the coca-cola company: human resource practices in gujranwala (pakistan)

7/23/2019 The Coca-Cola Company: Human Resource Practices in Gujranwala (Pakistan)

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Id`u c tf l t F`jojglf foNfhr l k i swf tfos`bdppfo

E^JV] ]^JKF@X

Hldod NJ^LPJYD (r=88>9=9)

Hfolscdvd LYDOJYD (r=884<0<)

Fsrd LN^DBLG (r=>=95=8)

Plgjo EFY@FO (r=802405)

Gdrcfod X[J@V (r=89=<=2)

Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy ℮ Bugdo ^fsjur`f ]rd`tl`fs lo Eukrdowdcd, ]dalstdo

Ptrdtfel` Lotfrodtljodc Bugdo ̂ fsjur`f Gdodefgfot

Gdstfr ji P`lfo`f lo Lotfrodtljodc Nuslofss F`jojgl`s doh Gdodefgfot (GLNFG)

Bjefs`bjjc Volvfrsltflt-Nrussfc (BVN) ‐ Adtbjclfaf Volvfrsltflt Cfuvfo (AVC)

D`dhfgl` \fdr; >=40 ‐ >=48

Huf hdtf; Gdy 49tb, >=48 Xfd`bfr; Hr. K. Erliiltb



]def > / >8

L. LOX^JHV@XLJO 0

D. Blstjry 0

N. Glssljo, Ylsljo doh Ydcufs 0

@. ]rjhu`ts 8

H. Dccfedtljos 8

F.

@j`d @jcd ]dalstdo 6

LL. EVK^DOUDCD“P J^EDOL[DXLJO 6

D. Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot 6

N. Jredolzdtljodc Ptru`turf 9

@. @jgpdoy @ucturf 2

H. Fgpcjyffs ds Dssfts 2

F. Xjtdc Tudclty Gdodefgfot 2

I. Fovlrjogfot <

LLL. EVK^DOUDCD“P B^ ]JCL@LFP 4=

D. Kjn Dodcysls, @jgpftfo`y Gjhfccloe doh Ujra Hfsleo 4=

N. ]cdooloe doh Ijrf`dstloe 4=

@. Dttrd`tloe Tudclilfh Fgpcjyffs 44

d. ^f`rultgfot 44

n. Pfcf`tljo 44

`. Gjtlvdtljo 4>

H. Xrdloloe doh Hfvfcjploe d @jgpftltlvf Ujraijr`f 4>

d.

Jvfrvlfw 4>

n. L otfrosblp ]rjerdgs 40

`. Gfotjrl oe ]rjerdgs 48

F. ]frijrgdo`f Gfdsurfgfot 48

I. Dpprdlsdc doh @jgpfosdtljo 46

d. ]fri jrgdo`f Dpprdlsdc 46

n. Xjtdc @jgpfosdtljo doh Nfofi lts 46

E. ]rjgjtloe Ufcc-Nfloe lo tbf Ujrapcd`f 49

d. Pdifty 49

n. Bfdctb doh Outr ltljo 45

`.

@clgdtf @bdoef 45h. Udstf Gdodefgfot 42

f. Xlgf Gdodefgfot 42

i. @jggltgfot tj Hlvfrsl ty 42

e. Fgpcjyffs Pj`ldc ]cdti jrg 4<

B. Cdnjr ^fcdtljos doh Fgpcjyff ^fcdtljosblp 4<

LY. @JO@CVPLJO >=

Y. ^FIF^FO@FP >4



]def 0 / >8

L. LOX^JHV@XLJO

D. Blstjry

Ojwdhdys, @j`d-@jcd ls tbf gjst uolvfrsdc `josugfr prjhu`t lo tbf wjrch, nut tbls wds ojt

dcwdys tbf `dsf. Xbf @j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy stdrtfh jut jo Gdy 2, 4229 lo Dtcdotd, Efjreld dsdo losleolil`dot jof gdo nuslofss (Bdyfs). Nrdohfh loltldccy ds d Irfo`b Ulof @j`d Ofrvf

Xjol` tbf rf`lpf wds pdtfotfh ny do Dtcdotd pbdrgd`lst odgfh @jcjofc Kjbo ]fgnfrtjo. Bf

glxfh d `jgnlodtljo ji clgf, `loodgjo, `j`d cfdvfs, doh tbf sffhs ji d Nrdzlcldo sbrun tj

gdaf tbf idnucjus nfvfrdef. Lo 4229, bjwfvfr, tbf prjblnltljo cdw `rlglodclzfh dc`jbjc doh

tbus, foijr`fh ]fgnfrtjo tj rf-fxdglof bls sf`rft ijrgucd. Xbf prjhu`t wds rf-cduo`bfh tbf

sdgf yfdr ds d ojo-dc`jbjcl` tjol`. @j`d-@jcd wds jrlelodccy usfh ds d ofrvf doh nrdlo tjol`

doh d gfhl`lof tbdt wds prjgjtfh tj `urf fvfrytbloe irjg gjrpblof dhhl`tljo, ofurdstbfold,

bfdhd`bfs, doh lgpjtfo`f tj hyspfpsld. Xbf prjhu`t“s odgf jrlelodtfs irjg twj ji lts

loerfhlfots; tbf `j`d cfdi doh tbf ajcd outs. Xbloaloe tbdt –tbf twj @s wjuch cjja wfcc lodhvfrtlsloe,‗ Hr. ]fgnfrtjo“s pdrtofr doh njjaaffpfr, Irdoa G. ^jnlosjo, sueefstfh tbf

odgf doh ojw idgjus trdhfgdra @j`d-@jcd (]fohfrerdst, >===). Xbf ilrst @j`d @jcd“s

dhvfrtlsfgfot dppfdrfh tbf sdgf yfdr (4229), prjgjtloe tbf hrloa ds hfcl`ljus doh

rfirfsbloe, d tbfgf tbdt ls stlcc nfloe dhvfrtlsfh ny tbf `jgpdoy tjhdy.

]rljr tj bls hfdtb lo 4<22, Hr. ]fgnfrtjo sjch bls sbdrfs tj Gr. Dsd @dohcfr, wbj `jotloufh

tj hrlvf tbf nrdoh tj su``fss. Lo 42<>, bf ijrgfh tbf `jrpjrdtljo –@j`d -@jcd‗ @jgpdoy doh

uohfrtjja deerfsslvf gdraftloe strdtfey. Bls fiijrts wfrf wfcc rfwdrhfh doh kust tbrff yfdrs

cdtfr, @dohcfr wds prjuh tj doojuo`f tbdt ‒@j`d-@jcd' wds ojw hruoa ‒lo fvfry stdtf doh

tfrrltjry lo tbf Voltfh Ptdtfs' (Bdyfs). Irjg tbfo jo, @j`d-@jcd wds jo tbf pdtb tj ecjry cfh

ny tbf ofwcy lovfstfh Ujjhruii idglcy wbj ijr tbf ofxt slx hf`dhfs wjuch bfcp sprfdh tbf

nrdoh tj dcc `jrofrs ji tbf ecjnf. Lo 4<>0, ^jnfrt Ulosblp Ujjhruii wds fcf`tfh ]rfslhfot ji

tbf `jgpdoy. Ny tbf tlgf ji lts 6=tb doolvfrsdry, tbf sjit hrloa bdh rfd`bfh tbf stdtus ji d

odtljodc l`jo lo tbf VPD. ]frbdps Gr. Ujjhruii“s erfdtfst `jotrlnutljo wds bls vlsljo ji

@j`d-@jcd ds do lotfrodtljodc prjhu`t.

Xjhdy @j`d-@jcd ls jof ji tbf gjst vdcudncf nrdohs jo tbf pcdoft. Lt ls sjch lo fvfry `juotry

tbrjuebjut tbf wjrch fx`fpt ijr Ojrtb Ajrfd doh @und- huf tj trdhf fgndrejfs wltb tbf

VPD. (NN@ Ofws). Bjwfvfr, lt ls rfpjrtfh tj nf dvdlcdncf fvfo lo tbjsf `juotrlfs ds d erfylgpjrt. (Uflssfrt, >==51 ^ydcc, >=4>).

N. Glssljo, Ylsljo doh Ydcufs

Xbf @j`d-@jcd glssljo bds tbrff gdlo jnkf`tlvfs hfilofh ny tbf `jgpdoy ds; –Xj rfirfsb tbf

wjrch, tj losplrf gjgfots ji jptlglsg doh bdpplofss, tj `rfdtf vdcuf doh gdaf d hliifrfo`f‗.

(@j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy wfnsltf). Xbls glssljo ls uolvfrsdc doh lt dcsj dppclfs ijr tbf @j`d @jcd

@jgpdoy lo ]dalstdo - –Nulch d sustdlodncf doh prjiltdncf nuslofss tbrjueb rfirfsbloe

`josugfrs, pdrtofrloe wltb `ustjgfrs, hfclvfrloe supfrljr vdcuf tj sbdrfbjchfrs doh nfloetrustfh ny `jgguoltlfs‗ (@@N]C wfnsltf). @jgpdoy“s vdcufs drf hftfrglofh tj nf; pdssljo



]def 8 / >8

(put jur bfdrts doh gloh lotj wbdt wf hj)1 d``juotdnlclty (d`t wltb bleb sfosf ji

rfspjoslnlclty doh bjch jursfcvfs d``juotdncf)1 lotferlty (nf jpfo, bjofst, ftbl`dc doh trust

doh rfspf`t fd`b jtbfr)1 tfdgwjra (`jccdnjrdtf ijr `jccf`tlvf su``fss).

Xbf VP- ndsfh `jgpdoy nfclfvfs lo –tbloaloe ecjndc, nut d`tloe cj`dccy‗ doh tbls strdtfeyeulhfs tbf `jgpdoy gdodefgfot ji `rjss-njrhfr jpfrdtljos. Xbf @j`d-@jcd B^G erjup sffs

lts glssljo ds d hfvfcjploe jof doh prjvlhloe uohfrcyloe pblcjsjpby drjuoh wbl`b cj`dc

nuslofssfs `do hfvfcjp tbflr jwo B^ prd`tl`fs. Uf `do tdaf ds do fxdgpcf @j`d- @jcd“s`jggjo sdcdry pblcjsjpby, stdtloe tbdt tbf tjtdc `jgpfosdtljo pd`adefs sbjuch nf

`jgpftltlvf wltb tbf nfst ji tbf `jgpdolfs ji tbf cj`dc gdraft. Xbf `jgpdoy elvfs irffhjg

tj tbf odtljodc nuslofss tj `johu`t jpfrdtljos lo d wdy tbdt ls dpprjprldtf tj tbf gdraft nut lt

dcsj fstdnclsbfs d `jggjo glohsft ijr lts fgpcjyffs.

@. ]rjhu`ts

@j`d-@jcd ls d `drnjodtfh sjit hrloa, wbl`b gdlo loerfhlfots drf `drnjodtfh wdtfr, suedr,

`diiflof, pbjspbjrl` d`lh, `drdgfc `jcjr doh odturdc icdvjrloes (tbflr fxd`t ijrgucd ls afpt lo

sf`rft). Lo dhhltljo tj tbf –Jrlelodc @jaf‗, tbfrf ls –Hlft @jaf‗, –@j`d- @jcd- [frj‗ doh irult

icdvjrfh `jcds claf @bfrry @jaf, @j`d-@jcd Clgf, doh Ptrdwnfrry @jaf ft`.

Xbf `jgpdoy bds d pjrtijclj `joslstloe ji gjrf tbdo 6== spdracloe doh stlcc nrdohs, wjrtb 45

nlccljo-hjccdr wltb 4.< nlccljo sfrvloes d hdy. Xbf gjst idgjus ji tbfg drf; Hlft @jaf, Idotd,

Pprltf, @j`d-@jcd [frj, Yltdglowdtfr, ]jwfrDhf, Gloutf Gdlh, Plgpcy, Efjreld doh Hfc

Ydccf. (@j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy wfnsltf). Ds lgprfsslvf ds tbf nrdoh ls, tbfrf bdvf nffo d erfdtougnfr ji `jotrjvfrslfs `jo`froloe tbf `jgpdoy doh lts prjhu`ts. Lo tbls pdpfr, wf wlcc pdy

dttfotljo jocy tj tbf jofs rfcfvdot tj Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot.

H. Dccfedtljos

Nfloe do lotfrodtljodc fgpcjyfr, tbf @j`d- @jcd @jgpdoy bds d cjt ji `bdccfoefs tj id`f

wbfo lt `jgfs tj Bugdo ^fsjur`fs. Lo sjgf `juotrlfs tbfrf bdvf nffo hjunts dnjut tbf idlr

prd`tl`fs ji tbf `jgpdoy rfedrhloe lts fgpcjyffs. Ijr lostdo`f, lo >=== tbf `jgpdoy wds

`bdrefh ijr rd`ldc hls`rlglodtljo lo VP. @j`d-@jcd derffh tj pdy $4<>.6 glccljo tj sfttcf tbfcdwsult doh gdhf d prjglsf tj `bdoef tbf wdy lt gdodefs doh prjgjtfs lts glojrlty

fgpcjyffs.

Dgjoe tbf qufstljodncf cdnjr prd`tl`fs tbfrf bdvf nffo dccfedtljos dedlost tbf `jgpdoy ji

lovjcvfgfot wltb pdrdglcltdry jredolzdtljos lo supprfssljo ji trdhf uoljos. Pu`b ls tbf `dsf

lo @jcugnld, wbfrf ]dodgfrl`do Nfvfrdefs (]dodg`j), @j`d-@jcd's gdlo njttcfr lo Cdtlo

Dgfrl`d, bdvf nffo d``usfh ji blrloe pdrdglcltdry gfr`fodrlfs tj dssdsslodtf uoljo cfdhfrs.

Pfvfrdc `jurt `dsfs drjusfh doh njy`jtt d`tljos dedlost Xbf @j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy wfrf

uohfrtdafo (–@dgpdleo tj Ptjp Alccfr @jaf‗).



]def 6 / >8

F. @j`d @jcd ]dalstdo

@j`d- @jcd ilrst stfppfh lotj tbf ]dalstdol gdraft lo 4<60 wltb tbf ijccjwloe nrdohs; @j`d

@jcd, Idotd, doh Pprltf. Xbf @j`d-@jcd Nfvfrdefs ]dalstdo Cth.“s ilrst pcdot wds jpfofh lo

Adrd`bl lo 4<<9, ijccjwloe tbf d`qulsltljo ji cj`dccy irdo`blsfh njttcloe jpfrdtljostbrjuebjut tbf `juotry jvfr tbf ofxt 4= yfdrs. Lo >==2, @j`d-@jcd Ľåf`fa d`qulrfh 8<% sbdrflo @j`d-@jcd ]dalstdo doh tjja jvfr tbf gdodefgfot. (@@N]C wfnsltf)

@urrfotcy, @j`d-@jcd Nfvfrdefs ]dalstdo Cth. (@@N]C) bds 9 pcdots doh 40 wdrfbjusfs

tbrjuebjut tbf `juotry doh sfrvfs d pjpucdtljo ji gjrf tbdo 45= glccljo. Lt bds d sleolil`dot

rjcf lo tbf erjwtb ji ]dalstdo“s f`jojgy slo`f lt ls jof ji tbf `juotry“s tjp ijrfleo hlrf`tlovfstgfots lo Idst Gjvloe @josugfr Ejjhs nuslofss doh ls jof ji tbf gdkjr tdx pdyloe

nfvfrdefs `jgpdolfs ji ]dalstdo (@@N]C wfnsltf). Xbf @j`d-@jcd Pystfg, d``jrhloe tj tbf

prfss rfcfdsf, prjvlhfs hlrf`t doh lohlrf`t fgpcjygfot tj gjrf tbdo 2,=== pfjpcf lo ]dalstdo1

wblcf dojtbfr 06,=== pfjpcf drf fgpcjyfh tbrjueb lts suppcy `bdlo, doh dojtbfr 4==,===

nfofilt tbrjueb fgpcjygfot lo dcclfh lohustrlfs (Ndcj`b, >=40).

LL. EVK^DOUDCD“P JÊDOL[DXLJO

D. Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot

Ojwdhdys B^G pcdys d vltdc rjcf lo tbf `jgpdoy“s pfrijrgdo`f doh su``fss. Gdodefrs lo

vdrljus ecjndc jredolzdtljos `jostdotcy fgpbdslzf tbf lgpjrtdo`f ji tbf fiif`tlvf bugdo

rfsjur`f gdodefgfot wbl`b lofvltdncy cfdhs tj tbf fstdnclsbgfot ji sustdlodncf `jgpftltlvf

dhvdotdef doh sunsfqufot erjwtb (Nlrhl & @cfee, >==2). Ds d cfdhloe ecjndc jredolzdtljo

@j`d @jcd bds hfvfcjpfh vdrljus pjcl`lfs doh prd`tl`fs wbl`b `jostltutf jof `jgpcftf doh

iuo`tljodc bugdo rfsjur`f gdodefgfot systfg. Ojt surprlsloecy, tbf @j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf

bds dppclfh tbls systfg dcsj lo ]dalstdo.

Xbf tdsa ji gdodeloe pfjpcf fiil`lfotcy ls njtb tbjroy doh `bdccfoeloe. Lt rfqulrfs `jostdot

`jjpfrdtljo dgjoe bugdo rfsjur`f prjifssljodcs, clof gdodefrs doh fgpcjyffs l.f. tbf sj-

`dccfh B^ Xrldh. Xbf afy rfspjoslnlclty ji tbf B^ Xrdlh ls tj dttrd`t doh rftdlo tbf supfrljr

tdcfots ny prjvlhloe dhfqudtf gjoftdry `jgpfosdtljo, fgpcjygfot prlvlcfefs doh

jppjrtuoltlfs, sdif wjraloe fovlrjogfot, ft`. (Edrdvdo, >==5).

Ds B^G ls tbf –iuo`tljo tbdt dsslsts jredolzdtljos lo d`blfvloe ejdcs ny jntdloloe doh

gdlotdloloe fiif`tlvf fgpcjyffs‗ (VP Cfedc.`jg), lt ls d afy fcfgfot ijr jredolzdtljos doh

tbf ndsls jo wbl`b tbf jredolzdtljo“s iuturf hfpfohs jo, nf`dusf –lt ls pfjpcf, ojt tf`bojcjey

wbj `rfdtf tbf `jgpdoy‗ (Xjhh GÀloojo, >=48). D``jrhloe tj Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc. (>==2),

B^ d`tlvltlfs –lo`cuhf tbf ijrgdc B^ pjcl`lfs hfvfcjpfh ny tbf `jgpdoy ds wfcc ds tbf d`tudc

wdys tbfsf pjcl`lfs drf lgpcfgfotfh lo tbf hdlcy prd`tl`fs ji supfrvlsjrs doh gdodefrs‗.



]def 9 / >8

Lohffh, tbf dlg ji tbls pdpfr ls tj dodcyzf tbf ijur tdsas doh hutlfs ji B^G ‐ pfrijrgdo`f

gdodefgfot, `jgpfosdtljo, `drffr hfvfcjpgfot, doh su``fssljo pcdooloe ‐ ndsfh jo tbf

prj`fhurfs dppclfh lo tbf Voltfh Ptdtfs. Fvfo tbjueb B^G ls lgpjrtdot, lts prd`tl`fs drfo“twlhfsprfdh lo ]dalstdo. Bjwfvfr , guctlodtljodcs claf Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy℮ bdvf tbflrjwo sfpdrdtf hfpdrtgfot ji B^G doh, d``jrhloe tj Udqdr Gdbgjjh, B^ Pfoljr Fxfùtlvf,

tbf Eukrdowdcd“s B^ hfpdrtgfot `joslsts ji >< pfjpcf.

Lo fd`b jredolzdtljo, pjcl`lfs drf lgpcfgfotfh lo d spf`lil` wdy lo jrhfr tj nf dhdptfh tj tbf

`jgpdoy. Bjwfvfr, pjcl`lfs doh prd`tl`fs drfo“t dcwdys dcleofh lo dcc jredolzdtljo. Lo sjgf

jredolzdtljos, pjcl`lfs drf `joslhfrfh ds –stdtfgfots ji fxpf`tdtljos‗ (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc.,

>==2) doh drfo“t tbfo lgpcfgfotfh lo d`tudc hdlcy prd`tl`fs. Lo sjgf jtbfr jredolzdtljos, tbf

gjrf pjcl`lfs doh prd`tl`fs drf `cjsfcy dcleofh, –tbf gjrf fiif`tlvf tbf jredolzdtljo ls clafcy

tj nf‗ (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc., >==2). Bjwfvfr, ds Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy℮ ls d ecjndc

`jgpdoy, lt“s lgpjsslncf tj `rfdtf `frtdlo pjcl`lfs jr prj`fhurfs –wbl`b drf dppcl`dncf lo dcc

hlvlsljos ji tbf `jgpdoy‗ (Arlsbod Adcydodg, >=4=).

(Pjur`f; Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44)

B^ pjcl`lfs doh prd`tl`fs `joslsts ji gdoy d`tlvltlfs; Kjn dodcysls, ]cdooloe doh Ijrf`dstloe,

^f`rultgfot, Xrdloloe doh hfvfcjpgfot, @johu`tloe pfrijrgdo`f gdodefgfot, Hfvfcjploe

do dpprjd`b tj tjtdc `jgpfosdtljo, Vsloe pfrijrgdo`f-ndsfh pdy, ]rjvlhloe nfofilts doh

sfrvl`fs, ]rjgjtloe wfccofss, doh Vohfrstdohloe uoljolzdtljo (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc., >==2).

N. Jredolzdtljodc Ptru`turf

Xbf @j`d- @jcd fotfrprlsf lo Eukrdowdcd ls hlvlhfh lotj sfvfrdc hfpdrtgfots. Xbls hlvlsljo

lgprjvfs lts iuo`tljodclty. Xbf fgpcjyffs drf dccj`dtfh tj tbf hliifrfot hfpdrtgfots jo tbf

ndsls ji tbflr afy `jgpftfo`fs doh `jggjo salccs. Xbf hfpdrtgfots drf bfdhfh ny tbf

Efofrdc Gdodefr wbj ls rfspjoslncf ijr tbflr prjpfr iuo`tljoloe.



]def 5 / >8

Jredolzdtljodc gfgnfrs drf `ru`ldc erjup ji stdafbjchfrs wbl`b lo`cuhfs fxfùtlvfs,

gdodefrs, supfrvlsjrs doh fvfo pdrt-tlgf fgpcjyffs (Nlecfy, Ifcps & Kjofs). Xbf

Eukrdowdcd @j`d- @jcd fotfrprlsf ls `joslstloe ji flebt Hfpdrtgfots wbl`b drf dcc bfdhfh up

ny d Gdodeloe Hlrf`tjr (GH). Xbf rfspjoslnlcltlfs ji gdodeloe tbf sfpdrdtf hfpdrtgfots drf

hfcfedtfh tj tbf hfpdrtgfot gdodefrs wbj `juch tdaf d`ùrdtf hdy-tj-hdy jpfrdtljodc

hf`lsljos gjrf fiif`tlvfcy tbdo tbf Gdodeloe Hlrf`tjr (Odrdydo, >=4=). Xbf hliifrfot

hfpdrtgfots drf clstfh bfrflo;

Ilodo`ldc Hfpdrtgfot

]rjhu`tljo doh Foeloffrloe Hfpdrtgfot

Tudclty @jotrjc Hfpdrtgfot

Pdcfs doh Gdraftloe Hfpdrtgfot

Icfft Hfpdrtgfot

Hlstrlnutljo Hfpdrtgfot

Bugdo ^fsjur`f Hfpdrtgfot

Xbf ^fsfdr`b doh Hfvfcjpgfot Hfpdrtgfot

Xbf Ilodo`ldc hfpdrtgfot ls cfh ny tbf Ilodo`ldc Gdodefr wbj ls lo `bdref ji tbf dsslstdot

gdodefrs (Odrdydo ft dc, >=4=). Xbf hfpdrtgfot ji ]rjhu`tljo doh Foeloffrloe ls gdodefh

ny tbf Foeloffr Gdodefr wbj ls rfspjoslncf ijr tbf pfrijrgdo`f ji tbf Gf`bdol`dc

Foeloffrs, Gf`bdol`dc Pupfrvlsjrs doh tbf Dsslstdot ]rjhu`tljo Gdodefrs (Odrdydo ft dc,

>=4=). Xbf Tudclty @jotrjc Hfpdrtgfot ls bfdhfh ny tbf Tudclty @jotrjc Gdodefr wbj ls

supfrvlsloe tbf @blfi @bfglst (Odrdydo ft dc, >=4=). Xbf cdttfr ls fosurloe tbdt tbf `jgpdoy“sstdohdrhs ji qudclty, prjhu`t `bdrd`tfrlstl`s doh dppfdrdo`f drf sdtlsilfh doh fx`ffhfh

wbfofvfr pjsslncf. Xbf Pdcf doh Gdraftloe Hfpdrtgfot ls gdodefh ny tbf Pdcfs dohGdraftloe Gdodefgfot wbjsf gdlo rfspjoslnlclty ls tj fxpdoh tbf Eukrdowdcd gdraft tj tbf

utgjst, bfo`f lo`rfdsloe tbf jvfrdcc sdcfs ji tbf `jgpdoy. Xbf cjelstl`s doh trdospjrtdtljo drf

`jotrjccfh ny tbf Icfft Hfpdrtgfot wbl`b ls bfdhfh ny tbf Icfft gdodefr. Xbf cdttfr ls

supfrvlsloe doh fosurloe tbdt tbf trdospjrtdtljo systfg ji tbf `jgpdoy ls fiil`lfot doh wfcc-

jredolzfh, dvjlhloe doy pjsslncf hfcdys. Lo dhhltljo, tbf Hlstrlnutljo Hfpdrtgfot ls jpfrdtloe

lo `cjsf `jccdnjrdtljo wltb tbf Icfft Hfpdrtgfot (Odrdydo ft dc, >=4=).

Xbf Bugdo ^fsjur`f Hfpdrtgfot ls iuohdgfotdc ijr tbf jvfrdcc su``fss ji tbf fotlrf

jredolzdtljo. Xbf jous ls jo tbf Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefr tj dhdpt tj tbf ùcturdc spf`lil`s

doh tj fosurf tbdt tbf `jgpdoy doh lts ùcturf drf fgnrd`fh jo d cj`dc cfvfc. Lo dhhltljo, tbf

cj`dc pjcltl`dc jredolzdtljos doh cdnjr gdraft `johltljos drf njtb `ru`ldc pdrt ji tbf

Eukrdowdcd fxtfrodc fovlrjogfot wbl`b drf dcsj `joslhfrfh ny tbf Bugdo ^fsjur`f

Gdodefgfot tfdg (Bltt & Plrgjo, >==5). Gjrfjvfr, tbf ^fsfdr`b doh Hfvfcjpgfot

Hfpdrtgfot ls rfspjoslncf ijr tbf `jgpdoy“s `jostdot fvjcutljo, erjwtb doh dhdptdtljo tj doy

ofw fgfreloe trfohs jo tbf fvfr- `bdoeloe gdraft.



]def 2 / >8

@. @jgpdoy @ucturf

Dpprjprldtf nuslofss prd`tl`fs doh loojvdtlvf nuslofss dpprjd`bfs tj gdodeloe bugdo

rfsjur`fs sustdlo strjoe @j`d- @jcd ùcturf wbl`b `jotrlnutfs tj tbf jvfrdcc prjhu`tlvlty doh

sdtlsid`tljo cfvfc ji lts fgpcjyffs. (Irlfhgdo, >==<). Xbfsf uolquf bugdo rfsjur`fs prd`tl`fs`juch ojt nf fdslcy rfpcl`dtfh, bfo`f `rfdtloe d sjur`f ji sustdlofh `jgpftltlvf dhvdotdef

(Xrdwofb, >=4=). D `jrf vdcuf ji @j`d-@jcd ùcturf rfdhlcy dppclfh lo ]dalstdo ls hlvfrslty.

Xbf jredolzdtljo“s dnlclty tj dhjpt vdrljus guctlùcturdc pfrspf`tlvfs doh tj utlclzf tbfg lo lts

nuslofss prd`tl`fs dt do jpfrdtljodc cfvfc ls lotferdc pdrt ji lts ecjndc su``fss fspf`ldccy lo d

blstjrl`dc `lty ds Eukrdowdcd (Pdgltl, 4<68). Xbf `jgpdoy ls dttrd`tloe, rf`rultloe, rftdloloe,

trdloloe doh hfvfcjploe tbf supfrljr tdcfots irjg hlvfrsf ndàerjuohs wbj `juch `jotrlnutf

wltb loojvdtlvf lhfds doh jrlelodc dpprjd`b tj tbf @j`d-@jcd nrdoh. @josfqufotcy, tbf

`jgpdoy ls fxpfrlfo`f sustdlodncf erjwtb, lo`rfdsfh gdraft sbdrf doh nfttfr gdraft

pjsltljoloe (Cff >=4=).

Lo Eukrdowdcd tbfrf drf sfvfrdc dspf`ts ji @j`d- @jcd B^ prd`tl`fs hfvjtfh tj bugdo `dpltdc

hfvfcjpgfot wbl`b drf strl`tcy ijccjwfh. Ppf`ldc trdloloe ls prjvlhfh tj ofw fgpcjyffs ny

fxpfrlfo`fh stdii gfgnfrs wbj drf lotrjhu`loe tbf `jgpdoy“s vdcufs, vlsljos doh ejdcs

(Hjwcloe & Ifstloe, >==2) Lo dhhltljo, d afy jnkf`tlvf ji tbf `jgpdoy“s B^G strdtfelfs lo

Eukrdowdcd ls tj `rfdtf doh sustdlo d wjrapcd`f fovlrjogfot wbl`b ls ijstfrloe tbf sfosf ji

jredolzdtljodc cjydcty doh dppurtfodo`f lo lts fgpcjyffs (Auvdds, >==2).

H. Fgpcjyffs ds Dssfts

Fgpcjyffs ji dcc j`ùpdtljos dhh vdcuf tj tbf `jgpdoy ny utlclzloe tbflr prjifssljodc salccs,

fxpfrlfo`f doh fxpfrtlsf lo tbf hliifrfot stdefs ji tbf nuslofss `y`cf. Xbfsf `jrf fgpcjyffs

drf dhhloe vdcuf tj tbf nuslofss lo d wlhf ougnfr ji wdys; tbrjueb rfsfdr`b, prjhu`tljo,

prjncfg- sjcvloe, fiif`tlvf gdodefgfot, `jst rfhu`tljos, ft`. (Bfrrfrj & Ydccf, >==9). Ds d

rfsuct ji tbf rdplh fxpdosljo ji @j`d- @jcd lo ]dalstdo doh tbf `josfqufot fgnrd`f ji lts

cj`dc ùcturf, vdrljus dhvdotdefs bdvf d``rufh tj tbf nuslofss. Xbf hliifrfot ùcturdc

pfrspf`tlvfs tbdt bdvf nffo fgnjhlfh lo tbf jredolsdtljo“s prd`tl`fs bdvf `rfdtfh hlvfrsf doh

loojvdtlvf tfdgs wbl`b drf fxtrfgfcy fiil`lfot doh hrlvf erjwtb (Hjwcloe ft dc , >==2).

F. Xjtdc Tudclty Gdodefgfot

Xjtdc Tudclty Gdodefgfot ls d –bjclstl` dpprjd`b tj cjoe-tfrg su``fss tbdt vlfws `jotloujus

lgprjvfgfot lo dcc dspf`ts ji do jredolzdtljo ds d prj`fss doh ojt ds d sbjrt-tfrg ejdc. Lt

dlgs tj rdhl`dccy trdosijrg tbf jredolzdtljo tbrjueb prjerfsslvf `bdoefs lo tbf dttltuhfs,

prd`tl`fs, stru`turfs, doh systfgs. QLtW trdos`fohs tbf prjhu`t qudclty dpprjd`b, lovjcvfs

fvfryjof lo tbf jredolzdtljo, doh fo`jgpdssfs lts fvfry iuo`tljo; dhglolstrdtljo,

`jgguol`dtljos, hlstrlnutljo, gdouid`turloe, gdraftloe, pcdooloe, trdloloe…‗. Xbf gjst

lgpjrtdot gfssdef ijr @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy ls nulchloe trust doh `jotlouf tj nulch trust

rfedrhcfss wbfrf tbf `jgpdoy hjfs lts nuslofss.



]def < / >8

@j`d @jcd gdodefs lts nuslofss drjuoh tbf wjrch wltb d `joslstfot sft ji vdcufs tbdt rfprfsfot

tbf blebfst stdohdrh ji lotferlty doh fx`fccfo`f. Xbfsf `jrf vdcufs drf fssfotldc tj tbf cjoe-

tfrg nuslofss su``fss doh wlcc nf rficf`tfh lo tbf gdraftpcd`f, tbf wjrapcd`f, tbf

fovlrjogfot doh tbf `jgguolty.

Ilrst, wbfo lt `jgfs tj tbf Gdraftpcd`f, @j`d @jcd strlvfs tj sfrvf tbf pfjpcf wbj fokjy tbf

nrdoh tbrjueb loojvdtljo, supfrn ùstjgfr sfrvl`f, doh rfspf`t ijr tbf uolquf ùstjgs doh

ùcturfs lo tbf `jgguoltlfs wbfrf @j`d @jcd hjfs nuslofss. Pf`joh, rfedrhloe tbf

Ujrapcd`f, @j`d @jcd“s dlg ls tj trfdt fvfryjof wltb hleolty, idlrofss doh rfspf`t. @j`d

@jcd“s wjrapcd`f ls d pcd`f wbfrf fvfryjof“s lhfds doh `jotrlnutljos drf vdcufh, fo`jurdeloe

dcc fgpcjyffs tj pfrijrg tj tbflr iuccfst pjtfotldc. Xblrh, dnjut Fovlrjogfot, wbdt @j`d @jcd

@jgpdoy `drfs dnjut, ls bjw tj `johu`t lts nuslofss lo wdys tbdt prjtf`t doh prfsfrvf tbf

fovlrjogfot. @j`d @jcd hjfs tbls ny lotferdtloe prlo`lpcfs ji fovlrjogfotdc stfwdrhsblp doh

sustdlodncf hfvfcjpgfot lotj lts nuslofss hf`lsljos doh prj`fssfs. Ilodccy, ijr @jgguolty,

rfspjoslncf `jrpjrdtf `ltlzfosblp ls dt tbf bfdrt ji Xbf @j`d-@jcd prjglsf1 `rfdtloe blebfrstdohdrhs ji clvloe doh qudclty ji clif lo tbf `jgguoltlfs lo wbl`b tbfy jpfrdtf doh nfloe

sj`ldccy rfspjoslncf ijr gfftloe cfedc, ftbl`dc doh f`jojgl` rfspjoslnlcltlfs pcd`fh jo tbfg.

I. Fovlrjogfot

Xbf @jgpdoy“s gdlo ejdc ls tj lo`rfdsf lts `jggltgfot tj tbf `jgguolty ds wfcc ds tbffovlrjogfot. Xju`bloe tbf clvfs ji nlccljos ji pfjpcf drjuoh tbf wjrch @j`d-@jcd“srfspjoslnlclty ls tj `johu`t lts nuslofss lo wdys tbdt bfcp prfsfrvf tbf fovlrjogfot.

@j`d-@jcd“s njttcfrs bfcpfh sjcvloe fovlrjogfotdc clttfr doh sjclh wdstf lssufs ijr gjrf tbdo

>= yfdrs. Xbf `jgpdoy suppjrts clttfr prfvfotljo jredolzdtljos lo`cuhloe tbf @fotfr ijr

Gdrlof @josfrvdtljo doh Affp Dgfrl`d Nfdutliuc. Gdrlof @josfrvdtljo ls do lostltutf

hfhl`dtfh tj sfùrloe pfrgdofot strjoe prjtf`tljo ijr tbf j`fdos gjst lgpjrtdot pcd`fs ijr us

doh ijr iuturf efofrdtljos. Affp Dgfrl`d Nfdutliuc ls d ojo-prjilt jredolzdtljo ijuohfh lo

4<60. Lt ls tbf cdrefst `jgguolty lgprjvfgfot jredolzdtljo lo tbf VP. Lt jiifrs sjcutljos tbdt

`rfdtf `cfdo, nfdutliuc puncl` pcd`fs, rfhu`f wdstf doh lo`rfdsf rf`y`cloe, efofrdtf pjsltlvf

lgpd`t jo cj`dc f`jojglfs doh losplrf efofrdtljos ji fovlrjogfotdc stfwdrhs.

Affp Dgfrl`d Nfdutliuc doh Xbf @j`d-@jcd ijuohdtljo bdvf nffo wjraloe jo tbf rf`y`cloe

Nlo Erdot ]rjerdg wbl`b prjvlhfs rf`y`cloe nlos ijr puncl` spd`fs. Erjups lotfrfstfh lo

rf`flvloe d nlo gust dppcy doh rf`lplfots drf sfcf`tfh ndsfh jo `rltfrld lo`cuhloe1 cfvfc ji

offh, rf`y`cloe fxpfrlfo`f doh tbf dnlclty ji dppcl`dots tj sustdlo tbflr prjerdg lo iuturf. Xbls

yfdr, @j`d-@jcd fxpdohfh lts lovfstgfot lo tbf nlo erdot prjerdg tj lo`cuhf d spf`lil` ijùs

jo twj-yfdr `jgguolty `jccfefs. Lo dhhltljo, tbf nlo erdot prjerdgs dcsj lo`cuhf ijur-yfdr

`jccfefs doh uolvfrsltlfs ds wfcc ds tbf trdhltljodc puncl` spd`f rf`y`cloe nlo erdots.

D``jrhloe tj Cjrl Efjref Nlccloescfy (Yl`f-]rfslhfot @jgguolty ^fcdtljos @j`d-@jcd Ojrtb

Dgfrl`d), ‒“Xbls `jccdnjrdtljo fiijrt ojt jocy bfcps tbf fovlrjogfot tjhdy. Lt dcsj nulchs

gjrf sustdlodncf `jgguoltlfs ijr tbf iuturf‗.



]def 4= / >8

LLL. EVK^DOUDCD“P B^ ]JCL@LFP

D. Kjn Dodcysls, @jgpftfo`y Gjhfccloe doh Ujra Hfsleo

Kjn dodcysls `jotdlos twj fcfgfots `dccfh kjn hfs`rlptljo doh kjn spf`lil`dtljo. Xbf ijrgfr ls

d –clst ji kjn hutlfs, rfspjoslnlcltlfs, rfpjrtloe rfcdtljosblp, wjraloe `johltljos dohsupfrvlsjry rfspjoslnlcltlfs‗ (Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44), tbdt ejfs dcjoe wltb tbf cdttfr

wbl`b ls –d clst ji d kjn“s bugdo rfqulrfgfots tbdt ls rfqulsltfs fhu` dtljo, salccs, pfrsjodclty

(Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44). Kjn dodcysls bfcps tbfo lo dodcyzloe tbf rfsjur`fs doh

fstdnclsbloe tbf strdtfelfs tj d``jgpclsb tbf nuslofss ejdcs doh strdtfel` jnkf`tlvfs (Xdcbd

Odzdr ft dc., >=4>).

Lohffh, jredolzdtljos usudccy spclt doh hlstrlnutf tbf wjra tj nf hjof ny lts fgpcjyffs lotj

spf`lil` kjns, doh fd`b jof ji tbfsf kjns lo`cuhfs d pdrtl`ucdr `jgnlodtljo ji tdsas doh rjcf

rfspjoslnlcltlfs. Ijr do B^G tj nf fiif`tlvf, lt bds tj nf ndsfh jo d `cfdr –uohfrstdohloe jitbf wdy tbdt wjra ls dccj`dtfh dgjoe kjns, tbf `jgpftfo`lfs offhfh ny fgpcjyffs wbj wjra

lo tbjsf kjns, doh d cjoe-tfrg vlfw ji bjw tbfsf drf clafcy tj `bdoef lo tbf iuturf (Pusdo

Kd`asjo ft dc., >==2).

Lo tbf `dsf ji tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdo, lts B^ hfpdrtgfot bds lts jwo kjn dodcysls irjg wbl`b

tbfy eft tbf loijrgdtljo dnjut –fgpcjyffs wjra d`tlvltlfs, bugdo nfbdvljur, pfrijrgdo`f

stdohdrh, kjn `jotfxt doh bugdo rfqulrfgfots doh dcsj jtbfr loijrgdtljo rfcdtfh tj bls

`johu`t‗ (Arlsbod Adcydodg, >=4=). Jo`f dcc loijrgdtljos drf `jccf`tfh vld jnsfrvdtljo

gftbjhs, lotfrvlfw tf`bolqufs, qufstljoodlrfs, doh bfdhbuotloe (Xdcbd Odzdr ft dc., >=4>),

tbf hfpdrtgfot ls dncf tj dcleo `jgpftfo`y gjhfccloe wltb wjra hfsleo. Ndsfh jo tbdt, tbf

B^ hfpdrtgfot usfs tbfsf loijrgdtljos ijr ^f`rultgfot, Pfcf`tljo, @jgpfosdtljo,

]frijrgdo`f dpprdlsdc, Xrdloloe, doh ijr lgprjvloe Fgpcjyffs“ rfcdtljosblps.

N. ]cdooloe doh Ijrf`dstloe

Xbf Eukrdowdcd B^ hfpdrtgfot ls dcsj lovjcvfh lo tbf strdtfel` pcdooloe ji tbf `jgpdoy.

Lohffh, tbfy gdaf suiil`lfot pcdooloe –ijr blrloe ofw fgpcjyffs lo tbf iuturf (Arlsbod

Adcydodg, >=4=). Gjrfjvfr, tbf B^ hfpdrtgfot ijrf`dsts ijr tbf fxpf`tfh fgpcjyffs offhs

lo tbf `jgpdoy. Xbfy ijrf`dst tbflr fgpcjyffs jo tbf ndsls ji `bdoef lo tf`bojcjey doh

lo`rfdsloe lo prjhu`tlvlty.



]def 44 / >8

@. Dttrd`tloe Tudclilfh Fgpcjyffs

d. ^f`rultgfot

D``jrhloe tj Dgdrd Ndsblr, tbf B^ Hlrf`tjr, –Uf dt @@N]C4 strlvf tj dttrd`t, ourturf,

gfotjr, hfvfcjp doh rfofw tdcfot‗ doh –strlvf ijr tbf ^lebt ]frsjo lo tbf ^lebt Kjn dt tbf^lebt Xlgf‗ (@@N]C, >=48). Lohffh, ijr tbf kjn tj nf hjof, `jgpdolfs bdvf tj dttrd`t

tdcfotfh cdnjr doh rftdlo tbjsf wbj pfrijrg nfst (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc., >==2). Lohffh, tbf

rf`rultgfot lo tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdo fstdnclsbfs dhs lo ofwspdpfr, jo tbf `jgpdoy“s wfnsltf,

lo lostltutljos doh sj jo. Xbf B^ hfpdrtgfot `jccf`ts tbfo dcc dppcl`dtljo ijrgs, –irjg

`dohlhdtfs wltb rfqulrfh hjùgfots doh @Y‗ (Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44).

Xbf rf`rultgfot prj`fss lo Eukrdowdcd ls hjof lo twj wdys. Jo tbf jof bdoh, tbf lotfrodc

rf`rultgfot `joslsts jo rf`rultloe pfjpcf lotfrodccy, sj sjgf kjn vd`do`lfs drf dccj`dtfh tj

fgpcjyffs wltblo tbf jredolzdtljo rdtbfr tbdo tj fxtfrodc pfrsjos. Xbfrf drf tbrff gdlo

sjur`fs ji lotfrodc rf`rultgfot; prfsfot pfrgdofot fgpcjyffs, prfsfot tfgpjrdry fgpcjyffs,

doh rftlrfh fgpcjyffs. Xbls dccj`dtljo ls ndsfh jo sjur`fs claf lotrdoft, stdii ojtl`f njdrh, lo-

bjusf gdedzlof doh ofwscfttfr, lotfrodc ojtl`fs, gfftloe, doh pfrsjodc rf`jggfohdtljos. Dcc

vd`do`lfs drf tbfo doojuo`fh lotfrodccy –sj tbdt li tbfrf ls sjgfjof wbj `do iucilc tbf

rfqulrfgfots `do eft blg/bfrsfci prjgjtfh jr `do rfifr sjgfjof ji bls rfcdtlvf tj kjlo li bf ls

`dpdncf ji tbdt kjn‗ (Vgfr Idrjjq, >=4>). Jo tbf jtbfr bdoh, tbf fxtfrodc rf`rultgfot ls

–wbfrf tj ilcc tbf vd`do`y irjg doy sultdncf dppcl`dot jutslhf tbf jredolzdtljo‗ (VgfrIdrjjq, >=4>). Xbls dccj`dtljo ls ndsfh jo sjur`fs claf prfss dhvfrtlsfgfot, fhu`dtljodc

lostltutf, pcd`fgfot defo`lfs, fgpcjyff rfifrfo`f, fgpcjyff rfifrrdcs, doh cdnjr `jotrd`tjrs.

n. Pfcf`tljo

Xbf pjsltljo ijr wbl`b fgpcjyffs dppcy ijr cfdhs tbf sfcf`tljo prj`fss tj vdry, nf`dusf fd`b

hliifrfot rjcfs lo tbf pcdo `do“t ilt wltb jof uolquf doh uolijrg sfcf`tljo prj`fss. Lohffh, –tbf

drt ji `bjjsloe gfo ls ojt ofdrcy sj hliilùct ds tbf drt ji fodncloe tbjsf jof bds `bjsfo tj

dttdlo tbflr iucc wjrtb‗ (Odpjcfjo Njodpdrtf, `ltfh ny Gl`bdfc Kjsfpbsjo, >=4>). Gdoy tjjcs

drf usfh tj sfcf`t fgpcjyffs.

Ilrst, lotfrvlfws rfvfdc gjrf dnjut tbf `dohlhdtf wltb qufstljos dnjut bjw tbfy usudccy nfbdvf lo hliifrfot sltudtljos, dt s`bjjc, uolvfrslty doh sj jo. Pf`joh, erjup fxfr`lsfs sbjw

bjw fiif`tlvfcy pfjpcf wjra tjeftbfr doh drf d ejjh j``dsljo tj fvdcudtf bjw fgpcjyffs

`juch `jgguol`dtf, loicufo`f doh lovjcvf jtbfr pfjpcf lo tbf wjrapcd`f (Olpuod Uffrdajjo

ft dc., >=44). Xblrh, prfsfotdtljos elvf tbf jppjrtuolty tj fxprfss pfjpcf“s dnlclty tj

`jgguol`dtf tj d erjup ji jtbfrs dnjut d spf`lil` sunkf`t. Ijurtb, psy`bjgftrl` tfsts drf

fxfr`lsfs tj nf hjof lo d elvfo pfrljh ji tlgf doh tbf dlg ls tj fvdcudtf `dohlhdtfs“ dnlcltlfs

doh pjtfotldc. Fxdglodtjrs gdy dcsj usf –pfrsjodclty dssfssgfot tjjc‗ (Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft

dc., >=44) hfsleofh tj iloh jut gjrf spf`lil` fcfgfots dnjut `dohlhdtfs. Ilitb, rjcfs

pcdys/sltudtljodc tfsts drf gdhf tj jnsfrvf bjw `dohlhdtfs rfd`t lo d spf`lil` `jotfxt. Lt bfcps

4 @j`d-@jcd Nfvfrdefs ]dalstdo Cth.



]def 4> / >8

tj blebclebt `jgpftfo`lfs doh tj fvdcudtf li `dohlhdtfs sult ijr d kjn pjsltljo. @dohlhdtfs gdy

nf elvfo id`ts doh ileurfs tj rfvlfw, jr d rfpjrt tj `jgpcftf‗ (Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc.,

>=44). Bfo`f, jo`f tfsts wltb tbf `dohlhdtf drf hjof, fvdcudtljo ls gdhf doh tbf dssfssgfot

wlcc nf gdhf wltb rfspf`t tj tbf efofrdc prjilcf ji tbf `dohlhdtf, bls pfrsjodclty ilt tj tbf kjn,

bls dptltuhf doh `jgpftfo`lfs tj hj tbf kjn lo tbf pcdot, doh bls gjtlvfs tj kjlo tbf `jgpdoy.

`.

Gjtlvdtljo

Xbf `jgpdoy ls `drfiuc dnjut lts fgpcjyffs“ gjtlvdtljo. Xj affp lt bleb, tbf `jgpdoy“s

pjcl`y lo`cuhfs prjgjtljos ijr bdrhwjraloe fgpcjyffs. Xbfsf prjgjtljos drf ndsfh jo tbf

pfrijrgdo`f wbl`b ls d buef gjtlvdtljo; tbf blebfr tbf pfrijrgdo`f, tbf blebfr tbf rfwdrh

pjsslnlclty. Gjrfjvfr, prjgjtljos drfo“t tbf jocy tjjc; D `jgpfosdtljo strdtfey `do dcsj nf

rfcfvdot ds –@j`d @jcd ls pdyloe lohustrldc dvfrdef lo `jgpfosdtljo‗ (Vgfr Idrjjq, >=4>).

Lo dhhltljo tj tbfsf strdtfelfs, `jgpftltljo nftwffo fgpcjyffs dnjut pfrijrgdo`f `do dcsj nf

do lgpjrtdot fcfgfot ijr lo`rfdsloe gjtlvdtljo. Lo tbdt `dsf, gdodefrs drf lgpjrtdot ds wfcc,

ds tbfy elvf iffhndà tj fgpcjyffs dnjut rfedrhloe tbflr pfrijrgdo`f. Xbfy bfcp fgpcjyffs

wltb tbflr prjncfgs (Vgfr Idrjjq, >=4>).

H. Xrdloloe doh Hfvfcjploe d @jgpftltlvf Ujraijr`f

d. Jvfrvlfw

D prlgf jnkf`tlvf ji tbf @j`d-@jcd ls tj rdlsf dwdrfofss ji tbf `dsudc rfcdtljosblp nftwffo

fhu`dtljo doh bleb-qudclty ji clif. Xbdt ls wby tbf jredolzdtljo ls iuohloe vdrljus fhu`dtljodc

loltldtlvfs dt d ecjndc cfvfc l.f. prjspf`tlvf stuhfots drf erdotfh s`bjcdrsblps doh lotfrosblps

jppjrtuoltlfs (@bfw, Ppdoecfr & [bu, >==6).

^fedrhloe tbf fgpcjyff hfvfcjpgfot lo tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot, tbf ndsls ji tbf `drffr

prjerfssljo ls tbf fgpcjyff“s pjtfotldc ltsfci. Xbf @@N]C Bugdo ^fsjur`fs Hfpdrtgfot

dodcysfs tbflr dnlcltlfs –tbrjueb fxpfrlfo`f, pfrijrgdo`f rdtloes, qudclil`dtljos doh

`jgpftfo`lfs‗ (@@N]C, >=48). Lo jrhfr tj d`blfvf tbf nfst, tbf B^ hfpdrtgfot bds tj fosurf

tbdt tbf fgpcjyffs“ pjtfotldc drf fiil`lfotcy usfh lo tbf hliifrfot hfpdrtgfots ji tbf `jgpdoy.

Lohffh, `dpdnlclty hfvfcjpgfot nf`dgf `ru`ldc lo tbf B^ pjcl`lfs ji @@N]C. Xbf dlg ls tj

`jostru`t lgpjrtdot jredolzdtljodc dnlcltlfs, tj hftf`t doh `rfdtf tdcfotfh pfjpcf d bleb

pfrijrgdo`f cfvfc. Xbfrfijrf, tbf `jgpdoy –wjuch nf ijùsloe jo jredolzdtljodc

`jgpftfo`lfs lo jrhfr tj nrlhef tbf salcc edp cfdhloe tj supfrljr pfrijrgdo`f ds wfcc ds `rfdtf

ijùsfh trdloloe & hfvfcjpgfot pcdos ijr jur fgpcjyffs‗ (@@N]C, >=48). Bfo`f, –Clvloe

pjsltlvfcy, Dhhloe Ydcuf, doh Gdaloe Hliifrfo`f‗ drf tbf jnkf`tlvfs. (@@N]C, >=48).

Gjrf spf`lil`dccy, ijr d wjraijr`f tj nf `jgpftltlvf, fgpcjyffs offh tj aojw wbdt tbfy drf

suppjsfh tj hj. Pj fgpcjyfrs –jitfo prjvlhf lostru`tljo doh trdloloe‗ (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc.,

>==2) doh, ds `bdoefs lo kjn rfqulrfgfots `do rdplhcy `bdoef, fgpcjyffs wbj drf dcrfdhy



]def 40 / >8

blrfh lo tbf `jgpdoy sbjuch nf dncf tj hfvfcjp ofw `jgpftfo`lfs, tj –nf`jgf prjil`lfot lo

ofw kjns, doh fvfo `bdoef tbflr j`ùpdtljos‗ (Pusdo Kdàsjo ft dc., >==2).

Dt tbf ecjndc cfvfc, trdloloe doh hfvfcjpgfot prjerdgs bdvf do fxtfoslvf jo tbf kjn trdloloe

prjerdg –tj ijùs jo tbf hdy-tj-hdy offhs ji tbflr pfjpcf doh, lo fd`b ji tbflr jiil`f d`rjss

tbf `jotlofot, tbfrf drf d ougnfr ji cj`dc trdloloe loltldtlvfs `dtfrloe tj pdrtlùcdr rfeljodc

offhs (@@N]C, >=48). Gjrfjvfr, tbf `jgpdoy `rfdtfh Xbf @j`d @jcd Volvfrslty wbl`b ls d

uolvfrslty tdcfot prjerdg, jredolzfh ijr ijur gdlo wjra; Pdcfs doh Gdraftloe, Puppcy @bdlo,

]uncl` Diidlrs doh @jgguol`dtljo, doh Ilodo`f. Lt prjvlhfs jppjrtuoltlfs tj cfdh pfjpcf tj

hfvfcjp njtb pfrsjodccy doh lo nuslofss (Volvfrslty Xdcfot ]rjerdg, >=48).

Dt tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot cfvfc, rfsjur`fs drf hlvfrsf ds tbfy lo`cuhf lostru`tjr cfh trdloloe

`cdssfs (lo d rdoef ji drfds claf pfjpcf, irdo`blsf doh `josugfr doh `jggfr`ldc cfdhfrsblps),

f-cfdroloe tj sbdrf aojwcfhef, wjrasbjps tj efofrdtf ofw lhfds doh dppcy tbfg prd`tl`dccy,

kust-lo-tlgf trdloloe doh hfvfcjpgfot ijr `rltl`dc salccs, do fxtfoslvf joclof clnrdry ji njjasdoh jtbfr rfsjur`fs, doh fxtfrodc spfdafrs rfvlfwloe tbf cdtfst tbloaloe jo bjt tjpl`s.

Xbfrfijrf, lt ls tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot“s rfspjoslnlclty tj trdlo lts fgpcjyffs ds tf`bojcjelfs drffvjcvloe. Ditfr rf`rultfh, fgpcjyffs drf trdlofh doh pdlh ijr tbrff gjotbs. Ditfr tbls pfrljh,

tbfy nf`jgf pdrt ji tbf `jgpdoy.

Lohffh, cfdroloe doh hfvfcjpgfot tfdgs id`f `bdccfoefs ijr gjrf `jst-fiif`tlvf trdloloes doh

d ofw prjhu`t `dccfh –Xrdloloe jo Ubffcs‗ bds nffo lotrjhu`fh tj fosurf tbf lhfd ji –trdloloe kust-lo-tlgf ijr fvfryjof‗ (@@N]C, >=48). Gjrfjvfr, –Plo`f cfdroloe ls d `jostdot prj`fss,

Qtbf `dpdnlclty hfvfcjpgfotW fo`jurdefs fgpcjyffs irjg `jggfr`ldc sdcfs iuo`tljo tj `jgfjo njdrh doh `johu`t trdloloes ds wfcc lo jrhfr tj hfclvfr d nfttfr uohfrstdohloe doh dcsj tj

sbdrf tbf fxpfrlfo`f wltb tbf duhlfo`f. Xbls ijr surf wlcc fodncf dcc vjcuotffrs ijr tbf prjkf`t

tj lohucef tbfgsfcvfs lo d`tlvltlfs jtbfr tbdo tbflr rfeucdr wjra doh tj `jotrlnutf tjwdrhs B^

loltldtlvfs.‗ (@@N]C, >=48)

n. L otfrosblp ]rjerdgs

Xbf @j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf ls `jgglttfh tj prjvlhloe jppjrtuoltlfs ijr yjuoe prjifssljodcs

wltb clttcf jr oj fxpfrlfo`f l.f. tbf `jgpdoy jiifrs d wlhf rdoef ji Lotfrosblp ]rjerdgs njtbijr stuhfots doh erdhudtfs. Ijr d pfrljh ji ijur yfdrs tbf `jgpdoy bds `jgpcftfh tbf trdloloe

ji 46= lotfros dcc `jgloe irjg hlvfrsf ndàerjuohs. Fvfry yfdr dppcl`dots irjg gjrf tbdo

>>6 fhu`dtljodc lostltutljos cj`dtfh dcc drjuoh tbf `juotry drf `jgpftloe ijr tbf Puggfr

Lotfrosblp ]rjerdgs. Xbf jredolzdtljo ls `jvfrloe tbf bjusloe doh tbf trdospjrtdtljo `jsts ji

tbf su``fssiuc dppcl`dots lo dhhltljo tj `jgpdrdtlvfcy bleb gjoftdry `jgpfosdtljo. Xbfsf

idvjrdncf tfrgs dttrd`t tbf vfry nfst yjuoe lohlvlhudcs wbj `juch dhh d rfdc vdcuf tj tbf

`jgpdoy doh lts ùcturf. Xbf erdhudtf jppjrtuoltlfs wbl`b drf dcsj qultf `jgpftltlvf drf lo

tbf spbfrf ji gdraftloe doh sdcfs.



]def 48 / >8

`.

Gfotjrloe ]rjerdgs

Xj fosurf tbdt fgpcjyffs drf `jostdotcy gdxlglzloe tbflr prjifssljodc pfrijrgdo`f, tbf

@j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf ls prjvlhloe gfotjrloe prjerdgs wbl`b lo`cuhf jof-tj-jof gfotjrloe,

erjup gfotjrloe doh sfci-gfotjrloe. Xbfsf prjerdgs drf hfsleofh tj ijstfr hfvfcjpgfot doherjwtb doh tj stlgucdtf fgpcjyfrs tj d`qulrf ofw `jgpftfo`fs dppcl`dncf tj tbf fvfr-

`bdoeloe fxtfrodc fovlrjogfot (Nurafd & Oen, >==9). Lo dhhltljo, tbf fgpcjyffs drf jiifrfh

do loojvdtlvf wdy ji oftwjraloe, `jd`bloe doh `drffr `juosfcloe. Gfotjrloe ls usfh dcsj ds d

gftbjh ji fx`bdoef ji loijrgdtljo wltblo tbf jredolzdtljo wblcst fo`jurdeloe `rltl`dc

tbloaloe doh lostru`tlvf cfdroloe (Bfzcftt & Elnsjo, >==6).

F. ]frijrgdo`f Gfdsurfgfot

Xbls gfdsurfgfot ls –tbf prj`fss wbfrfny do jredolzdtljo fstdnclsbfs tbf pdrdgftfrs wltblowbl`b prjerdgs, lovfstgfots, doh d`qulsltljos drf rfd`bloe tbf hfslrfh rfsucts‗ (Dyfsbd,>=40). Xbf `jgpdoy gdafs d cloa nftwffo tbf glssljo doh vlsljo, doh lts jpfrdtljos doh

iuo`tljos. Xbf pfrijrgdo`f ds d wbjcf ls gdodefh sj tbdt tbf nfst ls tdafo irjg lt. Gdodefrs

doh fgpcjyffs drf `jgglttfh dt d bleb hferff lo tbf systfg tj gdaf `bjl`fs tbdt `do cfdh tj

cjydcty irjg tbf fgpcjyffs.

(Pjur`f; Dyfsbd, >=40)

–Ditfr tbf ejdcs doh strdtfey bds nffo ijrgucdtfh, pfrijrgdo`f ls gfdsurfh lo jrhfr tj `bf`a

tbf lgpcfgfotdtljo ji strdtfey doh ejdcs. Gjotbcy rfvlfw ls hjof tj `bf`a tbf

lgpcfgfotdtljo rfsucts. Hurloe rfvlfw pfrljhs oj `bdoefs lo tbf ejdcs `do nf `bdoefh.

Hurloe tbf glh-yfdr stdef, ejdcs `do nf iurtbfr rfilofh jr dctfrfh doh ofw pjcl`lfs `do nf

hfsleofh tj d`blfvf tbf jredolzdtljodc cfvfc ejdcs. Dt tbf ilodc stdef tbf pfrijrgdo`f ls

gdt`bfh wltb tbf stdohdrhs doh ejdcs ji tbf jredolzdtljo. Li tbfrf drf pjsltlvf rfsucts wltb

lo`rfdsf lo jvfrdcc prjhu`tlvlty, tbf lohlvlhudc pfrijrgdo`f ji tbf fgpcjyffs ls fvdcudtfh doh

tbf rfwdrhs drf tbfo elvfo jo tbf ndsls ji pfrijrgdo`f.‗ (Dyfsbd, >=40)



]def 46 / >8

I. Dpprdlsdc doh @jgpfosdtljo

d. ]frijrgdo`f Dpprdlsdc

Ds stdtfh ny Udqdr Gdbgjjh, tbf B^ gdodefr ji Eukrdowdcd pcdot, rfedrhloe tbf

pfrijrgdo`f dppr dlsdc, –Uf dpprdlsf tbf fgpcjyffs huf tj tbflr pfrijrgdo`f dnjut ejdcs jitbf jredolzdtljo. Uf sft tbf ejdcs, stdrtloe Qirjg tbf nfelooloe jiW tbf yfdrW doh tfcc tbf

fgpcjyffs dnjut tbf ejdc. Li tbf fgpcjyffs d`blfvf tbflr ejdcs, wf dpprdlsf QtbfgW‗ (Clabjoft dc., >=44). Lohffh, tbf jnkf`tlvf ls tj lgprjvf fgpcjyffs“ pfrijrgdo`f doh tj fosurf tbfgdnjut tbf id`t tbdt tbf `jgpdoy ls cjydc tjwdrh lts fgpcjyffs, ijr jof slgpcf rfdsjo;

–Fgpcjyffs drf jur dssfts. Xbfrfijrf, wf drf `drfiuc dnjut tbflr bfdctb doh nfofilts‗ (Clabjoft dc., >=44).

Ny hfiloltljo, pfrijrgdo`f dpprdlsdc ls d systfg tbdt fvdcudtf fgpcjyffs“ nfbdvljr lo tbf

wjrapcd`f, vld qudcltdtlvf doh qudotltdtlvf dodcysls ji kjn pfrijrgdo`f (Clabjo ft dc., >=44).

Lohffh, lt ls –do fiif`tlvf tf`bolquf tj suppjrt doh `bdoef ùcturf ji tbf jredolzdtljojptlglstl`dccy1 lt wjuch nf pjsslncf li tbf systfg ls fqudc ijr dcc fgpcjyffs ji jredolzdtljo.

Xbf `jgpdoy“s gdodefgfot sbjuch tbfo utlclzf tbls systfg tj dcc fgpcjyffs sj ds tj lo`rfdsf

fiif`tlvfofss doh prjhu`tlvlty‗ (Clabjo ft dc., >=44).

Xj nf spf`lil`, tbfrf drf tbrff stfps lo tbf pfrijrgdo`f dpprdlsdc prj`fss. Xbf ilrst stfp ls tj

hfilof tbf kjn ny fosurloe tbdt tbf gdodefr doh tbf fgpcjyff derff tbf hutlfs doh tbf kjn

stdohdrh. Xbf sf`joh stfp ls tbf pfrijrgdo`f dpprdlsdc ltsfci, lo wbl`b tbf `jgpdrlsjo

nftwffo tbf sunjrhlodtf“s d`tudc pfrijrgdo`fs wltb tbf stdohdrhs sft. Xbf tblrh doh cdst stfp

ls tj prjvlhf iffhndà ny hlsùssloe tbf pfrijrgdo`f ji tbf fgpcjyff, doh ny hfvfcjploe pcdos ijr lts iuturf hfvfcjpgfot (Clabjo ft dc., >=44)

n. Xjtdc @jgpfosdtljo doh Nfofil ts

Lo tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot, sjgf spf`lil` pdrdgftfrs drf usfh ijr tbf ndsls ji tbf rfwdrh systfg;

tbf loicdtljo rdtf id`tjr, tbf gdraft pjtfotldc (kjn fxpfrlfo`f, fgpcjyff“s fxpfrtlsf), doh sdcfs

rfwdrh. Xbfsf typfs ji rfwdrh drf usfh ny tbf pcdot tj gdaf lts fgpcjyffs iffc sdtlsilfh,

gjtlvdtfh doh `jgpftfot lo d`blfvloe tbf jredolzdtljo“s ejdcs. Xbf B^ hfpdrtgfot ji tbf

pcdot nfclfvfs tbdt li fgpcjyffs bdvf d strjoe cjydcty tjwdrhs tbf `jgpdoy, tbfy wlcc pfrijrg nfttfr tj dttdlo tbf hfslrfh rfsucts (Clabjo ft dc., >=44). Bfo`f, sjgf ji ijccjwloe

`jgpfosdtljo doh nfofilts drf elvfo tj fgpcjyffs; ndsl` sdcdry, njous, gfhl`dc id`lclty, plà

doh hrjp, erdtulty iuoh, sj`ldc sfùrlty.

Ds d prjerfsslvf fgpcjyfr, Xbf @j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf ls prjvlhloe idlr doh suiil`lfot

gjoftdry `jgpfosdtljo tj lts fgpcjyffs. Iurtbfrgjrf, tbf sdcdrlfs drf `jgpftltlvf

hftfrglofh ny yfdrs ji fxpfrlfo`f, j`ùpdtljo doh hdlcy pfrijrgdo`f. Dctbjueb lt prjvlhfs d

ejjh sdcdry, @j`d-@jcd ls hfhl`dtfh tj suppjrtloe lts fgpcjyffs lo affploe tbflr wjra-clif

ndcdo`f. Xbls prd`tl`f lofvltdncy lo`rfdsfs fgpcjyffs“ sdtlsid`tljo doh prjhu`tlvfofss wbl`b,

lo turo, fobdo`f ùstjgfr sdtlsid`tljo (Nfdurfedrhd & Bforyn, >==<). Xbf dooudc cfdvf



]def 49 / >8

pjcl`y hliifrs dgjoe `juotrlfs ds lt ls lotferdtfh tj tbf cj`dc d``fptfh prd`tl`fs. Xbf dooud c

cfdvf pjcl`y rfedrhloe Eukrdowdcd ls ds ijccjws;

J``updtljo Dooudc Cfdvf

Gdodefrs >9 wjraloe hdys pfr doougPupfrvlsjrs >9 wjraloe hdys pfr dooug

Ujrafrs >8 wjraloe hdys pfr dooug

E. ]rjgjtloe Ufcc-Nfloe lo tbf Ujrapcd`f

d. Pdifty

Jiifrloe gfhl`dc doh psy`bjcjel`dc `drf lo tbf wjrapcd`f `rfdtfs `jgpftltlvf dhvdotdef

wbl`b bfcps @j`d- @jcd tj rftdlo lts nfst tdcfots (Hdvlh & Erdwlt`b, >==9). Ny dhhrfssloe

fgpcjyffs“ gdlo `jo`fros tbf jredolzdtljo ls fosurloe sdif wjrapcd`f doh bfdctbyfgpcjyffs- njtb gfotdccy doh pbysl`dccy.

Dgdrd Ndsblr, Hlrf`tjr ji Bugdo ^fsjur`fs, stdtfs tbdt –Uf drf `jgglttfh tj bfcploe yju tj

hfvfcjp doh gdturf ds d prjifssljodc. Xbf `jgpdoy fodncfs yju tj hj wbdt yju `do hj nfst1

ny prjvlhloe yju tbf `johu`lvf Fovlrjogfot tj gdxlglzf yjur pjtfotldc. Jur ejdc ls tj

prjgjtf d pjsltlvf doh wlooloe dttltuhf lo d Puppjrtlvf Ujra Fovlrjogfot.‗ (@@N]C, >=48)

Xbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot ls lovjcvfh lo fosurloe tbf blebfst cfvfc ji sdifty ijr lts fgpcjyffs nut

dcsj ijr lts dssfts doh vlsltjrs. Lt ls d wdy tj prjtf`t fgpcjyffs doh tj eudrdotff puncl` sdifty.Lohffh, Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy℮ nfclfvfs tbdt tbf prfvfotljo ji cjssfs ls pjsslncf jocy vld

tbf `jggltgfot ji fd`b lohlvlhudc lo tbf `jgpdoy nf`dusf tbf gdlo fiijrt ijr fosurloe sdifty

ls, d`tudccy, gdhf ny pfjpcf tbfgsfcvfs; Xbflr `jotrlnutljo ls fssfotldc ijr tbflr jwo wfcc-

nfloe lo tbf wjrapcd`f doh tbdt“s tbf rfdsjo wby tbf `jgpdoy `rfdtfh Xbf @j`d @jcd Tudclty

Pystfg℮ wbl`b –lo`jrpjrdtfs qudclty, fovlrjogfot, j``updtljodc sdifty doh bfdctb, doh cjss

prfvfotljo lotj d sloecf irdgfwjra‗ (@j`d @jcd, >=48).

Gdodefrs ji tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot dlg tj `jotloujuscy lgprjvf sdifty stdohdrhs. Xbfrfijrf,

dcc –of`fssdry ilodo`ldc doh pfrsjoofc rfsjur`fs drf gdhf dvdlcdncf‗ tj rfd`b tbdt dlg. Lohffh,

tbls dccjws tbf `jgpdoy tj prjvf lts `jgpcldo`f wltb ejvfrogfotdc doh lotfrodtljodc

rfqulrfgfots. Ijr lostdo`f, tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot lgpcfgfotfh sjuoh sdifty prd`tl`fs

dctbjueb oj spf`lil` rfeucdtljos drf rfqulrfh lo tbdt spf`lil` `dsf. Xbdt aloh ji pjcl`lfs `do nf

`jsts wbl`b lo turo nf`jgf nfofilts lo tfrgs ji sdifty wjra fovlrjogfot. Gjrfjvfr, lo tfrgs

ji rfspjoslnlcltlfs, fd`b fgpcjyff ls gdhf d``juotdncf ijr bls/bfr d`tljos. Xbf rfdsjo ls tbdt

gdodefrs dt Eukrdowdcd bdvf d strjoe nfclfvf; –Uf nfclfvf lo sdifty. Uf dhbfrf tj jur sdifty

prlo`lpcfs. Uf hfclvfr.‗ (@@N]C, >=48)



]def 45 / >8

n.

Bfdctb doh Outrl tljo

\jur Bfdctb doh Jur Nfvfrdefs; Ojwdhdys pfjpcf drf gjrf doh gjrf `jo`frofh wltb bfdctb

doh outrltljo. Xbfy try tj dhdpt tbfgsfcvfs lotj d bfdctby clifstycf wblcf dt tbf sdgf tlgf tbfy

aojw tbdt hfcl`ljus ijjhs doh nfvfrdef drf do fokjydncf pdrt ji clif. Pjit hrloas doh jtbfr nfvfrdefs bdvf d pcd`f lo d bfdctby clifstycf. D bfdctby hlft lo`jrpjrdtfs tbf ndsl` prlo`lpcfs

ji vdrlfty, ndcdo`f doh gjhfrdtljo wltbjut sd`rlil`loe fokjygfot. Xbf s`dcf doh rfd`b ji Xbf

@j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy doh lts nrdohs drf uolquf. Xbrjuebjut blstjry tbf `jgpdoy bds nffo

hlstrlnutloe rfirfsbloe prjhu`ts jr rfsjur`fs doh loijrgdtljo tj bfcp `jotrlnutf tj bfdctblfr

bdpplfr `jgguoltlfs wjrchwlhf.

Lo 4<59, @j`d-@jcd doh ILID cduo`bfh wjrch ijjtndcc hfvfcjpgfot prjerdg. D prjerdg

hfsleofh wltb do fhu`dtljodc purpjsf tj sbdrf sj``fr tf`bojcjey, tfd`bloe doh trdloloe tj eft

yjutb d`tlvf lo up tj 4== `juotrlfs wbfrf sj``fr wds rfcdtlvfcy yjuoe spjrt dt tbdt tlgf. Xbf

`jgpdoy prjhu`fh hjzfos ji lostru`tljodc spjrt ilcgs irjg tbf 4<6=s tbrjueb tbf 4<5=s,

wbl`b ifdturf idgjus `jd`bfs doh dtbcftfs. @j`d-@jcd @jgpdoy bds jiifrfh cjw-jr oj-

`dcjrlf nfvfrdefs ijr gjrf tbdo 6= yfdrs. Lt nfedo wltb tbf lotrjhu`tljo ji XdN, tbf

`jgpdoy“s ilrst hlft prjhu`t lo 4<90. Xbrff yfdrs cdtfr tbf `jgpdoy prjhu`fh Irfs`d, d `ltrus-

ndsfh suedr-irff prjhu`t. Doh ilodccy tbf nleefst cduo`b ji d hlft prjhu`t `dgf lo 4<2> wltb

tbf lotrjhu`tljo ji hlft `jaf.

`. @clgdtf @bdoef

@j`d-@jcd tdafs tbf lssuf ji ecjndc `clgdtf `bdoef vfry sfrljuscy. @clgdtf @bdoef ls d

sleolil`dot doh cdstloe `bdoef lo tbf stdtlstl`dc hlstrlnutljo ji wfdtbfr pdttfros jvfr pfrljhs

rdoeloe irjg hf`dhfs tj glccljos ji yfdrs. Lt gdy nf d `bdoef lo dvfrdef wfdtbfr `johltljos

jr lo tbf hlstrlnutljo ji wfdtbfr drjuoh tbf dvfrdef `johltljos. @clgdtf @bdoef ls `dusfh ny

id`tjrs su`b ds nljtl` prj`fssfs, vdrldtljos lo sjcdr rdhldtljo rf`flvfh ny fdrtb pcdtf tf`tjol`s

doh vjc`dol` fruptljos.

D`rjss tbf @j`d-@jcd systfg, tbf @j`d-@jcd tfdg rf`jeolzfs tbdt `clgdtf `bdoef gdy bdvf

cjoe-tfrg hlrf`t doh lohlrf`t lgpcl`dtljos ijr tbflr nuslofss doh suppcy `bdlo. Ds d

rfspjoslncf guctlodtljodc `jgpdoy, @j`d-@jcd bds d rjcf tj pcdy lo fosurloe tbdt lt usfs tbf nfst pjsslncf glx ji fofrey sjur`fs, lgprjvf tbf fofrey fiil`lfo`y ji lts gdouid`turloe

prj`fssfs doh rfhu`f tbf pjtfotldc `clgdtf lgpd`t ji tbf prjhu`t ds wfcc. Xbf @j`d-@jcd

`jgpdoy `clgdtf prjtf`tljo strdtfey ls tj iloh loojvdtlvf wdys tj gltledtf tbf fovlrjogfotdc

fiif`ts ji lts jpfrdtljos doh prjhu`ts. Xbf `jgpdoy ls cloaloe `clgdtf `bdoef tj tbflr

cfdhfrsblp jo wdtfr stfwdrhsblp lssufs doh tj tbflr wjra wltb suppcy `bdlo pdrtofrs jo

pd`adeloe.

Xbf tbrff prlo`lpdc d`tlvltlfs ji tbf @j`d-@jcd nuslofss systfg wbl`b `rfdtf erffobjusf edsfs

drf gdouid`turloe pcdots, tbf hlstrlnutljo icfft doh `jch hrloa fqulpgfot. @j`d-@jcd

`jotloudccy strlvf tj lgprjvf tbf fofrey fiil`lfo`y ji lts pcdots doh icfft. Lo dhhltljo tj tbdt,



]def 42 / >8

tbf drfd wbfrf @j`d-@jcd bds tbf erfdtfst jppjrtuolty tj gdaf d hliifrfo`f ls `jch hrloa

fqulpgfot. Doh ilodccy, @j`d-@jcd ls gdaloe d erfdt prjerfss tjwdrh pbdsloe jut BI@ usf lo

njtb rfirlefrdtljo doh losucdtljo ds wfcc ds tj lgprjvf tbf fofrey fiil`lfo`y ji `jch hrloa

fqulpgfot ny 8= tj 6=%. BI@s (byhrj icujrj`drnjos), drf jof ji slx edsfs wbl`b tbf Ayjtj

prjtj`jc spf`lil`dccy `dccfh tj nf rfhu`fh.

h.

Udstf Gdodefgfot

@j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf ls `jgglttfh tj prfsfrvloe tbf fovlrjogfot doh sdvloe s`dr`f rfsjur`fs.

Xbdt ls wby rf`y`cloe bds nffo bleb jo tbf `jgpdoy“s defohd ijr d wblcf. Lo id`t, tbfjredolzdtljo bds nulct d rf`y`cloe pcdot ijr njttcfs lo Pyhofy, Dustrdcld lovfstloe d

`joslhfrdncf dgjuot ji gjofy. Jo dvfrdef, fvfry jof lo ilvf njttcfs sjch tj Ojrtb Dgfrl`d

`jotdlos rf`y`cfh gdtfrldc.

f.

Xlgf Gdodefgfot

Fiif`tlvf tlgf gdodefgfot ls dojtbfr prlgf jnkf`tlvf ji @j`d- @jcd ds lt stlgucdtfs erjwtb

(Kdàsjo, P`bucfr & Ufrofr, >=4>). Xbdt ls wby tbf jredolzdtljo vdcufs tlgf ds d clgltfh

rfsjur`f wbl`b sbdcc nf usfh lotfcclefotcy. Lo jrhfr tj d`blfvf tbls, tbf @j`d- @jcd fotfrprlsf

lo Eukrdowdcd hlvlhfs tbf wjraloe hdy lotj hdy doh olebt sblits.

Pbl it Xlgf lo tfrvdc

Hdy 2.== d.g. tj 8.== p.g. Olebt 8.=

.g. tj 4>.== d.g.

i . @jggltgfot tj Hlvfrsl ty

@j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf stdrtfh rfdclzloe tbf nfofilts ji fgpcjyloe hlvfrsf wjraijr`f. Hlvfrslty

wltblo tbf `jgpdoy ls ojt jocy lo tfrgs ji ùcturf nut dcsj lo tfrgs ji vdcufs, clifstycfs,

sfxudc jrlfotdtljo, efohfr, gdrltdc stdtus. Xbdt ls wby `jgpdoy“s guct lùcturdc gdodefgfot

prd`tl`fs drf sfosltlvf tj hfcl`dtf lssufs rfcdtfh tj vdrljus clif fxpfrlfo`fs (Ofwgdo &

Ojccfo, 4<<9). Xbf lo`rfdsfh hlvfrslty ji tbf `jgpdoy“s wjraijr`f lo `jgnlodtljo wltb tbfofw dttltuhfs wltblo tbf `jotfgpjrdry sj`lfty drf njtb pjsloe d `bdccfoef doh prjvlhloe do

jppjrtuolty tj tbf `jgpdoy ijr jntdloloe do fssfotldc `jgpftltlvf dhvdotdef (Hjwcloe ft dc ,

>==2). Hlvfrslty bds d hlrf`t lgpd`t jo sfvfrdc afy dspf`ts wbl`b cfdh tj erjwtb;

Lo`rfdsfs uohfrstdohloe ji cj`dc gdrafts doh `josugfr nfbdvljr.

@rfdtfs `jgpftltlvf dhvdotdef.

Lgprjvf `jgpdoy“s wjraloe `johltljos.

^dlsfs sj`ldc dwdrfofss.

Dhhs vdcuf tj tbf `jgpdoy.



]def 4< / >8

e.

Fgpcjyffs Pj`ldc ]cdtijrg

@j`d-@jcd fotfrprlsf bds fstdnclsbfh d sfosf ji `jgguolty wbl`b fobdo`f lts dnlclty tj

dttrd`t, rftdlo doh hfvfcjp tbf hlvfrsf tdcfots ny usloe sj`ldc pcdtijrgs wbfrf fgpcjyffs irjg

hliifrfot `juotrlfs `juch sbdrf tbflr fxpfrlfo`f, jploljos doh loslebts rfedrhloe tbf `jgpdoy.Xbf pcdtijrgs drf `jgglttfh tj fqudclty lrrfspf`tlvf ji odtljodclty, sfxudc jrlfotdtljo,

j`ùpdtljo jr efohfr. Xbf sj`ldc pcdtijrgs ùrrfotcy lo jpfrdtljo drf ds ijccjws;

Dhglolstrdtlvf ]rjifssljodcs ]cdtijrg.

Dirl`do- Dgfrl`do ]cdtijrg.

Dsldo/ ]d`lil` ]cdtijrg.

Dgfrl`do ]cdtijrg.

Cdtlo Dgfrl`do ]cdtijrg.

Bjgjsfxudc ]cdtijrg.

B. Cdnjr ^fcdtljos doh Fgpcjyff ^fcdtljosblp

Gjst jredolzdtljos drf ruo ny tbflr fgpcjyffs; Cdnjr ls tbf gdlo dssft ji tbf `jgpdoy doh lt

ls lo tbf `jgpdoy“s lotfrfst tj, tbfrfijrf, elvf dttfotljo tj tbfsf fgpcjyffs. Xbf su``fss ji

tbf `jgpdoy ls pdrtcy gdhf ny tbf sdtlsid`tljo ji lts cdnjr. Li tbfy drf sdtlsilfh wltb tbf

`jgpdoy“s pjcl`lfs, tbfy wlcc wjra bdrh tj d`blfvf tbf jredolzdtljo“s ejdc. Li tbfy drf ojt,

tbfy wlcc prjndncy cfdvf tbf `jgpdoy doh lt `do nf`jgf d cjss ijr tbf jredolzdtljo ds d

wbjcf. Fgpcjyffs“ rfcdtljosblp ls tbfo `ru`ldc ijr @@N]C (Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44).

Fd`b `jgpdoy hf`lhfs wbdt pjcl`lfs tj lgpcfgfot ijr lgprjvloe fgpcjyff rfcdtljosblps. Lo

tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot, lo `dsf ji prjncfgs id`fh ny do fgpcjyff, tbf pfrsjo bds tbf pjsslnlclty

tj hlrf`tcy sbdrf doh hlsùss tbdt pjlot wltb tbf gdodefr lo jrhfr tj iloh d sjcutljo. @@N]C

sueefsts tbdt tbls aloh ji pjcl`y sbjuch, lohffh, nf dhjptfh ny fvfry `jgpdoy ds tbfy nfclfvf

tbdt –do jpfo hjjr pjcl`y ls tbf nfst Q…W nf`dusf QtbfyW iffc vfry lohfpfohfot doh tbfy aojw

tbdt li tbfy eft doy prjncfg, tbfy `do `jotd`t hlrf`tcy tj tbf gdodefr ji tbflr hfpdrtgfot‗

(Olpuod Uffrdajjo ft dc., >=44).



]def >= / >8

LY. @JO@CVPLJO

Xbf purpjsf ji tbls pdpfr ls tj prfsfot tbf B^ strdtfelfs dhjptfh ny Xbf @j`d @jcd

@jgpdoy℮. Lo tbf lotrjhu`tjry pdrt, tbf blstjrl`dc hfvfcjpgfot ji tbf `jgpdoy `juch nf

jnsfrvfh l.f. tbf nuslofss `jggfo`fh gjrf tbdo d buohrfh yfdrs dej lo tbf V.P. doh slo`ftbfo lt bds `jotloufh tj fxpdoh jo d uoprf`fhfotfh s`dcf huf tj lts prjhu`ts“ qudclty doh tdstf.Dctbjueb tbf `jgpdoy id`fh gdoy dccfedtljos, lt ls dt tbf plood`cf ji tbf nfvfrdef lohustry.

Lo dhhltljo, lo tbls pdpfr tbf B^G `jo`fpt ls prfsfotfh irjg d tbfjrftl`dc pjlot ji vlfw, put

lo tbf `jotfxt ji tbf jredolzdtljodc stru`turf ji tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot. Do fgpbdsls ls put jo

sfvfrdc `jrf dspf`ts rfcdtfh tj B^G; tbf `jrpjrdtf `ucturf ds d wbjcf wbl`b lo`cuhfs hlvfrslty

ds d ndsls, fgpcjyffs ds do dssft, doh tbf fxtfrodc fovlrjogfot.

Xbf uctlgdtf ejdc ji tbls pdpfr ls tj elvf do jvfrvlfw ji Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy“s B^

pjcl`lfs lo lts ]dalstdol pcdot ji Eukrdowdcd. Lts B^ strdtfey ls `jgprlsfh irjg sfvfrdc

fssfotldc `jo`fpts su`b ds (4) Kjn dodcysls, (>) ]cdooloe doh Ijrf`dstloe, (0) Dttrd`tljo ji

qudclilfh fgpcjyffs, (8) Xrdloloe doh Hfvfcjpgfot, (6) Dpprdlsdc doh @jgpfosdtljo, (9)

]rjgjtljo ji wfcc-nfloe dt wjrapcd`f, doh (5) Cdnjr rfcdtljos.

Ilrst, wf fxpcdlofh tbdt tbf Eukrdowdcd pcdot bds lts jwo B^ hfpdrtgfot wbl`b `jccf`ts

loijrgdtljos dt tbf fgpcjyffs“ rfqufsts. Xbf hfpdrtgfot dcsj hfcfedtfs doh hftfrglofs tbf

hliifrfot `jgpftfo`fs doh tdsas dgjoe lts fgpcjyffs wbj ilcc vdrljus pjsltljos. Pf`joh, lt ls

gfotljofh tbdt tbf Eukrdowdcd B^ hfpdrtgfot hfvfcjps tbf strdtfel` pcdos ijr blrloe (jr

ilrloe) fgpcjyffs lo d``jrhdo`f wltb tbf fgpcjygfot pjcl`y ji tbf `jgpdoy. Xblrh, tbf B^

hfpdrtgfot trlfs tj gfft tbls pjcl`y ny rf`rultloe, sfcf`tloe doh gjtlvdtloe jocy tbf supfrljr

tdcfots. Xbf rf`rultgfot lo Eukrdowdcd `do nf hjof wltblo tbf jredolzdtljo, jr fxtfrodccy vld

trdhltljodc vd`do`y ijrgs. Xbf sfcf`tljo prj`fss lovjcvfs gdoy gftbjhs tdlcjrfh tj iloh tbf

vfry nfst tdcfots tbdt wjuch dhh vdcuf tj tbf `jgpdoy. Bleb gjtlvdtljo ls rfqulrfh ijr tbf

fgpcjyffs pdrtl`lpdtloe lo tbf prjhu`tljo ji tbf `jgpdoy.

Ijurtb, tj jntdlo d `jgpftltlvf dhvdotdef, tbf `jgpdoy sbdcc trdlo doh hfvfcjp lts cdnjr

ijr`f. Lohffh, tbf B^ Hfpdrtgfot bds dhjptfh hliifrfot cfdhfrsblp hfvfcjpgfot prjerdggfs

su`b ds lotfrosblps (ijr stuhfots doh erdhudtfs), gfotjrloe prjerdggfs doh sj jo. Ilitb, tbf

B^ gdodefgfot tfdg tjja sjgf spf`lil` hf`lsljos rfedrhloe pfrijrgdo`f dpprdlsdc (clafdhjptloe pdy-tj-pfrijrgdo`f systfg) doh jtbfr fgpcjygfot nfofilts. Plxtb, tbf @j`d- @jcd

fotfrprlsf ls `jgglttfh tj dttdlo d sdif, sf`urf, doh hlvfrsf wjraloe fovlrjogfot. Lohffh,

sdifty rucfs drf tdafo lotj d``juot ds fgpcjyffs“ bfdctb ls d tjp prljrlty ji tbf `jgpdoy. Xbf

@j`d- @jcd fotfrprlsf dlgs dt rfhu`loe lts ijjtprlot, sj tbdt lt `juch `jotrlnutf tj tbf

fovlrjogfotdc prfsfrvdtljo. Gjrfjvfr, d sj`ldc pcdtijrg bds nffo hfvfcjpfh sj tbdt

fgpcjyffs irjg dcc drjuoh tbf ecjnf `do sbdrf lhfds, fxpfrlfo`f doh jploljos. Pfvfotb,

fgpcjyffs drf tbjsf wbj hrlvf `jgpdoy“s erjwtb. Dcc tbloes `joslhfrfh, tbfsf gdlo pjlots

suggdrlzf tbf B^ strdtfey dhjptfh ny Xbf @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy℮ lo lts ]dalstdol pcdot ji

Eukrdowdcd.



]def >4 / >8

Y. ^FIF^FO@FP

NJJAP DOH D^XL@CFP

DPUDXBD]]D A. (>==6) Bugdo ^fsjur`f doh ]frsjoofc Gdodefgfot, pp. 85-82, pp.989-985

DPUDXBD]]D A. (>==5) Lotfrodtljodc Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot, pp.>=->4

DPUDXBD]]D A. (>=40) Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot, Xfxt doh @dsfs, pp.<0-<8

NFDV^FED^HD D., BFO^\N C. (>==<) Gdaloe Xbf Cloa Nftwffo Ujra-Clif Ndcdo`f

]rd`tl`fs Doh Jredolzdtljodc ]frijrgdo`f, Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot ^fvlfw, Yjcugf 4<,

Lssuf 4, pp. < ‐ >>

NLECF\ D., IFC]P U., KJOFP X., (>==5) Ftbl`dc Xbfjry & Ptdafbjchfr-^fcdtfh Hf`lsljos; Xbf

^jcf ji Ptdafbjchfr @ucturf, D`dhfgl` Gdodefgfot ^fvlfw vjc. 0>, pp. 405-466

NL^H A., @CFEE @. (>==2) Xbf Lgpd`t Ji Bugdo ^fsjur`f doh Jpfrdtljodc Gdodefgfot

]rd`tl`fs jo @jgpdoy ]rjhu`tlvlty; d Cjoeltuhlodc Ptuhy, ]frsjoofc ]sy`bjcjey, Yjcugf 94,

Lssuf 0, pp. 895 ‐ 6=4

NJJOF C. F., AV^X[ H. C. (>=44) @jotfgpjrdry Nuslofss, p.>24

NJVH^FDV K., KFPVXBDPDO ^. (>=44) Xrdosijrgdtlvf B^, Bjw Erfdt @jgpdolfs VsfFvlhfo`f-Ndsfh @bdoef ijr Pustdlodncf Dhvdotdef, pp.4-9

NV^AFD ^., OEN F. (>==9) Xbf @bdoeloe Odturf ji Ujra doh Jredolzdtljos; Lgpcl`dtljos ijr

Bugdo ̂ fsjur`f Gdodefgfot, Yjcugf 49 , Lssuf >, pp. 29 ‐ <8

@JCCLOPJO P., BJHEFXXP ^. G., ^VEGDO D. G. (>==9) Lotfrodtljodc Nuslofss, Yjcugf

40, p.08=

HDYLH @. (>==9) Xbf ]dtb tj d Bfdctby Ujrapcd`f; D @rltl`dc ^fvlfw Cloaloe Bfdctby

Ujrapcd`f ]rd`tl`fs, Fgpcjyff Ufcc-Nfloe, doh Jredolzdtljodc Lgprjvfgfots, @josuctloe ]sy`bjcjey Kjurodc; ]rd`tl`f doh ̂ fsfdr`b, Yjc 62(0), pp. 4><-485

HJUCLOE ]., IFPXLOE G. (>==2) Lotfrodtljodc Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot; Gdodeloe

]fjpcf Lo D Guctlodtljodc @jotfxt, 6tb Fh., Xbjgpsjo Cfdroloe ]unclsbloe1 @bdptfr 9

I^LFHGDO D. (>==<) Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot ^jcf Lgpcl`dtljos ijr @jrpjrdtf

^fputdtljo, @jrpjrdtf ̂ fputdtljo ̂ fvlfw 4>, >>< ‐ >88. hjl;4=.4=65/`rr.>==<.45

ED^DYDO. X. (>==5) D Ptrdtfel` ]frspf`tlvf jo Bugdo ^fsjur`f Hfvfcjpgfot, Dhvdo`fs lo

Hfvfcjploe Bugdo ̂ fsjur`fs , vjc. < oj. 4 44-0=



]def >> / >8

E^LIILO ^. (>==5) Iuohdgfotdcs ji Gdodefgfot, pp.>68->66

BD\FP, KD@A. "@j`d-@jcd Xfcfvlsljo Dhvfrtlsfgfots; Hr. Kjbo P. ]fgnfrtjo", Odtljo's

^fstdurdot Ofws. Dr`blvfh irjg tbf jrlelodc jo Kucy 4=, >==5.

BF^^F^J L., YDCCF ^. (>==9) Xbf @jotrlnutljo ji @jrf Fgpcjyffs tj Jredolzdtljodc

@dpdnlcltlfs doh Fiil`lfo`y, Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot, Yjcugf 86, Lssuf 4, pp. 24 ‐ 4=<

BF[CFXX & ELNPJO (>==6) Gfotjrloe doh Bugdo ^fsjur`f Hfvfcjpgfot; Ubfrf Uf Drf

doh Ubfrf Uf Offh tj Ej, Dhvdo`fs lo Hfvfcjploe Bugdo ^fsjur`fs vjc 5 oj. 8, pp. 889-89<

BLXX G., PL^GJO H. (>==5) Gdodeloe Ilrg ^fsjur`fs Lo D Hyodgl` Fovlrjogfots Xj @rfdtf

Ydcuf; Cjjaloe Loslhf Xbf Ncdà Njx, ^H Lrfcdoh - D`dhfgy Ji Gdodefgfot ^fvlfw

KD@APJO P., P@BVCF^ ^., UFÔF^ P. (>=44) Gdodeloe Bugdo ^fsjur`fs, Pdef

]unclsbfrs, pp.<4-<>

ADGCD-^DK (>=4=) Xj Ubdt Fxtfot @do d @jgpdoy D`blfvf d @jgpftltlvf Dhvdotdef

Xbrjueb Kjn Hfvfcjpgfot: K Pj` P`l, >0(0), pp. 42<-4<9

AVYDDP N. (>==2) Do Fxpcjrdtljo ji Bjw tbf Fgpcjyff ‐ Jredolzdtljo ^fcdtljosblp Diif`ts tbf

Cloadef Nftwffo ]fr`fptljo ji Hfvfcjpgfotdc Bugdo ^fsjur`f ]rd`tl`fs doh Fgpcjyff

Jut`jgfs, Yjcugf 86, Lssuf 4, pp. 4 ‐ >6

CFF A, PBVG @. (>=4=) Gdraftloe Xbfjry; D Ptuhfot Xfxt, njjas.ejjecf.`jg, p. 456

GFCCJ K. (>=48) Ptrdtfel` Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot, pp.459-455

OFUGDO A., OJCCFO P. (4<<9) @ucturf doh @joerufo`f; Xbf Ilt nftwffo Gdodefgfot

]rd`tl`fs doh Odtljodc @ucturf, Kjurodc ji Lotfrodtljodc Nuslofss Ptuhlfs, Yjc. >5, Oj. 8, pp. 560-

55<

]FOHFÊ^DPX GDÂ (Gdr`b 49, >===), –Ijr Ejh, @juotry doh @j`d-@jcd‗, Ndsl` Njjas.

LPNO <52-=-896-=6892-2.

PDGLXL L. (4<68) Xbf Blstjry doh @ucturf ji tbf Lohldo ]fjpcf; Xbf `cdssl`dc def, p.98

P@BF^GF^BJÔ K. ^. (>=44) Lotrjhu`tljo tj Gdodefgfot, p.@.>8

[BV U., P]DOECF^ U. (>==6) @FJ Xrdosijrgdtljodc Cfdhfrsblp doh Jredolzdtljodc

Jut`jgfs; Xbf Gfhldtloe ^jcf ji Bugdo ‐ @dpltdc-Fobdo`loe Bugdo ^fsjur`f Gdodefgfot,

Yjcugf 49, Lssuf 4, pp. 0< ‐ 6>



]def >0 / >8

UFNPLXFP

D\FPBD (>=40) @j`d @jcd Ptrdtfel` ]cdo, ^ftrlfvfh 0rh Gdy >=48

NDPBL^ D. (>=48) @j`d @jcd Nfvfrdefs ]dalstdo Clgltfh , ^ftrlfvfh Gdy <, >=48 irjgbttp;//``npc.`jg.pa/gsebr.btgc

NVPLOFPP HL@XLJOOD^\, ^ftrlfvfh Gdy 44, >=48 irjg www.nuslofsshl`tljodry.`jg/

hfiloltljo/tjtdc-qudclty-gdodefgfot-XTG.btgc#lxzz0=cHJIgoO

ID^JJT N., (Gdr`b 6, >=40), –@j`d-@jcd doojuo`fs $05<g fxpdosljo pcdo ijr ]dalstdo‗,

^ftrlfvfh Dprlc >5, >=48 irjg bttp;//trlnuof.`jg.pa/stjry/646559/`j`d-`jcd-doojuo`fs-

05<g-fxpdosljo-pcdo-ijr-pdalstdo

ID^JJT V. (>=4>) @j`d @jcd Nfvfrdef @jgpdoy, ^ftrlfvfh Dprlc 4>, >=48 irjgbttp;//ir.sclhfsbdrf.oft/lrdgnbdttl>9/ilodc-prjkf`t-jo-`j`d-`jcd-nfvfrdef-`jgpdoy-

dutjsdvfh

BFNNCFXBUDLXF @. (>=4>), –Ubj, Ubdt, Uby; Lo wbl`b `juotrlfs ls @j`d-@jcd ojt sjch:‗

^ftrlfvfh Gdy 9, >=48 irjg www.nn`.`jg/ofws/gdedzlof-4<66==95

LOYFPXJ]FHLD, ^ftrlfvfh Gdy <, >=48 irjg www.lovfstjpfhld.`jg/tfrgs/`/`jrpjrdtf

`ltlzfosblp.dsp

KJPF]BPJO G. (>=4>) Nuslofss Ftbl`s & Cfdhfrsblp, ^ftrlfvfh Gdy 9, >=48 irjg

bttp;//kjsfpbsjolostltutf.jre/nuslofss/ncje/>=4>/=5

ADC\DODG A. (>=4=) B^ ]jcl`lfs ji @j`d @jcd, ^ftrlfvfh Dprlc >=, >=48 irjg

bttp;//ir.s`rlnh.`jg/hj`/6==9<068/B^-]jcl`lfs-ji-@j`d-@jcd

AFF] DGF^L@D NFDVXLIVC, ^ftrlfvfh Gdy 4=, >=48 irjg www.adn.jre/sltf/]def

Pfrvfr:pdefodgf7dnjutZbjgf

CLABJO ft dc. (>=44) ]frijrgdo`f Gfdsurfgfot doh Dpprdlsdc ji @j`d @jcd @jgpdoy,^ftrlfvfh Dprlc 8, >=48 irjg bttp;//ir.sclhfsbdrf.oft/clabjo480/pfrijrgdo`f-gdodefgfot-

doh-dpprdlsdc-ji-`j`d`jcd

GD^LOF @JOPF^YDXLJO, ̂ ftrlfvfh Gdy <, >=48 irjg www.gdrlof-`josfrvdtljo.jre

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