CAUSE-EFFECT DIGRAMS

What are cause-effect diagrams???

O These are casual diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa

that shows the causes of a specific event.

O These are also known as fishbone diagrams, Ishikawa

diagrams , herringbone diagrams and fishikawa

diagrams.

O Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product

design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential

factors causing an overall effect.

What are cause-effect diagrams???

INTRODUCTION TO CAUSES

O Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation.

O Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify

these sources of variation. The categories typically include:

1. People

2. machines

3. Methods

4. Materials

5. Measurements

6. Environment

Way of drawing a cause-effect diagram

Subject:Late arrival of students

(cause-effect diagram of late arrival of

students)

Cause-Effect Diagram

Late for

the

classes

Students Methods Measurements

MachinesEnvironmen

tMaterials

Demotivated

Irresponsible

Lazy

Physically not

wellpsychological problems

Challenging

instructor’s authority

Alarm Clock

Waking time

Route to

classesAttentiveness

Alarm clock

Coffee machine

Instrument for making

breakfastMotorbike/any transport

Cellphones/laptops

Traffic jam

fog

Rituals at home

Rain

Holidays

Family circumstances

Good grades

Clocking in

incentiveness

Attendance record

Late for classes

record

Food

Clothes

electricity

Assignments

Books

Three Root Causes!!!!

O Students don’t take responsibility for themselves.

O Students are experiencing emotional or

psychological problems.

O There is no consequence to being late.

Three Root Causes!!!!

O Students don’t take responsibility for

themselves:

While the majority of students are responsible and mature,

there are some who struggle with the independence

college provides and who fail to do what they need to do

(e.g., set an alarm clock, allow sufficient time to get ready

in the morning, figure out the bus schedule) to get to class

on time.

Three Root Causes!!!!

O Students are experiencing emotional or

psychological problems:

Several psychological and emotional conditions can

undermine students’ motivation to get to class on

time. Indeed, a hallmark symptom of conditions such as

depression includes a decreased motivation to engage in

normal daily activities. In addition, prescription medications

can interfere with motivation and may disrupt sleep

patterns, which may indirectly affect students’ ability to get

to class in a timely manner.

Three Root Causes!!!!

O There is no consequence to being late:

The consequences associated with a behaviour help

determine whether or not that behaviour will be repeated. If

the consequences are negative, the behaviour is less likely

to reoccur. This applies to coming late to class. If

instructors fail to respond to or penalize lateness, or do so

inconsistently, the behaviour is likely to continue.

Solutions To Root Causes!!!

O Students to take responsibility for themselves:

1. Making the expectations explicit: Clearly and unequivocally articulate your policy about lateness in your syllabus and on the first day of class.

2. Encourage communication: Make sure students know it is their responsibility to communicate with the authority if they are experiencing a legitimate problem that will cause them to be late or otherwise miss class time.

Solutions To Root Causes!!!

O Students are experiencing emotional or

psychological problems:

1. Decide how students should make up the work: If teacher decide a student has a legitimate reason to come late, he

can choose to allow it. However, he should decide what the

student’s responsibilities should be vis-à-vis material missed.

2. Use campus resources: If a student who seems to be

experiencing emotional problems that are interfering with his or her

ability to get to class on time (or otherwise function as you would

expect), consult with Counselling and Psychological services or

the Dean of students affairs for advice.

Solutions To Root Causes!!!

O There is no consequence to being late:

1. Make your policy on lateness explicit: Articulate policy

about lateness in syllabus and on the first day of class. It will be

easier to respond firmly and authoritatively to lateness if policy is

clear and in writing.

2. Have consequences for lateness: There are a number

of ways to penalize lateness. Some instructors institute a lateness

policy along with their attendance policy.

3. Make the beginning of class meaningful: Make sure there is

a clear benefit for students who are on time by getting started on

time and beginning with important, relevant material. Don’t waste

the first few minutes of class; this only encourages lateness!

Lessons Learned!!!!!

O Consequences of being late in the class

O Art of making cause-effect Diagrams.

O Handling different situations related to attendance

of classes

O Importance of attending classes.