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Page 1: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Renaissance and Reformation

Page 2: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Main Content

General Introduction

Renaissance in Italy

Renaissance in Other Countries

Science and Technology during the Renaissance

The Reformation

Page 3: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

I. General Introduction Renaissance: literally means “revival” or

“rebirth” of the ancient Greek and Roman culture;

In essence, “renaissance” was a historical period in which humanists made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.

Period: 14th— early 17th century (or late 16th)

It started in Florence and Venice in Italy to the rest of Europe.

Page 4: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

《圣经》说：“有钱人进天堂，比骆驼穿过针眼还难。”基督教原始教义带有明显的反商意识，也连带禁止商业文化带来的世俗享乐和追求物质的倾向。 14 世纪时，崛起于意大利中、北部城市的商人阶级…… 由于拥有财富而创造了为财富服务的新思维，提出了关照人的生命与尊严的价值观。

“我研究了古人，为自己开辟了道路。

Page 5: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Its first period: early renaissance Started in Italy A revival of interest in classical literature

and an appeal for intellectual freedom Its second period: high renaissance The movement had spread to other

European countries; The movement had gone far beyond the

revival of classical studies and was felt in every department of life.

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A comparison between Middle Ages and Renaissance

the Middle Ages—preparation for life in the next world Sin and salvation

Renaissance—emphasize life on earth and personal achievements

Humanists described medieval life as primitive and backward, and looked further back in history to the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans for inspiration.

Page 7: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

A comparison between Middle Ages and Renaissance

中世纪神学　　　 VS 　　　 人文主义 神性　　　 　 VS 　　　 人性　 神学束缚 　　　 VS 　　　人权自由 来世 /禁欲 　　　 VS 　　　现世 /幸福 蒙昧主义 　　　 VS 　　　 理性 /经验

Page 8: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Why did Renaissance start from Italy?

1. Italy was the richest trading nation. The rising bourgeoisie first appeared in Italy.

2. Italy was blessed with a huge repository of classical ruins and artifacts.

3. Italy gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors.

4. The decline of Constantinople caused many Greek scholars to emigrate to Italy, bringing with them important knowledge of classical Greek civilization.

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Humanism Humanism is the name of the great

intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries—a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. Its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion.

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The contents of humanism 1) the assertion of the greatness of

man What a piece of work is man; how noble

in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in appearance how like a god!

2) the appreciation of worldly pleasures 3) the assertion of personal

independence individuality and free will

Page 13: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

II. Renaissance in Italy(early Renaissance:14th–mid

15th)文学三杰

a. Dante (1265-1321)—precursor of humanism The Devine Comedy

b. Francesco Petrarch (1304—1374) c. Giovanni Boccaccio (1313—1375)

Page 14: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Dante

1265—1321 Dante became increasingly involved

with politics. Dante fled Florence and lost hope of

ever returning. Beatrice’s death—a turning point in his

life The Divine Comedy

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Francesco Petrarch Italian poet, scholar, and humanist 1304 –1374 Florence Father of Humanism “ 人的思想”代替“神的

思想” One of the first people to call the Middle Ages

the Dark Ages 1327, Laura He formed a close friendship with Boccaccio Canzoniers—love lyrics 《歌集》

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Giovanni Boccaccio

1313-1375 French-born Italian poet and writer the Decameron (1351-1353) A collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladie

s and three younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348.

“ 幸福在人间” On Famous Women 《名女人》 106

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III. Renaissance in Italy High Renaissance: mid 15th –late

16th

美术三杰Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519)Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475—1564)Raphael (1483—1520)

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Leonardo da Vinci 1452—1519 Illegitimate son of a peasant woman and a notary. unmarried, few close attachments “Renaissance man” “universal man” The most versatile genius of the Renaissance; Italian

painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician, and scientist.

The Virgin of the Rock 岩间圣母 The Last Supper 最后的晚餐 Mona Lisa 蒙娜丽莎

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Virgin of the Rocks

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The Last Supper(1495-1497)

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最后的晚餐（局

部）

Page 25: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

最后的晚餐（局部）

彼得、犹大、约翰

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Mona Lisa

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Smoky atmosphere

the contrast of light and shadow

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Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475—1564 Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poe

t. Major works: David (1501) Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) ( 西斯廷教堂天顶壁画 )

Moses

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David—a frank admiration of human body

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Sistine Chapel

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Moses

Page 36: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Tomb of Pope Julius II, by Michalangelo

Page 37: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Raphael 1483—1520 Italian painter Raphael was best known for his Madonnas Madonna del Granduca 带金莺的圣母 Madonna with the Fish 圣母和鱼 Madonna of the Chair 椅子上的圣母 Madonna on the lawn 草地上的圣母 The Sistine Madonna 西斯廷圣母 School of Athens 雅典学派

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Page 39: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Madonna del Granduca

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中世纪作品 文艺复兴作品

Page 41: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Madonna with the Fish

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Madonna of the Chair

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The Sistine Madonna

Page 44: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Madonna on the lawn

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Page 46: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

School of Athens

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Decline of the Italian Renaissance

1494-1529 The wars of Italy

Italy was conquered by Spain and Italian Renaissance declined.

The discovery of America and the rounding of the cape of good hope

Page 48: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

III. Renaissance in Other Countries

1.Renaissance in France Francois Rabelais ：拉伯雷 Middle Ages—ignorance an

d superstition Gargantua and Pantagruel

《高康大与庞大固埃 》 《巨人传》

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Gargantua and Pantagruel The interpretation of the giants’ names: d

rink, drinking, thirst, thirstiness The only solution: life-giving wine. Wine is literature ； Wine is symbolic of the intoxication of lear

ning;

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Gargantua and Pantagruel Folk epic; five books

Praise the greatness of man

Attack clerical education and express an appreciation for secular learning and a confidence in human nature.

Attack medieval asceticism and express appreciation for worldly pleasure as a legitimate need and aim of human nature.

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A letter from Gargantua to Pantagruel

Now all the disciplines have been

restored, languages revived: Greek,

without which it is shameful for a

person to call himself learned…Elegant

and correct printed editions are

available…The world is full of learned

men, fine teachers, ample libraries…

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…All their life was regulated not by laws, or rules, but according to their free will and pleasure. They rose from bed when they pleased, and drank, ate, worked, and slept when the fancy seized them. Nobody woke them; nobody compelled them to either eat or to drink, or to do anything else whatsoever. So it was that Gargantua had established it. In their rules there was only one clause:

DO WHAT YOU WILL!

Page 55: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

III. Renaissance in Other Countries

2. Renaissance in Spain Miguel de Cervantes

Novelist, dramatist and a poet

Soldier; slave

Don Quixote 《堂•吉诃德》

Page 56: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Don Quixote

Old suit of armor; old lance Skinny Don Quixote and his ski

nny horse His squire Sancho An ugly farm girl as his lady the demise of chivalry

Romance of Chivalry

Page 57: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

III. Renaissance in Other Countries

Renaissance in England

a. Thomas More (1477—1535)

Utopia

b. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)

154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems

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Thomas More 1477-1535

Lord chancellor to Henry Viii

He was beheaded for refusing to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared Henry Viii the supreme head of the church of England.

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Utopia

Page 60: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Utopia

Define an ideal non-Christian republic

Everybody lives a simple life;

Everybody share the goods in common;

Enjoy freedom

No wars

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Henry VIII and his six wives

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William Shakespeare

1564-1616 A man of late Renaissance Stratford He married at the age of 18. Hamnet—his beloved son Actor, poet and playwright

Page 64: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Stratford

Page 65: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

William Shakespeare Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Me

rchant of Venice; All’s Well That Ends Well终成眷属 悲喜剧 ; The Taming of the Shrew; Much Ado about Nothing; The Twelfth Night; Henry IV; As You Like It 皆大欢喜 ; The Comedy of Errors; The Merry Wives of Windsor

Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth; Julius Caesar;

History: The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale

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When in a play...

Only men were permitted to perform.

Boys or effeminate men were used to play the women.

Costumes were often the company’s most valuable asset.

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The Cost of a Show

1 shilling to stand

2 shillings to sit in the balcony

1 shilling was 10% of their weekly income

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Romeo and Juliet A tragic love story Feud Ball Duel Exile Arranged marriage Juliet’s supposed

death Romeo’s suicide Juliet’s suicide

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Hamlet Prince of Denmark; The secret of his fath

er’s death; Pretend to be insane Avenge his uncle Cla

udis Hamlet was fatally w

ounded by the poisoned sword

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Othello

Othello Othello’s wife Iago: Iago’s wife Othello’s suic

ide

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Set in Scotland

King Duncan of Scotland

Murdered by Macbeth

Three witches

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MacbethDuncan’s most courageous generalAmbition to become king corrupts him

causes him to murder Duncan Lady Macbeth

As ambitious as her husbandA dark force behind his evil deeds

MacduffScottish general, suspects Macbeth of

murdering the kingMacbeth has his family murderedSwears revenge and kills Macbeth

Page 74: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

King Lear

Three daughters; Cordelia; Betrayal of the old

er daughters; Lear goes insane; The death of the th

ree daughters; The death of Lear

Page 75: Renaissance and Reformation Main Content General Introduction Renaissance in Italy Renaissance in Other Countries Science and Technology during

Reformation The Reformation was a 16th century religious mo

vement. 教会的势力 教会的腐败 罗马本是神圣之城，而现在变成了肮脏之城了……谁第一次往罗马去，他去找骗子，第二次他染上了骗子的习气，第三次他自己就成了骗子了 --Martin Luther

1.Martin Luther

2.John Calvin

3.Henry Viii

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Reformation

1.Martin Luther (1483—1546) and His Doctrines a. Beginning of the Reformation:1517; 信仰得救 Men are redeemed by faith not by the purchase

of indulgences b. Translation of the Bible c. Direct communication with God 后期走向保守

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Reformation

2. John Calvin (1509—1564) and Calvinism

Calvin was a French theologian. Institutes of the Christian Religion 《基督教原理》

Calvinism stressed that only those specially elected by God are saved.

先定论— God’s Chosen People 天职观—凡能改善人类物质生活，改造社会的活动，在上帝眼中就是善性。

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Reformation

Aims: oppose the absolute authority of Roman Catholic Church; believe in the direct communication between God and common people through bible;

Demands of the reformists: simplify rituals; abolish heavy taxes; abolish indulgences ( 天主教的特赦，免罪权）

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Consequence after the reformation

Reformation broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Protestantism （清教） came into being. Liberal ideas— 平等观念 Pave the way for the coming Enlightenmen

t

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     Geographical

Discoveries a. Columbus (1451—1506) Italian explorer in the service of Spain who

determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America (1492). He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China.

b. Dias (1466—1500) Portuguese navigator who was the first to

round the Cape of Good Hope.

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Geographical Discoveries

c. Vasco da Gama (about 1460---1524) Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.

The first European to sail to India (1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.

d. Amerigo Vespucci (1457---1512) Italian navigator and explorer of the South Ameri

can coast. America was named in his honor.

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Significance of the geographical discoveries

Trading center had been changed;

The connection between West and East was enhanced.

The colonization (America and India) were built and made preparation for the industrial revolution.

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Exercise: 1. Where did the Renaissance start? ____. A. in Greece and Rome B. in Florence and Venic

e C. in Milan and Florence D. in Italy and Germany 2. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?_

___ A. Decameron B. Canzoniers C. David D. Moses 3. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was be

st known for his Madona (Virgin Mary ) ? _____ A. Raphael B. Titian C. da Vinci D. Michelangelo 4. After the formal break of the British with the papal aut

horities, who was the head of the church ? ___ A. King B. Pope C. Bishop D. Queen

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Exercise

5. Who was the discoverer of the New World ? A. Columbus B. Dias C. da Gama D. Vespucci 6. “To be, or not to be, --- that is the question” f

rom whose works ? A. Chaucer B. Dante C. Roger Bacon D. Shakesp

eare 7. Which of the following is Petrach’s best work? A. Decameron B. Othello C. Canzoniers D. The Div

ine comedy

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Exercise 8. Who cut the head of Thomas More? A. Edward VIII B. Henry VIII C. Elisabeth 1st D. Oc

tovia 9. Which one of the following is not the tragedies

of Shakespeare? A. King Lear B. Julius Caesar C. The Winter’s Ta

le D. Macbeth 10. Who is the author of On the Famous Women? A. Petrarch B. Boccaccio C. Da Vinci D. Dante


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