the appendicular skeleton - biology building...
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The Appendicular Skeleton
2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs 3-Segmented limbs
Upper = arm Arm Forearm Hand
Lower = leg Thigh Leg Foot
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Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
Clavicle – anterior: collar bone Sternal end attaches to the manubrium
medially Acromial end articulates with the scapula
laterally Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
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Scapulae: triangular, paired, but don’t connect in back (adds thoracic flexibility)
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Scapula
Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus
Acromium articulates with clavicle
Coracoid process projects anteriorly
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Upper extremity
Arm or Brachium = upper arm Between shoulder
and elbow (humerus) Forearm or
Antebrachium Radius & ulna
Hand includes: Wrist (carpus) Palm (metacarpus) Fingers (phalanges)
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Arm Humerus is the only
bone Head of humerus fits
into glenoid cavity of scapula
Distal & medially, trochlea articulates with the ulna
Distal & laterally capitulum articulates with the radius
Medial & lateral epicondyles
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Right humerus, anterior view
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Right humerus, posterior view
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Forearm
2 bones: articulate with each other proximally and distally
Interosseous membrane between them
Ulna Olecranon hinges with the
humerus forming elbow Styloid process distally
Radius Contributes to wrist joint Styloid process anchors a
ligament to wrist (thumb side)
Radius is thinner proximally, like a spool of thread, and wide distally; ulna is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench (supposedly!)
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Right forearm bones, anterior view
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Right forearm bones, posterior view
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In the anatomical position, the radius is lateral (thumb side); with pronation the palm faces posteriorly and the bones cross
Left forearm
Prone: body lying face down Suppine: body lying face up (you can remember prone if you think
about how you would fall forward onto your face if you passed out)
Anatomical position
prone
pronation moves the forearm into the prone position and supination moves it back to the anatomical position
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proximal ulna
Proximal and distal joints of the forearm
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Hand Proximal is “wrist” – 8 carpal bones Palm of hand - 5 metacarpals Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones called
phalanges: thumb (“pollex”) has 2; fingers have 3: proximal, middle, distal
Right hand, 2 views:
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Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)
Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum) Deep sockets More stable than pectoral (shoulder) girdle Less freedom of movement Made up of the paired hip bones “Bony pelvis” is basin-like structure: hip bones
plus the axial sacrum and coccyx
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Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
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Ilium Iliac crest Anterior
superior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Forms part of “acetabulum”
(hip socket) which receives ball-shaped head of femur
ilium
ilium
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Ischium
Body Ramus Ischial spine Ischial
tuberosity Part of socket
ischium
ischium
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Pubis Joins
medially in pubic symphysis
Forms “obturator foramen” (large hole) with ischium
Part of socket
pubis
pubis
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Hip bones with labels
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Ligaments
False (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis
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Pelvis and childbearing Male/female differences
Large & heavy vs light & delicate Heart shaped pelvic inlet vs oval Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide & shallow Narrow outlet vs wide Less than 90 degree pubic arch vs more than 90
degree Birth canal changes shape as baby descends:
head turns ¼ Higher: pelvic inlet (brim) - side to side largest Lower: pelvic outlet - largest in AP direction
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Lower limb
Thigh: femur
Leg (lower leg) Tibia Fibula
Foot
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Thigh
Femur is largest, longest and strongest bone in the body
Head fits in socket (acetabulum) of pelvis
Neck is weakest Greater trochanter Distal: lateral & medial
condyles and epicondyles Patella: sesmoid bone
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Right femur, anterior view
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Right femur, posterior view
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Leg Tibia: shin bone
Medial and lateral condyles
Tibial tuberosity Distal medial malleolus
(medial ankle) Fibula
Distal lateral malleolus (lateral ankle)
Interosseous membrane
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Right lower leg, anterior view
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Foot Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
Talus: articulates with tibia and fibula anteriorly and calcaneus posteriorly
Calcaneus: heel bone Smaller cuboid,
navicular, and 3 cunieforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)
5 metatarsals 14 phalanges
Great toe is hallux
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Right foot, superior (dorsal) view and inferior (plantar) view
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Right foot, lateral and medial views
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Arches