rogor umklavdebian saqartvelosi bavsvebi da mati … umklavdebian saqartvelosi bavsvebi da mati...

rogor umklavdebian

saqarTveloSi bavSvebi da

maTi ojaxebi finansuri

krizisis zegavlenas?

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

keTildReobis kvleva, 2009 weli

gaeros bavSvTa fondis saqarTvelos wamomadgenloba

iorkis universiteti

2010 wlis aprili

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva, 2009 weli. Sedegebis analizi

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winamdebare angariSSi mimoxilulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReoba globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis konteqstSi. angariSSi moyvanilia siRaribis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi indikatorebis siRrmiseuli analizi mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. keTildReoba gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva aspeqtebis mixedviT, rogoricaa Sinameurneobebis moxmareba, materialuri deprivacia da subieqturi Sexedulebebi. kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia moxdes bavSvTa da zogadad mosaxleobis keTildReobis SesaZlo gauaresebis identificireba, rac daexmareba xelisuflebasa da saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs adeqvaturi sapasuxo RonisZiebebis SemuSavebaSi.

angariSi momzadda iorkis universitetis socialuri politikis kvlevebis centris mier gaeros bavSvTa fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobasTan TanamSromlobiT. angariSis mTavari avtorebi arian doqtori meg hiubi (iorkis universiteti), profesori jonaTan bredSou (iorkis universiteti) da dimitri guguSvili (gaeros bavSvTa fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba). kvlevis dizaini, SerCeva da monacemebis Sewonva ganaxorciela mamuka nadareiSvilma. savele samuSaoebi Caatara socialuri kvlevebis da analizis institutma (ISSA).


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1. reziume

1.1 2009 wels gaeros bavSvTa fondma daukveTa erovnuli masStabis

paneluri kvleva, raTa Seefasebina finansuri krizisis gavlena

saqarTvelos bavSvebsa da maT ojaxebze. kvlevis pirveli raundis

farglebSi, romelic mais-ivlisSi Catarda, gamokvleul iqna

Sinameurneobebis keTildReobis ZiriTadi indikatorebi, rogoricaa

Semosavlebi, moxmareba, dasaqmeba da arsebobis wyaroebi,

sacxovrebeli pirobebi, materialuri da subieqturi keTildReoba,

agreTve komunaluri da socialuri servisebis da socialuri

benefitebis xelmisawvdomoba. aseve gamokvleul iqna is

strategiebi, romlebsac Sinameurneobebi mimarTaven globaluri

krizisis uaryofiT SedegebTan gasamklaveblad.

1.2 kvlevis farglebSi 4808 Sinameurneoba iqna gamoiiTxuli da misi

Sedegebi qveynis masStabiT reprezentatiulia. samomxmareblo

siRaribis gasazomad gamoyenebul iqna sami zRvari – siRaribis

oficialuri zRvari – 89.7 lari TveSi erT sulze (medianuri

xarjebis 60%); ukiduresi siRaribis zRvari – 61.1 lari TveSi erT

sulze (dReSi erT sulze 1.25 a.S.S. dolaris eqvivalenti); zogadi

siRaribis zRvari – 122.2 lari TveSi erT sulze (dReSi erT sulze

2.5 a.S.S. dolaris eqvivalenti). sadac SesaZlebeli iyo, analizi

Catarda Semdeg WrilebSi: sofeli/qalaqi, asakobrivi jgufebi,

qalTa ganaTlebis statusi da saSemosavlo/samoxmareblo jgufebi.

1.3 saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis meoTxedi siRaribis

oficialur zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. am Rarib SinameurneobebSi

saqarTvelos bavSvebis 28 procenti cxovrobs.

1.4 cxovrebis doneebs Soris gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva adgilmdebareobebsa da mosaxleobis jgufebs Soris mniSvnelovan uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs. qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebi keTildReobis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtis mixedviT gacilebiT ukeTes pirobebSi imyofebian. aWaraSi oficialuri siRaribis yvelaze dabali donea qveyanaSi (13%), xolo yvelaze Raribi regioni mcxeTa-mTianeTia (37%). siRaribis yvelaze maRali riskis qveS is Sinameurneobebi imyofebian, romlebsac regularuli Semosavlis mqone wevri ar hyavT, ar floben miwas, cxovroben mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionSi, ar Sedgebian mxolod pensionerebisgan da hyavT sami an meti bavSvi. siRaribis done ufro maRalia im SinameurneobebSi, sadac qalebs ganaTlebis ufro dabali done aqvT, ganskuTrebiT soflad.


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1.5 dasaqmebas siRaribis Semcirebis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens – SinameurneobaSi regularuli SromiTi Semosavlis mqone piris yola ukiduresi da oficialuri siRaribis doneebs orjer amcirebs. Tumca, dasaqmeba ver aRmofxvris siRaribis risks, vinaidan im Sinameurneobebis 20 procenti, romlebsac erTi mainc dasaqmebuli wevri hyavT, siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. garda amisa, Sinameurneobebis 20 procents arc dasaqmebuli wevrebi hyavs da arc miwis nakveTs flobs.

1.6 Sinameurneobebis daaxloebiT 10 procentisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris wyali, gaTboba da sanitaruli pirobebi, xolo 63 procentisaTvis miuwvdomelia am komunalur servisTagan erT-erTi. siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis sami meoTxedisaTvis komunalur servisTagan erT-erTi miuwvdomelia. es Sinameurneobebi aseve imyofebian materialuri deprivaciis (7 saojaxo nivTidan 5-is arqona) orjer ufro maRali riskis qveS, vidre is Sinameurneobebi, romlebic siRaribis oficialur zRvars zemoT arian.

1.7 gamokiTxuli Sinameurneobebis 40 procentze metma ganacxada, rom ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa sakmarisi sakvebiT an ise cudad ikvebebian, rom maT janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba. am SinameurneobebSi bavSvebis 37 procenti da pensionerebis 45 procenti cxovrobs. mosaxleobis mxolod erTi mexuTedidan erT meoTxedamde cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, romlebic acxadeben, rom ikmayofileben sasursaTo da arasasursaTo moTxovnilebebs.

1.8 pensiebi siRaribis Semcirebis efeqturi meqanizmia. pensiebis gareSe pensionerTa naxevarze meti siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT aRmoCndeboda. pensionerebTan SedarebiT bavSvebi araproporciulad naklebad sargebloben socialuri transferebiT, radgan ar arsebobs specialuri benefiti bavSvebisaTvis. mTavar saojaxo benefits _ misamarTul socialur daxmarebas mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs im Sinameurneobebze, romlebic mas iReben, magram am benefits siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT myof SinameurneobaTa mxolod 20 procenti iRebs. siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis erTi mesamedi araviTari saxis socialur daxmarebas ar iRebs.

1.6 Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis 60 procentSi 2008-9 wlebis ganmavlobaSi erT adamians mainc dasWirda samedicino momsaxureba an medikamenti, romlis safasuris gadaxdac Sinameurneobam ver SeZlo. Sinameurneobebis uRaribesi mexuTedisaTvis es maCvenebeli 75 procents aRemateba. samedicino momsaxurebaze finansur barierebs soflad Sinameurneobebis ufro maRali procenti ganicdis, vidre qalaqad.

1.7 Sinameurneobebis umdidresi mexuTedi samedicino momsaxurebaze TiTqmis aTjer ufro mets xarjavs, vidre uRaribesi mexuTedi. ufro Raribi SinameurneobebisaTvis samedicino momsaxurebaze da


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medikamentebze jibidan gadaxdili Tanxa SesaZloa katastrofulad maRali iyos. Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis erTi mesamedisaTvis samedicino xarjebi arasasursaTo xarjebis erT meoTxeds aRemateba

1.8 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT meoTxedze naklebia moculi samedicino dazRvevis raime formiT, qalaqad ki es maCvenebeli erT mexuTedze qvemoT ecema. ufaso samedicino dazRveva Sinameurneobebis uRaribes mexuTedSia koncentrirebuli, magram am jgufis Sinameurneobebidanac ki mxolod erTi mexuTedia moculi.

1.9 ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebis naxevaris ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gauaresda. uRaribesi Sinameurneobebi orjer ufro mwvaved ganicdian krizisis Sedegebs, vidre umdidresi Sinameurneobebi; bankebisadmi, lombardebisadmi da kerZo gamsesxeblebisadmi maTi valebis moculoba izrdeba. Sinameurneobebis umetesobas, romelTac krizisi Seexo, araviTari damatebiTi saxsrebi ar gaaCnda da arc daxmareba miuRia saxelmwifo an araformaluri wyaroebidan. Sinameurneobebis uRaribesi mexuTedis 95 procentze metma sakvebis moxmareba Seamcira an ufro iafi sursaTis SeZena daiwyo, maSin roca igive qmedebebs umdidresi Sinameurneobebis mxolod naxevarze odnav metma mimarTa.

1.10 bedis ironiiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom valebis gastumreba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis erT-erT mizezad dasaxelda Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis ori mesamedis mier, valis aReba kvlavac iqca rTul periodSi Tavis gatanis erT-erT saSualebad. gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi Sinameurneobebis 36-ma procentma aiRo vali. uRaribesi Sinameurneobebis naxevarze mets miaCnia, rom momaval wels maTi minimaluri saWiroebebis ver-dakmayofilebis riski maRali an Zalian maRalia, samomavlo ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb pesimisturi ganwyoba ufro Rarib SinameurneobebSi ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli.


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2. winaistoria

2009 weli globaluri ekonomikis Rrma recesiiT gamoirCeoda, romelic Tavisi masStabiT uprecendentoa 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis Semdeg. finansuri krizisi swrafad gavrcelda msoflios sxvadasxva nawilebSi da TiTqmis yvela qveyanaze iqonia negatiuri gavlena. saqarTveloSi finansuri krizisis gavlenas Tan erTvis 2008 wlis ruseTTan SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis uaryofiTi Sedegebi da politikuri daZabuloba, rac Sedegad mohyva qarTuli opoziciis mier 2009 wlis april-ivlisSi Tbilisis centrSi organizebul masobriv saprotesto gamosvlebs .

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom ekonomikuri da sxva saxis krizisebi yvelaze negatiurad Raribi da mowyvladi mosaxleobis mdgomareobaze aisaxeba. mwiri resursebis da qonebis gamo mosaxleobis am jgufebs ufro naklebi saSualeba aqvT gaumklavdnen krizisiT gamowveul problemebs. wina regionuli krizisebis dros mopovebuli empiriuli mtkicebulebebi aCveneben, rom, rogorc wesi, bavSvTa mdgomareobis gauareseba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebaze ufro masStaburia. arasakmarisi kvebiT gamowveuli bavSvTa sikvdilianobis mateba, zrdaSi CamorCenis da kaxeqsiis mateba, agreTve skolis naadrevi mitoveba is problemebia, romlebic xSiria ekonomikuri krizisis dros. ufro sagangaSoa is faqti, rom bavSvTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba ise swrafad ver xerxdeba maSinac ki, roca ekonomika zrdis Cveul temps ubrundeba.

krizisis Sedegad saqarTveloSi bavSvTa mdgomareobis gauaresebis potenciuri riskidan gamomdinare, gaeros bavSvTa fondma daukveTa erovnuli masStabis mosaxleobis keTildReobis paneluri kvleva, raTa Seefasebina globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. kvlevis ZiriTadi miznebia siRrmiseulad iqnes Seswavlili, Tu rogor aisaxeba krizisi saqarTvelos bavSvebze da maT ojaxebze, agreTve moxdes im ZiriTadi gamowvevebis identificireba, romlebic dauyovnebel RonisZiebebs saWiroeben. am mizniT kvleva akvirdeba Sinameurneobebis keTildReobis ZiriTadi indikatorebis dinamikas 2009-2010 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. is aseve Seiswavlis, Tu ra saxis strategiebs mimarTaven Sinameurneobebi globaluri situaciis gauaresebasTan gasamklaveblad. winamdebare angariSi eyrdnoba kvlevis pirveli raundis Sedegebs, romelic 2009 wlis mais-ivlisSi Catarda.


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2.1 saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi

ganxorcielebuli socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebi

2003-2007 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikam STambeWdavi zrda ganicada. am periodis ganmavlobaSi ekonomika weliwadSi saSualod 9.7 procentiT izrdeboda. es tempi SenarCunebul iqna 2008 wlis meore naxevramde – am wlis pirveli eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli ekonomika 7.9 procentiT gaizarda. 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtisTanave mSp-ma kleba daiwyo; Sesabamisad wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli 2.3 procentamde Semcirda. saqarTvelos mTavrobis da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis prognoziT, 2009 wels saqarTvelos mSp 4 procentiT Semcirda.

saqarTveloSi finansur kriziss Tan erTvis ruseTis federaciasTan 2008 wlis samxedro konfliqtis da opoziciis mier Tbilisis centrSi organizebuli quCis masobrivi saprotesto gamosvlebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi. ruseTis federaciasTan xanmokle, magram intensiuri samxedro konfliqtis Sedegad 138,000 adamiani gaxda iZulebuli sakuTari saxli mietovebina. konfliqtidan 18 Tvis Semdeg daaxloebiT 32,000 adamiani kvlavac ver brundeba sakuTar saxlSi, xolo aTasobiT adamians, vinc moaxerxa dabruneba, qoneba da Semosavlis wyaroebi ganadgurebuli daxvda. politikurma daZabulobam xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris piks 2009 wlis april-ivlisSi miaRwia, rodesac opoziciam moaxdina aTeulobiT aTasi sakuTari momxris mobilizeba da Tbilisis centris paralizeba 100-ze meti dRis ganmavlobaSi.

krizisamde arsebuli ekonomikuri zrda ganpirobebuli iyo mTavrobis liberaluri ekonomikuri reformebiT. 2004 wels xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobam mixeil saakaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT ambiciuri ekonomikuri reformis gatareba daiwyo, romelic miznad ekonomikis liberalizacias isaxavda. reformebis paketi moicavda masiur privatizacias, deregulacias, gadasaxadebis raodenobis da ganakveTebis Semcirebas, vaWrobis liberalizacias da saxelmwifo seqtoris Semcirebas. am reformebis Sedegad saqarTvelo meoTxe adgilzea Sromis bazris regulaciebis moqnilobis mxriv, meoTxe adgilzea sagadasaxado tvirTis simciris mxriv1 da 11-e pozicias ikavebs biznesis keTebis simartivis reitingSi. saqarTvelom aseve mniSvnelovnad gaiumjobesa poziciebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis mixedviT (32-e pozicia 2009 wels, 2005 wlis 99-e pozociasTan SedarebiT)2 da saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis organizaciis korufciis aRqmis indeqsis mixedviT (66-e pozicia 2009 wels, 2003 wlis 124-e poziciasTan SedarebiT)3.

ekonomikur zrdas Tan ar moyolia umuSevrobis Semcireba. molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, 2003-2008 wlebSi dasaqmebul adamianTa absoluturi

1Forbes (2009) Tax Misery and Reform Index, available at:

http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0413/034-tax-misery-reform-index.html 2 http://www.heritage.org/Index/Ranking.aspx 3 http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table

http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0413/034-tax-misery-reform-index.html


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raodenoba 213,000-iT Semcirda.4 saqarTvelos umuSevrobis maCvenebeli gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) qveynebis saSualo maCvenebeli, xolo SromiT bazarSi monawileobis da dasaqmebis maCveneblebi gacilebiT dabalia.5 TviTdasaqmebulia yvela dasaqmebulis 64 procenti (1 milion adamianze meti). TviTdasaqmebulebis didi umravlesoba mcire zomis glexur meurneobebSia dasaqmebuli. umuSevroba qalaqad (28.8%) oTxjer ufro maRalia, vidre soflad (7.1%), rac imiT aixsneba, rom soflad mcxovrebi yvela adamiani, romelsac miwis nakveTs flobs, avtomaturad iTvleba dasaqmebulad.

krizis dawyebisTanave imata umuSevrobam – 2008 wlis bolosaTvis umuSevrobios maCvenebeli 3.2 procentuli erTeuliT gaizarda - 13.3 procentidan (2007 w.) 16.5 procentamde.6 qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabrad dazaraldnen – qalTa umuSevroba 3.5 procentuli erTeuliT gaizarda, xolo mamakacTa – 2.9 procentuli erTeuliT. qalaqis mcxovreblebi ufro dazaraldnen, vidre soflis – 2008 wels umuSevroba qalaqad 5 procentuli erTeuliT gaizarda, soflad ki mxolod 1.7 procentuli erTeuliT.

krizisis dawyebamde STambeWdavi ekonomikuri miRwevebis miuxedavad, siRaribis daZleva saqarTvelosaTvis ZiriTad gamowvevas warmoadgens. oficialuri statistikis mixedviT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mexuTedze meti (22.1%) siRaribeSi cxovrobs, xolo meaTedi (9.4%) – ukidures siRaribeSi. analogiur Sefasebas akeTebs msoflio banki – 2008 wels Catarebulma saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefasebam aCvena, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 23.7 procenti Raribi iyo, xolo 9.3 procenti – ukiduresad Raribi.7 2003-2008 wlebSi Sedarebadi oficialuri monacemebis ararsebobis gamo rTulia siRaribis realuri dinamikis Sefaseba am periodis ganmavlobaSi.8 Tumca 2005-2008 wlebisaTvis arsebuli monacemebi zogadi siRaribis mcire klebas (2%) da ukiduresi siRaribis kidev ufro mcire masStabis klebas (0.6%) aCvenebs.

4 saqstati (2010) dasaqmeba da umuSevroba,

http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo 5 msoflio banki (2008) saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefaseba, gv.73 6 saqstati (2010) dasaqmeba da umuSevroba,

http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo 7 2008 wels msoflio bankma Caatara saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefaseba cxovrebis donis sazomi kvlevis (LSMS) da Sinameurneobebis biujetis kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze. am SefasebaSi gamoyenebul iqna absoluturi siRaribis ori zRvari – 47.1 lari TveSi erT sulze ukiduresi siRaribisaTvis da 71.6 lari zogadi

siRaribisaTvis. 8 statistikis samsaxuri regularulad cvlis siRaribis gaangariSebis meTodologias. amJamad igi aqveynebs fardobiTi siRaribis maCveneblebs – gaangariSebuls medianuri Semosavlis 60 procentis mimarT zogadi siRaribisaTvis da medianuri Semosavlis 40 procentis mimarT ukiduresi siRaribisaTvis.

http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo

http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo


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bavSvTa siRaribis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi sagangaSoa. imave LSMS-is monacemebis da siRaribis zRvrebis gamoyenebiT gaeros bavSvTa fondma 2008 wels Caatara saqarTvelos bavSvTa siRaribis kvleva. kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvebi ufro Raribebi arian, vidre saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleoba. bavSvebis 28 procenti Rarib SinameurneobebSi cxovrobs, maSin roca es maCvenebeli mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis 23.7 procentia.9 kvlevam aseve aCvena, rom bavSvTa siRaribe ar Semoifargleba romelime mowyvladi jgufiT (mag. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi, an Sinameurneobebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSviT), aramed sayovelTao problemas warmoadgens. siRaribis maCveneblebi yvelaze maRalia im bavSvebs Soris, romelTa mSoblebic umuSevrebi arian – Tu bavSvis mSoblebidan arcerTi ar muSaobs, misTvis siRaribis riski 92 procents Seadgens,.

saqarTvelos mTavroba aqtiur zomebs iRebs finansuri krizisis simwvavis Sesarbileblad. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis Semcirebis pirobebSi krizisis uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sesarbileblad saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava fiskaluri stimulirebis paketi, romelic iTvaliswinebs ekonomikis stimulirebas damatebiTi resursebis ineqciis gziT. paketis Rirebuleba 2.2 miliard lars Seadgens (2009 wlis mSp-is 13%). paketiT gaTvaliswinebulia 1.45 miliardi lari msxvili infrastruqturuli proeqtebisaTvis, 500 milioni lari donori organizaciebis mier dasaxarjad, agreTve saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis mTliani moculobis 250 milioni lariT Semcireba.

ekonomikis Senelebis miuxedavad mTavrobam gazarda socialuri xarjebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebi Semcirda rogorc absolutur, ise realur gamoxatulebaSi – 2008 wlis 5.5 miliardi laridan 5.2 milard laramde 2009 wels – xarjebi jandacvaze, socialur dacvaze, ganaTlebaze da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze 1.9 miliardi laridan 2.2 milard laramde gaizarda, ZiriTadad Tavdacvis xarjebis Semcirebis xarjze.10 es aisaxa mTlian xarjebSi socialuri xarjebis wilis mniSvnelovan zrdaSi – 34.7 procentidan 42.3 procentamde. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos socialuri xarjebi centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dabalia – socialur dacvaze ixarjeba mSp-s 4.1 procenti, ganaTlebaze – 2.8 procenti, xolo jandacvaze – 1.6 procenti.11

saerTaSoriso donorebis daxmarebam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula sammagi krizisis uaryofiTi efeqtebis SemsubuqebaSi. 2008 wlis oqtomberSi briuselis konferenciaze donorma qveynebma da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebma saqarTvelos (sajaro da kerZo seqtorebs) 2008-

9 iunisefi (2008) saqarTvelos bavSvTa siRaribis kvleva, http://www.unicef.org/georgia/resources_6521.html 10 avtoris gaangariSebebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT 11 UNICEF (2009), Innocenti Social Monitor 2009 - Child Well-Being at a Crossroads: Evolving Challenges in

Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

http://www.unicef.org/georgia/resources_6521.html


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2011 wlebis ganmavlobaSi 4.5 miliardi dolari aRuTqves agvistos movlenebis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad. es Tanxa saqarTvelos 2009 wlis prognozirebuli mSp-s 35 procents Seadgens. Tumca Tavdapirvelad es daxmareba samxedro konfliqtis uaryofiTi Sedeebis Sesarbileblad iyo gamoyofili, man udavod Seuwyo xeli finansuri krizisis efeqtebis Semsubuqebasac.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, krizisi uaryofiTi zegavlenas ZiriTadad ucxouri kapitalis da fuladi gzavnilebis nakadebis, agreTve saeqsporto Semosavlebis Semcirebis gziT axdens. arsebuli administraciuli monacemebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi ganaxevrda - 2008 wlis 1,564 milioni dolaridan 759 milion dolaramde 2009 wels,12 ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebi 1,002 milioni dolaridan 841 milion dolaramde Semcirda,13 xolo saeqsporto Semosavlebi imave periodis ganmavlobaSi 1,496 milionidan 1,135 milion dolaramde Semcirda.14 sxva ganviTrebadi ekonomikebisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos naklebad emuqreba ucxouri daxmarebis Semcirebis riski, vinaidan donorma qveynebma da organizaciebma ukve gamouyves 4.5 miliardiani daxmareba, romlis didi nawilic ukve miRebulia. garda amisa, saqarTvelos mTavrobam saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan miaRwia SeTanxmebas arsebuli 750 milioni dolariani sakredito xazis (stand-by-

arrangement) 420 milioni dolariT gazrdis Sesaxeb.

Sinameurneobebis doneze krizisis uaryofiTi zegavlenis mTavari arxebi SesaZloa iyos zrdadi umuSevroba, finansur servisebze SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba da ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebis Semcireba. jerjerobiT xelisuflebam warmatebiT SeinarCuna da gazarda socialuri xarjebi rogorc absolutur, ise fardobiT gamoxatulebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis qseli da saxelmwifo servisebis umetesoba Zalze mcirericxovani jgufebisaTvis aris gankuTvnili.

2.2 kvlevis meTodologia mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva kvleva moicavs mTel saqarTvelos (saqarTvelos xelisuflebis kontrols gareT myofi teritoriebis gamoklebiT) da warmoadgens panelur kvlevas, romelic erTwliani intervaliT or etapis Catarebas iTvaliswinebs. orive etapze ori saxis kvlevis instrumentari iqneba gamoyenebuli: a) struqturirebuli kiTxvari pirispir gamokiTxvisaTvis; da b) dRiuris tipis kiTxvari, romelic Sinameurneobebma pirispir gamokiTxvis Semdgomi erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi unda Seavson. kiTxvarebi

12 saqstati (2010), pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, http://geostat.ge/?action=wnews&lang=geo&npid=11 13

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki (2010) fuladi gzavnilebi ucxoeTidan Tvvebis mixedviT, http://nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=306 14

saqstati (2010), sagareo vaWroba,

http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=137&lang=eng

http://geostat.ge/?action=wnews&lang=geo&npid=11

http://nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=306

http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=137&lang=eng


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11

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis sxvadasxva aspeqts ikvlevs. maTSi CarTulia kiTxvebi Sinameurneobis qonebis, Semosavlis da moxmarebis, dasaqmebis da sxva saarsebo wyaroebis, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis, samedicino, ganaTlebis da socialur momsaxurebaze xelmisawvdomobis, agreTve Sinameurneobebis mier krizisis zegavlenis Sesamsubuqeblad gamoyenebuli strategiebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis pirveli etapi 2009 wlis mais-ivlisSi Catarda; Semdegi etapis Catareba erTi wlis Tavze igegmeba. savele samuSaoebi Sesrulda adgilobrivi kvleviTi organizaciis – socialuri kvlevebis da analizis institutis mier. kvlevis monacemebis analizi Seasrula mkvlevarebis jgufma iorkis universitetidan (didi britaneTi).

kvlevis SerCeva kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebuli SerCeva Sedgeboda im Sinameurneobebisagan, romlebic monawileobdnen 2008 wels saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstatis) mier Catarebul SinameurneobaTa integrirebul kvlevaSi (Sik). Sik-is SerCevis dizaini warmoadgens orsafexurian klasterul SerCevas winaswari stratifikaciiT. stratifikaciisTvis gamoyenebulia Semdegi kriteriumebi: regionebi, dasaxlebuli punqtis zoma da simaRle zRvis donidan (mTa/bari). saqstatma kvlevis Camtarebel organizacias didsulovnad miawoda 6758 Sinameurneobis misamarTi, raTa gamokiTxuliyo daaxloebiT 6000 Sinameurneoba. interviuebi warmatebiT Catarda 4808 SinameurneobaSi, Sesabamisad gamopasuxebis maCvenebelma 71 procenti Seadgina (cxrili 2.1). misamarTebis 13 procentSi interviuerebs aravin daxvda, xolo 7 procentma interviuze uari ganacxada (diagrama 2.1). gamoupasuxeblobis sxva SemTxvevebSi miTiTebul misamarTze aravin cxovrobda, an pasuxis miReba SeuZlebeli iyo Sinameurneobis wevrebis gardaicvalebis, sacxovreblad sxvagan gadasvlis an raime sxva mizezis gamo.

4808 gamokiTxuli Sinameurneobidan 162 SemTxvevaSi kviris ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis da sakvebis moxmarebis Sesaxeb dRiuris Sevseba ver moxerxda, ris gamoc am Sinameurneobebis moxmarebis maCvenebeli ver iqna gaangariSebuli. Sesabamisad, samomxmareblo xarjebis da sxva monaTesave sakiTxebis analizi 4646 Sinameurneobis monacemebs efuZneba.

cxrili 2.1: gamopasuxebis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT

regioni dagegmili misamarTebis raodenoba

Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis raodenoba

gamopasuxebis maCvenebeli (%)

Tbilisi 1335 544 40.7a

aWara 503 293 58.3a

imereTi, raWa 1176 928 78.9

Sida qarTli 468 393 84.0


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12

qvemo qarTli 756 656 86.8

samcxe-javaxeTi 378 319 84.4

samegrelo, svaneTi 606 428 70.6

guria 378 325 62.4

kaxeTi 780 629 80.6

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 378 293 77.5

sul 6758 4808 71.1

a gamopasuxebis dabali maCveneblebi TbilisSi da aWaraSi kvlevis Catarebis periodiTaa ganpirobebuli. zafxulis sezonze Tbilisis mcxovrebTa didi nawili gadis qalaqidan maRali temperaturis gamo. amave periodSi aWaraSi bevri Sinameurneoba zRvispira adgilebSi midis sezonuri samuSaosaTvis.

diagrama 2.1 intervius arCatarebis mizezebi

kvlevis zogierTi SekiTxva Sinameurneobebs Seexeboda, zogierTi ki individebs. erT SinameurneobaSi gamokiTxuli individebis raodenoba 14-s


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13

ar aRemateboda. mTlianobaSi, 17,372 individma gasca sxvadasxva saxis kiTxvebs pasuxi, Tumca yvela individs yvela SekiTxvisaTvis ar upasuxia.

monacemTa Sewonva monacemTa SewonvisaTvis momzadda ori cvladi – erTi 4808 SinameurneobisaTvis, romelTac Seavses, rogorc ZiriTadi kiTxvari, ise dRiuri, xolo meore – 4646 SinameurneobisaTvis, romelTac mxolod ZiriTadi kiTxvari Seavses. wonebi koreqtirebas ukeTebs gamokiTxuli Sinameurneobebis raodenobas, raTa SerCevam adeqvaturad asaxos Sinameurneobebis ganawileba regionebis mixedviT .

Semosavlebi da xarjebi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos sxvadasxva zomis da Semadgenlobis mqone Sinameurneobebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba, winamdebare angariSis Sesabamis nawilebSi Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilzea gaangariSebuli. gaangariSebisaTvis gamoyenebulia statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli Skala. Tavdapirvelad cxril 2.2-Si moyvanili koeficientebis mixedviT TiToeuli SinameurneobisaTvis gamoiTvleba masSi eqvivalenturi mozrdilebis raodenoba.

cxrili 2.2: SinameurneobaSi eqvivalenturi mozrdilebis raodenobis gaangariSebisaTvis gamoyenebuli Skala

asaki sqesi eqvivalenturi mozrdilis koeficienti

<8 0.64

>=8 da <16 1

>=16 da <65 mamakaci 1

>=16 da <60 qali 0.84

>=65 mamakaci 0.88

>=60 qali 0.76

imisaTvis, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ufro didi zomis SinameurneobebSi masStabis ekonomiis efeqti, Semdeg etapze xdeba eqvivalenturi

mozrdilebis raodenobis xarisxSi ayvana; erTsuliani ojaxisaTvis =

1, xolo erTze meti wevriani SinameurneobebisaTvis = 0.8.


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14

Sedareba sxva monacemebTan mosaxleobis keTildReobis paneluri kvleva SemuSavebulia keTildReobis indikatorebis dinamikis gasazomad, rac erTi wlis intervaliT kvlevis ori etapis Catarebas iTvaliswinebs. 2009 wels Catarebuli pirveli etapi sabaziso funqcias asrulebs. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobais Sesaxeb wina wlebSi sakmao raodenobis monacemebi arsebobs (mag. iunisefis mier 2007 wels Catarebuli saqarTveloSi bavSvTa siRaribis kvleva, msoflio bankis mier 2009 w Catarebuli saqarTveloSi siRaribis Sefaseba.). am kvlevebis Sesabamisi meTodologiis gamoyeneba amdidrebs analizs da saSualebas iZleva keTildReobis dinamika drois ufro xangrZlivi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi iqnes Seswavlili. Tumca aris garkveuli SezRudvebic Sedarebebis kuTxiT. es gamowveulia monacemTa dezagregirebis sxvadasxva doniT, agreTve analizis sabaziso erTeulad xan individebis da xan Sinameurneobebis gamoyenebiT. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mosaxleobis keTildReobis winamdebare kvleva Sinameurneobebis moxmarebis Seswavlis detalurobis mxriv unikaluria.


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15

3. keTildReobis profili

3.1 Sinameurneobis saSualo Semosavlebi

Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali 322 lars Seadgens.

saSualo Tviuri Semosavali orjer ufro maRalia qalaqad (428 lari),

vidre soflad (212 lari). cxrili 3.1 gviCvenebs, rom es gansxvaveba

ZiriTadad qalaqad arsebuli maRali saxelfaso SemosavlebiTaa

gamowveuli. Tumca qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebi

yvela sxva wyarodanac ufro maRalia, socialuri transferebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebis gamoklebiT.

cxrili 3.1. Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri fuladi Semosavlebi (lari)

wyaros mixedviT (mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvleva)

qalaqad soflad

sul

(n=4808)

Semosavlis wyaro 427.98 212.0240 321.7664

xelfasebi 251.9 58.0 156.5

TviTdasaqmeba 64.9 37.0 51.1

socialuri transferebi 63.4 86.0 74.5

kerZo transferebi 12.0 3.9 8.0

qonebis gaqiraveba 2.5 0.5 1.5

ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebi 11.6 4.1 7.9

sxva wyaroebi 21.8 22.6 22.2

TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi moicavs kerZo saqmianobidan

miRebul Semosavlebs da Sinauri cxovelebis da soflis meurneobis

produqtebis (rZe, kvercxi, yveli, karaqi da matyli) gayidvidan miRebul

Semosavlebs. isini aseve moicavs soflis meurneobis iseTi produqtebis

gayidvidan miRebul Semosavlebs, rogoricaa Rvino, arayi, zeTi, fqvili

da xili. socialuri transferebi moicavs pensiebs da sapensio danamatebs,

socialur daxmarebas mowyvladi ojaxebisaTvis, agreTve daxmarebebs

mravalSviliani ojaxebisaTvis, udedmamo oblebisaTvis, SezRuduli

SesaZleblobebis mqone usinaTlo pirebisaTvis da martoxela

pensionerebisaTvis. zogierTi Sinameurneoba aseve iRebs iZulebiT


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16

gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis gankuTvnil daxmarebas an prevenciis da

reintegraciis Semweobas. kerZo transferebSi Sedis alimentebi,

stipendiebi da fuladi daxmareba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

naTesavebisagan da megobrebisgan. ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebi moicavs

fulad daxmarebas sazRvargareT mcxovrebi naTesavebisagan da

megobrebisgan.

Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze (eem) adgilmdebareobis mixedviT

saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri Semosavali erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze 139.7 lars Seadgens. mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba soflad da qalaqad mcxovreb Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebs Soris. erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebi saSualod TiTqmis orjer aRemateba soflad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis Semosavlebs. aseve mniSvnelovania adgilmdebareobis simaRle zRvis donidan – barSi Semosavlebi ufro maRalia (cxrili 3.2). es ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis 98 procenti barSi cxovrobs.

cxrili 3.2. Sinameurneobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi (lari erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze) geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT

adgilmdebareoba n saSualo Tviuri Semosavali (eqvivalenturi mozrdilze)

t mniSvnelovnobis done.

qalaqad

soflad

2443

2365

182.5

95.4

17.4 ***

bari

maRalmTianeTi

4366

442

143.8

99.3

7.1 ***

sul 4808 139.7

*** p<0.001; **p<0.01; * p<0.05

lorencis mrudi TvalsaCinod warmogvidgens uTanasworobis dones. rac ufro daSorebulia mrudi diagonalidan, miT ufro maRalia uTanasworoba. jinis koeficienti, romelic gaingariSeba, rogorc gaormagebuli farTobi mrudsa da diagonals Soris, iRebs 0-is tol mniSvnelobas sruli Tanasworobis SemTxvevaSi da 1-is tol mniSvnelobas maqsimaluri uTanasworobis SemTxvevaSi. Semosavlebi qalaqad TiTqmis orjer ufro maRalia vidre soflad, magram uTanasworoba orive SemTxvevaSi maRalia – jinis koeficinetis mniSvneloba Sesabamisad 0.47-is da 0.46-is tolia.

aseve mniSvnelovania gansxvavebebi eqvivalentur Semosavlebs Soris sxvadasxva administraciuri regionebis mixedviT. TbilisSi saSualo


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17

Semosavali 211 laria, rac orjer aRemateba or yvelaze dabalSemosavliani regionis, guriis (90 lari) da samegrelos (94 lari) saSualo Semosavlebs. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom cxrili 3.3-is mixedviT uTanasworoba TbilisSi maRalia (jinis koeficienti 0.50-s udris)

cxrili 3.3. Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali (lari erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze) regionebis mixedviT

regioni saSualo Semosavali (lari eqvivalentur mozrdilze)

jinis koeficienti

Tbilisi 211.0 0.50

aWara 141.3 0.46

imereTi, raWa 120.7 0.43

kaxeTi 117.5 0.46

Sida qarTli 115.5 0.47

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 113.0 0.47

qvemo qarTli 109.2 0.48

samcxe-javaxeTi 102.0 0.54

samegrelo 94.5 0.46

guria 90.9 0.43

sul (n=4808) 139.7 0.48

3.2 Sinameurneobebis saSualo moxmareba Sinameurneobebis mTliani saSualo Tviuri moxmareba saqarTveloSi

Seadgens 442 lars da ufro maRalia qalaqad (515 lari), vidre soflad.

arafuladi moxmarebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT soflad, moxmarebis

maCveneblebi yovelTvis ufro maRalia, vidre Semosavlebis. saSualo

Tviuri Semosavali – 322 lari Seadgens Sinameurneobis mTliani

moxmarebis 73 procents. qalaqad Semosavali saSualod udris moxmarebis

83 procents, xolo soflad – mxolod 58 procents. msoflio bankis mier

momzadebuli saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefasebis angariSi15 aCvenebs, rom

2007 wels Semosavali Seadgenda mTliani moxmarebis 77 procents, 85

15

msoflio banki (2009) saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefasebis kvleva, gv. 48


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18

procents qalaqad da 65 procents soflad. es imis maniSnebelia, rom

arafuladi moxmarebis wili saqarTveloSi soflad ufro swrafad

izrdeba, vidre qalaqad.

moxmareba kategoriebis mixedviT

qalaqSi mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebi moxmarebis yvela kategoriaze ufro

mets xarjaven, vidre soflad mcxovrebni, Sin kvebis garda (cxrili 3.4).

saSualo sasursTo xarjebi msgavsia qalaqad (187 lari) da soflad (188

lari), magram es qalaqis Sinameurneobebis moxmarebis mxolod 36

procents Seadgens, xolo soflisas – 52 procents.

cxrili 3.4: Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri moxmareba kategoriebis mixedviT qalaqad da soflad

moxmarebis kategoria

qalaqad an soflad

qalaqi sofeli sul

Sin kveba 170.7 182.4 176.4

xarjebi xangrZlivi moxmarebis nivTebze 196.3 107.0 152.4

xarjebi ganaTlebaze 27.7 6.9 17.5

xarjebi jandacvaze 53.5 37.5 45.6

xarjebii ojaxs gareT kvebaze 16.5 6.1 11.4

mimdinare arasasursaTo xarjebi 51.0 24.9 38.1

mTliani Tviuri moxmareba (n=4646) 515.7 364.9 441.5

Sinameurneobebis moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze adgilmdebareobis mixedviT

erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT soflad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebi yovelTviurad mainc ufro mets xarjaven Sin kvebaze (80 lari), vidre qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebi (74 lari), magram gacilebiT naklebs ganaTlebaze, jandacvaze, ojaxs gareT kvebaze da arasasursaTo produqtebze (cxrili 3.5).

uTanasworoba danaxarjebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad (p< 0.05) maRalia qalaqad (jinis koeficienti = 0.40) vidre soflad (jinis koeficienti = 0.36).


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19

cxrili 3.5: Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri moxmarebis struqtura erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT kategoriebis mixedviT qalaqad da soflad.

qalaqi sofeli sul

lari % lari % lari %

Sin kveba 73.9 33.3 79.9 50.6 76.9 40.4

xarjebi xangrZlivi moxmarebis

nivTebze 85.3 38.4 45.7 28.9 65.8 34.5

xarjebi ganaTlebaze 10.0 4.5 2.1 1.3 6.1 3.2

xarjebi jandacvaze 23.7 10.7 17.9 11.3 20.9 11.0

xarjebii ojaxs gareT kvebaze 7.8 3.5 2.4 1.5 5.2 2.7

mimdinare arasasursaTo xarjebi 21.2 9.6 10.0 6.4 15.7 8.2

mTliani Tviuri xarjebi (n=4646) 221.9 100.0 158.0 100.0 190.6 100.0

diagrama 3.5: uTanasworoba Sinameurneobebis eqvivalentur xarjebSi qalaqad da soflad

mTliani Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT yvelaze maRalia TbilisSi – saSualod 247 lari. gurias da mcxeTa-


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20

mTianeTs yvealze dabali maCveneblebi aqvT – Sesabamisad 145 lari da 140 lari TveSi (cxrili 3.6). miuxedavad amisa, guria aris regioni, sadac xarjebi yvelaze Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli (jinis koeficineti = 0.27), xolo mcxeTa-mTianeTSi uTanasworobis maCvenebeli (0.40) uaxlovdeba Tbilisisas (0.45)

cxrili 3.6: Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze regionebis mixedviT

regioni mTliani Tviuri moxmareba jinis koeficienti

Tbilisi 247.1 0.45

aWara 201.6 0.34

Sida qarTli 190.4 0.35

kaxeTi 187.3 0.40

samegrelo 170.6 0.35

qvemo qarTli 163.2 0.38

imereTi, raWa 157.4 0.36

samcxe-javaxeTi 151.0 0.38

guria 144.8 0.27

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 140.3 0.40

sul (n=4646) 190.6 0.38


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21

4. keTildReobis aspeqtebi

keTildReobis erTi yovlismomcveli raodenobrivi indikatori ar arsebobs.16 Tumca SesaZlebelia keTildReobis sxvadasxva komponentebis gazomva.17 winamdebare angariSSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobas Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganvixilavT Sinameurneobebis moxmarebis da materialuri deprivaciis doneebis da nairsaxeobebis Seswavlis gziT. Cven vaanalizebT, Tu ramdenad miaCniaT adamianebs, rom maT SeuZliaT sakuTari saWiroebebis dakmayofileba da ra saxis sirTuleebs awydebian wyliT, sanitaruli pirobebiT da gaTbobiT uzrunvelyofis mxriv. Cven aseve vaanalizebT keTildReobis socialur aspeqts ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, jandacvis, socialuri daxmarebis da finansuri servisebis xelmisawvdomobis Sefasebis gziT.

(4a) samomxmareblo siRaribe

siRaribis zRvrebi

am TavSi moxmarebis maCveneblis rolSi Cven viyenebT Sinameurneobebis

saSualo mTlian eqvivalentur xarjebs. moxmarebis am maCvenebels Cven

siRaribis sam sxvadasxva zRvars vadarebT. Sinameurneoba Raribad

iTvleba, Tu misi moxmarebis maCvenebeli ufro dabalia, vidre romelime

am zRvarTagani.

mniSvnelovania imis xazgasma, rom nebismieri siRaribis zRvari pirobiTia

da asaxavs siRaribis im dones, romelic, rogorc es gare damkvirveblebs

da ara TviTon Raribebs warmoudgeniaT, garkveuli zomebis miRebas

saWiroebs. Tumca samomxmareblo siRaribis gazomvis upiratesoba imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom is iZleva drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi Sedarebis

saSualebas. 2007 wels msoflio bankma gaiangariSa, rom saqarTveloSi 2

260 kaloriis energetikuli Rirebulebis mqone sakvebis misaRebad

individs TveSi 47.1 lari sWirdeboda. gaeros bavSvTa fondis mier

Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi, romelic ufro realurad

iTvaliswinebda saqarTveloSi civ zamTrebs da Sesabamis damatebiT

16 ixile mag. Bradshaw, J., & Mayhew, E. (Eds.) (2005). In ‘The well-being of children in the UK’

(Second edition), London: Save the Children. 17 keTildReobis sazomi sxva instrumentebi ZiriTadad orientirebulia aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebze. aseTi saxis instrumentebia magaliTad multi-indikatoruli klasteruli kvleva, reproduqciuli janmrTelobis kvleva, demografiuli da janmrTelobis kvleva.


______________________________________________________________________________

22

sabaziso saWiroebebs, gamoyenebuli iqna orjer ufro maRali zRvari (94.2

lari).

am angariSSi Cven viyenebT saqstatis mier SemoTavazebul oficialur

zRvars – 89.7 lari TveSi (2009 wels medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti).

garda amisa, ukiduresi siRaribis zRvrad Cven viyenebT 61.1 lars TveSi

(msoflio bankis mixedviT kaloriuli saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad

saWiro 1.25 a.S.S. dolaris eqvivalenti dReSi). Cvenma analizma mesame

TavSi (cxrili 3.4) aCvena, rom sofladac ki Sinameurneobis mTliani

xarjebi orjer aRemateba sasursaTo xarjebs. Sesabamisad Cven

gamoviyeneT zogadi siRaribis zRvari 122.2 lari TveSi (dReSi 2.5 a.S.S.

dolaris ekvivalenti 2009 wlis maisi-ivlisis gacvliTi kursis mixedviT).

siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli

(mosaxleobis siRaribis done) ukavSirdeba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT

myofi Sinameurneobebis procentul maCvenebels (Sinameurneobebis

siRaribis done).… siRaribis siRrme aris siRaribis zRvris saSualo

procentuli wili, romliTac unda gaizardos moxmareba, raTa Raribi

Sinameurneobebi siRaribis zRvars zemoT aRmoCnden.

CanarTi 4.1 saqarTveloSi Catarebul siRaribis sxvadasxva kvlevebSi

gamoyenebuli siRaribis zRvrebi

siRaribis oficialuri zRvari saqstatis monacemebiT (2009) 89.7 lari

TveSi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze (medianuri moxmarebis 60

procenti)

msoflio bankis siRaribis SefasebaSi gamoyenebuli ukiduresi

siRaribis zRvari (2009) – 47.1 lari TveSi erT eqvivalentur

mozrdilze (2 260 kaloriis Semcveli sakvebis misaRebad saWiro

Tanxaze dayrdnobiT)

msoflio bankis siRaribis SefasebaSi gamoyenebuli zogadi siRaribis

zRvari (2009) 71.6 lari TveSi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze (2 260

kaloriis moxmarebas plius arasasursaTo xarjebi)

mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli ukiduresi

siRaribis zRvari (2009) – 61.1 lari TveSi erT eqvivalentur

mozrdilze (erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze dReSi 1.25 dolaris

ekvivalenti larSi 2009 wlis mais-ivlisis gacvliTi kursis mixedviT)

mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli zogadi siRaribis

zRvari (2009) – 122.2 lari TveSi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze (erT

eqvivalentur mozrdilze dReSi 2.5 dolaris ekvivalenti larSi 2009

wlis mais-ivlisis gacvliTi kursis mixedviT)


______________________________________________________________________________

23

Sinameurneobebis daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi, rac bavSvebis 28 procents

moicavs, 89.7 lariani siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT imyofeba

(cxrili 4.1). yvelaze dabali zRvris (61.1 lari) mimarT Sinameurneobebis

cxra procenti da mosaxleobis aTi procenti cxovrobs siRaribeSi. ufro

realisturi zogadi siRaribis zRvris mixedviT Sinameurneobebis 41

procentze meti da mosaxleobis TiTqmis 45 procenti Raribia.

cxrili 4.1: siRaribis sxvadasxva zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis, mosaxleobis da bavSvTa procentuli wilebi (samomxmareblo siRaribe)

siRaribis zRvari

lari sazomi erTeuli mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvleva

ukiduresi 61.1 Sinameurneobebis % 8.9

mosaxleobis % 9.9

bavSvebis % 11.5

oficialuri 89.7 Sinameurneobebis % 23.7

mosaxleobis % 25.7

bavSvebis % 28.4

zogadi 122.2 Sinameurneobebis % 41.5

mosaxleobis % 44.8

bavSvebis % 49.0

adgilmdebareobis gavlena

sofeli da qalaqi

ukidures siRaribeSi myofi Sinameurneobebis procentuli wili

mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba qalaqad da soflad. magram, oficialuri

da zogadi siRaribis doneebi mniSvnelovnad ufro maRalia soflad, da

es gansxvaveba izrdeba siRaribis zRvris zrdis kvalobaze. zogad

siRaribeSi soflis Sinameurneobebis 48 procenti imyofeba, maSin roca es

maCvenebeli qalaqis SinameurneobebisaTvis 35 procents udris (cxrilebi

4.2a, 4.2b da 4.2 g). meores mxriv, siRaribis saSualo siRrme siRaribis

samive zRvris mixedviT qalaqad ufro maRalia, rac mianiSnebs, rom

Raribebi qalaqad ufro Raribebi arian, vidre soflad.


______________________________________________________________________________

24

regionebi

siRaribis samive zRvris mimarT Sinameurneobebis da mosaxleobis

siRaribis yvelaze maRali doneebi gvxvdeba mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, xolo

yvelaze dabali – aWaraSi (cxrilebi 4.2a da 4.2g). mcxeTa-mTianeTi aris

aseve regioni, sadac Sinameurneobebis saSualo Tviuri eqvivalenturi

xarjebi yvelaze dabalia (ixile Tavi 3, xarjebi).

cxrili 4.2a: ukiduresi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 61.1 lars) maCveneblebi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT

adgilmdebareoba

(n=4646)

Sinameurneobebis siRaribis done (%)

2 mniSvnelovnobis done.

mosaxleobis siRaribis done (%)

siRaribis saSualo siRrme (%)

qalaqi

sofeli

8.6

9.3

aramniSvnelovania 9.4

10.5

33.9

26.5

Tbilisi

aWara

guria

imereTi, raWa

kaxeTi

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

qvemo qarTli

samcxe-javaxeTi

samegrelo

Sida qarTli

11.8

1.1

2.6

9.7

9.4

13.8

8.4

8.3

7.6

8.3

*** 12.1

1.6

3.6

11.2

10.0

15.8

9.8

8.9

9.9

10.0

36.2

11.2

15.7

24.2

23.3

28.5

27.9

23.8

31.0

38.9

sul 8.9 9.9 30.1

cxrili 4.2b: oficialuri siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 89.7 lars) maCveneblebi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT

adgilmdebareoba

(n=4646)


2 mniSvnelovnobis done




______________________________________________________________________________

25

qalaqi

sofeli

19.9

27.7

*** 20.1

31.5

32.6

26.5

Tbilisi

aWara

guria

imereTi, raWa

kaxeTi

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

qvemo qarTli

samcxe-javaxeTi

samegrelo

Sida qarTli

20.6

12.7

23.7

28.5

25.1

37.1

27.5

27.1

24.4

19.9

*** 19.9

15.5

32.7

30.8

27.3

39.8

31.3

31.2

28.6

22.6

38.9

15.8

17.3

26.1

27.0

28.2

25.8

24.6

28.6

33.3

sul 23.8 25.7 29.1

cxrili 4.2g: zogadi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 122.2 lars) maCveneblebi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT

adgilmdebareoba

(n=4646)


2 mniSvnelovnobis done.



qalaqi

sofeli

34.9

48.3

*** 36.1

53.7

34.7

32.2

Tbilisi

aWara

guria

imereTi, raWa

kaxeTi

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

qvemo qarTli

samcxe-javaxeTi

samegrelo

Sida qarTli

33.7

31.2

50.3

48.9

42.8

59.5

49.2

50.2

42.1

32.1

*** 33.6

38.2

61.8

53.6

45.8

62.5

54.9

55.8

46.0

35.7

38.8

23.3

25.7

32.4

33.3

34.0

31.9

30.1

33.0

36.2


______________________________________________________________________________

26

sul 41.5 44.8 33.2

Sinameurneobis tipi bavSviani Sinameurneobebi SinameurneobebSi, romlebSic 16 wlamde bavSvebi cxovroben, Sinameurneobebis da mosaxleobebis siRaribis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad ufro maRalia siRaribis samive zRvris mimarT.18 gansxvaveba izrdeba bavSvebis raodenobis matebasTan erTad. siRaribis siRrme ase mkveTrad gamoxatul kanonzomierebas ar amJRavnebs, (cxrilebi 4.3a, 4.3b da 4.3g). siRaribis zogadi zRvris mimarT erT an met baSviani Sinameurneobebis 44 procenti siRaribeSi cxovrobs. es maCvenebeli 60 procentamde izrdeba im SinameurneobebisaTvis, romlebsac sami an meti bavSvi hyavT. cxrili 4.3a: ukiduresi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 61.1 lars) maCveneblebi SinameurneobebSi bavSvebis raodenobis mixedviT

Sinameurneobis tipi (n=4646)





bavSvebis gareSe

bavSviani

7.8

10.5

** 8.2

11.2

31.2

29.0

bavSvebis gareSe

1 an ori bavSvi

3 an meti bavSvi

7.8

9.8

16.0

*** 8.2

10.4

15.0

31.2

31.1

19.7

sul 8.9 9.9 30.1

cxrili 4.3b: oficialuri siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 89.7 lars) maCveneblebi SinameurneobebSi bavSvebis raodenobis mixedviT






18 bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia bavSvs gansazRvravs, rogorc individs 18 wlamde (bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, muxli 1). Tumca am angariSSi 16 wels zemoT adamianebi ganixilebian rogorc mozrdilebi, saqstatis mier SinameurneobaSi eqvivalenturi mozrdilTa raodenobis gaangariSebisaTvis gamoyenebuli zRvris Sesabamisad. analogiuri gansazRvreba iqna gamoyenebuli msoflio bankis mier 2008 wels Catarebul saqarTveloSi siRaribis Sefasebis kvlevaSi


______________________________________________________________________________

27

bavSvebis gareSe

bavSviani

21.5

26.8

*** 22.8

27.9

28.9

29.3

bavSvebis gareSe

1 an ori bavSvi

3 an meti bavSvi

21.5

25.4

36.7

*** 22.8

26.3

35.2

28.9

29.4

29.0

sul 18.3 25.7 29.1

cxrili 4.3g: zogadi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 122.2 lari) maCveneblebi SinameurneobebSi bavSvebis raodenobis mixedviT






bavSvebis gareSe

bavSviani

38.3

46.0

*** 40.5

47.9

32.8

33.8

bavSvebis gareSe

1 an ori bavSvi

3 da meti bavSvi

38.3

44.2

59.1

*** 40.5

45.5

59.3

32.8

33.6

34.7

sul 41.5 44.8 33.2

bavSvTaAsiRaribis done – Rarib SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi yvela bavSvis procentuli wili siRaribis sxvadasxva zRvrebis mimarT varirebs 11,5 procentidan 49 procentamde (cxrili 4.5). nebismieri zRvris mimarT Rarib SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis procentuli raodenoba ufro maRalia, vidre analogiuri maCvenebeli mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis da gacilebiT ufro maRali, vidre pensionerebis SemTxvevaSi.

pensionerTa Sinameurneobebi saqarTveloSi sapensio asaki mamakacTaTvis 65, qalTaTvis ki 60 wels Seadgens. Sinameurneobebis naxevarze metSi (52%) aris minimum erTi pensioneri da bavSviani Sinameurneobebis 41 procentSi aris erTi an meti pensioneri. 2010 wlis ianvris monacemebiT 838,493 adamiani (mosaxleobis 20.5%) iRebda pensias.19 siRaribis doneebi erTmniSvnelovnad dabalia im

19 socialuri momsaxurebis saagento (2010), pensionerTa erTiani saaRricxvo baza,

http://www.ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=820,

http://www.ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=820


______________________________________________________________________________

28

SinameurneobebSi, romlebic mxolod pensionerebisgan Sedgeba. es mimaniSnebelia imisa, rom socialuri transferebi pensionerebisaTvis ufro efeqturia, vidre sxva jgufebisaTvis (cxrili 4.4a, 4.4b da 4.4g).

cxrili 4.4a: ukiduresi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 61.1 lars) maCveneblebi mxolod pensionerTagan Semdgari da danarCeni SinameurneobebisaTvis






Sinameurneobebi arapensioneri wevriT

martoxela pensioneri

erTze meti pensioneri

9.5

6.2

6.0

* 10.2

6.3

5.9

29.8

29.5

37.4

sul 8.9 9.9 30.1

cxrili 4.4b: oficialuri siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 89.7 lars) maCveneblebi mxolod pensionerTagan Semdgari da danarCeni SinameurneobebisaTvis









24.5

18.8

21.1

* 26.1

18.8

20.7

29.5

27.0

26.1

sul 18.3 25.7 29.1


______________________________________________________________________________

29

cxrili 4.4g: zogadi siRaribis (siRaribis zRvari = 122.2 lars) maCveneblebi mxolod pensionerTagan Semdgari da danarCeni SinameurneobebisaTvis









42.6

34.0

38.3

** 45.4

34.0

38.1

33.5

32.4

31.2

sul 41.5 44.8 33.2

cxrili 4.5: siRaribis doneebi bavSvebisaTvis da pensionerebisaTvis (4646 Sinameurneoba)

siRaribis zRvari

Rarib SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi (%)

ukiduresi

(< 61.1 larze)

oficialuri

(< 89.7 larze)

zogadi

(< 122.2 larze)

bavSvebi 11.5 28.4 49.0

pensionerebi 7.3 22.2 41.7

mTeli mosaxleoba

9.9 25.7 44.8

ganaTleba

SinameurneobaSi qalis ganaTlebis dabali maCvenebeli siRaribis ufro

maRal doneebTanaa korelirebuli. SinameurneobebaTagan, romlebSic 15

welze meti asakis mqone arcerT qals ar aqvs miRebuli saSualo

ganaTleba, 13.2 procenti ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobs. es Raribi

Sinameurneobebi moicaven yvelaze naklebi ganaTlebis mqone jgufis 15,8

procents. kavSiri qalTa ganaTlebis donesa da siRaribes Soris ufro

naTlad ikveTeba siRaribis zRvris matebis kvalobaze. qalTa ganaTlebis

donis matebasTan erTad oficialuri da zogadi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT

myofi rogorc Sinameurneobebis, ise mosaxleobis procentuli wilebi

mkveTrad klebulobs.


______________________________________________________________________________

30

ganaTlebis sabaziso doneebis Sesabamisi siRaribis siRrmeebi didad ar

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, magram ukidures siRaribeSi myofi

SinameurneobebisaTvis siRaribis siRrme mkveTrad izrdeba, Tu

SinameurneobaSi erT qals mainc aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba (cxrilebi 4.6a,

4.6b da 4.6g).

cxrili 4.6a: ukiduresi siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 61.1 lars) SinameurneobaSi qalTa ganaTlebis donis mixedviT.


2

mniSvnelovnobis done


siRaribis siRrme (saSualo %)

qalTa ganaTlebis umaRlesi done:

araviTari

saSualo

profesiuli

umaRlesi

13.2

12.7

8.4

5.5

***

15.8

14.3

8.7

6.6

28.5

28.5

24.3

37.2

sul (n=4449) 9.0 9.9 29.7

cxrili 4.6b: oficialuri siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 89.7 lars) maCveneblebi SinameurneobaSi qalTa ganaTlebis donis mixedviT


2




qalTa ganaTlebis umaRlesi done:

araviTari

saSualo

profesiuli

umaRlesi

33.0

32.6

25.5

13.5

***

37.2

36.2

27.7

15.4

28.6

29.3

26.4

31.9

sul (n=4449) 23.8 25.7 29.1


______________________________________________________________________________

31

cxrili 4.6g: zogadi siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 122.2 lars) maCveneblebi SinameurneobaSi qalTa ganaTlebis donis mixedviT


2




qalTa ganaTlebis done:

araviTari

saSualo

profesiuli

umaRlesi

53.5

52.7

45.0

28.0

***

60.3

57.6

49.4

30.8

35.5

35.1

31.6

31.0

sul (n=4449) 41.6 44.8 33.2

dasaqmeba 2009 wlis keTildReobis kvleva iZleva informacias imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu

ara Sinameurneobebis 15 welze meti asakis romelime wevri (an 15 welze

naklebi asakisa, Tu muSaobda) dakavebuli raime saqmianobiT (Tundac erTi

saaTis ganmavlobaSi) intervius wina kviris ganmavlobaSi. Cven gamoviyeneT

es monacemebi Sinameurneobebis dasaqmebis statusis sami sxvadasxva

maCveneblis Sesaqmnelad. pirveli maCvenebeli gviCvenebs, muSaobs Tu ara

Sinameurneobebis romelime wevri kerZo an saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi an

organizaciaSi xelfasze an gamomuSavebaze, an TviTdasaqmebulia

vaWrobiT, raime xelobiT an sxva profesiuli saqmianobiT. aseTi

adamianebi iTvlebian mudmivi Semosavlis mqoneebad. meore maCvenebeli

moicavs mudmivi Semosavlis mqoneebs da adamianebs, romlebic muSaoben

sakuTar miwaze, uvlian saqonels, asruleben soflis meurneobis sxva

samuSaoebs an aqvT droebiTi samuSao fuladi an ara-fuladi

anazRaurebiT. aseT adamianebs vuwodebT dasaqmebulebs, miuxedavad imisa

regularulad iReben Tu ara isini fulad anazRaurebas. mesame sazomis

mixedviT iTvleba rom SinameurneobaSi aris dasaqmebuli wevri, Tuki

Sinameurneobis erTi wevri mainc an dasaqmebulia, an miwis nakveTs flobs,

miuxedavad imisa, amuSavebs Tu ara am nakveTs. cxrili 4.7 gviCvenebs

Sinameurneobebis sixSireebs samive kategoriaSi. am maCveneblebidan

arcerTi ar warmoadgens umuSevrobis maCvenebels, anu procentul wils

adamianebisa, romlebic ar muSaoben.


______________________________________________________________________________

32

cxrili 4.7: Sinameurneobebis dasaqmebis statusi sami sxvadasxva maCveneblis mixedviT (n =4646)

Sinameurneobis tipi Sinameurneobebis % Sinameurneobebis

raodenoba

mudmivi Semosavlis mqone wevris gareSe 60.5 2809

dasaqmebuli wevris gareSe 42.2 1962

rogorc dasaqmebuli, ise miwis

mflobeli wevris gareSe

19.4 903

im SinameurneobaTa Soris, romlebSic erTi wevri mainc aris dasaqmebuli erT-erTi zemoaRwerili kriteriumis mixedviT, siRaribis done ufro dabalia, vidre im SinameurneobaTa Soris, romlebSic aravin aris dasaqmebuli (cxrilebi 4.8a, 4.8b da 4.8g). SinameurneobaSi mudmivi Semosavlis mqone wevris yola anaxevrebs ukiduresi da oficialuri siRaribis doneebs.

es cxrilebi sifrTxiliT unda iqnes interpretirebuli dasaqmebis statusis zemomoyvanili gansazRvrebebis gamo. maSin, rodesac kiTxvebi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb Seexeboda mxolod intervius wina kviras, siRaribis Sefaseba efuZneba kiTxvebs, romelic Seexeboda moxmarebas wina wlis (jandacva, ganaTleba, grZelvadiani arasasursaTo xarjebi) an wina kviris ganmavlobaSi (sasursaTo xarjebi Sin da gareT an mimdinare arasasursaTo xarjebi). Sinameurneobas SeiZleba ar hyavdes wevri, romelic raime formiT iyo dasaqmebuli wina kviris ganmavlobaSi da Sesabamisad CaiTvalos ara-dasaqmebul Sinameurneobad. magram SesaZloa, rom am Sinameurneobis erTi an ramdenime wevri dasaqmebuli iyo wlis romelime sxva monakveTSi da Sesabamisad Sinameurneobas moxmarebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli hqondes, vidre misi dasaqmebis statusidan gamomdinare aris mosalodneli. magaliTad, im Sinameurneobebis 87 procenti, romlebSic arc dasaqmebulia da arc miwis mflobeli, ukiduresi siRaribis zRvars zemoT imyofeba da maT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT TveSi saSualod 114 lari Semosavali aqvT (medianuri Semosavali 101 laris tolia). kiTxvebi Semosavlis Sesaxeb moicavs wina Tves (mudmivi Semosavali) da wels (ara-regularuli Semosavali), Sesabamisad mosalodnelia, rom zogierT am SinameurneobaSi iyvnen dasaqmebuli wevrebi, romlebic wlis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen dasaqmebulni, magram ara gamokiTxvis wina kviraSi.


______________________________________________________________________________

33

cxrili 4.8a: ukiduresi siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 61.1 lars) Sinameurneobebis dasaqmebis statusis sxvadasxva maCveneblebis mixedviT.


2




t mniSvnelovnobis done

erTi mainc mudmivi Semosavlis mqone wevriT

mudmivi Semosavlis mqone wevris gareSe

5.4

11.3

*** 6.0

13.2

32.8

29.3

aramniSvnelovania

erTi mainc dasaqmebuli wevriT

dasaqmebuli wevris gareSe

7.0

11.6

*** 8.0

13.5

29.8

30.4

aramniSvnelovania

erTi mainc dasaqmebuli an miwis mflobeli wevriT

rogorc dasaqmebuli, ise miwis mflobeli wevris gareSe

8.0

12.9

*** 8.7

16.8

28.9

33.4

aramniSvnelovania

sul (n=4646) 8.9 9.9 30.1

cxrili 4.8b: oficialuri siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 89.7 lars) Sinameurneobebis dasaqmebis statusis sxvadasxva maCveneblebis mixedviT.


2

mniSvnelianobis done





mudmivi

14.1

30.0

*** 15.3

34.5

29.6

29.0

aramniSvnelovania


______________________________________________________________________________

34

Semosavlis mqone wevris gareSe



19.9

28.9

*** 21.9

32.7

27.8

30.3

aramniSvnelovania



22.3

29.6

*** 24.4

33.4

27.8

33.2

***

sul (n=4449) 23.7 25.7 29.1

cxrili 4.8g: zogadi siRaribis maCveneblebi (siRaribis zRvari = 122.2 lari) Sinameurneobebis dasaqmebis statusis sxvadasxva maCveneblebis mixedviT


2

mniSvnelianobis done





mudmivi Semosavlis mqone wevris gareSe

27.7

50.5

*** 29.8

57.4

30.5

34.2

**



35.7

49.4

*** 38.6

56.1

31.8

34.7

**


______________________________________________________________________________

35



40.2

46.9

*** 43.5

52.1

31.9

38.0

***

sul (n=4449)

41.5 44.8 33.2

(4b) materialuri deprivacia SinameurneobaSi xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi materialuri deprivacia am SemTxvevaSi izomeba SinameurneobaSi

garkveuli xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis arqoniT. analizSi

gaTvaliswinebul iqna Semdegi xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi: avtomobili,

mobiluri telefoni, sarecxi manqana, televizori, macivari, mtversasruti

da uTo (cxrili 4.9).

cxrili 4.9. SinameurneobebSi zogierTi xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis arqona (n=4808)

Sinameurneobebis %, romlebsac ar aqvT

mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi

bavSvebis % romlebic cxovroben am SinameurneobebSi

pensionerebis % romelebic cxovroben am SinameurneobebSi

mtversasruti 79.3 77.5 76.6 81.8

avtomobili 78.7 73.9 70.8 81.3

sarecxi manqana

67.7 64.0 60.9 71.4

macivari 42.8 40.0 40.5 44.9

mobiluri telefoni

34.9 27.3 22.7 43.2

uTo 15.1 13.0 13.2 17.4

televizori 8.7 5.8 4.4 10.2


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36

pensionerebis raodenoba araproporciulad didia im SinameurneobebSi, romlebsac ar aqvT romelime am saganTagani, gansakuTrebiT mobiluri telefonebi da televizorebi. Cven Sinameurneobas vTvliT materialurad deprivirebulad, Tu mas ar gaaCnia CamoTvlili sagnebidan xuTi. cxrili 4.10 gviCvenebs, rom am sazomis mixedviT Sinameurneobebis 27,2 procenti materialur deprivacias ganicdis da deprivaciis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia pensionerebisaTvis (32.6%), vidre bavSvebisaTvis (20,9%), an mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis (22,3%).

cxrili 4.10: Sinameurneobebis raodenoba, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT calkeuli xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi. gamuqebul ujredebi gviCvenebs Sinameurneobebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT xuTi an meti nivTi (n = 4808).

sagnebis raodenoba, romelic Sinameurneobas ar gaaCnia

Sinameurneobe-bis % romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sagnebis Sesabamisi raodenoba

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneo-bebSi



0 6.8 8.5 10.0 5.6

1 13.6 15.3 16.1 11.3

2 14.1 15.8 15.8 13.5

3 17.8 19.0 19.3 16.5

4 20.4 19.1 17.9 20.4

5 16.1 14.7 14.7 18.9

6 8.0 5.9 5.1 9.8

7 3.1 1.7 1.1 3.9

sacxovrebeli pirobebi cxrili 4.11 gviCvenebs, rom sacxovrebel pirobebTan dakavSirebuli problemebidan yvelaze ufro xSiria Weridan wylis Camosvla, nestiani sacxovrebeli da dazianebuli saxuravi, kedlebi da iataki.

cxrili 4.11: Sinameurneobebis mier dasaxelebuli komunaluri problemebi (n=4808).


______________________________________________________________________________

37

SinameurneobaTa % romelic ganicdis am problemas




dazianebuli saxuravi, romlidanac wyali Jonavs

40.2 40.4 43.0 43.2

dazianebuli kedlebi an iataki

39.1 39.1 40.3 40.7

miwis iataki 13.7 13.3 13.9 14.9

nestiani sacxovrebeli

40.9 41.6 43.1 43.6

Camtvreuli minebi

19.8 19.8 20.3 21.6

arasakmarisi ganaTeba

10.4 10.6 11.6 10.7

xmauri 10.7 10.1 10.2 9.9

sacxovrebeli Zalian pataraa

27.6 33.8 39.2 24.7

miiCneva, rom Sinameurneoba ganicdis sacxovrebeli pirobebis mxriv deprivacias, Tuki is siaSi miTiTebulTagan or seriozul sacxovrebel pirobebTan dakavSirebul problemas mainc ganicdis da interviueris mier dadasturebulia, rom sacxovreblis mdgomareoba aris cudi an Zalian cudi (cxrili 4.12).

cxrili 4.12: Sinameurneobebi da mosaxleobis jgufebi, romlebic sacxovrebeli pirobebis mxriv deprivacias ganicdian (n=4808).

Sinameurneobebis % romlebic ganicdian sacxovrebeli pirobebis mxriv deprivacias

mTeli mosaxleobis % romlebic cxovroben am SinameurneobebSi



27.6 26.5 27.5 28.9

ormagi materialuri deprivacia


______________________________________________________________________________

38

Sinameurneobebis 15 procenti ganicdis ormag materialur deprivacias, rac gamoixateba xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis arqonasa da cud sacxovrebel pirobebSi. am SinameurneobebSi cxovrobs mTeli mosaxleobis 12,7 procenti, bavSvebis 13 procenti da pensionerebis 17,7 procenti.

(4g) subieqturi siRaribe subieqturi siRaribis maCvenebeli Sinameurneobebis TviT-Sefasebas emyareba. iTvleba, rom Sinameurneoba subieqtur siRaribes ganicdis, Tu igi acxadebs, rom ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa sakmarisi sakvebiT, an miaCnia, rom ise cudad ikvebebian, rom maT janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba.

am kriteriumis mixedviT Sinameurneobebis 40 procenti subieqturad Raribia. es Sinameurneobebi moicavs mTeli mosaxleobis 37 procents, bavSvebis 37 procents da pensionerebis 45 procents.

cxrili 4.13: Sinameurneobis mier TviTSefaseba imisa, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT sakuTari saWiroebebis dakmayofileba (n=4687).

Sinameur-neobebis %




advilad vikmayofilebT yoveldRiur da sxva samomxmareblo moTxovnulebebs

0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

metnaklebad vikmayofilebT yoveldRiur da sxva samomxmareblo moTxovnulebebs

21.4 22.2 22.4 16.0

Cveni Semosavali (arafuladis CaTvliT) mxolod sakvebze gvyofnis

37.5 39.1 39.6 38.2

Cven ar SegviZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa sakmarisi sakvebiTac ki

30.5 29.0 28.2 34.3

imdenad cudad vikvebebiT, rom Cvens janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba

9.7 8.8 8.8 10.6


______________________________________________________________________________

39

2007 wels Catarebuli cxovrebis donis sazomi kvlevis (LSMS) monacemebze dayrdnobiT msoflio bankma 2008 wels moaxdina subieqturi siRaribis maCveneblebis kategorizacia, rogorc es miTiTebulia cxrilSi 4.14. im adamianebis procentuli wili, romlebic ukiduresad Raribad klasificirebul SinameurneobebSi cxovroben, 9,8-dan 2009 wels 8,8 procentamde Semcirda. Tumca, am periodis ganmavlobaSi Raribi da Zalian Raribi kategoriis SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis procentuli maCvenebeli ufro mkveTrad gaizarda 59,8-dan 68,1 procentamde.

cxrili 4.14: sakuTari keTildReobis subieqturi Sefasebis maCveneblebis dinamika 2007 (LSMS) da 2009 wlebs Soris (WMS).

msoflio bankis (2008) kategoria

kiTxvaris pasuxi

Sinameurneobebis % (2009)

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi (2009)

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi (2007)

kargi advilad vikmayofilebT yoveldRiur da sxva samomxmareblo moTxovnulebebs

0.9 0.9 2.7

saSualo

metnaklebad vikmayofilebT yoveldRiur da sxva samomxmareblo moTxovnulebebs

21.4 22.2 27.8

Raribi Cveni Semosavali (arafuladis CaTvliT) mxolod sakvebze gvyofnis

37.5 39.1 34.9

Zalian Raribi Cven ar SegviZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa sakmarisi sakvebiTac ki

30.5 29.0 24.9

ukiduresad Raribi

imdenad cudad vikvebebiT, rom Cvens janmrTelobas safrTxe

9.7 8.8 9.8


______________________________________________________________________________

40

emuqreba

2009 wels ZiriTadad problemad Sinameurneobebi yvelaze xSirad umuSevrobas asaxelebdnen (36%), agreTve medikamentebis SeZenasTan an samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs (32% erTad aRebuli). msoflio bankis monacemebiT analogiuri tendencia iyo 2007 welsac (cxrili 4.15). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom SimSilis an arasakmarisi kvebis pirobebSi myof SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis procentuli wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, xolo umuSevrobasa da samedicino momsaxurebis da medikamentebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gaizarda.

rasakvirvelia sxvadasxva tipis Sinameurneobebs sxvadasxva saxis problemebi awuxebT. mxolod pensionerebisagan Semdgari Sinameurneobebis 70 procentisaTvis medikamentebis SeZena da samedicino momsaxurebis safasuris gadaxda ZiriTad problemas warmoadgenda. sxva tipis SinameurneobebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 24 procents Seadgens, xolo 43 procenti ZiriTad problemad umuSevrobas miiCnevs.

Sinameurneobebis procentuli wili, romelTaTvisac valis an sabanko kreditis gadaxda iyo ZiriTadi problema, orjer ufro maRalia bavSvian SinameurneobebSi (9%) vidre SinameurneobebSi, romlebsac bavSvi ar yavT (4%).

cxrili 4.15: Sinameurneobebis mier dasaxelebuli ZiriTadi problemebi

problema Sinameurne-obebis %

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi

(mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva 2009)

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneobeb-Si (LSMS 2007)

yvela bavSvis % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneobe-bSi (mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva 2009)

yvela pensioneris % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneobeb-Si (mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvleva 2009)

umuSevroba 36.3 42.2 37.4 42.6 26.1

medikamente-bis SeZena

17.5 13.3 11.2 9.9 25.7

samedicino momsaxureba

14.3 12.5 8.2 10.1 19.5


______________________________________________________________________________

41

sacxovrebe-li pirobebi20

9.3 9.3 9.7 11.6 7.5

SimSili an araadekvaturi kveba

8.1 7.3 17.7 8.2 9.0

valebis an sabanko kreditis dafarva

5.8 7.2 5.8 9.3 4.2

komunaluri gadasaxadebi

5.7 5.0 6.9 4.6 5.8

dasveneba da garToba

1.7 1.8 0.9 2.0 1.3

tansacmlis SeZena

0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5

aveji 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2

saskolo nivTebis SeZena

0.3 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.1

sul 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

SemTxvevebis raodenoba

4624 16899 3258 3228

(4d) socialuri gariyuloba

kvlevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvra socialuri gariyulobis xuTi aspeqti:

a. arasruli ganaTleba ganisazRvra rogorc SemTxveva, rodesac Sinameurneobis romelime wevri isurvebda damatebiT ganaTlebas, an SinameurneobaSi ar aris 15 welze meti asakis wevri, romelsac saSualo ganaTleba mainc gaaCnia.

20 “sacxovrebeli pirobebi” ar aris naxsenebi msoflio bankis 2008 wlis angariSSi, magram cifri 9.7 asaxavs procentul wils im adamianebisa, romlebic cxovroben SinameurneobebSi, romelTac ZiriTad problemad “sacxovrebelis arakomfortuloba” daasaxeles.


______________________________________________________________________________

42

b. dausaqmebloba an miwis arqona ganisazRvra rogorc SemTxveva, rodesac Sinameurneobis arcerTi wevri ar flobs miwis nakveTs da 15 welze meti asakis arcerTi wevri ar iyo raime formiT dasaqmebuli gamokiTxvis wina kviraSi.

c. samedicino momsaxurebis miuwvdomloba ganisazRvra im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sinameurneobis romelime wevrs gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dasWirda samedicino momsaxureba an medikamentebi da ver miiRo fulis arqonis gamo.

d. sesxis an kreditis miuwvdomloba ganisazRvra im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ukanaskneli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Sinameurneobis romelime wevrma uSedegod scada fulis sesxeba bankidan, lombardidan an kerZo gamsesxeblisagan.

e. socialuri daxmarebis miuwvdomloba ganisazRvra im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sinameurneobam moiTxova socialuri daxmareba, magram ver miiRo an nawilobriv miiRo.

cxrili 4.16 gviCvenebs procentul wilebs Sinameurneobebisa, romlebic socialuri gariyulobis ama Tu im aspeqts ganicdian, agreTve am SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis, bavSvebis da pensionerebis procentul wilebs. TiTqmis arcerTi Sinameurneoba ar ganicdis gariyulobis xuTive aspeqts.

cxrili 4.16. Sinameurneobebi da adamianebi, romlebic ganicdian socialuri gariyulobis sxvadasxva apeqtebs (n=4808).

Sinameurneo-bebis % romelic ganicdis am problemas


bavSvebis % romlebic cxovroben am Sinameurneo-bebSi

pensionerebis % romlebic cxovroben am Sinameurneo-bebSi

arasruli ganaTleba

19.9 22.4 28.8 19.2

dausaqmebloba an miwis arqona

19.9 15.6 15.2 21.5

jandacvis momsaxurebis miuwvdomloba

58.6 58.1 56.6 63.8

sesxis an kreditis miuwvomloba

4.3 5.1 5.7 2.8

socialuri daxmarebis miuwvdomloba

19.9 19.5 19.1 21.3


______________________________________________________________________________

43

Sinameurneobas socialurad gariyuli vuwodeT, Tu is ganicdis gariyulobis sul cota sam sxvadasxva aspeqts. am kategoriaSi xvdeba Sinameurneobebis 8 procentze meti, mTeli mosaxleobis 8,1 procenti, bavSvebis 8,5 procenti da pensionerebis 8,5 procenti (cxrili 4.17).

cxrili 4.17: Sinameurneobebi da adamianebi, romlebic socialuri gariyulobis ramdenime aspeqts ganicdian (n=4808)

socialur gariyulobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis raodenoba

Sinameurneobebis %




0 24.5 25.3 23.7 19.8

1 38.1 38.0 37.2 40.9

2 28.8 28.6 30.6 30.9

3 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.8

4 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.7

(4e) komunaluri servisebis miuwvdomloba

iTvleba, rom SinameurneobisaTvis komunaluri servisebi miuwvdomelia,

Tu misTvis problemas warmoadgens wylis, sanitaruli pirobebis an

gaTbobis misawvdomoba.

a. wyali: Sinameurneobas aqvs problemebi wyliT uzrunvelyofis

mxriv, Tu mas ar miewodeba civi wyali, an wyali ar aris Seyvanili

sacxovrebelSi.

b. sanitaruli pirobebi: Sinameurneobas aqvs problemebi sanitaruli

pirobebis mxriv, Tu ar aqvs kanalizaciis sistema an abazana.

c. gaTboba: Sinameurneobas aqvs problemebi gaTbobis mxriv, Tu

sacxovrebeli praqtikulad ar gamTbara wina zamTris ganmavlobaSi,

an wliuri danaxarji saTbob saSualebebze aRemateboda

Sinameurneobis mTliani wliuri xarjebis 10 procents.


______________________________________________________________________________

44

cxrili 4.18 gviCvenebs, Tu ramden Sinameurneobas hqonda problemebi sabaziso saWiroebebis (wylis, sanitaruli pirobebis da gaTbobis) uzrunvelyofis mxriv.

cxrili 4.18: Sinameurneobebi da adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT problemebi komunaluri servisebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT (n = 4808).

Sinameurneobebis % romelic ganicdis am problemas




wyali 48.4 48.0 47.5 53.9

sanitaruli pirobebi

56.4 56.7 56.2 62.9

gaTboba 17.7 14.4 12.4 20.1

Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis 10 procents aqvs problemebi wylis, sanitaruli pirobebis da gaTbobis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT, xolo 63 procents xeli ar miuwvdeboda am komunaluri servisebidan erT-erTze mainc (cxrili 4.19).

cxrili 4.19: Sinameurneobebi da adamianebi romlebic ganicdian ramdenime komunaluri servisis xelmisawvdomobis problemas (# = 4808).

komunalur servisebis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis raodenoba

Sinameurneobebis % romelic ganicdis am problemas




0 37.3 38.5 39.7 31.2

1 12.6 11.7 11.1 12.7

2 40.6 42.0 42.4 44.1

3 9.6 7.7 6.7 12.0


______________________________________________________________________________

45

(4v) siRaribis da deprivaciis sxvadasxva sxvadasxva aspeqtebi

cxrili 4.20-Si moyvanilia procentuli wilebi Sinameurneobebisa,

romlebic ganicdian am TavSi aRwerili siRaribis da deprivaciis ama Tu

im aspeqts.

cxrili 4.20: Sinameurneobebi da individebi, romlebic ganicdian socialuri gariyulobis ama Tu im aspeqts

aspeqti Sinameurneobebis % romelic ganicdis am problemas


yvela bavSvis % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneob-ebSi

yvela pensioneris % romelic cxovrobs am Sinameurneo-bebSi

ukiduresi siRaribe (< 61.1 larze)

8.9 9.9 11.5 7.3

oficialuri siRaribe (< 89.7 larze)

23.7 25.7 28.4 22.2

zogadi siRaribe (< 122.2 larze)

41.5 44.8 49.0 41.7

materialuri deprivacia

15.0 12.7 13.1 18.1

subieqturi siRaribe

39.4 37.1 36.4 44.7

socialuri gariyuloba

8.5 8.1 8.6 8.4

komunaluri servisebis xelmiuwvdomloba

63.2 62.0 61.1 70.5

bevri SinameurneobisaTvis, siRaribesTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva problemebi erTdroulad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, oficialuri siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi Sinameurneobebis sami meoTxedisaTvis miuwvdomelia erTi an meti komunaluri servisi. es Sinameurneoebi aseve imyofebian materialuri deprivaciis orjer ufro maRali riskis qveS, vidre is Sinameurneobebi, romlebis oficialur zRvars zemoT arian (cxrili 4.21).


______________________________________________________________________________

46

cxrili 4.21: oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT da zemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis procentuli wilebi, romlebic Raribebi arian sxva aspeqtebis mixedviT.

Sinameurneobis eqvivalenturi Tviuri xarjebi

< 89.7 larze 89.7 larze


75.4 59.4

subieqturi siRaribe 57.6 33.7

materialuri deprivacia 28.6 10.8

socialuri gariyuloba 12.7 7.2


______________________________________________________________________________

47

5. samomxmareblo siRaribis albaTobis modelireba

garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone Sinameurneobis siRaribis ama Tu im

zRvars qvemoT moxvedris albaTobis Sesafaseblad SeiZleba mravlobiTi

regresiis statistikuri modelebi iqnes gamoyenebuli. Cven calke

modelebi SevqmeniT qalaqad da soflad mcxovrebi SinameurnebebisaTvis,

vinaidan savaraudod siRaribis albaTobis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebi

qalaqad da soflad gansxvavebulad erTierTqmedeben. am modelebSi

gamoyenebulia Sinameurneobis geografiul, demografiul, ganaTlebis da

dasaqmebis maxasiaTeblebi.

qalaqebi

cxrili 5.1. asaxavs saukeTeso models, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia qalaqad Sinameurneobebis oficialuri siRaribis zRvars (89.7 lari) miRma moxvedris albaTobis Sefaseba. danarCeni cvladebis mudmivobis pirobebSi, Sansebis TanafardobaTa fardoba21 gviCvenebs calkeuli maxasiaTeblebis gavlenas Sinameurneobis siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardobaze. magaliTad, aWaris qalaqebSi Sinameurneobis siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardoba aTjer ufro dabalia, vidre TbilisSi. Sinameurneobebi, romlebic mxolod pensionerebisagan Sedgeba, siRaribis ufro naklebi riskis qveS arian, vidre sxva tipis Sinameurneobebi. es eTanxmeba meoTxe Tavis Sedegebs da mianiSnebs, rom savaraudod mTavrobis mier pensiebze gaweul xarjebs dadebiTi efeqti aqvs. es rom marTlac asea, meeqvse TavSi davrwmundebiT, rodesac vnaxavT, rom pensiebis gareSe oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof SinameurneobebSi mcxovrebi pensionerebis procentuli wili 22-dan 55 procentamde gaizrdeboda.

ganaTleba siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardobas saSualod erTi mesamediT amcirebs, magram es mxolod umaRles ganaTlebas exeba. siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardoba sami meoTxediT mcirdeba, Tu SinameurneobaSi romelime wevri an dasaqmebulia an miwas flobs. garda amisa, SinameurneobaSi Semosavlis mqone yoveli damatebiTi wevri siRaribis am Tanafardobas ori mesamediT amcirebs. Sinameurneobis ufrosis sqess, bavSvebis raodenobas da Sinameurneobis wevri qalebis ganaTlebis dones araviTari damatebiT wvlili ar Seaqvs qalaqad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis modelSi.

21 movlenis moxdenis da armoxdenis SansTa Tanafardoba = p/(1-p), sadac p movlenis

albaTobaa.


______________________________________________________________________________

48

soflebi

soflad situacia sakmaod gansxvavebulia. soflad oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis procentuli wili yvelaze dabali aWaraSia (18%). cxril 5.2-Si warmodgenili modeli gviCvenebs, rom aWarasTan SedarebiT, soflis Sinameurneobebis siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardoba yvela regionSi ufro maRalia. mcxeTa-mTianeTSi es Tanafardoba 3.7-jer metia. iseve, rogorc qalaqad, mxolod pensionerebisagan Semdgari Sinameurneobebi siRaribis ufro dabali riskis qveS imyofebian, vidre danarCeni Sinameurneobebi. erT an orbavSvian Sinameurneobebs siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis ufro maRali Tanafardoba aqvT, vidre im Sinameurneobebs, romlebsac bavSvebi ar hyavT. gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi arian Sinameurneobebi, romlebsac sami an meti bavSvi hyavT _ maTTvis zemoxsenebuli Tanafardoba samjer ufro maRalia.

qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, soflad SinameurneobaSi ganaTlebis umaRlesi dones ar Seaqvs raime wvlili modelSi, magram Tu SinameurneobaSi qals aqvs profesiuli an umaRlesi ganaTleba, siRaribis da arasaRaribis Sansebis Tanafardoba mcirdeba. amave dros Sinameurneobis ufrosis sqess mniSvnelovani efeqti ar aqvs.

soflis modelSi, iseve, rogorc qalaqis modelSi, Semosavlis mqone yoveli damatebiTi wevri Sinameurneobis siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardobas TiTqmis ori mesamediT amcirebs. samagierod soflis modelSi dasaqmebas an miwis flobas damatebiTi efeqti ar aqvs.

cxrili 5.1: Sinameurneobis maxasiaTeblebis logistikuri regresia oficialur siRaribeze (Sinameurneobis eqvivalenturi Tviuri Semosavali 89.7 larze naklebia) saqalaqo dasaxlebebisaTvis.

Sinameurneobis maxasiaTebeli B koeficienti Sansebis TanafardobaTa fardoba

valdis mniSvnelovnobis done

regioni (TbilisTan SedarebiT)

aWara -2.0 0.1 ***

guria -0.6 0.5 aramniSvnelovania

imereTi, raWa -0.1 0.9 aramniSvnelovania

kaxeTi -0.7 0.5 *

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 0.3 1.4 aramniSvnelovania

qvemo qarTli -0.4 0.7 aramniSvnelovania


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49

samcxe-javaxeTi -0.2 0.8 aramniSvnelovania

samegrelo -0.3 0.8 aramniSvnelovania

Sida qarTli -1.3 0.3 ***

SinameurneobaSi pensioneris yofna

mxolod pensioner(eb)isagan Semdgari Sinameurneobebi (danarCen SinameurneobebTan SedarebiT)

-0.8 0.4 ***

ganaTlebis umaRlesi done (saSualoze nakleb ganaTlebis donesTan SedarebiT)

saSualo -0.1 0.9 aramniSvnelovania

profesiuli -0.3 0.5 aramniSvnelovania

umaRlesi -1.2 0.3 **

dasaqmeba

Sinameurneobebi, romlebSic vinme dasaqmebulia an miwas flobs (danarCen SinameurneobebTan SedarebiT)

-0.3 0.7 *

SinameurneobaSi Semosavlis mqoneTa raodenoba

-0.5 0.6 ***

mudmivi 0.2 1.2 aramniSvnelovania

SemTxvevebis raodenoba = 1507; Hosmer & Lemeshow < 0.5; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.165

mniSvnelovnobis doneebi: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

cxrili 5.2: Sinameurneobebis maxasiaTeblebis logistikuri regresia oficialur siRaribeze (Sinameurneobis eqvivalenturi Tviuri Semosavali 89.7 larze naklebia) sasoflo dasaxlebebisaTvis

Sinameurneobis maxasiaTebeli B koeficienti Sansebis TanafardobaTa fardoba

valdis mniSvnelovnobis done

regioni (aWarasTan SedarebiT)

guria 0.7 2.0 *

imereTi, raWa 0.8 2.3 ***


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50

kaxeTi 0.8 2.2 ***

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 1.3 3.7 ***

qvemo qarTli 0.5 1.7 *

samcxe-javaxeTi 0.5 1.7 *

samegrelo 0.6 1.8 *

Sida qarTli 0.5 1.7 *

bavSvebis raodenoba (ubavSvo SinameurneobebTan SedarebiT )

1 0.5 1.7 ***

2 0.5 1.7 ***

3 an meti 1.1 3.0 ***

SinameurneobaSi pensioneris yofna

mxolod pensioner(eb)isagan Semdgari Sinameurneobebi (danarCen SinameurneobebTan SedarebiT)

-0.7 0.5 ***

SinameurneobaSi qalis ganaTlebis umaRlesi done (saSualoze nakleb ganaTlebis donesTan SedarebiT)

saSualo -0.3 0.7 aramniSvnelovania

profesiuli -0.7 0.5 ***

umaRlesi -1.1 0.3 ***

dasaqmeba

SinameurneobaSi Semosavlis mqoneTa raodenoba

-0.5 0.6 ***

mudmivi -1.1 0.3 ***

SemTxvevebis raodenoba = 2916; Hosmer & Lemeshow = 0.167; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.116

mniSvnelovnobis doneebi: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001


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51

SemuSavebuli modelebi gvaZleven Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas.

qalaqad siRaribis ufro maRali riskis qveS arian Sinameurneobebi, romlebic; cxovroben mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, hyavT arapensioneri wevri, ar hyavT umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone wevri, ar hyavT dasaqmebuli an miwis mflobeli wevri, ar hyavT Semosavlis mqone wevri.

soflad siRaribis ufro maRali riskis qveS arian Sinameurneobebi, romlebic: cxovroben mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, hyavT arapensioneri wevri, hyavT sami an meti bavSvi, ar hyavT saSualoze meti ganaTlebis mqone wevri qali, ar hyavT Semosavlis mqone wevri.


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52

6. socialuri transferebi

socialur dacvaze xarjebi centraluri biujetis xarjviT nawilSi

sididiT meore muxls warmoadgens. 2008 wels maT centraluri

saxelmwifo xarjebis 17.7 procenti Seadgines (mSp-s 5.2%).22

saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc regionis sxva qveynebSi, pensiebi socialuri

dacvis sistemis yvelaze msxvil komponents warmoadgens. 2009 wels

socialuri xarjebis 72.6 procenti sxvadasxva saxis pensiebze modioda,

romlebsac 838,493 adamiani iRebda (mosaxleobis 20.5%)23. pensiebi oTx

kategoriad iyofa – xandazmulobis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone

pirebis, oblebis da marCenaldakargulebis da politikuri represiis

msxverplTaTvis (agreTve meore msoflio omis veteranTaTvis). amas garda

arsebobs privilegirebuli pensiebi, romlebsac kompensaciebi da

stipendiebi ewodeba, ZiriTadad Zalovani uwyebebis da akademiis

wevrebisaTvis. kompensaciebis da stipendiebis gaangariSeba staJis da

bolo xelfasis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.

diagrama 6.1: socialuri dacvaze xarjebis procentuli ganawileba 2009 w.

2004 wlidan moyolebuli xelisufleba sapensio sistemis mniSvnelovan reformas atarebs. xelisuflebam dafara didi moculobis sapensio davalianebebi, romelic wina xelisuflebisgan ergo memkvidreobad (2004 w.), gaauqma minimaluri staJis moTxovna (2005 w.), 84 sxvadasxva tipis pensia gaaerTiana oTx kategoriaSi (2005 w.) da daiwyo pensebis mudmivi

22 avtoris gaangariSebebi finansTa saministros 2008 wlis saxelmwifo danaxarjebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, wyaro: “kanoni 2009 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb”, www.mof.ge 23

socialuri momsaxurebis saagento (2010), pensionerTa erTiani saaRricxvo baza, http://www.ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=820

http://www.ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=820


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53

zrda. magaliTad, xandazmulobis pensia 2004 wels 14 laridan (7 a.S.S. dolari) 2009 wels 80 laramde (47 a.S.S. dolari) gaizarda. Seicvala pensiis gacemis sistemac _ kardakar darigebis nacvlad Tanxis gadaricxva sabanko sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. garda amisa, amJamad pensiebi saerTo gadasaxadebidan finansdeba da ara specialuri gadasaxadebidan. amasTan erTad, Tbilisis municipalitetma SemoiRo sapensio danamatebi staJis gaTvaliswinebiT.

misamarTuli socialuri daxmareba (msd) saqarTvelos socialuri dacvis sistemis meore ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens. 2006 wels xelisuflebam SemoiRo saWiroebaTa Sefasebis principi, raTa ukeT moexdina mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi segmentis mocva. am mizniT Seiqmna socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis monacemTa baza. sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sefasebul iqna bazaSi daregistrirebuli 540,000 Sinameurneobis (1.7 milioni adamiani) socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. Sefasebisas miRebuli sareitingo qulis Sesabamisad Sinameurneobam SeiZleba miiRos ufaso jandacvis polisi, fuladi daxmareba da ramdenime sxva erTjeradi benefiti. 2010 wlis ianvris monacemebiT fulad daxmarebas 420,800 adamiani (mosaxleobis 9.6 %) iRebda.24

2009 wels msd-s odenoba TiTqmis gaormagda. manamde Sinameurneobebi iRebdnen 30 lars ojaxis pirvel wevrze da 12 lars yovel damatebiT wevrze. 2009 wlis martidan moyolebuli Sinameurneobebis damatebiTi wevrebi 24 lars iReben. xelisufleba aseve gegmavda msd-iT mocvis 900,000 adamianamde gazrdas,25 romelTagan 500,000 adamiani daxmarebis ufro dabal odenobas miiRebda. Tumca es gegma ar ganxorcielda. beneficiarTa raodenoba mxolod 25,000-iT gaizarda, rac daaxloebiT Seesabameba axali iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis (igp) raodenobas, romelTac ar sWirdebaT sacxovrebeli pirobebis Sefaseba daxmarebis misaRebad.

mesame komponenti, kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebi moicavs moWril transferebs specifiuri mowyvladi an “damsaxurebebis mqone” jgufebisaTvis, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis, oblebis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis, meore msoflio omis veteranebis da politikuri represiebis msxverplTa CaTvliT. kategoriebze dafuZnebuli yvelaze didi benefiti iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa daxmarebaa (adamianebisaTvis, romlebic iZulebiT iqnen gadaadgilebulni 1992-93 wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad). Tumca kategoriebze dafuZnebuli yvela benefiti garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gauqmdeba. isini daxurulia axali beneficiarebisaTvis da Canacvlebuli iqneba msd-iT.26

24 socialuri momsaxurebis saagento (2010) socialurad daucveli ojaxebis baza, http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=32&lang=1 25 saqarTvelos mTavroba (2008) erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe, gv.5, aseve http://government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=68 26

msoflio banki (2009) saqarTvelos siRaribis Sefaseba, gv. 92

http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?id=32&lang=1

http://government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=68


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54

centraluri xelisuflebis mier administrirebuli socialuri transferebis garda, municipalitetebis umetesoba agreTve gascems garkveuli fulad da arafulad daxmarebebs, Tumca maTi mocva da odenoba sakmaod dabalia. municipalitetebis mTliani socialuri xarjebi (62.1 milioni lari) maTi naerTi biujetis 5 procents ar aRemateba.27 municipaluri benefitebis umetesoba erTjeradia, xolo misamarTuloba kategoriebzea dafuZnebuli, Tumca zogierTi municipaliteti, Tbilisis CaTvliT aqtiurad iyenebs socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa bazas sakuTari socialuri programebis beneficiarTa gansasazRvrad.

mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvlevis analizSi ganixileba socialuri benefitebis sami ZiriTadi klasi: pensiebi, miznobrivi socialuri daxmareba (msd, igive “RaribTa Semweoba”) da kategoriebze dafuZnebuli da sxva benefitebi. am analizSi municipaluri socialuri benefitebi “kategoriebze dafuZnebuli da sxva benefitebis” klasSi aris Setanili. TiToeul klasSi kvleva mxolod regularuli piradi Semosavlis miRebasTan dakaSirebuli benefitoebis Sesaxeb iZleva monacemebs.

socialuri transferebiT mocva

socialuri dacvis benefitebi Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT mosaxleobis Raribi da mowyvladi jgufebis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis mTavari saSualebaa. Sinameurneobebis daaxloebiT 59 procenti iRebs raime saxis socialuri transfers, xolo 12 procentze meti _ erTze met transfers (cxrili 6.1).

cxrili 6.1. Sinameurneobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis socialur transferebs iReben (n=4646).

miRebuli socialuri transferis saxeoba

Sinameurneobebis %

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic am SinameurneobebSi cxovrobs

bavSvebis % romlebic am SinameurneobebSi cxovroben

ebpensioneris % romlebic am SinameurneobebSi cxovroben

mxolod pensia

4212 41.6 35.9 74.2

mxolod msd 2.7 3.1 4.8 0.3

mxolod kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefiti

2.2 2.4 2.7 0.2

27

saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia (2009) municipaluri

biujetebis analizi, ibeWdeba


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55

pensia da msd 7.3 6.2 5.8 11.8

pensia da kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefiti

3.4 2.7 2.2 6.1

msd da kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefiti

0.4 0.5 0.8 0.1

pensia, msd da kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefiti

1.0 0.8 0.9 1.7

arcerTi 40.8 42.7 47.0 5.4

SinameurneobaTa mocvis mxriv pirvel adgilze pensiebia – maT Sinameurneobebis 53.8 procenti iRebs, rasac mosdevs msd (8.8%). kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebi bolo adgilzea (7.2%).

cxrili 6.2. sami sxvadasxva saxis socialuri transferis mimRebi Sinameurneobebi siRaribis statusis mixedviT

miRebuli

socialuri

transferis tipi

mimRebTa %

yvela

SinameurneobaSi

(n=4646)

mimRebTa %

ukiduresad

Rarib

SinameurneobebSi

(n=416)

mimRebTa %

oficialurad

Rarib

SinameurneobebSi

(n=1102)

mimRebTa %

zogadad Rarib

SinameurneobebSi

(n=1928)

pensia 53.8 47.0 54.0 54.7

msd 11.5 19.8 20.0 17.3

kategoriebze

dafuZnebuli

benefitebi

7.1 8.2 7.5 7.9

arc erTi

zemoCamoTvlilTagan

40.8 39.7 35.1 36.4

oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis erT mesamedze meti arc erT socialur transfers ar iRebs. magram ufro mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom socialuri transferis saerTod ar miRebis albaToba ukiduresad Raribi SinameurneobebisaTvis ufro maRalia, vidre SedarebiT naklebad Raribi SinameurneobebisaTvis. cxrili 6.2-dan Cans,


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56

rom msd-s ufro xSirad Raribi Sinameurneobebi iReben, rasac ver vityviT kategoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebze. am benefitebs Sinameurneobebis 7-8 procenti iRebs, miuxedavad imisa Tu siRaribis gansasazRvrad romel zRvars gamoviyenebT.

Tu erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze Sinameurneobis Tviur moxmarebas gamovaklebT erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze pensiebidan miRebulYSemosavals da Sinameurneobebs miRebuli maCveneblis zrdis mixedviT davalagebT, maTi erToblioba SeiZleba meaTedebad (decilebad) daiyos. cxrili 6.3 gviCvenebs am decilebSi moxmarebis doneebs. cxrili agreTve gviCvenebs, Tu ra wili uWiravs pensiebis mimReb Sinameurneobebs TiToeul decilSi.

cxrili 6.3.: Sinameurneobebis mier pensiebis miReba sxvadasxva decilebSi (decilebi miRebulia erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze pensiebis gamoklebis Semdeg darCenili moxmarebis mixedviT yvela Sinameurneobis dalagebis Sedegad) (n

=4646)

decilia diapazoni (lari)

saSualo Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze pensiebis gamoklebiT (lari)

2009 wels pensiis mimRebi Sinameurneobebis % decilSi

1 (0.0-16.51) 3.2 95.2

2 (16.67-47.73) 34.7 78.9

3 (47.81-68.23) 58.0 65.3

4 (68.27-88.73) 78.5 53.2

5 (88.83-110.85) 99.7 50.5

6 (110.87-136.29) 122.6 42.8

7 (136.30-172.35) 153.3 43.7

8 (172.47-222.59) 195.4 39.9

9 (222.79-325.26) 263.6 38.2

10 (325.35-2804.82) 576.8 30.5

sul (0.00-2804.82) 158.5 53.8

Tu Cven zemomoyvanil analizs gavimeorebT mxolod im SinameurneobebisaTvis, romlebSic erTi mainc pensioneri cxovrobs (minimum erTi 65 wlis an meti asakis mamakaci, an minimum erTi 60 wlis an meti asakis qali), Cven davinaxavT, rom saSualo moxmareba TiToeul “pensionerTa decilSi” ufro dabalia, magram magram imasac davinaxavT, rom am Sinameurneobebis umravlesoba pensiebs iRebs (cxrili 6.4).


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57

cxrili 6.4: sapensio asakis wevrian Sinameurneobebis pensiebiT Sinameurneobebis mocva (decilebi miRebulia erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze pensiebis gamoklebis Semdeg darCenili moxmarebis mixedviT sapensio asakis wevriani Sinameurneobis dalagebis Sedegad) (n=2387)


saSualo Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze pensiebis gamoklebiT (lari)

2009 wels pensiis mimRebi Sinameurneobebis % decilSi

1 0.00-0.00 0.00 100.0

2 0.01-23.87 13.0 98.7

3 24.11-45.86 36.0 98.0

4 45.93-62.63 54.4 98.7

5 62.69-83.83 73.4 95.2

6 83.90-105.72 95.7 92.2

7 105.87-136.94 120.9 90.1

8 136.95-180.59 158.2 88.7

9 180.93-256.04 213.1 82.6

10 256.57-2244.32 413.3 88.9

sul 0.00-224.32 117.5 93.3

cxrili 6.5 gviCvenebs, rom msd-s Rebulobs Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis ori mexuTedi (41%) uRaribes decilSi (msd-s gamoklebiT eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis mixedviT) da 20 procenti Semdeg decilSi. im Sinameurneobebidan, romelTa moxmareba msd-s gamoklebiT eqvivalentur mozrdilze 100 lars aRemateba, mxolod Zalian mcire nawili iRebs msd-s.

cxrili 6.5: Sinameurneobebis mier kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis miReba (decilebi miRebulia erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gamoklebis Semdeg darCenili moxmarebis mixedviT yvela

Sinameurneobis dalagebis Sedegad) (n=4646).


saSualo Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze msd-s gamoklebiT (lari)

msd-s mimRebi Sinameurneobebis % decilSi

1 0.00-55.88 35.5 41.1

2 55.91-78.67 68.1 20.0


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58

3 78.67-97.62 88.5 11.4

4 97.77-116.50 106.9 8.7

5 116.53-137.14 127.1 11.0

6 137.18-166.04 151.1 6.2

7 166.04-201.50 182.6 7.1

8 201.75-248.25 223.8 4.1

9 248.25-355.46 293.4 2.3

10 355.87-2804.82 599.0 2.9

Total 0.00-2804.82 187.6 11.5

kategoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebs Sinameurneobebis 7 procenti iRebs da es Sinameurneobebi uRaribes decilSia koncentrirebuli. am decilSi kategoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebs Sinameurneobebis erTi mexuTedi iRebs (cxrili 6.6). cxrili 6.6: Sinameurneobebis mier kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis miReba (decilebi miRebulia erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gamoklebis Semdeg darCenili moxmarebis mixedviT yvela Sinameurneobis dalagebis Sedegad) (n=4646).


saSualo Tviuri moxmareba erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze kateoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gamoklebiT (lari)

kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitis mimRebi Sinameurneobebis % decilSi

1 0.00-60.44 39.7 20.8

2 60.49-81.46 71.2 7.6

3 81.50-98.40 89.8 7.8

4 98.42-116.93 107.7 4.5

5 116.94-137.38 127.5 6.2

6 137.40-165.22 150.7 5.7


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59

7 165.28-201.75 182.8 4.4

8 201.80-245.93 223.4 5.2

9 246.02-349.88 291.2 6.9

10 350.74-2804.82 598.2 1.7

sul 0.00-2804.82 188.1 7.1

socialuri transferebis gavlena Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo siRaribeze pensiebi baSvebis 45 procenti cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, romelSic erTi mainc pensioneria (cxrili 6.1). es asaxavs Sinameurneobebis kompleqsur struqturas saqarTveloSi, sadac bevr SinameurneobaSi sami Taobis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. Tu Sinameurneobis moxmarebis maCvenebels, romelic gamoyenebuli iqna siRaribis donis gasaangariSeblad, gamovaklebT pensiidan miRebul Semosavals, siRaribis maCveneblebi mkveTrad gaizrdeba (cxrili 6.7). pensionerebis erTi mexuTedi (22.2%) cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, romlebic statistikis samsaxuris mier gamoyenebuli siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofebian. rom ar asebobdes pensiebi, es maCvenebeli naxevars gadaaWarbebda (54.6%). garda amisa, bavSvebis 9.2 procenti imis gamo ar xvdeba oficialur zRvars qvemoT, rom maTi Sinameurneobis wevr(eb)i pensias iRebs. ENEBE

cxrili 6.7: pensiebis efeqti Sinameurneobebis siRaribis doneze.

siRaribis zRvari

Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (n=4646)



pensionerebis % romlebic cxovroben am SinameurneobebSi


8.9 9.9 11.5 7.3

pensiebis gareSe

26.6 23.7 20.5 41.2


23.7 25.7 28.4 22.2

pensiebis gareSe

40.4 39.1 37.6 54.6

zogadi siRaribe (<

41.5 44.8 49.0 41.7


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60

122.2GlarzeEL)

pensiebis gareSe

55.1 55.2 56.0 67.2

misamarTuli socialuri daxmareba pensiebTan SedarebiT, misamarTuli socialuri daxmarebis (msd) efeqti siRaribis erovnul maCveneblebze ufro mcirea, radgan am tipis transfers Sinameurneobebis 12 procentze naklebi iRebs. Tumca, misi mimRebi SinameurneobebisaTvis msd-s mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs – igi bavSvTa ukidures siRaribes erTi mesamediT amcirebs. (cxrili 6.8).

cxrili 6.8: msd-s efeqti Sinameurneobebis siRaribis doneze

siRaribis zRvari

Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (n=4646)





8.9 9.9 11.5 7.3

msd-s gareSe 12.4 13.6 16.4 10.9


23.7 25.7 28.4 22.2

msd-s gareSe 26.3 28.1 31.3 25.6


41.5 44.8 49.0 41.7

msd-s gareSe 43.2 46.2 50.2 44.3

msd-s beneficiarebis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia im SinameurneobebSi, romlebic ar arian materialurad deprivirebulni meoTxe TavSi gamoyenebuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT. materialurad deprivirebuli Sinameurneobebis 33 procenti iRebs msd-s, maSin roca es maCvenebeli sxva SinameurneobebisaTvis 7.6 procentia.

kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebi msd, romelic SemoRebuli iqna 2006 wels, droTa ganmavlobaSi Caanacvlebs kategoriebze dafuZnebul yvela benefits (msoflio banki, 2009: gv.108), magram mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom Sinameurneobebis 7 procentze meti jer kidev iRebs am


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61

benefitebs. Tumca maTi efeqti siRaribeze ufro mcirea – kategoriuli benefitebi Sinameurneobebis siRaribis dones daaxloebiT 2 procentiT amcirebs.

cxrili 6.8: kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis efeqti Sinameurneobis siRaribis doneze

siRaribis zRvari

Raribi Sinameurneobebis %

(n=4646)





8.9 9.9 11.5 7.3

kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gareSe

10.3

11.3

13.1

8.6


23.7 25.7 28.4 22.2


25.2

27.2

30.2

24.2


41.5 44.8 40.9 41.7


42.4

45.6

49.6

43.3

aRsaniSnavia, rom kategoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebs ufro didi efeqti aqvT maT samizne jgufebze, vidre siRaribis erovnul maCveneblebze. mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvlevaSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis pirian Sinameurneobad ganixileba Sinameurneoba, romlis erTi wevri mainc ver muSaobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis gamo, an romelic iRebs socialur daxmarebas pirveli jgufis invalidobis an usinaTloobisaTvis, an iRebs socialur daxmarebas mravalSvilianobis an invalidi bavSvisaTvis. Tu mxolod am SinameurneobebiT SemovifarglebiT, kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gavlena ufro maRali iqneba. kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis miReba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone


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62

pirian SinameurneobebSi oficialuri siRaribis dones 6 procentiT amcirebs (cxrili 6.10).

cxrili 6.10: kategoriuli benefitebis efeqti im Sinameurneobebis siRaribis doneebze, romlebsac hyavT erTi mainc SezRuduli SesaZlebobebis mqone piri, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri an oboli bavSvi.

siRaribis zRvari Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (maT Soris, romelSic aris SezRuduli SesaZleblobis piri)

(n=173)

Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (maT Soris, romelSic aris iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri)

(n=116)

Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (maT Soris, romelSic aris oboli)

(n=25)


13.4 8.0 11.0


17.3

24.0

45.3


32.2 21.3 29.5


38.6 39.7 51.2


52.8 42.2 51.2


56.3 54.7 57.1

Sinameurneobis keTildReobis kvlevaSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis (igp) identificireba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini iReben igp daxmarebas. am daxmarebis efeqti siRaribis doneze, magaliTad oficialuri siRaribis TiTqmis orjer Semcireba (cxrili 6.10), albaT gadaWarbebulia, radgan gaangariSebisas ar xdeba im Sinameurneobebis gaTvaliswineba, romlbSic arian igp-ebi, magram ar iReben igp daxmarebas. situacia msgavsia oblebTan mimarTebaSi. kvlevis farglebSi oblebis identificirebac im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu isini obolTaTvis gankuTvnil socialur daxmarebas iReben. cxril 6.10-Si miTiTebuli ricxvebi socialuri daxmarebis maRal efeqtze miuTiTeben, magram ar aris


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gaTvaliswinebuli is Sinameurneobebi oblebiT, romlebic ar am daxmarebas iReben.

socialuri transferebis efeqti siRaribis siRrmeze28

siRaribis doneze zemoqmedebis garda, socialur transferebs Sinameurneobebis siRaribidan amisayvanad saWiro moxmarebis moculobac SeuZliaT Seamciron. cxrili 6.11 gviCvenebs pensiebis, msd-s da kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis gavlenas siRaribis siRrmeze im SinameurneobebisaTvis, romlebic am benefitebs iReben.

cxrili 6.11: socialuri transferebis gavlena siRaribis siRrmeze

siRaribis zRvari

Raribi Sinameurneobebi, romlebic iReben pensias

Raribi Sinameurneobebi, romlebic iReben msd-s

Raribi Sinameurneobebi, romlebic iReben kategoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebs

siRaribis siRrme

efeqti (procentuli erTeuli)

siRaribis siRrme


siRaribis siRrme



30.4 87.4

(n=195)

26.6 46.5

(n=83)

35.1 62.4

(n=34)

transferis gareSe

117.8 73.1 97.5


27.1 61.4

(n=595)

27.8 37.7

(n=244)

33.8 38.4

(n=83)

transferis gareSe

88.5 59.8 72.2


32.4 46.8

(n=1055)

36.0 22.6

(n=379)

34.9 28.3

(n=152)

transferis gareSe

79.2 58.6 63.2

28 siRaribis siRrme aris siRaribis zRvris saSualo procentuli wili,

romliTac unda gaizardos moxmareba, raTa Raribi Sinameurneobebi siRaribis

zRvars zemoT aRmoCnden.


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64

magaliTad, ukiduresad Rarib SinameurneobebSi pensiebi siRaribis saSualo siRrmes 87.4 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs. magram pensiebs iRebs im 414 Sinameurneobis naxevarze naklebi, romelic am jgufSia (cxrili 6.2). es problema ufro mkafioa msd-sTan mimarTebaSi. msd siRaribis siRrmes 46.5 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs im ukiduresad Raribi SinameurneobebisaTvis, romlebic am daxmarebas iReben; magram es Sinameurneobebi yvela ukiduresad Raribi Sinameurneobis 20 procentze naklebs Seadgenen. analogiurad, kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebi siRaribis siRrmes 62 procentuli erTeuliT amcireben, magram maT Raribi Sinameurneobebis mxolod 7-8 procenti iRebs.


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65

7. samedicino momsaxurebis finansuri xelmisawvdomoba

1990-ani wlebidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mravaljer scada sabWoTa mekvidreobiT gadmocemuli semaSkos jandacvis modelis Canacvleba farTomasStabiani jandacvis reforma 2006 wels daiwyo. mimdinare reformis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia hospitaluri seqtoris optimizacia, saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi saavadmyofoebis da pirveladi jandacvis dawesebulebebis srulmasStabiani privatizacia da siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi mosaxleobisaTvis ufaso janmrTelobis dazRvevis SemoReba. xelisufleba moelis, rom am reformebis Sedegad jandacvis servisebis finansuri da geografiuli xelmisawvdomoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT mcirdeba dedaTa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi da izrdeba sicoxlis xangrZlivoba.29

janmrTelobis indikatorebis gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis sagrZnobi nawilisaTvis samedicino momsaxurebaze finasuri barierebi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. jandacvaze saxelmwifo xarjebi (mSp-s 1.5%) dabalia, xolo kerZo xarjebis wili jandacvis mTlian xarjebSi (73%) yvelaze maRalia evropaSi.30 riskebis gadanawilebis formebis ganuviTareblobis gamo jibidan gadaxda samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebis mTavari wyaroa – masze modis mTliani kerZo xarjebis 72 procenti, rac aseve yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia evropaSi.31 Sesabamisad, gasakviri ar aris, rom samedicino momsaxurebis moxmareba Zalian dabalia – erT sul mosaxleze or ambulatoriul vizitze naklebi weliwadSi.32

mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvlevaSi mimdinare krizisis konteqstSi ganxilulia samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis xuTi aspeqti: Sinameurneobebis samedicino xarjebis struqtura; jandacvaze katastrofuli xarjebi; janmrTelobis dazRvevis ganawileba; samedicino momsaxurebaze finansuri barierebi; jandacvaze xarjebis gamaRaribebeli efeqtebi.

29

saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministro (2009) jandacvis erovnuli moxseneba, www.moh.gov.ge 30 jandacvis msoflio organizacia, msoflio banki da saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministro (2009) saqarTvelos jandacvis sistemis efeqturobis Sefaseba, gv.33, 31 msoflio banki (2009) saqarTveloSi siRaribis Sefaseba, gv. 109 32 Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministro, statistikis departamenti, oqsford polisi menejmenti da saerTaSoriso fondi kuracio (2007) saqarTveloSi jandacvis momsaxurebis gamoyenebis da danaxarjebis kvleva, gv.62, http://www.curatiofoundation.org/curatio/index.jsp?id=2&act=3&documentid=221

http://www.moh.gov.ge/

http://www.curatiofoundation.org/curatio/index.jsp?id=2&act=3&documentid=221


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66

Sinameurneobebis wliuri samedicino xarjebis struqtura

Sinameurneobis saSualo wliuri samedicino xarjebi kvlevis wina erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi odnav aRemateba 250 lars erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze, rac mTliani xarjebis 11 procents Seesabameba. samedicino xarjebi moicavs gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas (transportirebis xarjebis CaTvliT), eqimTan vizitebs, samedicino procedurebs, qirurgiul operaciebs, saavadmyofos xarjebs, mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs, qalTa konsultaciebs, profilaqtikur Semowmebebs, imunizaciis xarjebs, avadmyofis momvlelis an ZiZis anazRaurebas, medikamentebis SeZenas, samedicino dazRvevis premiebs da sxva araformalur xarjebs.

Sinameurneobebis mxolod 12.3 procents ar hqonia araviTari samedicino xarji. rogorc meoTxe TavSia miTiTebuli, medikamentebis SeZena da samedicino momsaxurebis safasuris dafarva ZiriTadi problemas warmoadgenda Sinameurneobebis Sesabamisad 17.5 da 14.3 procentisaTvis (cxrili 4.15). pensionerebis meoTxedze meti da bavSvebis TiTqmis 10 procenti cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, sadac medikamentebis SeZena Sinameurneobis ZiriTad problemad dasaxelda. SinameurneobebSi, sadac samedicino momsaxurebis safasuris dafarva ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens, pensionerTa erTi mexuTedi da bavSvebis erTi meaTedi cxovrobs.

cxril 7.1-is me-2 da me-3 svetebi gviCvenebs, rom saSualod samedicino xarjebis mTavar komponents medikamentebis SeZena warmoadgens, rogorc absolutur gamoxatulebaSi, ise mTliani samedicino xarjebis procentuli maCveneblis kuTxiT. Tumca es saSualo maCveneblebi ar asaxavs samedicino xarjebis did cvalebadobas. magaliTad, cxrilis me-4 sveti gviCvenebs, rom Sinameurneobebis 82-ma procentma SeiZina gasuli medikamentebi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da am mizniT saSualod 171 lari daxarja (me-5 sveti). Sinameurneobebis daaxloebiT 6-ma procentma gaswia xarji qirurgiul operaciaze, risTvisac maT saSualod 628 lari daxarjes. darCenil 94 procents ki araviTari xarji ar hqonia qirurgiul operaciaze, Sesabamisad am komponentze yvela Sinameurneobis saSualo xarji gacilebiT ufro dabali gamodis (36 lari).


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67

cxrili 7.1: samedicino momsaxurebis gamoyeneba da Sinameurneobebis wliuri samedicino xarjebis saSualo struqtura gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (n=4646).

saSualo wliuri xarjebi (lari eqvivalentur mozrdilze

mTliani samedicino xarjebis saSualo %

SinameurneobaTa %, romelTac gamoiyenes am saxis samedicino momsaxureba

momsaxurebis momxmareblebis mier gaweuli saSualo xarjebi

medikamentebis SeZena

140.93 63.99 82.3 171.3

qirurgiuli operacia

36.56 3.39 5.8 628.1

eqimTan viziti 29.11 8.99 29.8 97.7

hospitaluri momsaxureba

13.25 1.52 4.2 314.0

profilaqtikuri Semowmeba

7.92 2.51 10.8 73.6

mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi

7.56 2.23 4.0 189.0

gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareba

6.14 1.96 5.9 105.0

janmrTelobis dazRvevis premiumebi

3.70 1.04 2.7 136.2

qalTa konsultaciebi

2.80 1.10 4.6 61.3

sxva xarjebi 2.12 0.72 2.3 94.9

imunizacia 0.18 0.16 1.2 15.4

avadmyofis momvlelis an ZiZis anazRaureba

0.38 0.08 0.3 138.0

sul 250.72


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68

erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze samedicino xarjebi qalaqad gacilebiT maRalia (285 lari), vidre soflad (215 lari). es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT mkafioa qalTa konsultaciebis, imunizaciis da mSobiarobasTan dakavSirebul xarjebis SemTxvevaSi, magram qalaqSi mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebi aseve ufro mets xarjaven janmrTelobis dazRvevaze, medikamentebze da eqimebTan vizitebze (cxrili 7.2).

cxrili 7.2: jandacvaze saSualo wliuri xarjebis struqtura (lari erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze) qalaqad da soflad (n=4646).

saSualo wliuri xarjebi (lari eqvivalentur mozrdilze)

qalaqad soflad mniSvnelovnobis done

medikametebis SeZena 153.60 127.84 **

qirurgiuli operacia 43.89 29.00 aramniSvnelovania

eqimTan viziti 27.99 30.27 aramniSvnelovania

hospitaluri momsaxureba 19.12 7.92 **

profilaqtikuri Semowmeba 8.67 7.12 aramniSvnelovania


11.00 4.01 ***


6.84 5.42 aramniSvnelovania


6.18 1.13 ***

qalTa konsultaciebi 4.31 1.23 ***

sxva xarjebi 2.40 1.95 aramniSvnelovania

imunizacia 0.32 0.04 ***


0.65 0.11 *

sul 284.96 215.34 ***

jandacvis momsaxurebebis umetes komponentebze xarjebi ufro maRalia TbilisSi, vidre sxva regionebSi, magram aris gamonaklisebic.


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69

Sinameurneobis xarjebi qirurgiul operaciebze erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gacilebiT ufro maRalia imereTsa da raWaSi, vidre nebismier sxva regionSi, xolo eqimTan vizitze gaweuli xarjebi gansakuTrebiT maRalia mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, samegrelosa da Sida qarTlSi. xarjebi gadaudebel samedicino momsaxurebaze yvelaze maRalia samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWaraSi da mcxeTa-mTianeTSi (cxrili 7.3). kvlevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli ar aris imis gansazRvra, garkveul regionebSi ufro maRali xarjebi gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebaze, operaciebsa da eqimTan vizitebze am regionebSi momsaxurebis ufro maRal Rirebulebas ukavSirdeba Tu am momsaxurebebis gamoyenebis ufro xSir saWiroebas.

mTliani moxmarebis mixedviT SinameurneobaTa umdidresi mexuTedi erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT samedicino momsaxurebaze TiTqmis aTjer mets xarjavs, vidre uRaribesi mexuTedi. jandacvis yovel komponentze xarjebi izrdeba kvintilis nomris zrdasTan erTad (cxrili 7.4).

2009 wlis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis kvlevis analizis angariSi

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70

cxrili 7.3: jandacvaze saSualo wliuri xarjebis struqtura (lari eqvivalentur mozrdilze) regionebis mixedviT (n=4646)

saSualo wliuri danaxarji (lari eqvivalentur zrdasrulze)

Tbilisi AaWara Gguria imere- Ti, raWa

KkaxeTi mcxeTa-mTianeTi

qvemo qarTli

samcxe-javaxeTi

samegrelo Sida qarTli

sul

medikametebis SeZena 162.03 150.30 138.62 142.29 145.49 138.73 77.04 106.64 146.84 145.12 140.93

qirurgiuli operacia 32.39 7.22 30.02 76.65 34.95 44.07 16.20 32.17 24.48 26.97 36.57

eqimTan viziti 33.84 11.20 22.86 22.94 25.10 52.80 25.29 38.31 35.27 38.49 29.11

hospitaluri momsaxureba 25.97 0.99 0.68 11.71 8.52 15.22 1.35 3.02 14.93 15.47 13.25

profilaqtikuri Semowmeba

11.14 0.76 4.30 10.55 7.54 3.75 0.58 3.20 9.93 10.52 7.92


14.67 4.10 4.32 3.19 5.43 6.25 9.76 2.60 4.78 5.35 7.56


8.82 13.27 6.75 3.57 7.68 9.48 1.75 14.12 0.71 0.47 6.14


11.21 0.59 0.39 0.13 1.51 2.41 0.17 0.36 3.04 1.51 3.70

qalTa konsultaciebi 6.53 1.83 2.08 1.31 1.67 2.54 1.69 0.65 0.38 2.17 2.80

sxva xarjebi 3.05 0.64 0.60 0.41 8.69 3.30 0.00 5.28 0.00 0.48 2.18

imunizacia 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.18


1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.38

sul 311.21 190.90 210.60 272.80 247.31 278.63 134.16 206.35 240.63 246.67 250.72


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71

cxrili 7.4: jandacvaze saSualo wliuri xarjebis struqtura (lari erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze) moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT (1 yvelaze dabalia) (n=4646)

saSualo wliuri danaxarji (lari erT eqvivalentur zrdasrulze)

1 2 3 4 5 sul

medikametebis SeZena 48.11 79.79 122.45 171.22 283.19 140.93

qirurgiuli operacia 2.39 5.29 14.79 33.87 126.56 36.57

eqimTan viziti 6.80 10.73 23.38 39.29 65.39 29.11

hospitaluri momsaxureba 1.08 2.46 4.52 17.71 40.53 13.25

profilaqtikuri Semowmeba 1.31 3.04 4.76 8.25 22.25 7.92


1.12 6.54 7.75 8.39 14.00 7.56


2.81 4.78 5.60 5.62 11.90 6.14


0.24 0.55 1.51 3.27 12.92 3.70

qalTa konsultaciebi 0.62 1.38 2.02 2.50 7.47 2.80

sxva danaxarji 0.65 0.44 1.48 0.85 7.47 2.18

imunizacia 0.04 0.02 0.36 0.08 0.41 0.18


0.00 0.00 0.00 1.14 0.79 0.38

sul 65.17 115.03 188.61 292.18 592.89 250.72

katastrofuli samedicino xarjebi

zogierTi SinameurneobisaTvis samedicino momsaxurebis da medikamentebis safasuris jibidan gadaxda SesaZloa katastrofuli iyos. Sinameurneobebis 54 procentisaTvis jibidan gadaxdili samedicino xarjebi mTliani xarjebis 10 procents, xolo Sinameurneobebis 31 procentisaTvis arasasursaTo xarjebis 25 procents aRemateba.

janmrTelobis dazRveva saqarTveloSi samedicino momsaxurebisaTvis jibidan gadaxdis evropaSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli imitom aris, rom ufaso saxelmwifo samedicino momsaxureba mosaxleobis mxolod SezRudul raodenobas moicavs, xolo sadazRvevo bazari ganuviTarebelia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT meoTxedze


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72

naklebs aqvs raime saxis samedicino dazRveva da es maCvenebeli qalaqad erT mexuTedamde ecema. qalaqad ufro met xalxs aqvs samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli samedicino dazRveva, xolo soflad Sinameurneobebis ufro maRali procentia dazRveuli ufaso an iafi dazRveviT (cxrili 7.5).

cxrili 7.5: individebis mocva samedicino dazRvevis sxvadasxva tipebiT adgilmdebareobis mixedviT (n= 16,932)

%

samedicino dazRvevis tipi qalaqi sofeli sul

arcerTi 80.5 72.6 76.6

mowyvladi ojaxebis dazRveva 7.1 18.5 12.8

iafi (5 lariani) dazRvevis programa 4.1 6.8 5.4

damqiraveblis mier dafinansebuli korporatiuli dazRveva

3.2 1.4 2.3

dazRveva sakuTari saxsrebiT 2.5 0.4 1.4

TviT-dafinansebuli dazRveva samuSaoze 1.1 0.3 0.7

sxva 1.4 0.2 0.8

ufaso samedicino dazRveva, romelic mowyvladi SinameurneobebisaTvisaa gankuTvnili, Sinameurneobebis uRaribes kvintilSia koncentrirebuli, magram am SinameurneobebSi mcxovreb adamianebs Sorisac ki dazRveviT mxolod erT mexuTedze odnav meti (21.3%) aris moculi (cxrili 7.6).

cxrili 7.6: sxvadasxva saxis samedicino dazRveviT mocva (#=16 932) eqvivalentur zrdasrulze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT

individebis % Sinameurneobis moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT

samedicino dazRvevis tipi 1 2 3 4 5 sul

arcerTi 70.8 74.0 79.2 81.1 79.0 76.6

mowyvladi ojaxebis dazRveva 21.3 17.2 11.6 7.7 3.5 12.8

iafi (5 lariani) dazRvevis programa

6.5 6.6 5.6 4.1 3.9 5.4

damqiraveblis mier dafinansebuli korporatiuli dazRveva

0.6 1.0 1.4 3.8 5.3 2.3


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dazRveva sakuTari saxsrebiT 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.8 3.5 1.4

TviT-dafinansebuli dazRveva samuSaoze

0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.3 0.7

sxva 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.5 0.8

ufaso samedicino dazRveviT moculi mosaxleobis erT mesamedze meti (36.2%) Sinameurneobebis uRaribes (eqvivalentur mozrdilze gadaangariSebiT). kvintilSi cxovrobs TiTqmis xuTi procenti cxovrobs yvelaze mdidar kvintilSi (cxrili 7.7)

cxrili 7.7: ufaso samedicino dazRvevis mimRebTa ganawileba eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT

kvintili ufaso samedicino dazRvevis yvela mimRebis %

1 36.2

2 28.9

3 18.9

4 11.2

5 4.8

sul (n=2160) 100.0

analogiurad, cxrili 7.8 gviCvenebs, rom ufaso dazRvevis mimRebebi koncentrirebuli arian eqvivalentur zrdasrulze moxmarebis mixedviT yvelaze dabal decilebSi.

cxrili 7.8: ufaso samedicino dazRvevis mimRebTa ganawileba eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis decilebis mixedviT

decili ufaso samedicino dazRvevis yvela mimRebis %

1 17.6

2 18.7

3 14.1

4 14.8

5 11.8

6 7.0


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7 6.5

8 4.7

9 2.5

10 2.4

sul (n= 2159) 100.0

finansuri barierebi samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze

2008-2009 wlebSi Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis 60 procentSi erT adamians mainc dasWirda samedicino momsaxureba an medikamentebi, romlis safasuris gadaxdac Sinameurneobam ver SeZlo. saWiroebis orive tipisaTvis im Sinameurneobebis procentuli wili, romelTac finansebis gamo ver SeZles misi dakmayofileba, soflad ufro maRalia, vidre qalaqad (cxrili 7.9).

cxrili 7.9: finansuri barierebi samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze qalaqad da soflad

Sinameuneobebis %, romelTac dasWirda samedicino

momsaxureba an medikamentebi, magram es maTTvis finansurad

xelmiuwvdomeli iyo

samedicino

momsaxureba

medikamentebi samedicino momsaxureba an

medikamentebi n

qalaqad 44.8 42.0 48.6 2361

soflad 52.6 54.3 48.0 2285

sul 48.6 48.0 59.1 4646

regionebi, sadac samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze finansur barierebs Sinameurneobebis yvelaze maRali procentuli wili ganicdis, aris Sida qarTli da guria. gasul wels qvemo qarTlSi Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis sam meoTxeds dasWirda garkveuli saxis samedicino momsaxureba an/da medikamentebi, risi SeZenac maT ver SeZles (cxrili 7.10).


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75

cxrili 7.10: finansuri barierebi samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze regionebis mixedviT

Sinameuneobebis %, romelTac dasWirdaT samedicino

momsaxureba an medikamentebi, magram es maTTvis finansurad

xelmiuwvdomeli iyo

samedicino

momsaxureba

medikamentebi samedicino

momsaxureba an

medikamentebi

n

Tbilisi 49.6 45.2 58.1 1227

aWara 37.1 47.3 53.4 353

guria 58.9 60.9 67.5 151

imereTi, raWa 51.1 47.0 58.5 880

kaxeTi 36.0 39.1 52.1 470

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 41.4 39.7 50.9 116

qvemo qarTli 62.6 65.1 74.7 455

samcxe-javaxeTi 36.5 37.9 48.5 203

samegrelo 49.1 52.5 60.7 464

Sida qarTli 54.4 47.7 62.1 327

sul 48.6 48.0 59.1 4646

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom dabali moxmarebis mqone Sinameurneobebs Soris ufro maRalia maTi procentuli wili, romlebic samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze finansur barierebs ganicdis. gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze Rarib kvintilSi Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis samma mexuTedma ver SeiZina garkveuli saxis samedicino momsaxureba da medikamentebi finansuri barierebis gamo (cxrili 7.11)


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76

7.11: finansuri barierebi samedicino saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze eqvivalentur zrdasrulze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT.

Sinameuneobebis %, romelTac dasWirdaT samedicino

momsaxureba an medikamentebi, magram es maTTvis

finansurad xelmiuwvdomeli iyo

n

samedicino

momsaxureba

medikamentebi samedicino

momsaxureba

medikamentebi

kvintili 1

(uRaribesi)

64.1 67.9 76.3 930

2 57.7 61.5 72.7 929

3 50.3 47.9 60.3 929

4 44.1 38.3 52.9 929

5 27.0 24.5 33.3 929

sul 48.6 48.0 59.1 4646

CanarTi 7.1 jandacvaze xarjebis maCveneblebi

Sinameurneobis xarjebi jandacvaze iTvleba katastrofulad, Tu:

1. isini Seadgens Sinameurneobis mTliani moxmarebis 10 procentze mets.

2. isini Seadgens Sinameurneobis arasasursaTo moxmarebis 25 procentze mets.

jandacvaze xarjebis gamaRaribebeli efeqti fasdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT:

3. siRaribis donis Semcireba, romelic moxdeboda, Tu Sinameurneobebs srulad aunazRaurebdnen jandacvaze maT mier gaweul xarjebs.

4. siRaribis maCveneblis mateba, romelic moxdeboda, Tu siRaribes gaingariSebdnen Sinameurneobis mTliani xarjebidan jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis gamoklebis Semdeg.


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77

samedicino momsaxurebisaTvis jibidan gadaxdebis gamaRaribebeli efeqti

jandacvaze jibidan gadaxdili xarjebis gamaRaribebeli efeqti SeiZleba TvalsaCinod davinaxoT, Tu gamovTvliT im Sinameurneobebis procentul wils, romlebic samomxmareblo siRaribis sxvadasxva zRvrebs miRma aRmoCndebodnen im SemTxvevaSi, samedicino momsaxureba ufaso rom iyos. TiToeuli Sinameurneobis sruli xarjebisaTvis jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis mimateba axdens ufaso samedicino momsaxurebis efeqtis simulirebas SinameurneobebisaTvis jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis kompensirebiT gziT.

am scenaris mixedviT siRaribeSi mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis raodenoba Semcirdeba. cxrili 7.12 gviCvenebs, rom Tu Sinameurneobebis biujetebs davamatebT jandacvaze maT mier gaweul xarjebs, ukiduresi siRaribe 1.3 procentuli erTeuliT, oficialuri siRaribe 3.6 procentuli erTeuliT, xolo zogadi siRaribe 5 procentuli erTeuliT Semcirdeba. siRaribis donis aseTi Semcireba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos keTildReobis zrdad, Tu miRebuli samedicino momsaxurebis moculoba ar mcirdeba.

cxrili 7.12: ufaso samedicino momsaxurebis efeqti siRaribis doneebze

siRaribis zRvari Sinameurneobebis %

(n=4646)

mTeli mosaxleobis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi (n=16972)

yvela bavSvis % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi (n=3240)

yvela pensioneris % romelic cxovrobs am SinameurneobebSi (n=3185)


8.9 9.9 11.5 7.3

jandacvaze xarjebis gareSe

7.6 8.6 10.3 6.3


23.7 25.7 28.4 22.2


20.1 22.1 24.7 18.0

zogadi siRaribe (< 122.2 lari)

41.5 44.8 49.0 41.7


36.5 39.3 42.9 36.0

siRaribis done soflad ufro meti procentuli erTeuliT iklebs, vidre qalaqad, gansakuTrebiT siRaribis ufro maRal zRvrebis mimarT (cxrili 7.13).


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78

cxrili 7.13: Sinameurneobebis siRaribis doneebis kleba jandacvaze xarjebis kompensirebis SemTxvevaSi

Sinameurneobebis siRaribis donis kleba procentul erTeulebSi

qalaqi sofeli sul

ukiduresi siRaribe (61.1 lari) 1.2 1.4 1.3

oficialuri siRaribe (89.7 lari) 2.7 4.6 3.6

zogadi siRaribe (122.2 lari) 3.9 6.0 5.0

alternatiuli midgoma, romelic gamoiyena msoflio bankma 2008 wels Catarebul kvlevaSi, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom davakvirdeT siRaribis doneebis cvlilebas Sinameurneobebis mTliani xarjebidan jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis gamoklebis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi Sinameurneobebis mTliani moxmarebis maCvenebeli mcirdeba, Sesabamisad izrdeba siRaribis doneebi (cxrili 7.14).

cxrili 7.14: siRaribis doneebis zrda Sinameurneobebis mTliani moxmarebidan jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis gamoklebis SemTxvevaSi

Raribi Sinameurneobebis %

jandacvaze xarjebis

gamoklebamde

jandacvaze xarjebis

gamoklebis Semdeg

zrda procentul erTeulebSi

ukiduresi siRaribe (61.1 lari) 8.9 12.6 3.7

oficialuri siRaribe (89.7 lari)

23.7 30.4 6.7

zogadi siRaribe (122.2 lari) 41.5 49.9 8.4


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79

8. krizisTan gamklavebis Sinameurneobebiseuli strategiebi

mosaxleobis keTildReobis 2009 wlis kvleva iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebis finansuri problemebis identificirebas. kvlevis farglebSi miRebul iqna informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor afaseben Sinameurneobebi sakuTar mdgomareobas da rogor Seicvala maTi mdgomareoba gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. im Sinameurneobebs, romelTac ganacxades, rom maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gauaresda, daesvaT damatebiTi kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gaumklavdnen am problemebs da maTi azriT rogor Seicvleboda maTi mdgomareoba momavalSi.

meoTxe TavSi Cven vnaxeT, rom 4808 Sinameurneobidan 4624-ma (96%-ma) daasaxela Tavisi ZiriTadi problema (cxrili 4.15). es problemebi moicavda Semdegs:

umuSevroba

medikamentebis SeZena

samedicino momsaxurebis miReba

komunaluri pirobebi

SimSili an arasakmarisi kveba

sabanko kreditis an valis gadaxda

komunaluri gadasaxadebis gadaxda

dasveneba da garToba

tansacmlis SeZena

avejis SeZena

saskolo nivTebis SeZena

4624 Sinameurneobidan, romelTac ganacxades, rom gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi problemebi hqondaT, TiTqmis naxevars (49.3%) am periodis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gauuaresda. cxrili 8.1 gviCvenebs, rom es maCvenebeli odnav ufro maRalia qalaqad (51.3%), vidre soflad (47.1%).


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80

cxrili 8.1: respondentebis Sexeduleba maTi Sinameurneobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis Sesaxeb qalaqad da soflad

cvlileba wina welTan SedarebiT qalaqis Sinameurneobebis %

soflis Sinameurneobebis %

Sinameurneobebis mTliani raodenobis %

mniSvnelovnad gauaresda 16.7 21.2 19.0

gauaresda 34.6 25.9 30.3

praqtikulad ar Secvlila 43.3 48.8 46.0

gaumjobesda 2.3 1.9 2.1

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 0.1 0.0 0.1

ar vici 2.7 2.1 2.4

uari pasuxze 0.1 0.1 0.1

Sinameurneobebis raodenoba (n) 2317 2307 4624

4507 Sinameurneobidan, romlebmac upasuxes SekiTxvas ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, 4350-ma aseve upasuxa kiTxvebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac moxda eqvivalentur mozrdilze Sinameurneobis mTliani moxmarebis agregatuli maCveneblis gaangariSeba.33 srulad Sevsebuli kiTxvarebisaTvis gankuTnili wonebis gamoyenebiT (ixile meTodologia meore TavSi) am kategoriaSi moxvda 4358 Sinameurneoba. es Sinameurneobebi dalagebul iqna eqvivalentur mozrdilze maTi moxmarebis mixedviT da dayofil iqna ocprocentian jgufebad (kvintilebad).

moxmarebis mixedviT uRaribes kvintilSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mniSvnelovani gauareseba orjer ufro xSirad dafiqsirda (28%), vidre umdidres kvintilSi (15%) (cxrili 8.2).

cxrili 8.2: respondentebis Sexeduleba maTi Sinameurneobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis Sesaxeb eqvivalentur mozrdilze momxarebis kvintilebis mixedviT (pirveli kvintili yvelaze Raribia).

cvlileba wina welTan mimarTebaSi

kvintilis %

1 2 3 4 5

mniSvnelovnad gauaresda 27.9 19.9 18.7 19.2 14.5

gauaresda 28.1 30.3 31.3 32.4 33.1

33 eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmareba ganmartebulia meore TavSi - meTodologia


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81

praqtikulad ar Secvlila 42.2 48.7 47.7 46.0 49.0

gaumjobesda 1.7 1.0 2.3 2.3 3.4

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Sinameurneobebis raodenoba

(n=4360 a) 872 871 873 873 871

a ujrebSi raodenobebis damrgvalebis gamo gamoyenebuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba gansxvavdeba kros-tabulaciis cxrilSi moyvanili mTliani raodenobisagan.

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis mizezebi SinameurneobebSi, romlebSic ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gauaresda, an mniSvnelovnad gauaresda bolo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, respondentebs sTxoves daesaxelebinaT maqsimum sami ZiriTadi mizezi. Tumca zogierTma respondentma ufro meti mizezi daasaxela. Sesabamisad 2185 Sinameurneobam 3646 mizezi daasaxela.

Sinameurneobebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis mizezad yvelaze xSirad dasaxelda valebis gadaxdis saWiroeba. es moicavs sabanko kreditebs, lombardis da individualuri gamsesxeblebis valebs. valebis gadaxda yvela dasaxelebuli mizezis 38 procents Seadgens da Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis or mesamedSi dasaxelda. sxva xSirad dasaxelebuli mizezebs Soris aris Sinameurneobis wevris seriozuli avadmyofoba, samuSaos dakargva da Semosavlebis Semcireba (mizezis miuTiTeblad). sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis Semcirebis qveS moiazreba sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis an gasayidad warmoebuli soflis meurneobis produqtebis raodenobis Semcireba rogorc zogadi mizezebis, ise pirutyvis an mosavlis dakargva/daRupvis gamo (cxrili 8.3).

cxrili 8.3: Sinameurneobebis wevrebis mier dasaxelebuli gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mizezebi (naCvenebia mizezis dasaxelebis procentuli wili dasaxelebaTa mTlian raodenobaSi da im Sinameurneobebis procentuli wili, romlebSic es mizezi dasaxelda).

pasuxebi Sinameurneobebis %

(n=2185) n %

valebis gastumreba 1396 38.3 63.9

seriozuli avadmyofoba 638 17.5 29.2

Sinameurneobis Semosavlis Semcireba

501 13.8 22.9

samuSao(eb)is dakargva 430 11.8 19.7

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis Semcireba

226 6.2 10.3


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82

sazRvargareTidan gzavnilebis Semcireba

199 5.5 9.1

marCenalis dakargva 157 4.3 7.2

fasebis zrda 51 1.4 2.3

bavSvebis ganaTlebis xarjebi 28 0.8 1.3

ojaxis wevr(eb)is dakargva 10 0.3 0.4

danazogebis amowurva 8 0.2 0.3

sacxovreblis dangreva 2 0.0 0.1

ojaxis zomis zrda 2 0.0 0.1

sul 3646 100.0 166.8

damatebiTi saxsrebis wyaroebi

Sinameurneobebs daesvaT kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu damatebiT ra saxsrebi iyo maTTvis xelmisawvdomi maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis dros. es naCvenebia 8.4 cxrilSi, romelSic gamuqebuli ujrebi asaxaven saxsrebs, romlebic ar iyo Setanili kiTxvarSi, magram dasaxelda respondentebis mier.

Sinameurneobebis umetesobas (62%), romelTac gauuaresdaT ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ar hqondaT araviTari damatebiTi saxsrebi. erTma mexuTedma miiRo daxmareba naTesavebisgan an megobrebisagan, xolo danarCenebma sxvadasxva wyaroebidan fuli isesxes (cxrili 8.4).

cxrili 8.4: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis wevrebis mier dasaxelebuli damatebiTi saxsrebis wyaroebi

pasuxebi Sinameurneobebis%

(#=2093) # %

ar hqonda araviTari damatebiTi saxsrebi 1300 56.5 62.1

daxmareba naTesavisagan an megobrisgan 426 18.5 20.3

sesxis ageba bankidan an sxva finansuri dawesebulebidan

107 4.7 5.1

misamarTuli socialuri daxmareba 103 4.5 4.9

sesxis aReba naTesavisagan an megobrisgan 96 4.2 4.6

danazogebis daxarjva 94 4.1 4.5


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83

qonebis gayidva (miwa, saxli, pirutyvi, manqana, a.S.)

54 2.3 2.6

daxmareba ara-naTesavisagan an ara- megobrisgan

41 1.8 1.9

sesxis aReba ara-naTesavisagan an ara-megobrisgan

19 0.8 0.9

sxva socialuri daxmareba 25 1.1 1.2

daxmareba arasamTavrobo organizaciisgan (saqvelmoqmedo organizaciisgan)

16 0.7 0.7

daxmareba municipalitetidan 8 0.3 0.4

SezRuduli SesaZlebobebis mqone piris pensia

3 0.1 0.2

daxmareba religiuri organizaciebidan 3 0.1 0.1

qsova 3 0.1 0.1

fiqsirebuli pensia 3 0.1 0.1

gaqiraveba 1 0.0 0.0

iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa daxmareba

1 0.0 0.0

sul 2300 100.0 109.9

daxmareba naTesavebisgan, megobrebisgan an sxva adamianebisgan ufro xSirad gvxdeba qalaqad, vidre soflad. analogiuri mdgomareobaa sesxis aRebasTan dakavSirebiTac. soflis Sinameurneobebi ufro xSirad iyvnen damokidebuli socialur daxmarebaze an ar hqondaT araviTari damatebiTi saxsrebi (cxrili 8.5).

cxrili 8.5: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis wevrebis mier dasaxelebuli damatebiTi saxsrebis wyaroebi, qalaqad da soflad

qalaqis Sinameurneobebis % soflis Sinameurneobebis %

arafuladi daxmareba 26.4 17.0

sesxeba an danazogebis xarjva 17.6 12.0

qonebis gaqiraveba an gayidva 2.4 3.3

saqvelmoqmedo daxmareba 0.5 1.3


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84

socialuri daxmareba an pensia 4.3 9.6

araviTari 58.2 67.2

sul 1121 990

ZiriTadad ufro mdidar Sinameurneobebs aqvs damatebiTi saxsrebis alternatiuli wyaroebi (cxrili 8.6). uRaribesi kvintilis Sinameurneobebis or mesameds damatebiTi saxsrebis araviTari wyaro ar aqvs, xolo aTi procenti socialur daxmarebazea damokidebuli.

cxrili 8.6: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis wevrebis mier dasaxelebuli damatebiTi saxsrebis wyaroebi, eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kvintiluri jgufebis mixedviT (1 uRaribesi kvintilia).

TiToeul kvintilSi Sinameurneobis %

1 2 3 4 5

arafuladi daxmareba 19.1 16.4 24.2 22.9 28.7

sesxeba an danazogebis xarjva 11.1 12.1 17.3 12.4 23.4

qonebis gaqiraveba an gayidva 1.6 3.3 2.0 2.3 5.5

saqvelmoqmedo daxmareba 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.9

socialuri daxmareba an pensia 9.5 8.5 8.5 4.2 2.4

araviTari 66.3 67.4 59.6 66.4 50.4

sul 492 426 409 406 378

gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sedegebis Semsubuqeba krizisTan gamklavebis strategiebis gasarkvevad, kvlevis respondentebs daesvT kiTxva, Tu ra moimoqmedes gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sedegebis Sesamsubuqeblad. yvelaze xSiri pasuxi iyo ufro iafi sursaTis moxmareba (dasaxelda Sinameurneobebis 40 procentSi) an naklebi sursaTis moxmareba (dasaxelda Sinameurneobis erT mesamedSi). Sinameurneobebis erTma mexuTedma Sewyvita garkveuli arasasursaTo produqtebis SeZena da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sinameurneobebma ufro iafi an meoradi moxmarebis arasasursaTo produqtebis SeZena daiwyes. profilaqtikuri mizniT eqimTan vizitebis raodenobis Semcireba dasaxelda Sinameurneobebis 12 procentSi. Sinameurneobebis erT mesamedSi krizisis efeqtebis SemsubuqebisaTvis araviTari qmedeba ar dasaxelebula (cxrili 8.7).


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85

cxrili 8.7: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis mier mdgomareobis SemsubuqebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi

pasuxebi

Sinameurneobebis % (#=2109) n %

ufro iafi sursaTis moxmareba daiwyes 869 21.5 41.2

araferi gansakuTrebuli ar gaukeTebiaT 714 17.4 33.9

Seamcires sursaTis moxmareba 705 17.5 33.4

Sewyvites garkveuli arasasursaTo produqtebis yidva 397 9.9 18.8

daiwyes ufro iafi arasasursaTo produqtebis yidva 331 8.2 15.7

Sevamcires eqimTan profilaqtikuri vizitebis raodenoba 258 6.4 12.2

daiwyes meoradi momxarebis nivTebis SeZena 250 6.2 11.9

naklebs xarjaven garTobaze 172 4.3 8.2

sakuTari moxmarebisTvis meti sursaTis warmoeba daiwyes 94 2.3 4.5

naklebs xarjaven mediaze (gazeTebi, interneti) 87 2.2 4.1

ufri xSirad iyeneben sazogadoebriv transports an fexiT dadian

65 1.6 3.1

Sinameurneobis wevri sxvagan wavida sezonur samuSaoze 57 1.4 2.7

ojaxis wevrma Tavi daaneba saswavlo kursebze siaruls 11 0.3 0.5

ufro xSirad sargebloben saxelmwifo jandacvis sistemiT 10 0.2 0.5

gamoiyvanes bavSvi sabavSvo baRidan, skolidan an kolejidan

4 0.1 0.2

bavSvebi kerZodan sajaro skolaSi gadaiyvanes 2 0.1 0.1

gadades bavSvis Seyvana sabavSvo baRSi, skolaSi an kolejSi

3 0.1 0.1

gaauqmes samedicino an avtomobilis dazRveva 1 0.0 0.1

gadades Cabareba umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi

1 0.0 0.0

daiwyes pirutyvis moSeneba 1 0.0 0.0

sul 4032 100.0 191.2


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qalaqis Sinameurneobebma ufro xSir SemTxvevebSi Seamcires arasasursaTo moxmareba, samedicino momsaxureba da kerZo transportis moxmareba da daiwyes ufro iafi da meoradi moxmarebis produqtebis SeZena. meores mxriv, soflis Sinameurneobebma ufro xSir SemTxvevebSi gazardes sursaTis warmoeba sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, an ar hqondaT araviTari SesaZlebloba gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad (cxrili 8.8)

cxrili 8.8: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis mier mdgomareobis SemsubuqebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi qalaqad da soflad.

qalaqis Sinameurneobebis

% soflis Sinameurneobebis

%

sasursaTo moxmarebis cvlileba 73.8 75.6

samuSaos mosaZebnad sxvagan wasvla 2.0 3.5

sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis sursaTis warmoebis gazrda

1.4 8.0

arasasursaTo moxmarebis cvlileba 65.0 51.6

saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis moxmarebis cvlileba

1.5 0.4

samedicino momsaxurebis moxmarebis cvlileba

15.6 9.3

kerZo transportis moxmarebis Semcireba 4.5 1.5

araviTari 29.9 38.4

Sinameurneobebis mTliani raodenoba 1125 983

miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikuri krizisis SemsubuqebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi ZiriTadad didad ar gansxvavdeba moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT, aris erTi mkafio gansxvaveba sakvebTan mimarTebaSi. uRaribesi kvintilis TiTqmis 95 procentma Seamcira sakvebis moxmareba, an daiwyo ufro iafi sursaTis SeZena, maSin roca analogiur qmedebebs umdidresi kvintilis Sinameurneobebis mxolod naxevarze odnav metma mimarTa (cxrili 8.9).


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cxrili 8.9: gauaresebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone Sinameurneobebis mier mdgomareobis SemsubuqebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT (1 uRaribesi kvintilia).

kvintili

1 2 3 4 5

sasursaTo moxmarebis cvlileba 94.8 77.0 75.4 67.9 53.6

samuSaos mosaZebnad sxvagan wasvla

1.7 2.2 3.4 3.1 3.2

sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis sursaTis warmoebis gazrda

3.7 3.2 6.1 5.6 3.8

arasasursaTo moxmarebis cvlileba

58.3 59.0 60.9 55.8 60.0

saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis moxmarebis cvlileba

1.2 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.5

samedicino momsaxurebis moxmarebis cvlileba

10.0 17.2 12.7 11.7 12.2

kerZo transportis moxmarebis Semcireba

2.5 2.7 2.5 4.7 3.2

araviTari 27.7 36.9 31.5 38.4 35.8

Sinameurneobebis mTliani roadenoba

478 417 411 417 385

vali da sesxeba bedis ironiiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom valebis gastumreba Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis or mesamedSi dasaxelda ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis mizezad (ix. cxrili 8.3), damatebiTi sesxis aReba gaxda rTul ekonomikur pirobebSi Tavis gatanis erT-erTi saSualeba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis SinameurneobebisaTvis. gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Sinameurneobebis 36-ma procentma isesxa fuli. mTlianobaSi, 1667-ma Sinameurneobam aiRo sxvadasxva saxis 1990 sesxi. es Sinameurneobebi yvelaze xSirad sesxulobdnen bankidan an lombardidan (48.7%), an naTesavebisa da megobrebisagan (36.8%). Sinameurneobebis erTi meoTxedma valad aiRo produqtebi maRaziidan an afTiaqidan (cxrili 8.10).


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cxrili 8.10: sesxebis wyaroebi gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi im SinameurneobebisaTvis, romelTac krizisi SeexoT

wyaro sesxebis raodenoba sesxebis % Sinameurneobebis %

naTesavi an megobari 612 30.7 36.8

kerZo piri an gamsesxebeli 109 5.5 6.6

banki an lombardi 809 40.7 48.7

sakredito asociacia 51 2.6 3.1

maRazia an afTiaqi 409 20.5 24.6

sul 1990 100.0 119.7

qalaqis Sinameurneobebi ufro xSirad sesxulobdnen bankidan an lombardidan, xolo soflis Sinameurneobebi araformaluri wyaroebidan, rogoricaa megobrebi, naTesavebi an maRaziebi (cxrili 8.11).

cxrili 8.11: sesxebis wyaroebi gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis da soflis SinameurneobebisaTvis, romelTac krizisi SeexoT

wyaro qalaqis Sinameurneobebis % soflis Sinameurneobebis %

naTesavi an megobari 20.9 52.4

kerZo piri an gamsesxebeli 6.5 6.7

banki an lombardi 64.1 33.5

sakredito asociacia 6.1 0.1

maRazia an afTiaqi 12.9 36.1

Sinameurneobebis mTliani raodenoba 824 839

analogiurad, bankebiT da lombardebiT ufro SeZlebuli Sinameurneobebi sargeblobdnen. ufro Raribi Sinameurneobebi ufro xSirad sesxulobdnen megobrebisgan, naTesavebisgan da maRaziebidan.

Sinameurneobebis meoTxedze mets vali nawilobrivac ki ar gaustumrebia. es maCvenebeli ufro dabalia qalaqis SinameurneobebisaTvis (17.6%), vidre soflis SinameurneobebisaTvis (35.6%). uRaribes moxmarebis kvintilSi, Sinameurneobebis 38.9 procents, romelsac nasesxebi hqonda fuli, valis nawilic ki ar hqonda gastumrebuli kvlevis Catarebis droisaTvis. es maCvenebeli mxolod 19


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procents Seadgens umdidresi kvintilisaTvis. Tumca, ar arsebobs informacia sesxebis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb. sesxeba SeiZleba moxdariyo rogorc gamokiTxvis wina dRes, aseve manamde erTi wliT adre.

samomavlo perspeqtivebi

Sinameurneobebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi respondentebma ar icodnen, Tu rogor Seicvleboda maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Semdegi 12 Tvis manZilze. imaT Soris, vinc gamoxata sakuTari azri, 16.8 procenti miiCnevs, rom mdgomareoba gamoswordeba. ufro didi raodenoba (45.6%) ar moelis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs da erT mesamedze meti mdgomareobis gauaresebas moelis. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebis molodini orjer ufro maRali iyo soflad (12.4%), vidre qalaqad (6.6%) da pesimisturi ganwyobilebebi mkveTrad ufro maRali iyo ufro dabali moxmarebis mqone kvintilebSi (cxrili 8.12).

cxrili 8.12: Sinameurneobebis prognozi momdevno 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis SesaZlo cvlilebis Sesaxeb, eqvivalentur zrdasrulze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT (n=3036a).

eqvivalentur zrdasrulze moxmarebis kvintilis %

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 1 2 3 4 5 sul

mniSvnelovnad gauaresdeba 19.0 11.3 6.9 7.1 4.1 9.7

gauaresdeba 32.7 34.3 26.9 25.0 20.0 27.9

arsebiTad ar Seicvleba 39.2 41.1 44.9 50.6 52.2 45.6

gaumjobesdeba 8.7 13.2 20.4 16.6 23.5 16.4

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdeba

0.5 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.4

sul 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a ar moicavs maT, vinc upasuxa “ar vici”.

uRaribesi kvintilis Sinameurneobebis naxevarze metis azriT maRalia an Zalian maRalia imis riski, rom Sinameurneoba ver SeZlebs minimaluri saWiroebebis dakmayofilebasac ki (cxrili 8.13)


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cxrili 8.13: Sinameurneobebis mier Sefaseba riskisa, rom momdevno 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZleben sakuTari minimaluri saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas, eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kvintilebis mixedviT (n=3464a).

eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kvintilis %

riskis sidide 1 2 3 4 5 sul

Zalian maRali 35.9 26.3 23.9 16.8 12.0 23.1

saSualoze maRali 26.0 23.2 20.8 25.0 15.7 22.2

saSualo 27.1 34.6 35.6 37.2 35.9 34.0

saSualoze naklebi 9.7 11.8 13.3 9.8 14.1 11.7

Cvens Sinameurneobas ar daemuqreba es riski

1.3 4.1 6.4 11.1 22.4 9.0

sul 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

a ar moicavs maT, vinc upasuxa “ar vici”.


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9. Sedegebis Sejameba

Semosavlebi da xarjebi saqarTveloSi Sinameurneobis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali 322 lars Sedgens, magram Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad varirebs adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. saSualo Tviuri Semosavali orjer ufro maRalia qalaqad (428 lari), vidre soflad (212 lari). qalaqis Sinameurneobebs TiTqmis orjer ufro maRli Semosavali aqvT erT eqvivalentur mozrdilzec, vidre soflis Sinameurneobebs. TbilisSi eqvivalentur mozrdilze Semosavali 211 lars Seadgens, rac orjer ufro maRalia analogiur maCvenebelze or yvelaze Rarib regionSi, guriasa (90 lari) da samegreloSi (94 lari). uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT maRalia TbilisSi (jinis koeficienti = 0.50).

Sinameurneobis mTliani saSualo Tviuri moxmareba saqarTveloSi 442 lars Seadgens da ufro maRalia qalaqad (515 lari), vidre soflad (365 lari). Tumca, uTanasworoba xarjebSi mniSvnelovnad (p< 0.05) ufro maRalia qalaqad (jinis koeficineti = 0.40), vidre soflad (jinis koeficineti = 0.36). arafuladi moxmarebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT soflad, moxmarebis maCveneblebi yovelTvis ufro maRalia, vidre Semosavlisa. saSualo Tviuri Semosavali - 322 lari Sinameurneobis mTliani moxmarebis 73 procents Seadgens. qalaqad Semosavali saSualod moxmarebis 83 procents Seadgens, soflad ki 58 procents. msoflio bankis angariSi (2008: 48) aCvenebs, rom 2007 wels Semosavlebi moxmarebis 77 procents Seadgenda, 85 procents qalaqad da 65 procents soflad. es mianiSnebs, rom arafuladi moxmarebis wili mTlian moxmarebaSi izrdeba, ufro metad soflad, vidre qalaqad. eqvivalentur mozrdilze moxmarebis kuTxiT, soflis Sinameurneobebi yovelTviurad SedarebiT ufro mets xarjaven Sin kvebaze (80 lari), vidre qalaqis Sinameurneobebi (74 lari), magram gacilebiT naklebs ganaTlebaze, samedicino momsaxurebaze, gareT kvebaze da arasasursaTo produqtebze.

samomxmareblo siRaribe Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo siRaribe saqarTveloSi Zalian seriozul problemas warmoadgens. samomxmareblo siRaribis done qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. siRaribis samive zRvris mimarT Sinameurneobebis siRaribis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi mcxeTa-mTianeTSia, xolo yvelaze dabali _ aWaraSi. oficialuri da zogadi siRaribe ufro maRalia soflad, da siRaribis zRvris matebasTan erTad es gansxvaveba ufro mkafio xdeba. Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis erTi meoTxedi, romlebSic bavSvTa 28 procenti cxovrobs, siRaribis oficialur zRvars (89.7 lari) qvemoT imyofeba. yvelaze dabali zRvris (61.1 lari) mimarT Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis 9 procenti Raribia, rac mosaxleobis TiTqmis 10 procents Seesabameba. ufro realisturi zogadi siRaribis zRvris (122.2 lari) mimarT Sinameurneobebis 41 procenti da bavSvebis TiTqmis naxevari Raribia. nebismieri zRvris mimarT Sinameurneobebis siRaribis da mosaxleobis siRaribis doneebi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba, Tu SinameurneobaSi 16 welze umcrosi wevrebi arian.


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siRaribis done ufro maRalia im SinameurneobSi, sadac qalebs ganaTlebis ufri dabali done aqvT, gansakuTrebiT soflad. im Sinameurneobebis erTi mesamedi, romlebSic arcerT qals ar aqvs saSualo skolis ganaTlebaze meti, oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. nebismieri saxis dasaqmeba amcirebs siRaribis risks. SinameurneobaSi Semosavlis mqone yoveli damatebiTi piri siRaribis da arasiRaribis Sansebis Tanafardobas ori mesamediT amcirebs.

materialuri deprivacia

materialuri deprivacia xangrZlivi moxmarebis saganTagan xuTi an meti sagnis arqoniT ganisazRvreba. es sagnebia: mtversasruti, avtomobili, sarecxi manqana, macivari, mobiluri telefoni, uTo da televizori. am kriteriumis mixedviT Sinameurneobebis meoTxedze meti materialur deprivacias ganicdis. es Sinameurneobebi pensionerTa 32.6 procents da bavSvTa 20.9 procents moicavs. sacxovrebeli pirobebis mxriv deprivacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc sacxovrebel pirobebTan dakavSirebuli minimum ori problemis qona. Sinameurneobebi, romlebic ganicdian sacxovrebeli pirobebis mxriv deprivacias, moicaven bavSvebis 27.5 procents da pensionerebis 28.9 procents. Sinameurneobebis 15 procenti ormag deprivacias ganicdis, rac gulisxmobs xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis arqonas da cud sacxovrebel pirobebs. es Sinameurneobebi moicavs mosaxleobis 12.7 procents, bavSvebis 13 procents da pensionerebis 17.7 procents.

subieqturi siRaribe

siRaribe aseve SeiZleba Sefasdes im adamianebis Sexedulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinc siRaribes ganicdis. kvlevaSi monawile Sinameurneobebis 40 procentze metma ganacxada, rom maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis sakmarisi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa, an ise cudad ikvebebian, rom maT janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba. es Sinameurneobebi moicaven bavSvebis 37 procents da pensionerebis 45 procents. mosaxleobis mxolod erT meoTxedidan erT mexuTedamde cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, sadac yoveldRiur sasursaTo da arasasursaTo moTxovnilebebs ikmayofileben.

Sinameurneobis mier yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebuli problema Sinameurneobebis wevrebis umuSevrobaa (36%). sixSiris mixedviT Semdeg adgilzea medikamentebis SeZenasa da samedicino momsaxurebis safasuris gadaxdasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, romlebic mTlianobaSi Sinameurneobebis 32-ma procentma daasaxela. mxolod pensionerebisagan Semdgari Sinameurneobebis 70-ma procentma ZiriTad problemad samedicino momsaxurebis da medikamentebis SeZena daasaxela.

valebis an sabanko kreditebis gadaxda, rogorc ZiriTad problema, orjer ufro xSirad dasaxelda bavSvian SinameurneobebSi (9%), vidre im SinameurneobebSi, romelTac bavSvebi ar hyavT (4%).

socialuri gariyuloba

Sinameurneobebis 8 procenti ganicdis socialuri gariyulobis sul cota sam maxasiaTebels qvemoCamoTvlili xuTidan: ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, samedicino momsaxurebis, finansuri momsaxurebis an socialuri daxmarebis xelmiuwvdomloba. Sinameurneobebis erTi meoTxeds ar awuxebs arcerTi am problemaTagani.


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93


sufTa wylis da sanitaruli pirobebis xelmisawvdomoba aucilebeli winapirobaa adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis da keTildReobisaTvis. saqarTvelos msgavs qveynebSi, sadac zamTris pirobebi mkacria, saxlis gaTboba aseve sabaziso saWiroebas warmoadgens. Sinameurneobebis 10 procentisaTvis wyali, sanitaruli pirobebi da gaTboba xelmiuwvdomelia, xolo 63 procentisaTvis _ am sami komunaluri servisidan erT-erTi. oficialuri siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi Sinameurneobebis sam meoTxeds aseve ar miuwvdeba xeli am servisebidan erT-erTze. es Sinameurneobebi agreTve materialuri deprivaciis orjer ufro maRali riskis qveS imyofebian, vidre is Sinameurneobebi, romlebic oficialuri siRaribis zRvars zemoT imyofebian.

zogadad, oficialuri samomxmareblo siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi SinameurneobebisaTvis ufro maRalia riski siRaribis sxva aspeqtebis mxrivac hqondeT problemebi, vidre danarCeni SinameurneobebisaTvis.

socialuri transferebi saqarTveloSi Sinameurneobebis 59 procenti iRebs raime saxis socialur transfers. pensiebs Sinameurneobebis 53.8 procenti iRebs, msd-s _ 11.5 procenti , xolo katgoriebze dafuZnebul benefitebs _ 7.1 procenti. bavSviani Sinameurneobebis 53 procenti iRebs raime saxis socialur transfers. oficialuri siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi Sinameurneobebis erT mesamedze meti da ukiduresad Raribi Sinameurneobebis 40 procenti araviTari saxis socialur transfers ar iRebs (cxrili 9.1).

cxrili 9.1: Sinameurneobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis socialur daxmarebas. iReben H

socialuri transferis saxeoba

Sinameurneobebis % (n=4646)

ukiduresad Raribi Sinameurneobebis % (n=414)

oficialurad Raribi Sinameurneobebis (n=1178)

zogadad Raribi Sinameurneobebis (n=2067)

pensia 53.8 47.0 54.0 54.7

msd 11.5 19.8 20.0 17.3

kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebi

7.1 8.2 7.5 7.9

arcerTi zemoCamoTvlilTagan

40.8 39.7 35.1 36.4

pensionerebis mexuTedze meti (22.2%) cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, romlebic siRaribis oficialur zRvars qvemoT imyofebian. pensiebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi am zRvars qvemoT pensionerebis naxevarze meti (54.6%) aRmoCndeboda.


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94

amasTan erTad bavSvebis 9.2 procenti cxovrobs SinameurneobebSi, romlebic pensiebis wyalobiT siRaribis zRvars zemoT xvdebian.

misamarTuli socialuri daxmareba (msd) Sinameurneobebis 11.5 procents moicavs da Senameurneobebis ukidures siRaribes 3.5 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs. kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis efeqti ufro mcirea – isini siRaribes or procentul erTeulze naklebiT amcirebs. Sinameurneobebis uRaribesi meaTedis34 daaxloebiT 41 procenti iRebs msd-s, xolo 21 procenti _ kategoriul benefitebs.

socialuri transferebi aseve siRaribis siRrmesac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs, magram RaribTa mniSvnelovani nawili transferebs ar iRebs. ukiduresad Rarib SinameurneobebSi pensiebis miReba siRaribis saSualo siRrmes 87.4 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs, magram pensiebs am Sinameurneobebis naxevarze naklebi iRebs. msd misi mimRebi ukiduresad Raribi Sinameurneobebis siRaribis siRrmes 46.5 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs; magram aseTi Sinameurneobebi ukiduresad Raribi yvela Sinameurneobebis mxolod 20 procents Seadgens. analogiurad, kategoriebze dafuZnebuli benefitebis miReba siRaribis siRrmes 62 procentuli erTeuliT amcirebs, magram maT Raribi Sinameurneobebis mxolod 7-8 procenti iRebs.

jandacvis finansuri xelmisawvdomoba

saSualod, Sinameurneobis mTliani wliuri xarjebis 11 procenti samedicino momsaxurebisa da medikamentebis SeZenas xmardeba . Sinameurneobebis mxolod 12.3 procents ar aqvs araviTari samedicino xarji. medikamentebis SeZena da samedicino momsaxurebis Rirebulebis gadaxda ZiriTad problemad dasaxelda Sinameurneobebis 17.5 da 14.3 procentis mier, Sesabamisad. erT eqvivalentur mozrdilze samedicino xarjebi gacilebiT maRalia qalaqad (285 lari), vidre soflad (215 lari). es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT mkafioa qalTa konsultaciebis, mSobiarobis da imunizaciisTan SemTxvevaSi, magram qalaqis Sinameurneobebi aseve mets xarjaven samedicino dazRvevaze, medikamentebze da eqimTan vizitebze. moxmarebis mixedviT Sinameurneobebis umdidresi mexuTedi eqvivalenturi mozrdilis samedicino momsaxurebaze daaxlebiT aTjer ufro mets xarjavs, vidre uRaribesi mexuTedi. samedicino momsaxurebis nebismieri kategoriisaTvis samedicino xarjebi izrdeba moxmarebis kvintilebis nomris zrdasTan erTad.

zogierTi SinameurneobisaTvis samedicino momsaxurebis da medikamentebis safasuris jibidan gadaxda SeiZleba katastrofuli aRmoCndes. jibidan gadaxdebi Sinameurneobebis 54 procentSi mTliani xarjebis 10 procents aRemateba. Sinameurneobebis 31 procentSi samedicino xarjebi arasasursaTo

34 decilebad ranJirebisTvis gamoyenebulia Sinameurneobebis moxmareba eqvivalentur

mozrdilze benefitebis gamoklebiT.


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95

xarjebis 25 procents aRemateba. yvela Sinameurneobis TiTqmis 60 procentSi 2008-2009 wlebis ganmavlobaSi erT adamians mainc dasWirda samedicino momsaxureba an medikamentebi, romlis safasuris gadaxdac Sinameurneobam ver SeZlo. Sinameurneobebis uRaribesi mexuTedisaTvis es maCvenebeli 75 procents aRemateba. finansur barierebs samedicino momsaxurebis da medikamentebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT soflis Sinameurneobebis ufro maRali procenti ganicdida, vidre qalaqis.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis meoTxedze naklebs aqvs raime saxis samedicino dazRveva, xolo qalaqis SinameurneobebisaTvis da es maCvenebeli erT mexuTedze qvemoT ecema. ufaso samedicino dazRveva Sinameurneobebis uRaribes kvintilSia koncentrirebuli, magram am kategoriis Sinameurneobebis SemTxvevaSic ki mxolod erT mexuTedze odnav meti (21.3%) aris moculi. es miuTiTebs damiznebis karg xarisxze, magram SezRudul mocvaze.

Sinameurneobebis mier krizisTan gamklavebis strategiebi

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mniSvnelovnad gauareseba orjer ufro xSirad aRiniSna Sinameurneobebis uRaribes mexuTedSi, vidre umdidres mexuTedSi. mdgomareobis gauaresebis mizezad Sinameurneobebis mier yvelaze xSirad valis gadaxdis saWiroeba dasaxelda. es valebi moicavs rogorc sabanko kreditebs, ise lombardis da individualuri gamsesxeblebisgan aRebul sesxebs.

Sinameurneobebis umetesobas (62%), romlebsac gauuaresdaT ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Semosavlis damatebiTi aranairi wyaro ar hqondaT. erTma mexuTedma miiRo daxmareba naTesavebisgan an megobrebisgan, xolo danarCenebma isesxes sxvadasxva wyaroebidan. Sinameurneobebis erTma mesamedma sakvebis moxmareba Seamcira, xolo 40 procentma ufro iafi sakvebis SeZena daiwyo. sakvebis raodenobis Semcireba an ufro iafi sakvebis moxmareba aRiniSna uRaribesi kvintilis Sinameurneobebis 95 procentSi, maSin roca analogiuri maCvenebeli umdidresi kvintilis SinameurneobebSi 50 procents odnav aRemateba.

bedis ironiiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom valebis gastumreba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis mizezad Sinameurneobebis TiTqmis or mesamedSi dasaxelda, valis aReba kvlavac iqca rTul periodSi Tavis gatanis erT-erT saSualebad. gasuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Sinameurneobebis 36-ma procentma aiRo vali.

uRaribesi kvintilis Sinameurneobebis naxevarze metSi acxadeben, rom maRalia an Zalian maRalia imis riski, rom momdevno erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi isini ver SeZleben minimaluri saWiroebebis dakmayofilebasac ki. pesimisturi ganwyoba momavali ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimarT aSkarad ufro maRalia ufro Rarib SinameurneobebSi.

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