote gretest historical work in Latin of the period [A/.D 450- 1200] The Ecclesiastical history of the English People. Carolingian Rennaissance backed by Bede's typed in Irish, English centers, also from Italieans, like Monte Cossino A.D 8th: Anglos Saxon missionared at work on continent: Saint Boniface [English] sent to Germany by Pope and Charles Martel.

Boniface re-organbized see of Mainz, Founded Benedictine house at Fulda Carolingian Rennaissance factors: 1. Post Migration Christiainization of West movement 2. Irish and English and Italiean leanring centers [Bede] 3. Steady growth of Frankish state. │ A.D 5th, Franks cross Rhine into tottering Rome │ Franks expand into Gaul an Italy

and North to Germany By time of Charlemagne, Franks have largest state since old Rome; and too, much of it happened with close sooperation with Bishop of Rome. Territories; North Spain All of Old Gaul part of Low Countries Western Germany Italy, down to Rome

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Charlemange, like boethius [minus Greece] envisioned a fusion of Roman christian, Germanic culture.... caled to Gaul, scholars from England, Italy, where culture level was higher. Intention to set up good governemnt based on leanring and Christianity: 1. extended education 2. copying of manuscripts 3. imprived style of handwriting 4. Mediterranean art influence from Rome, Byzantium Breought scholar Alcuin [A.D 804] from York [trained by Bede, York,

then largest library in Christendom] to begin schools. Carolingian scholar hand used round, uncial letters, differentiating between captials and small case, separated one word from another. This a significant facet of Carolingian Rennaissance. Charlemagnes Palace School; Alcuin Paul the Deacon [lombard] Peter of Pisa [mathematics] Einhard [German educator at Fulda]

When Charly dies A.D 814], leading centers of leanring no longer British Isles and Italy, but Orleans Tours St Denis Fulda St Gall Charly's sones continued trend: Son Louis the Pious Grandson Charles the Bald

Jon Scotus Erigena [A.D 877] driven from Ireland by vikin Raids, ended u at court of Charles the bald: Jon Scotus charged with Pantheism,: "authority proceeds from reason,m but reason never from authority. true reason rests on its own strength, seeks no reinforcement by any authority." Natue: not only natural world, but God and supernatural as well. It denotes all reality.

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Erigena profoundly Neo-Platonic: On the Divisions of Nature Signif: all universals anteriro to particulars Sin and evil the absence of reality 90% of Latin classics we posses Carolingian copies Ottos Otto I elected King of est Franks A.D 936, took title:

Roman emperor of the German People Otto II Otto III [ a Benedictine] cluny in Burgundy A.D 910, with more discipline. Ottos world in close association with Church Revival of stone architecture and sculpture A.D 10th, Carolingian Empire collapsed, first contact with Islam, then Viking Raids.

Hymns of the Time: Te Deum Veni Creater Spiritus Ave Maris Stella New Verse Forms: Litu4rgical Sequence; long dwellign on last "a" of Alleluia into melody or sequentia │ Sequentia divided into parts in A.D 8th │ words added by priests Trope: additions to some part of liturgy, form, a commentary: a few words between Kyrie and Eleason or lengthy noted, poems, plays, placed between 2 words of a liturgical text. │ Medieval and Vernacular Drama came out of Tropes Ekkehart I A.D 973 wrote 1, 4654 line hexameter narrative entitled

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Waltharius. It was adventured in times of Attilla..a Vernacular Epic. Roswitha [A.D 970] a nun of Gondersheim: poet, playwright, character, insight, surprising for age. Imitated comedies of Terence. Cambridge Songs [circa A.D 1000] 50 Latin lyrics Nuns Complaint Latin Literatue intact, while vernacular literature before 12th, a patrchwork affair.

Vernacular Literature first extant show polished form must have beren in existence cneturies Anglo Saxons have largest extant body │ most elegiac in form, and uplifting [clerics copied] Verse Form: 1. half lines utilizing two stressed syllables each

side. 2. 2 or 3 syllables alliterated [beginn with same consonant] 3. 4 Cases of Nouns, 3 inflective of adjectives 4. Assonance [incomplete rhyme depending on ident. of vowel sound as in main/came 5. Compounds : spear-play for "battles" battle-gleam for "sword" warsweat for "blood"

Widsith Deor Ruind Burg Wife's Complaint Wanderer Seafarer Riddles Religous Poetry Caedmons Hyme [ a cowherd called by divine voice one night

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to sing story of creation. Bede Translated] Cynewulf [letters] did Saints lives, long poem on christ Dream of the Rood Phoenix Fighting Stories Battle of Brannonburgh [vistory of King of Wessex, 937]

Battle of Maldon Beowulf [circa A.D 700, by northumbrian Monk, story centers in Denmark or sweden, and pic of Episodes with Digressions. Written to be chanted in recitation. Christian theology tenuous. Hero combines Germanic and Christian ideals [also Stoic?] Histories Cassiodorus Hist of Goths

Gregory of Tours [A.D 594] history of Franks Paul the Deacon [late A.D 8th] Histo of Lombards. Anglos Saxon Chronicle: oldest historical work, begun in Winchester, A.D 7th, in vernacular language and combined with other chronicles in A.D 9th. Alfred the Gretat's death in A.D 900, chronicle continues in monasteries into A.D. 12th. Art and Music Celts loves pattern Book of Kells A.D 9th, patterned, circles, endless curving lines. Re-Flowering of Romanesque Art after A.D 1000 Gregory the Great A.D 600

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Uniform method of singing: 1. lofty, impersonal style 2. recitative manner 3. 4, then 4 more modes, without sharps or flats, except B,later 4. Unharmonized. Pitch is everything to Melody Church only allowed Gregorian Chant, but Unharmonized Chants replaced by simple harmonic schemes circa A.D 9th, borrowed from Germans, Celts, and called Organum │ voices moved ahed at intervals of fourth or of fifth, voices duplic-

ating at the octave, this leading to performance in 4 parts │ Polyphonic music realized in A.D 12th. Secular Music made its way into Church via Sequence and Trope Pre A.D 1000: wind insturments bells fiddles

lyre harp organ Leaders between A.D 5-10: Theodoric the Ostrogoth Charlemagne Alfred the Great German Ottos I,II, III Statesmen, Scholars of Roman Church by A.D 11th, Byzantine and Islamic Cultures past Zenith;

Reemergence of Latin Christendom Revival A.D 1000 - 1500 10th and 11th, reawakening of West allover 1. Centralized National Governments in Germany

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France England 2. Centralized National Governemnts show progress in curbing Feudal anarchy. 3. Central Governemnts developed systems of local administration that brought what has been termed the "conquest of a kingdom by its Kings" a. King's Law ┌───────┤ b. King's ability to raise troops for army

Louisse says c. Kings right tocollect taxes locally this central thread of history in Medieval France 4. Re-organization and departmentalization of Central Government: a. Between A.D 900-1500, process of Consolodation continues, with setbacks, so that at close of Middle Ages [1500], most states of Western Europe highly centralized national Despotisms

b. Consolodation on large scale; France, England, Spain smaller scale; Italy, ┌─────── Germany; │ both organized into Petty States. 5. Power Passed from quarrelling lot of Feudal Landlords, to King.

6. Striking Growth of Middle Class a. while most folk peasants, closely attached to soil, towns nonetheless grew from agricultural society as commerce, conquests grew [Chartes] b. Towns grew rapidly, beginning in Italy, A.D 10-11. Italian Merchants in contact with Islamic and Byzantine civilizations.

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c. Italians developed mechanism of modern banking [Malatesta] d. Western Europe expands commercially, and territorially: 1. A.D 1085 Toledo falls to Christians 2. A.D 1095 Crusades Begin 3. A.D 11th Muslims driven from S. Italy, Sicily e. Revival of Town life spread from Italy, Northward.

f. Town careers in : medicine law teaching government Note: As breakdown of townlife and practical dissappearance of Middle Class the great watershed between last phase of Roman Civilization and the Early Middle Ages, so, revival of town life and growth in wealth and power of middle class marks great transition from early medeival into later medieval and Modern Times.

Towns and What they Meant Often, townspeople and king joined hands to curb excesses of Feudal Landlords. Both Middle Class and Ruler wanted: 1. Maintain internal peace. 2. Good roads. 3. Uniform courts and coinage. After Middle Class growth A.D 900-1500, Western Europe could no longer be divided by ecclesiastical writers into the three categories: 1. Nobles who governmened and fought 2. Clergy who prayed.

3. Masses who tilled the soil Pope Gregory VII A.D 11th, undertood Papal dream of bringing all Europe under unifies control of Pope. │ Dante's De Monarchia From Gregory the VII until the Protestant Reformation, Church enthroned over Western Society. How? How:

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1. Rebuked Kings for Mismanagement 2. Sought to regulate industry and commerce by preaching a just price. 3. Prohibited Usury. 4. Teaching that Property is a trust from God held for general benefit. 5. Inculcation of charity 6. Developed single culture in Schools, Universities.

7. When all failed, invoked Inquisition. 8. Through sacramental system controled life of individual and family. 9. Commanded 1st Loyalty of individual [state now has this]. 10. Great ability to collect taxes, enforce laws over wide area. Roman Church more like a Modern and Roman State than was the Medieval Secular State.

As middle Class Grew stronger, so did Church. Inevitable clashes with State. Cultural Revival Greek Science and Thought ├──form basis for founding modern Muslim Writings science and philosophy Great development of Latin and Vernacular Literature

Establishment of Romanesque and Gothic art; two of greates styles ini history Cultural Shifts Phase I: A.D 11 - 13, Northern France lead, so Latin Christendom made up culturally of a series of provinces of N. France. Phase II by A.D 14th, Centers of Cultural shift to Italy.

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Phase III by A.D 16th, Latin West a series of Provinces of Rennaissance Italy Tunring Points form medieval tomodern began in A.D 12-13th Northern France, Philosophy, Science, Education, Literature, Art, Music, all Reawakened. Communication, however, difficult until 18th. Monasteries Monasteries represented both the immobility of the times, and the Intellectual Centers. Monasteries exchanged books amongst themselves, relied on central organization, and made general exchanges easier.

Later Orders: Cluniacs Cistercians Carthusians Even Later Orders [Very Mobile, Communicative] Franciscans Dominicans Monasteries; 1. Provided learning 2. Created and dissemminated styles of Art. 3. Collected legends that influenced sculpture,

painting, vernacular poetry. 4. Acted as meeting place of the monk, trader, pilgrim, jongleur, musician, craftsman, artist. Educated almost no laymen, and only a few SEcular Priuests. Cathedral School A.D 11th -15th Run by Bishops locally Had exchange system

Most important Cathedral Schools in A.D 12th: Paris Chartres Rheims Orleans Laon Out of the Cathedral School of Paris grew the greatest Medieval University, Notre Dame.

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Useof Latin made University unmatched by any other Medium in the spread of Ideas in Later Middle Ages. Noble or Princely Court Patrons of Vernacular Poets troubaddours Trouveres Minnesingers From Noble court to Noble court thru Latin Christendom, the spread

of 1. Southern French Lyric 2. northern French Chivalric Romance Northern French Language became courtly language of most of Latin West. Courtly patronage a necessity for those lacking assured ecclesiastical incomes. Nobles hired stone masons, listened to Troubadours, fed poets, and

had painters illuminate their manuscripts. The Town in A.D 12th, town the home of two great literary forms: 1. Fabliau [novella] 2. Medieval Drama Also place where heresies grew: Waldensians Cathari Albigensians

Lollards..and later.. German Evangelicals Swiss, Dutch, French, British Puritans In A.D 14-15, tyrant controllers of Italien city-states were lavish patrons of arts and literature. News begins to travel fast in towns A.D 12th: News of Frederick Barbarossa's death in Asia Minor

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took 4 months to reach Germany; 4 weeks for new of Richard the Lionhearted's capture to reach London from Vienna. Normal A.D 12th News Trvel; News to Canterbury from Rome; 7 weeks Urgent News; 4 weeks So, Medieval Localisms, self sufficiency, lack of mobility, did not inhibit travel of news, communication, as much as one might think.

Writings of Abelard, during his lifetime, reached bottom of Italy. French poetry of Trouveres, in less than 100 years, translated into Dutch, Czech, Italian, Spainish. Three [3] Gret Ages of Synthesis I Carolingian and Ottonian Rennaissances II A.D 12th - 13th [more vital appropriations of Classics.]

III A.D 14th - 15th [re-expression of Classical civilization in Medieval terms] Carolingian and Ottonian: scriptural commentary beginning understanding of classical and Byzantine Art. A.D 12th -13th: Great Theological Summas Romanesque and gothic ARt Activity of Friars Poetry of Dante

A.D 14th - 15th: Classical Rennaisance Protestant Reformation Science and Technology 1. Greek thinkers absorbed with problems of metaphysics and

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ethics. Best Greek thought riddled with terms like: "unchanging reality" "elements" "truth" "the absolute" of Note: such a perspective interfered with a carefull accumulation of factual knowledge about man and world. 2. Romans took almost no interest in theoretical science. They were for practical application.

3. So growth of Ancient Science stopped about A.D 2nd, long before Greeks had developed means of accurate measurement [watches, thermometers, telescopes microscopes, barometers, from 16th] 4. Greeks also produces no methematical means for decribing matter in motion. They developed logic, but without the technique for assembling factual information, logic could be very misleading. combined with Greek sense that labour was degrading, mechanics a bile art, and that contact with matter is corrupting to spirit, science ws left bereft of method for nearly a millenium and a half.

5. Dormant for 1500 years, science took into itself lots of hokey pokey- astrology, superstition, aclhemy. In highest circles, science: a. Neo-Platonic based by contrast, Modern Little distinction between physical mind classifies, facts, events, moral truths, spiritual keeps distinctexperiences. concepts clearly defined.c. Ideas on God, nature, man, moral world, material world, spheres, 4 humours, soul, resurrection of dead, closely interwoven. For Middle Ages, segregtion of Ideas in this manner incomprehensible.

All learning was ethical and theological in outlook, and also encylcopedic. Middle Ages Manic for Order: compiled, arranged, commented on inherited Greek, Persian, Islamic superstition, folklore, and other inhereted material. Middle Ages Manic fro Grandiose Ideas of past: Inhereted mterial put into vast schemes, but they failed to

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critisize basic concepts they inherited [Great arguments that did not cite ancient authority. Syllogistic Form] Religious Authorities began revival of Science by condemning 1. Magic 2. Divination 3. Astrology ..but issue failed, so Church incorporated, taking over magic and astrology just as missionaries had

taken over pagan groves, hills, stones and wells of the heathen, giving them Saint's Names. Copernicus upset the World beliefs. 1. Stars fixed 2. Heavenly bodies moved by Angels, East to West, at different speeds. 3. Each sphere guided by angelic intelligence, just as man guided by Soul │ outside of this

4. Unmoved Empyrean where God dwells in Blessed Paradise 5. After Last judgement, Universe will stand motionless, a monument to its creator. Since intelligences that move the spheres about the earth are immaterial and the stuff of which these spheres are made is superiro to anything built up our ot the 4 elements, it is profitable forman to contemplate the hevenly part of the order ofnture. There is an element in man, the sould, which has an affinity both with the immaterial intelligences [angels, God] that guide the spheres and with God. thge movements in heaven determine all changes onerth. This universe, created by God, willnot lst forever. Just as it was created in time for Adam and Eve, so it will proceed through human

history, Crucifixion, Resurrection, Last Judgement. then all earth to be consumed by fire, souls of doomed putinto eternal hell under earth, sould of sved to ge gthered into Paradise; sphered will stop revolving, chief strs will shine 7 times more brightly. likewise...NeoPlatonism: bottom is stones without Souls General agreement that man must strt search for understanding with his senses, but must eventually rise above, beyond. This, with

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Neoplatonism, leads to Heirarchy of Law 1. Gods Law of Nture 2. Law of Nations, States 3. civil Law for Communities Heirarchy of Society 1. clergy 2. Nobles 3. People Medieval Notion of Nature of Matter from Aristotle

Substance and Quality at issue. Forms of Matter; earth, air, fire, water Each Form has two qualities; heat and cold, moisture, dryness First, a thing has substance, ie, Man, Bread, House Then it has Qualities; heaviness, wholeness, whiteness etc In Man 4 Humours; Blood Phlegm Black Bile

Yellow Bilt Yet Aristotles System, or the Medieval System too rational, insufficiently experimental....Shows Medieval Man ignoring Nature in Search for Moral and Allegorical Meanings.... Macro Micro Nature of Universe Nture of Matter always conceived together example: 4 elements of Universe correspond to 4 humours of Man Example; Stars moving regularly in heaven control ordered course of nature, day and night, winter and summer.

Example; Erratic Planets governed the erratic elements Numerology Authority Pythagoras [things occurring in the same number possess inner

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│ relations] │ Old Testament │ Philo and Augistine 2 = diversity, antithetical pairs 3 = all, beginning, middle, end, the three theological virtues, the Trinity 4 = Directions, winds, seas, elements, humours, Evangelists, cardinal virtues.

Popular Science Books: Animals [Bestiaries] Plants [Herbals] Stones [Lapidaries] Most outstanding contribution to science through Herbals exploring healing qualities of plants... ....Albertus Magnus did carefull study of plants Alchemy Alchemy and the Vast Scheme

Sulphur; combustability [masculine] Mercury; fusability [feminine] Sulpher and Gold linke to Sun Silver and Mercury linked to Moon 7 leading metals linked to 7 prominent heavenly bodies Great attention paid to form, order,colour; In preparing the "philosophers stone" 4 colours these colours black

associated with white 4 Elements yellow 4 Humours red ...to appear successively Alchemists big on Signs: Crow for Black Swan for White Phoenix for Red Dove in upward flight White

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Bear for a Still Ostrich for a Flask Stork for a retort? Albertus Magnus, after experiments, found that alchemical gold turned to ashes. concluded, as had Avicenna, that alchemists produced imitation gold, not true change. Note; it was not a good thing to be an alchemist. 1. Church suspected Devilment 2. State didsn't want anyone making Gold

Note: Myth of the Demiurge, who created world as a living organism, every part of which is intimately related to every other, came to be used as the great justification of ideas of the macrocosm and microcosm and influence of hevenly bodies on lives of men. Astrology and Astronomy begun together in Babylonia 2nd B.C. Stoics first accepted By beginnig of Christian era, all Greek Schools expoused.

A.D 12th, nearly all amongst Greek and Muslim astronomy avaialble in Latin Translations Astrology attacked by learned men in A.D. 14th and 15th; Petrarch: "quacks" Sceptics Robert Grosseteste A.D 1253 crit of Aristotle Roger Bacon A.D 1292 crit of Aristotle Frederick II A.D 1250, in Palermo, Holy Roman Emperor, │ wrote work: │ The Three Imposters; Christ, Moses, Mohammed

│ in Italian vernacular └─called "Stupor Mundi" wonder of the World First Modern Man to Historians Frederick II A.D. 1250, in Palermo, crossroads of Islam, Byzantine, Latin cultures. A Naieve Investigator: young children isolates to see what language they would speak. Found they would not speak.

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Had condemned men cut open to see effects of ftigue and digestion. Frederick's interest in Animals [kept menagerie of elephants, camels, panthers, lions, leapards, monkeys, birds, giraffes] lead to his opus: Art of Falconry [in Vatican lib] Frederick II a contemporary of Francis Aquinas

Builders of 13th century Cathedrals Changes New things from A.D 8th, onward: felt trousers soap butter barrels tubs of wood wheelbarrows fiddle bows

spinning wheels wheeled plow [good for wet bottomlands] nitric, sulphuric, muriatic acids fine glassware silk goods Rudders fore and Aft sails Greatly improved Map making [lead to discoveryof Americas] North of Alps and the Loire: Roman 2 field system replaced by 3 Field System [set aside only one third of land each year instead

of one half] Pre A.D 1000 Innovations: shoing horses with nails horse collar [not yoke] Tandem harness Stirrup ...horse collar added three - four timed pulling strenght to animals, by not choking their wind...prior to this, all very hevey loads

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required manpower...resulting transfer of power to beasts By A.D 13th, and not from Greco-Roman times: spectacles functional buttons clothing paper mechanical clock compass gunpowder the crank [to grind grain] vertical windmills production of cast iron [cannon,ordnance]

Paper in Europe from Islam, A.D. 12th Gutenburg, a goldsmith in Mainz, A.D 1450, brings Press By A.D 1500, nine million books and pamphlets had been printed, their price having sunk to one eigth 1/8 of what it was before printing. Significance: brought learning to Common Man Issues of Faith Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury A.D 1109 first principle: "I believe in order that I may know" │ │ │ unbelievers wil never understand Faith First, exactly as blind man cannot conceive Reason Second of light, nor deaf man conceive of sound Abelard A.D 1142 Paris, wrote Sic and Non showing incosistency of statements amongst Church Fthers Found all Essential Doctrines of Christianity:

Conceptions of God of Trinity of Incarnation...in Greek Thought Declared: distance between paganism and the Gospel was not so great as that between the Old Testament and New Testament, hence, whyshould we denythe paganthinkers eternal bliss because they didnot know Christ? │ │ └─this sort of discourse in mind when in A.D 1201 Sigor Brabant,

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founder of Averoism wanted to separate philosophical discourse from theological concerns [chekc this, page 258] Abelard formulated thesis that : Intention alone should be our moral criterion of guilt Switch in A.D 13th, School of Albertus MAgnus, adn his pupil, Thomas Aquinas [1224 - ]: Summa Contra Gentiles before, philosophy sought to square Aristotle with Church Dogma. In A.D 13th, shift to square Church Dogma with Aristotle. Brought in spirit of Rational Analysis. church could not control.

Aquinas Summa Theologica severly criticized, as were other 13th thinkers, by early 14th century philosophers. Duns Scotus [A.D 1307] sourceof word "dunce" because he quibbled over words, and went into unlimited analysis of little differences, elaboration of terminology Erasmus' definition of Scholasticism; "to discover in thick darkness what in reality has no existence whatever" [269]

A.D. 13th Age of Synthesis Age of Innocent III St Francis Aquinas Dante Frederick II I. Latin Christendom directed along religious, educational political, and economic lines by powerful papacy. II. unity of life and thought symbolized in plan and

decoration of Gothic Cathedrals, Summa Theologae of Scholastics, and in the Divine Commedia A.D 14th Age of Strife, Controversy Unity Waning 1. Pope became, at Avignon, apuppet to French King 2. unity of Latin Christendom was split 3. Old Institutions attacked by Mystics, Humanists, Rationalists, and Nationalists

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Typical of Age is Philosophy of William of Ockham [A.D 1349] said: Great Religious Truths could not be proven by Reason. Could only be understood through Mystical Religious experience. Attacked use of Aristotle to explain divine mysteries. 1. Ockham sees it as impossible to demonstrate Existence of God Fall of Man Providence 2. Ockham thought Universals of both Plato and

Aristotle not real, just names used to designate similar things, for convenience. Significance: Ockham helped destroy Scholasticism by attacking Scholasticism, then taking refuge in Mysticism. Early Humanists Revived interest in Greek, Latin Grammar History Moral Philosophy

Pica della Mirandola [A.D. 1494] Marsilio Ficino [A.D. 1497] Humanism flourished first in Italy, A.D 14th, 15th. eclectic Pico: sought to fuse teachings of Christian, Greek, Jew. All doctrines, he believed, contained part of the truth. Ficino: wrote his Platonic Philosophy tofuse Plato, Neoplatonism, christianity. Central concern a return to God. Since impossible in life, immortality must turn the trick.

influenced by Ancient Platonism, theories of Dante, Tuscan Poets. Connected spiritual love with quest of human souls for God. Invented term "Platonic Love" Ficino's "Philosophy of Love" effected poetry and art both north and south of the Alps.

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But in defesne of Scholasticism, we must see that it helped produce the founders of modern philosphy in A.D 17th: Descartes Spinoza Leibniz Political Thought Medieval times adhered to Roman Law Codes. Roman Law Codified in A.D. 6th, by Justinian: Corpus Juris Civilis

Justinians Code reached Middle Ages through Cicero's works: De Legibus De Republica Justinain Code neglected in West until A.D. 12th Roman Law jus civile: decisions of courts,civil law jus gentiam: appropriate laws for foreigners, business jus naturale: high purpose of divine order for human laws. From Stoics:

1. whole universe as single intelligible unity 2. Pervaded by Reason, Universe ruled by God 3. Desire for one universal society, one state, unified laws in keeping with Cosmos. 4. State an equsal brotherhood. Gelasian Theory insisted however, that sacerdotum and imperium could never be united. A.D. 1059 controversy: Henry IV charged Gregory VII with attempting to do just this. Henry IV wrote │ Dictatus privelage of Lay Investiture taken out of Royal hands

Croisus writes Defenseof Henry IV A.D. 1084 contends that right to inheritance of throne is Roman York Tracts [1100]: controversy between Henry I of England and Anselm over Lay Investiture. York tracts attacked tyrrannical powers of Pope inside Church.

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By A.D. 12th, papacy condemned with using office, its spiritual office, as a means to earthly aggrandizement rather than as a mission to teach and preach. For Gregory VII Summa Gloria A.D. 1123 by Honorius of Augsburg: As Hebrews had no ruler before priest Samuel anointed Saul, so No christian rule before Bishop of Rome baptized Constantine. Leanring

with growth of towns, growth of book trade. By A.D. 14th, parchment making in separate buildings Chivalric Romances written to be read, not heard [page 375] Only during A.D. 15th was it fashionable for gentlemen to be educated, to collect books. A.D. 15th; finest libraries: Venice Medici Library in Florence Vatican Library in Rome Symbolic Literature God gave Man two sources of knowledge: Book of Scripture Book of Nature Each helps decode the hidden meanings, cyptograms, in other. exampleinforming Literature: Job pre-figures Christ, represents trial of Christian Soul. Red reminds rtist/writer of Jesus' blood Streams depict a rebirth through baptism

Fisherman lowering nets means redemption. Crab Walking sideways depicts the fraudulent Pelican [which feeds its young with its own blood] an analogue for christ. Significance: Medieval Man looked at world about him not for what it was, but for

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what it was not. Piers the Ploughman William Langland, who dies A.D. 1395, a man of minor orders 14th and 15th, lots of moral slackness ecclesiastical corruption Witness: Piers the Ploughman German Theology

Imitations of Christ Sermons of Savonarola Apparently, as sermons more often being read by masses, because literacy is up, more people rejected them in favour of worldliness, while some others took the sermons more seriously..see this same parrallel in 19th century English Spiritual Crisis and also, see same thing in historical works of 14th century Italians. People broke into clear camps, based on the knowlege theyhad. Langland: simple man of devotion, writes Allegorical poem in old fashioned Alliterative Verse. Looks at close life of common people, their dull routines, their

joys and sorrows. Langland paints picture of world as it it unlike others who simply take as meaning something else. He does not ignore the human condition....then, he envisions how the world might be if the Gospels are obeyed. Allegorical Divisions of Kingdome of England Kingdome of Heaven Art 13th onwards, secular architecture came into being. Romanesque grew out of Carolingian age in A.D> 12th, Gothic grew out

of Romanesque... ...in Gothic, traditions of organic manner of construction, inherent in Roman antiquity, subjected to long experimentation. Resulting New forms of construction painting and sculpture, long stymied by Byzantine style, showed in later A.D> 12th, more observation of Nature. Began to imitate natural forms..... By A.D. 13th, both painting and

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sculpture begin to attain Realism. Resulting new enthusiasm for Classical models: Nicola Pisano Donatella

Romanesque Romanesque rise in A.D. 10th contemporaneous with rise of Feudalism, due partly to Viking Raids, Slav, Muslim, Magyar invasions...... Wooden roofed churches ruined Saints relics destroyed │ stone, vaulted, or with barrell vaulting begins... A.D. 10th: small A.D> 11th: large vaults appear allover Europe, but especially in:

Catalonia Northern Italy Parts of France Rhineland Romanesque Plans started to develope in Carolingian Period........Common Plan of A.D. 11th and 12th: 1. Common ground plan Cruciform, often with apses either end. 2. Inside, ambulatory [walking] around apse gve access to chapels used to display relics and for the cult of the saints.

3. To support heavy stone roof, heavy walls [barrell vault roof rests on whole of side walls]. Nave and Aisles had to be narrow. 4. To support walls and nave, heavy compound piers supplanted around columns. Outside... 5. Two towers at Western Front

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6. Polyagonal towers and cupoles rising from roof. 7. Sculture at doors [embrasures] 8. Arcades, decoration bands added. Inside... 1. Dark interiors 2. Small windows cause of support needs. 3. Dim narrow, drk interior, exterior rude power, vigour, Mystic, combining power. [like Byzant but later] ...in contrast with erlier Christian Basilicas..

1. emphasis on horizontal lines 2. Light Romanesques connected with Monasteries, pilgrim routes, spread of ideas: Gothic associated with the growth of Towns. Less Mobile. A.D. 12th Cathedral at Durham: first Romanesque using vaults and ribs; built ribs first, then added thinner stones of note: pointed arches and vaults vault to cover deficiencies of

have less side thrust than workmanship, and to strengthen. round ones. Note Gothic usage. Hindus say: "an arch or a vault never sleeps" alwasy pressure down and out. Pointed Arches and Pointed Rib Vaults made possible to vault not only rectangular spaces, but spaces where no two sided were the same, without getting into trouble about level heights fro arches. Buildings combining: Ribbed Vault Pointed Arch Gothic Pointed Vault

Abbey Church at St. Denis, begun A.D. 1140, intended to be best Romanesque, became in ways the first Gothic. Castles Stone Castles also date from A.D. 11-12th...beforehand.. ..wooden stockades Casltes first square, but rounded towers more easily defended, so

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improved... Main Room a Hall [Germanic] 1. open, beamed roof with fire hole in middle... ...A.D. 15th, fireplaces 2. one end the dais for family, other, minstrels gallery 3. floor covered with rushes 4. Trestel tables

5. Againsnt wall, iron bound wooden chests with cushions for loungers. 6. Tapestries on walls, or paintings of battles, tournaments. Significant: Castles Dull, Cold Town Homes having glass, comfortble. Peasants had homes of : stone rubble squared beams open spaces mud plastered

wattle works [stakes, sticks, mud] Only shutters at windows. Gothic Style Elongated in painting and sculpture, because designe subordinted to the Gothic Architectural requirments....but sometimes a deliberate distortion..... .....movement towards simplicity of design Sculpture: usually imbeded in stone, rarely violating structure; bodies flattened elongated

twisted to emphasize ...architectural form. On Doors of Western Front: Zodiacal Signs Labours of month Seven Liberal Arts Great Thinkers Lives of Saints Scenes from daily life Animals, real, fabulous

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Gothic Art A.D. 12th, gothic Cathedrals Gothic Art: first arose in Northern France...poorly underrstood in Italy Gothic Engineering striving to achieve an An Equilibrium of Thrust and Counterthrust a. vaults laid on ribs and soconstructed that weight of vaulting is carried to series of piers at sides of structure. Side walls then

become screens for weather, but not supporting vaults, so replaceable with glass. Buttresses stengthen where ribs carry weight into Piers below. b. Gothic Church with flying buttresses like animal that carried its bony framework on the outside...more like an engine thjan a monument; buttresses need constant repair or building will collapse. Golden Age of Gothic A.D. 13th Paris Chartres Rheims all dedicted tothe Virgin. Amiens

thru time, buildings becmae more complex, just as in philosophy, one moves from Aquinas to Duns Scotus to Ockham Complicated vaulting schemes Lierne and fan vaults in England like 18th century Rococo, what was gained in skill and gracej was lost in power and dignity. Attempting the transcendental, the otherwordly. gothic Cathefrals painted in subdued colours inside; sculpture and painting often depiecits an amazing realism. Victor Hugo: "The middle ages never had an idea they didnot

express in glass or stone." Artistic Mind Shift A.D. 11th: Peter Domian; "The world is so filthy with vices that any holy mind is befouled by even thinking of it." ........but... In A.D. 13th: Vincent Beauvais [Speculum] how great us even the humblest beauty of this world, I am moved jwith

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spiritual sweetness toward the cretor of this world when I behold the magnitude and beauty of his creation." [sounds like Rousseau] Emitionality of 14th, 15th: "Jesus wept" in painting and sculpture "Dance of Death" But what sculpture gained in subtletey itlost in idealism and monumentality in 14th, and 15th. To growing realism of Gothic scuplture was added, first in Italy, a sefl conscious imitation of classical models. As in poetry, so

in sculpture and in architecture, this combination marked dawn of New Age - Rennaissance. Rennaissacne Keywords; 1. Vigorous Realism 2. dramatic force 3. Self conscious Imitation of Classical Models Painting of A.D. 14th and 15th saw development of │ 1. foreshortening │ 2. Modelling in light and shade [cvhiriascuro] │ │

│ create illusison of depth │ └─realism less trascendental.... ...sculpture, standing in real space real light did not need to develop Gothic Paintingillusions of Move from Transcendental light, so to Real; advanced over figure drawing painting in tried to convey sense of14th and Form15th. First Gothic School, early A.D. 14th, Siena took old Byzantine designs and handled them in a less rigid way.. Duccio [1339]

Simone Martini Sienese generally looked backwards: 1. compositions set in gold backgrounds 2. no attempt to represent depth 3. Subtle, sophisticated 4. high Finish │ When Martini went to Avignon, met Petrarch, │ painted portraitof Laura. Real life portraits │ increased in A.D. 14th │

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└─like Siena itself, noted for its mystic Saints and gilded youth, Sienese school represents last of Byzantine flower. In Florence Giotto A.D. 1336 [did lots of frescos] 1. achieved 3-d effect 2. skilled at foreshortening devices; a. modelling in light and shade

b. foreshortening │ c. precision in drawing │allows illusions of d. Gestures of main figures │event happening before viewers eyes. Late 13 and 14th century Florentine School Giotto [died 1336]; mostly frescoes for bare Italian gothic │ churches; done speedily, with idea of │ being seen from a distance. │ └─influenced Florentines for 100 years, until Massaccio; even in 15th, Fra Angelica still painting in Giotto's medieval limits

Massaccio [...27] Paintings have tactile values, plasticity Branacacci Chapel, Forence, frescoes on Fall of Man, Life of Peter. Massaccio makes great leaps ahead for painting; used single source of light to pull work together 1. single light source focus 2. colours merge 3. no sharp lines 4. atmospheric perspective

5. linear perspective ...developing an International Style... ....In Late A.D. 14th, Italian schools borrowed from one another. Flemish School In A.D. 15th, School in Flanders noted for; 1. use of oil [Hurbert and Jan Van Eyck 1432, did "Adoration of the Lamb"]

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2. Combined amazing realism with intense religious devotion 3. No Classical influence of sculpture or literture 4. Very little technical experimentation in perspective, movement, foreshortening. 5. Great with details 6. Oil allowed the working over of a picture; tempura and fresco did not [fresco had to be put on wet plaster before it dried]

Michelangelo on Flemish Art: thought art should only appeal to children and women. Leaders; Van Eycks Roger Van der Weyden [1464] Hans Memling charcterisitcs; medieval in their religious devotion and their story telling ahead of Italians in handly light and shade

Composers: Dufay Josquin des Pres Fin de l'Epoch Last great Medieval Painter, late 15th, early 16th: Albrecht Durer of Nurenmberg [1528] paintings woodcuts By beginning of A.D. 16th, Italians, through experiments, were far ahead of others, so talent began flocking to Italy to study.

Development of what became know as the Italian Manner outside of Italy: Italian compositions Classical ruins Italian buildings Italian landscapes Innovations in Italy in A.D. 13th Nicola Pisano [1278] natural forms in men and animals combined with deliberate adaptation of details from Roman sculpture.

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Many details suggeted by Roman Sarcophagi. Show in: modelling poses costumes setting Architect Brunelleschi [1446] in A.D 15th trained as goldsmith with Donatello Revolutionized Art; no more rule of thumb; Discovered Mathematical Laws of Perspective: [objects diminish in size as they recede in background]

Architecturaly influenced Alberti Bramante [15th] Alberti [1472] A.D. 15th: scholar, writer, artist, adopted │ many ideas of Vitruvius, whose works │ discovered by Alberti's friend, Poggio. │ └──New Ideas to be found iin Alberti's writings: 1. idea of style as something created by individual artist devoted to production of things beautiful and interesting in themselves.

2. Idea of art lover for whom art was a diversion; not a religious interfusion mechnaism. 3. Ornament and decoration apart from symbolism; and also, somewhat apart from engineering requirements of building. 4. Belief that essence of beauty lies in classical blanace and proportion [Un-Gothic] Bramante [1514] first to conceive of buildings on Grand scale, as

unified wholes ---- Marked transition to 16th century Grand Style │ St Peter's Plan in rome Bramante Raphael three went to Rome, papal capital, replaced Michelangelo Florence as are center of Italy.

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Donatello [1466] pupil of Brunelleschi, influenced by Ghiberti the sculptor Donatello a sculptor combining: realism classical past nervous energy Vasari on Donatello's work: "life seems to move within the stone" │

└─Donatellos Gattemelata at Padua the first Equestrian Bronze Donatello's David first nude bronze in 10 centuries. Donatello first scupltor to treat sculpture as separate from architecture. A,D, 15th; Donatellos friendship with Cosimo de Medici shows artists no longer regarded as they were in Middle Ages, that is, as mere crafstmen, but as those to be honoured, respected. │ Cosimo and Donatello buried in

same tomb in San Lorenzo, Firenze. After Brunelleschi, Donatello, Massacchio, Alberti, RENNAISSANCE HAS ARRIVED Raphael Michelangelo hard core Rennaissance Titian Art competitions for commisions Art Apprenticeships as age 10 or 12 to Masters

A.D. 15th Leonardo Da Vinci [1519] introduces concept of the sfumato ...something always left to imagination... A.D. 15th Piero della Francesca [1492]: Unlike Medieval figures, his cast shadows A.D. 15th Botticelli [1510: Subjective visions, religions, or myth; sad eyed Venus

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Music late A.D. 11th, no uniformity of musical natation; but Guido Arezzo [1050], to assist in reading neunes: │ two horizontal lines: │ first F = │ adding two more later │ then C = │ produced 4 line staff │ └──invented 6 tone system : "hexachord" Harmony developed with notation showing note length;

mensural notation in France, end A.D. 12th; semi-breve = whole minim = 1/2 note semi-minim = 1/4 note breves = lengthen note longa = longer note maxima = lonfger note A.D 11th produces the Organum a chant for two voices Early Organum, the melody given to the higher voice. │ By A.D. 1100 sometimes melody in lower voice. │ Also..

Instead of parallel setting of notes: 1. Second voice sometimes introduces obique, or contrary motions. 2. 2 or more notes set at odds with leading note, producing complicated harmonies. What we got here is Organum changing to Counterpoint. Troubadours Complicated melodies, reliance on a "Rondo" which reiterates First Notes.

Change of Modality of Gregorian Chants toward Tonality of Troubadour songs Parrallels... Substitution of vernacular language for Latin n poetry. By A.D. 1200, France center of Secular Music Organum no longer just voices moving up or down, parallelwise, but spread out in controlling motion

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Musical Treatise: Ars Canus Mensurabiles A.D. 1260 by Franco of Cologne Earliest Polyphonies immediately attractive to Modern listener. A.D. 1300 English monk wrote famous round, a six-part setting for an English Secular Poem; "Sumer is icumen in" .........operating... strict melodic imitation of upper 4 voices and 2 Basses support w/ independent Melody in Canon

From now on, beginning A.D. 14th, Secular Music influences Sacred, and easily, Vice Versa. New Harmonies, rhtymic procedures coming into vogue after A.D> 1300 called "Ars Noval" after a treatise by this name, written approx A.D. 1325 by Philippe de Vitri Ars Nova to distinguish from aniquities Ars Antiqua │ └─1. introduction of smaller time values 2. wider scope of rythmic expression

Church Folk higher ups dissaproved of Wordly Music A.D. 1324 Pope John XXII condemned ornamentation of traditional Gregorian Chants: "they truncate the melodies with hackets, they deprave them with discounts, they stuff them with upper parts made out of secular songs; so that often they must be losing sight of the fundamental sources of our melodies in the "antiphonal" and "gradual." Their voices are incessantly running to and fro, intoxicating the ears. As a consequence of all this, devotion, the true end of worship, is little thought of.."

A,D, 15th, development phenomenal, starting in England, to Burgundy, to France, to Flanders... this due to increased Patronage of musicians Dunstable [1453]: alternates 3 with 6 avoids hard discords avoids hard, ineffective concords

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Dunstable's "tonal communism" "Each voice becomes of as great an interest as others, yet at the same time, all a necessary part of the whole." Humanism, bringing Plato, influences composers to Integrate words with music more closely Began to Compose Harmonically: while painters and sculpturs devleoping use of perspective, and other three dimensional devices, composers extending range of harmony and musical expression

in general. Flemish Style of A.D. 15th: Tonal center about which whole musical structure organized │ not such focus since Gregorian Chant A.D. 15th: Art, literture, scholarship Italian but in music, Flemish kept lead until Bach Last Words on Scholasticism... Melancthon's remark: What wagon loads of trifling, what pages he fills with disputes,

whether there can be horsiness without a horse, and whether the sea was salt when God made it. [441] We are at an End Last tidbit: A.D. 14th : siecle de linge: Linen so popular that it supplied rags to ragmen, who sold it to papermakers, who made possible general correspondence, the diffusion of knowledge, leanring, printing, the modern world Dates Homeric Mythoi dates from about 1200 B.C.

Israelites of Old Testament date 1300 -1100 B.C. "Illiad and Oddyssey" written circa 8th cent B.C. 499 B.C. Greek Poleis in Asia Minor rebel against Persians; drew mainland Greeks into the battle. Persia wins, vows revenge against mainland Greeks. 490 B.C.: Battle of Marathon, where Greek Athenians defeat the Persian invaders on the plains of Marathon.

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480 B.C.: Battle of Salamis; Greek Athenians, their city taken, escape into their ships, and defeat the Persian Navy at sea near Salamis. 479B.C.: Spartan Greeks defeat Persian Army at Platea. The end of the Persian War. The Great Empire of Persia defeated by a relatively small number of Greeks. 479-431 B.C.: The Classical Greek Period. Greek civilization at its zenith. Philosophy, sculpture, art, architecture, and political power show this. 431-404 B.C.: The Peloponnesian Wars between the Greek Athenians

and the rest of the Greeks, lead predominantely by the brutal, warlike Spartans. Athens defeated by Spartans in 404 B.C.. Ruined Greek culture, creativity, society left weakened, ripe for invasion. 338 B.C.: Phillip of Macedon by this date has either conquered through political or military means, all of the Greek "poleis," or "city states." He was a barbarian from the north, who admired Greek culture. Phillip dies, and his son, Alexander the Great, decides to conquer the world. 332 B.C.: Alexander the Great, by this date, has conquered all of the known world of the meditterranean and India, where his soldiers then refuse to go any further, having conquered every nation from The Ionian Sea to the Punjab, and from the Caucasus mountains to the

borders of Ethiopia. He dies in Babylon in 323 B.C., at the age of thirty-two. His kingdom divided into three parts, amongst his leading generals and their families: Ptolemies: Egypt Seleucids: Western Asia Antigonids: Macedonia and Greece 3 B.C : depopulation of Asia/Greece begins Rome founded on the banks of the Tiber river, 8th Century B.C. 31 B.C.: By this time, all of the Hellenistic [Greek world under

Macedonian rule] had been absorbed into the Roman world, and Rome becomes an Empire. For two hundred years, the Roman Empire ruled the western world with an orderly, stern hand. Then division, and decline. 330 A.D.: Roman Emperor Constantine moves Imperial residence to Constantinople [Byzantium]. Roman civilization in decline, becomes Christian nation. A.D. 312: Constantine at Rome [Milvian Bridge], consolidated the divided Empire by winning this battle in Rome, having seen a Christian

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vision of a cross, with the the following words, written in greek on it: "By this I conquer" A.D. 312: Donation of Constantine; bathing leprous in blood of children, or dipped by bishops. The Vatican territory ceded to the Church forever. 330 A.D.: Roman Emperor Constantine moves imperial residence to Constantinople [Byzantium, modern day Istanbul]. 410: Alaric the visigoth [Germanic] Sacks Rome.

451: Attilla the Hun invades Gaul. Pope Leo confronts at Rome. Early 5th; Romans pull out of Britain 455; Vandals invade Rome, by ship, from Carthage. 476: Rome Falls completely. 481: Clovis of Gaul, a Merovingian, converted to christianity 6th Cent [early] Saxons established in Britain. 732: Islamic Invasion of France stopped by Charles Martel

in Battle of Tours. 753: Pepin I, son of Charles Martel, anointed by Pope Stephen, in Gaul; deposes Merovingian, starts Carlovingian dynasty. Pepin I is father of Charlemagne. Charly's mother called Big Footed Bertha. 768: Charlemagne born; will save beleaguered Pope Leo in Rome in 799. 787: Vikings and Danes invade, settle, in Scotland, then Ireland [Dublin] and territory in England in Midlands - territory called Danelaw.

800: Charlemagne and Army attend Christmas Mass in St Peters, Leo officiating, Charly crowned Emperor. Marks shift of power from East to West. 820: Utrecht Psalter; return to Classical Realism from Byzantine 846: Arabs reach Rome, sack tomb of St Peter. 849-99: Alfred of Wessex King of an England invaded and

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devastated by the Vikings and Danes. Defeated Danes, revitalized culture. Imported latin scholars, church builders. Translated Beoethius "Consolation." 865: Vikings attack Byzantium. 911: France's Charles the Simple; Pact with Rollo, gives Rollo Normandy. Rollo a Viking, or "Northman." 936: Duke Otto of Saxony elected King of Germany 1013: Ethelred the Unready leaves Britain to Dane Canute.

1065: Oliver of Malsmbury glides from Church tower, breaks legs. The earliest known attempt at flight. 1066: Norman Conquest of England, with Relics in their swords. 1071: Seljuk Turks take Byzantine Empire, harass Pilgrims, take Jeruselem. Upset standoff between Byz christians and Turks. 1075; Gregory abolishes lay investitute [Henry IV] 1084; St. Bruno the Grand Chartreuse in French Alps; Carthusians

1090-1153: St Bernard, Cistercians, [barley, boiled roots, vetch] 1098: Crusaders take Antioch in June..on to Jeruselem 1095 [9?] First Crusade called by Urban II 11th Cent: Re-discovery of Justinian's Code. 11th Cent: Mensural measurement of time, musical notation [1600 modern form] 1118: Knights Templar established

1139: 2nd Lateran Council declared Mandatory Celebacy. 1140: first unmistakeably Gothic Cathedral at Sens. 1154: Henry II, Thomas Beckett, Church jurisdiction fight. 1181: St Francis of Assissi born a son of merchant. 1187: Saladin re-captures Jeruselem. 1191: Richard the Lion Hearted takes Acre with Seige Tower

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12 Cent: Cult of Mary estab by Saint Bernard of Clairvoix. Also cult of Relics established 12 Cent; appearance of stained glass/windows, in Venice.. 12 Cent: German; Hanseatic and Swabian Leagues, United Traders, unlike Italy. 12th Cent: Family names become inheritable and general, except in Scandinavia. 12th Cent; Aristotle and other Greeks from Latin to Arabic

to Spanish to Hebrew 12th: Arabic numbers and 0 over Roman in Europe. 12th Cent: Paper to Spain via Near East. invented China, A.D. 1st. 1208: Innocent III declared Crusade agasint Albigensians, [Cathari] in Provencal. Mt Segur. 1210: Innocent III meets Francis of Assissi in Rome, brings into Fold. Gives Order. 1215: King John signs Magna Charta at Runnymeed.

1215: Transubstantiation made Doctrine, Sacraments fixed at 7, Treasury of Merits estab [excess virtues of christ and Saints for sale] 1220: Frederick II crowned German Emperor 1228: Frederick II's Peace Crusade. 1268: Antioch falls to Muslims 1286: Tournament at Acre; knights as ladies and nuns. 1291; Acre falls to Muslims

13th Cent: 24 equal hours of daylight Spinning Wheel Weight driven clock Fixed rudder Compass Belt transmission of power 13th Centu: Albertus Magnus; invented steam powered fire blower that looked like human head; thought to possess "familiars," that is, evil spirits.

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13th Cent: first Universities in Salerno, Bologna, Paris, Montpelier, Oxford. Poor professors attacked by students. 13th: Slavery almost abolished in Europe. 1300: Phillip IV versus Boniface VIII 1315: Frances Louis X fees slaves on Principle of Freedom 1337: 100 Years War Edward III/ Philip VI

1346: Battle of Crecy, 1542 knights fall to English Long bow 1348: Black Death arrives, kills 1/2 population Europe. 1355: Town and Gown slaughter at Oxford 1356: Poitiers: A repetition of Crecy. French/English 1370: Black Prince takes Limoges, beheads 300 men and women and children out of irritation. 1381: English Peasants Revolt, Dissent. John Ball, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw. Wycliffe late 14th, Jon Hus on continent early 15th.

1382: Winchester, established "public" school free from church control. 1391: Bologna merchant built wter powered mill for spinning silk; put 4000 people out of work. 14th Cent [early] Giotto and 3-D and forsehortening. 14th Cent: German condittieri: Duke Werner: "Enemy of Pity, of Mercy, of God" 1414: Council of constance; all three Popes abdicate, though Martin refuses for a time.

1415: Agincourt. England's Henry V over French. 1431: Joan of Arc burned on charge of Heresy 1453 May 29; Emperor Constantine XI dies fighting. Byzant. becomes Istanbul. Great Church of Santa Sophia becomes mosque [though still bearing its dedication to divine wisdom]. Christian Emp. of East becomes Ottoman Empire; piece of Europe addes to Asia. Marks End of Middle Ages and the

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beginning of Modern Times. 1478: "Ordo" trial; cockafer grubs brought to trial for ravaging field [16th cent brought rats to trial] 15th Cent: great Flemish Painters in oil, realism; market art...Van Eyck/Memling/ Hubert 15th Cent: art turns to horror: christ, Dance of Death