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  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

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  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

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    VIVARIUM

    An Internationalournal or thePhilosophynd IntellectualifeoftheMiddle

    Ages

    nd Renaissance

    Aims

    Scope

    Vivariumncludesxtensive

    xaminationsf fundamental

    hilosophicalroblems

    nd

    the

    history

    f deas.

    pecial

    ttention

    s

    given

    o the

    profane

    ideof

    philosophy

    nd

    to ts

    relationship

    ith ther reas f

    thought

    nd

    earning

    rom

    his

    eriod.

    Since s farback

    s

    1963,

    Vivariumas been

    establishing

    tself

    s an unrivalled

    resourceor he

    ubject

    oth

    n

    the

    major

    esearchibrariesf heworld

    nd on the

    privateook helves fprofessorsnd scholars. ivariumffersouan easyway o

    stay

    n

    top

    of

    your iscipline.

    Vivarium

    omprises

    hortrticles ithntroductions

    ndnotes.

    pecial

    onsideration

    is

    given

    o

    studies n

    manuscript

    raditionnd the

    history

    f texts. eview rticles

    and book eviewsre

    publishedegularly

    n

    combination

    ith n

    annual

    ppearance

    ofthematicssues.

    Editors

    L.M.

    de

    Rijk

    Leiden),

    .A.G.

    Braakhuis

    Nijmegen),

    .H.

    KneepkensGroningen),

    W.J.Courtenay

    Madison),

    .P. Bos

    (Leiden),

    . Perler

    Basel)

    nd L.W. Nauta

    (Groningen).

    Advisory

    ommittee

    Tullio

    Gregory

    Rome),

    lbert

    immermann

    Cologne),.E.

    Murdoch

    Cambridge,

    MA).

    Vivarium

    print

    SSN

    0042-7543,

    nline

    SSN

    1568-5349)

    s

    published

    times

    year

    by

    Brill,

    lantijnstraat

    ,

    2321

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    An

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    f no more han 00 words hould

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    ubmis-

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  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

    3/208

    Introduction

    RUSSELL

    L.

    FRIEDMANAND

    CHRIS

    SCHABEL*

    Over the astthreedecades,the study fthephilosophy nd theology f

    the

    period

    running

    oughly

    rom

    he

    death of

    John

    Duns

    Scotus

    (1308)

    untilthe

    Black Death

    (1348)

    has

    really

    ome

    into its

    own.

    Figures

    from

    this

    ruitful

    ime,

    men

    ikePeter

    Auriol,

    Walter

    Chatton,

    Adam

    Wodeham,

    Thomas

    Bradwardine,

    regory

    f

    Rimini,

    nd,

    perhaps

    bove

    all,

    William

    of

    Ockham

    and

    John

    Buridan,

    have

    been

    well

    served

    with

    ritical

    ditions

    of

    their

    writings

    nd

    detailed

    studies

    f their

    hought

    nd

    influence. he

    unique

    philosophical

    nd

    theological

    ontributions

    f

    the

    period

    as

    well

    as

    the

    generad

    ontours

    f the

    ntellectual

    ebate

    are

    becoming

    more

    and

    moreevident.As thebibliographyppendedto this ntroductioneveals,

    the Italian

    Franciscan

    Francis

    of

    Marchia

    has

    also

    benefited

    romthis

    renaissance

    n

    early

    fourteenth-century

    tudies.

    n

    1990

    Marchia's

    works

    were

    nearly

    otally

    nedited

    nd

    mostly

    nexamined,

    nd

    studiesof

    his

    thought

    ere

    few nd far

    between,

    nd

    dominated

    y

    expositions

    f his

    role

    in

    the

    creation f

    the

    theory

    f

    impetus

    nd

    in

    other

    ssues n

    natural

    phi-

    losophy.

    Today,

    five

    volumesof

    Marchia's

    writings

    ave

    been

    edited

    and

    printed,

    long

    with

    many

    editions

    f

    individual

    uestions;

    detailed

    stud-

    ies of

    the

    structurend

    the

    manuscript

    radition

    f

    Marchia's

    works

    have

    appeared;and there re ambitious lansto editMarchia'sFrenchoeuvre.

    Moreover,

    while

    Marchia's natural

    philosophy

    s

    still n

    important

    bject

    of

    study

    it

    was

    the

    topic

    of

    the

    only

    book

    yet

    to

    have

    been

    devoted

    to

    *

    For

    help

    with

    he

    ntroduction,

    e

    thank

    aul

    J.J.M.

    akker,

    irard

    .

    Etzkorn,

    Roberto

    ambertini,

    nd

    Tiziana

    uarez-Nani.ll

    Harvard

    tyle

    eferences

    re to

    the

    bibliography

    ppended

    o

    this

    ntroduction.

    e have

    he

    ollowing

    ddenda

    t

    orrigenda

    o

    our

    2001 rticlen

    Marchia's

    entences

    ommentaryFriedman

    nd

    Schabel

    001).

    On

    p.

    72

    the

    xplicit

    o

    book

    recorded

    or

    ms

    M

    is

    ncorrect

    M

    hasno

    explicit);

    at.

    at.

    901,

    .

    8v,

    ontains

    according

    o

    Pelzer's

    atalogue)

    n

    abbreviation

    f

    Marchia's

    I

    Sent.,

    d. 1;msAssisi,ibliotecaelSacroConventoiS. Francesco80, f. 6r-17v,ncludes

    Marchia's

    II

    Sent

    ,

    q.

    8,

    insertedn

    Gerard

    donis' II

    Sent.

    ccording

    o V.

    Doucet

    [Commentaires

    ur es

    entences:

    upplment

    u

    rpertoire

    e

    M.

    Frdric

    tegmueller.

    lorence

    954,

    31)

    the

    rologue

    o II

    Sent,

    oundn

    ms

    Vat.

    Barb. at.

    791

    s

    Hugh

    f

    Novo

    Castro's

    and

    not

    rancisf

    Marchia's.

    Koninklijke

    rill

    V,

    Leiden,

    006

    Vivarium

    4,1

    Also

    vailable

    nline

    www.brill.nl/viv

  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

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    2

    RUSSELL

    .

    FRIEDMANNDCHRIS

    CHABEL

    Marchia (Schneider1991) , dozens of articleshave been published n

    the last fifteen

    ears coveringmany

    other facets of

    Marchia's

    thought:

    politicalphilosophy, pistemology

    nd

    philosophy

    f

    mind,

    metaphysics,

    philosophical

    heology.

    These studies

    have revealed that Marchia

    was a

    creative nd

    interesting

    hinker n

    a wide

    range

    of

    topics,

    nd this ndoubt-

    edly

    has contributed o the

    annual increase

    n

    the numberof

    published

    articles

    dealing

    with his

    thought.

    t seems that Francis of Marchia

    is a

    figure

    whose

    time has

    come.

    It

    is

    likely

    hat Francisof Marchia was born

    around

    1290

    in

    the town

    of

    Appignano

    del Tronto

    (near Ascoli). Becoming

    a

    Franciscan,

    he rose

    through

    he order's educational

    system.

    vidence

    recently

    ncovered

    by

    Girard

    J.

    Etzkorn ndicates

    that Marchia

    probably

    studied

    theology

    t

    Paris before

    teaching

    t

    one

    of the order's

    provincial

    tudia* Thereafter

    he

    returned

    o Paris to read the

    Sentences

    most

    likely

    n

    1319-20,

    and

    appears

    to have remained

    n

    Paris until round

    1324.

    It was

    during

    hese

    years

    hat

    many

    of

    his scholasticworkswere

    probably ut together.

    hese

    include his two

    Metaphysics

    ommentaries

    a

    long

    and

    a

    short

    one)

    and

    his iteral hysicsommentary,s well as his most mportant ork

    n

    terms

    of the breadth

    of its

    subject

    matter nd its

    impact:

    his

    Sentences

    om-

    mentary, urviving

    n

    several versions nd

    many manuscripts.

    Marchia

    was

    in

    Avignon

    between

    1324

    and

    1328,

    teaching

    t the Franciscan on-

    vent;

    possibly

    his

    Quodlibet

    ates

    from

    his

    period.

    In

    1328, Marchia,

    in

    the

    company

    of

    the Franciscan

    Minister

    General,

    Michael of

    Cesena,

    as

    well

    as

    Bonagratia

    f

    Bergamo

    nd William f

    Ockham,

    fled

    from

    Avignon

    and

    Pope

    John

    XXII. The

    very

    next

    year

    Marchia

    wrote

    his

    Improbatio

    against

    he

    pope,

    and this

    tract,

    s Roberto

    Lambertini hows

    n his

    arti-

    cle in this volume, had an influenceon Ockham's political writings.

    Marchia,

    like

    Ockham,

    took

    refuge

    n

    Munich with

    Emperor

    Louis of

    Bavaria.But whereasOckham

    died

    mpenitent

    n

    Munich

    n

    1347,

    Marchia

    was

    captured

    by

    Church authorities

    n

    1340 and

    made a confession f

    faith and retraction f errors

    before the

    Inquisition

    n

    1343

    (see esp.

    Wittneben

    nd Lambertini

    1999, 2000,

    and

    Lambertini's rticle

    below).

    We hear

    nothing

    more of Marchia after

    1

    344.

    1Vat. at. 43, .8vb: Ad extumossetecundo odo ici uod isio t uditiount

    essentialiter

    espectus,

    icutudivienerib

    unodoctore

    empore

    eo arisius."

    t s

    ikely

    thatMarchias here

    ecording

    heview f

    Durand fSt.

    Pourain,

    he irst

    ersionf

    whose ent,

    ommentary

    asavailable

    y

    1

    08,

    ndwho ead he ent,t

    Paris

    n

    the

    period

    a. 1308-10

    he

    wasmasterf

    heology

    cta

    egens

    t Paris

    312-13).

  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

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    INTRODUCTION

    3

    Francis fMarchia: ating nd nfluence

    Marchia

    was active

    n

    a

    great

    ra

    of Franciscan

    heology.

    Many

    Franciscan

    Sentencesommentaries

    urvive rom

    his

    period

    from oth

    Paris

    see

    Schabel

    2002)

    and

    Oxford,

    fact

    that

    presents

    s

    with

    an

    opportunity:

    e can

    undertake

    detailed

    doctrinal

    tudies

    that cover

    a number

    of

    years

    and

    authors

    n

    the

    hope

    of

    confirming

    he

    dating

    of

    medieval

    writings

    s well

    as

    tracing

    heir

    eception.

    Marchia's

    Parisian

    entences

    ectures,

    s mentioned

    above,

    have been dated

    to the

    academic

    year

    1319-20,

    but we

    have,

    in

    fact, ery ittle irect videnceforthis, eallyust an explicitn one man-

    uscript

    Naples

    BN VII C.

    27) saying

    that

    Marchia

    was

    reading

    the

    Sentences

    t

    Paris

    in

    1320.

    Since we

    have

    good

    reason

    to

    assign

    Francis

    of

    Meyronnes'

    Parisian Sentences

    ectures

    o

    1320-21,

    t would

    seem that

    the

    terminus

    nte

    uern

    f

    Marchia's

    lectures

    s

    1320.

    (Marchia may

    have

    continued

    o

    revise

    his work

    until

    1323

    or even

    later,

    however.)

    There

    are

    severalother

    major

    Franciscan

    figures

    rom

    he

    period

    whose

    works

    may help

    us

    with

    dating

    Marchia's

    Sentences

    ectures

    nd

    commentary.

    Peter

    Auriol's

    Parisian

    ectures

    re

    very securely

    ixed

    at

    1316-18,

    and

    Williamof Ockham'sOxfordSentencesectures robablydate to 1317-19,

    while for

    Landulph

    Caracciolo

    two dates

    have

    been

    proposed:

    1318-19,

    which

    we

    have

    supported,

    nd

    1321-22.

    t is

    important,

    herefore,

    o find

    evidence

    corroborating,

    larifying,

    r

    correcting

    ur

    hypotheses.

    On a number

    of

    issues

    Marchia

    clearly

    responds

    to Auriol

    (see e.g.

    Friedman

    2002,

    Schabel

    2000

    and

    2002),

    as could

    be

    expected

    given

    the

    provocative

    nature

    of

    many

    of

    Auriol's

    views

    and the

    fact that

    he was

    Franciscan

    egent

    master

    n

    theology

    n Parisfrom

    318-20,

    when

    Marchia

    was

    probablyreading

    the Sentences

    here.

    What

    is

    more,

    Paul

    Bakkerhas

    found videncethat n book IV ofhis Sentences

    ommentary

    archia also

    responds

    o

    Ockham

    on the

    issue

    of the accidents

    of

    the

    Eucharist:2

    2

    TheOckham

    exts

    n

    Opera

    heologica

    II ed.

    R. Wood

    ndG.

    Gl,

    t

    Bonaventure,

    NY

    1984.

    Another

    assage

    akker

    1999,

    .

    404,

    n.

    275)

    ees

    s

    referring

    o

    Ockhams

    Marchia,

    V

    Sentences,

    .

    13,

    q.

    1,

    a. 1:

    "Quantum

    d

    primum

    st

    unusmodus

    icendi

    quod

    mnia

    ccidencia

    ais

    ue

    bi

    pparent,

    unt

    ine ubiecto.

    icunt

    nim

    uod uan-

    titas,

    ue

    est xtensio

    psa

    rei,

    nondiffer

    ealiter

    b aliis

    eneribus,

    mo

    es

    uiuslibet

    predicamenti

    st xtensa

    abens

    artem

    et]

    xtra

    artem,

    on

    lico lio

    se,

    ed e

    psa.

    Et taomnia ccidenciauesuntnsacramento,uta olor,apor,tc., unt ine uoli-

    bet

    ubiecto,

    uoniam

    xtensio

    uiuslibet

    storum

    ondiffert

    liquo

    modo

    ecundum

    em

    a

    quolibet

    orum.

    ecest

    ntelligendum

    ecundum

    stos uiusmodi

    ccidencia

    undari

    n

    substancia

    quando

    unt

    n

    ea

    mediante

    uantitate,

    ed

    mmediate,

    ta

    quod

    ubiectum

    immediatum

    uiuslibet

    ccidentis,

    altem

    bsoluti,

    st

    ubstancia."

  • 8/9/2019 Vivarium - Vol Xliv, No. 1, 2006

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    4 RUSSELL .

    FRIEDMAN

    ND

    CHRIS CHABEL

    Ockham,V Sentencesq. 6 (ed.Wood

    and

    Gi,

    pp.

    71.6-72.12)

    Ideo

    primo

    idendum

    st

    uid

    it

    uan-

    titas. ico

    hic,

    enendo

    uodquantitas

    nullamliam

    em

    bsolutamel

    respec-

    tivam substantiat

    a

    qualitate

    icit.

    Dico tunc

    uodquantitas

    on st liud

    nisi

    xtensioeihabentis

    artes qua-

    rumuna ad

    aliam

    potest

    sse motus

    localis. ta quodsicutn secundo ic-

    tum st e duratione

    uod

    duratio

    ihil

    positivm

    icit ltra em

    urantem,

    ed

    est

    quaedam

    ox vel

    conceptusigni-

    ficans

    rincipaliter

    psam

    emduran-

    tem t connotatuccessionemctualem

    vel

    potentialem,

    ta

    quod ignificai

    em

    coexsistentemuccessioni

    ctualiter,

    el

    quae

    coexsisteretuccessionii

    esset,

    ta

    extensioel uantitasondicitliquam

    rem bsolutam el

    respectivam

    ltra

    substantiamt

    qualitatem,

    ed

    st

    uae-

    dam ox el

    onceptus

    ignificansrinci-

    paliter

    ubstantiam,

    uta

    materiamel

    formam

    el

    qualitatemorporalem,

    t

    connotat

    multas lias res nter

    uas

    potest

    ssemotus

    ocalis.

    Marchia,VSentences,. 13, . l,a. 1

    (Bakker

    999,

    p.

    404-05,

    .

    276)

    Pro lla

    opinione, uta quod quelibet

    res e

    psa

    it xtensat habeat

    artem

    extra

    artem,

    on

    lico lio

    se,

    rgui-

    tur

    primo

    ic: omne llud

    uod

    habet

    partes

    iusdemacionisituocaliteris-

    tantes st

    extensum

    t

    per consequens

    quantum;

    ed substancia

    eparata

    b

    omni lio serealiter,tper onsequens

    a

    quantitate,

    i sit ab

    ipsa

    distincta

    realiter,

    abet

    artes

    xtra

    artes

    itu

    localiter

    istantes;

    rgo

    psa

    est

    per

    se

    ipsam

    xtensa.

    reterea,

    dem

    potest

    argui

    de

    qualibet ualitate

    ensibili.

    Maior st uidens.ed minor

    robatur

    sic:

    Deus

    potest

    onseruare

    n

    effectu

    alicam

    ubstanciamxtensam

    n

    tanto

    loco existentebsque uocumque

    motuocali

    oncomitante,

    orrumpendo

    uel adnichilando

    uodcumque

    ccidens

    eius

    distinctum

    ealiter

    b

    ipsa,

    t ita

    per onsequens

    estruendo

    uantitatem,

    si

    ponaturquod>

    realiter

    istinguitur

    ab

    ipsa;

    ed

    psa

    remanente

    n

    eodem

    loco,

    t

    n

    tanto

    n

    quanto

    rat

    rius

    alias

    am

    bi oncurreretotusel

    muta-

    cio

    localis ; rgo equituruod

    substanciast

    extensa,

    eparato uo-

    cumque

    lio distinctoealiterb

    ipsa.

    Per dem

    rguitur

    e

    qualitate.

    As one can

    see,

    although

    he

    position

    described

    s

    the

    same,

    the texts re

    not

    clearly

    parallel.

    This

    can be

    explained,

    however.

    First,

    Ockham is

    speaking

    here

    n

    the context f Eucharistie

    resence,

    nd since Ockham's

    treatmentn hisquestionon the accidents q. 8) is brief, erhapsMarchia

    does not cite

    any specific assage

    from

    hat

    question

    but

    rather

    pplies,

    in a

    general

    way,

    Ockham's statements

    n

    presence

    to the issue of acci-

    dents.

    Second,

    Ockham's views

    n

    some contexts

    robably

    rrived

    n

    Paris

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    INTRODUCTION 5

    beforehis actual Sentencesommentary id.3Thus, not onlywas Marchia

    one of the

    first cholars o react to Ockham's

    theological

    iews,

    but the

    evidence shows that Ockham's

    theories crossed the Channel

    to Paris

    almost

    immediately

    fterhis

    Oxford

    lectures,

    ust

    as Auriol's

    Parisian

    ideas reached

    England

    and Ockham

    soon after

    hey

    were

    publicized.

    Even more than

    Marchia,

    Caracciolo

    responded

    o Auriol's commen-

    tary,

    ut Paul

    Bakkerhas also found

    evidence

    n

    the same context

    hat

    Marchia criticized

    aracciolo,

    which

    s furthereason to date

    Caracciolo's

    lectures o

    1318-19,

    .e.

    immediately receding

    Marchia's:

    Caracciolo,

    V Sentencesd.

    12,

    q.

    2

    (Bakker

    999,

    .

    403,

    n.

    272)

    Quinta roposicio:uod

    nherencia

    uper

    accidens

    ccidit

    ositiuum,

    on

    bsolu-

    tum,

    ed

    quo

    sit

    respectus

    xtrinsecus

    adueniens

    .. Et

    preterea,

    uia

    nheren-

    cia

    requirit

    uo

    extrema,

    cilicetnti-

    tatemuae nherett llam ui nheret,

    nullum

    utem bsolutum

    idetur e-

    quirere

    uo

    extrema,

    x

    hoc

    infertur

    quod

    mnis

    nio idetur

    mportare

    ela-

    cionem x

    quo requirit

    xtrema uo

    extrema xistencia

    ecessario.

    uod

    autem

    it

    respectus

    xtrinsecus

    due-

    niens

    robatur,uia

    ille est

    respectus

    extrinsecusdueniens

    ui

    non

    equitur

    necessario,ositisundamentis-istauit

    sepius robata;

    ed ille

    respectus

    st

    huiusmodi;

    rgo

    tc.Probacio

    minorisi

    quiaposito

    ubiecto

    t

    posito

    ccidente,

    posset

    on

    equi

    nherencia.

    Marchia,

    V

    Sentences,

    .

    12,

    .

    1,

    .

    1

    (Bakker

    999,

    .

    403,

    n.

    272)

    Terciusmodus icendi st

    quia

    illud

    quod

    tollitur

    er

    ius

    eparacionem

    b

    accidentibust subiectoon st

    liquid

    predictorum,

    ed

    quidam respectus

    extrinsecus

    dueniens,

    uiquidem

    otest

    esse erminusctionis,icet on lle ui

    est ntrinsecusdueniens.

    uiusmodi

    autem

    espectus

    xtrinsecus

    dueniens

    qui

    tolliturst

    psa

    nherenciactualis

    accidentis

    d

    subiectum,

    ue

    non est

    nisi

    uedam

    abitudo.

    llud nim uius

    esse st

    n

    ordine d

    aliud,

    ec

    potest

    concipi

    isi

    n

    ordine

    d

    aliud,

    idetur

    precise

    sse

    uidam

    espectus

    ive

    abi-

    tudo. Sed

    inherenciaccidentis on

    potestoncipi

    isi antumnordined

    subiectum.

    rgo

    tc.Est enim

    espec-

    tus on

    ntrinsecus,

    ed xtrinsecus

    due-

    niens,

    uia

    non

    ponitur

    ecessario,

    positis

    xtremis.

    Finally,

    Maier has

    argued

    that

    Meyronnes ejected

    Marchia's

    teaching

    n

    projectile

    motion,

    lso

    propounded

    n

    book

    IV of his Sentencesommen-

    tary.Although

    t

    s

    possible

    hat

    Meyronnes

    was

    reacting

    o Gerard Odonis

    or

    others,

    s Schabel relates n his article n this

    ssue,

    it is most

    likely

    3

    Thankso Paul

    Bakker,

    ho nformeds

    of

    his act

    ia

    personal

    ommunication.

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    6

    RUSSELL

    . FRIEDMANND

    CHRIS CHABEL

    thathisopponentwasMarchia,whichreinforces archia's ndMeyronnes'

    relative

    dating.

    n

    sum,

    the

    evidence

    supports

    1319-20

    as

    the academic

    year

    of Marchia's

    Sentences

    ectures.

    At the

    present

    tateof

    research,

    his

    eems to

    be as far as

    we

    can take

    the use of

    doctrinal

    omparisons

    s an

    aid to

    dating

    Marchia's own

    works.

    A

    second use to

    which doctrinal

    tudies

    can

    be

    put

    is

    in

    the

    tracing

    f

    Marchia's

    influence.

    Although

    he main

    focus

    n

    the

    articles ollected

    n

    this

    volume

    s

    on

    Marchia's

    thought er

    se,

    an

    important

    ask

    for

    future

    Marchia

    studieswillbe

    to show his

    mpact

    n

    others s

    well.

    That Marchia

    in facthad an

    impact

    can be surmised

    ust

    from he numberofmanu-

    script

    copies

    that

    have

    survivedof his

    major

    work,

    his

    Sentences

    om-

    mentary:

    we have

    some 16

    copies

    of

    the first

    book

    of

    his

    Sentences

    commentary,

    7

    copies

    of the

    second

    book,

    13 of

    the

    third,

    nd 10

    of

    the

    fourth,

    long

    with

    not

    nconsiderable

    umber f

    fragments.

    n

    what

    follows,

    we

    would

    like to offer

    sketchof some

    of

    the

    ways

    in

    which

    Marchia's

    impact

    can be

    traced

    n

    the

    fourteenth

    entury,

    nd how

    this

    can

    help

    us with

    ontextualizing

    archia's

    own

    work.We

    make no

    claims

    whatsoever bout exhaustivenessquitethecontrary merelywanting o

    illustrate hat

    Marchia's

    reception

    s

    both

    complex

    and

    significant,

    nd

    hence

    deserving

    f much

    more

    attention.

    Naturally

    Marchia's

    Franciscan

    onfrres

    aid

    attention o his

    doctrine.

    Besides

    Meyronnes

    nd

    Ockham,

    s

    witness o this

    we

    can name

    Marchia's

    Parisian

    reportator

    William

    Rubio,

    whose

    own

    enormous

    Sentences

    om-

    mentary

    rom

    he

    early

    1330s

    was

    published

    n

    Paris

    in

    1518

    (see

    e.g.

    Schneider

    1991, 250-52,

    313-20;

    Schabel

    2000,

    210-14).

    But

    the

    nfluence

    of

    Marchia's

    philosophy

    nd

    theology

    was not

    limited

    o

    his

    own

    order.

    While very ittle urvives romParisianDominicans n the decades after

    Marchia's Sentences

    ectures,

    we

    do have

    works

    from everal

    Augustinin

    Hermits,

    most

    f

    not all of

    whom

    employed

    Marchia

    explicitly

    n

    several

    occasions,

    as

    Damasus

    Trapp's

    work

    clearly uggests.4

    ometimes

    hese

    were

    extremely

    ophisticated

    ses of

    Marchia.

    Michael of Massa

    (d.

    1337),

    for

    nstance,

    tructuresround

    Marchia's

    defense

    f the

    univocity

    f

    the

    concept

    of

    being

    between

    ubstance

    nd

    accident

    great

    deal of his

    own

    4

    A.D.

    Trapp, ugustinin

    heologyf

    he 4th

    entury.

    otes

    n

    ditions,

    arginalia

    Opinions

    and

    ook-Lorein:

    Augustiniana,(1956),

    46-274,

    or

    itationists f

    hese

    igures

    among

    others);

    n

    Massa n

    particular,

    ee

    dem,

    otes

    n

    ome

    anuscriptsf

    he

    ugustinin

    ichael

    deMassa

    f

    1337),

    n:

    Augustinianum,(1965),

    8-133.

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    8

    RUSSELL .

    FRIEDMANNDCHRIS CHABEL

    commentaryre the theories n naturalphilosophyhe presented here.

    In

    fact

    by

    the 1310s and

    1320s

    Sentencesommentaries ad become so

    large

    and

    broad that

    they provided

    ample

    space

    and

    opportunity

    or

    reflection n

    physics

    nd

    metaphysics,

    s

    well as

    philosophical heology.

    Conversely,

    ince

    theologians, specially

    Parisian

    theologians,

    were con-

    sidered he

    top

    mindsof the

    day,

    t is not

    surprising

    o

    find

    frequent

    ef-

    erences o their

    heological

    works

    n

    the Aristotelian

    ommentaries f arts

    masters.

    ohn

    the Canon's

    Physics

    ommentary

    s

    a

    case

    in

    point.

    John

    the

    Canon

    Juan

    Marbes

    was a Catalan arts

    master

    t Toulouse. Given

    that the latest

    figure

    e cites s Gerard Odonis

    (d. 1349),

    whom he calls

    simply

    Frater" four times but "Generalis Minister

    Ordinis

    Minorum"

    twice,

    t is

    probable

    that

    John

    wrote t the end of

    the

    1320s

    or the

    early

    1330s.10

    espite

    the fact that

    he was a Toulouse arts

    master,

    lmost all

    of

    his

    citations

    f scholastics ctive

    after

    1250

    are of Paris

    theologians:

    John

    Duns

    Scotus, OFM,

    59

    citations

    Peter

    Auriol, OFM,

    53

    Francis

    of

    Marchia, OFM,

    25

    Thomas

    Anglicus Wylton),

    2

    Landulph

    Caracciolo, OFM,

    9

    Gerard

    Odonis, OFM,

    9

    Francis

    of

    Meyronnes,

    OFM,

    9

    Others with 3 citations r

    fewer,

    1711

    10

    What

    ollowss based

    n a

    direct

    eading

    f

    John's

    ext,

    ut or detailed

    escrip-

    tion fthe

    ommentary,

    ee

    P.J.J.M.

    akkernd

    D.-J.

    ekker,

    ntoinendreu

    Jean

    e

    Chanoine, n: Bulletine philosophiedivale,2 (2000), 01-31.orthe ontroversy

    over he

    dentity

    nd

    dating

    f

    John

    he

    Canon,

    ee Schabel'srticle

    elow,

    ote14.

    Internalvidence

    rovides

    lues.

    e

    mentionsnostra

    athalonia";

    t one

    point

    e

    says

    that he

    ollowing

    oes ot old:

    Johannes

    st lbus t st

    anonicus,

    rgo

    st lbus anoni-

    cus"

    i.e.

    he

    s

    a

    canon,

    utnot Premonstratensian

    anon);

    iscussing

    otion,

    e

    says:

    "Supposito

    nim

    uod liquod

    mobile ebeatmoverib isto oco

    qui

    estTholosae

    d

    locum

    ui

    st arisius

    he

    lso

    eferso

    opinio

    uiusdam

    octoris

    uae pud

    holosanos

    articulusidei

    eputatur."

    his s confirmed

    y xplicits,

    hich

    dd that e was

    canon

    of

    Tortosa

    ndBarcelonandnamed

    ohn

    Marbes,

    lthough

    e s also

    wrongly

    alled

    Franciscant east

    n the

    mplicit

    nd

    explicit

    f he

    Venice

    520

    dition.

    11

    Walter

    urley

    magister),

    ;

    Henry

    f

    Ghent

    magnus

    octor

    ,

    2;

    Williamckham

    frater),

    2;

    Gerardhe

    armelite

    Quodlibet

    ,

    q.

    1),

    ;

    Giles fRome

    II

    Physics

    ,

    2;

    James

    f

    Viterbo,

    1;Peter fAuvergnemagister),;AlexanderIXMetaphysics),;Thomas quinasSumma

    contra

    entiles),

    1;

    opinio

    uiusdamubtilisacchalariiathelani

    ui

    ta

    super rimum

    Sententiarum

    onit

    (Antoniusndreas?),

    Francisleth

    ?),

    1

    Theres also reference

    tocondemnedrticle94 f

    1277

    nd ne o

    John

    XII's

    pronouncement

    n

    Eucharistie

    accidents

    probably

    n relationo

    Ockham).

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    INTRODUCTION

    9

    Perhapsbecause he was writingrom Scotistic erspectivefter homas

    Aquinas'

    canonization

    n

    1323,

    John

    has few

    xplicit

    eferenceso

    Aquinas

    or Thomistae

    4),

    although

    the

    1520

    edition dentifies

    many

    instancesof

    opinio

    uiusdamoctoriss

    referring

    o Sanctus homas.

    n

    contrast,

    ometimes

    John

    mentions he

    opinio

    cotica

    3)

    or

    Scotizantes

    4),

    and at least

    once

    Formalizantes

    whileScotus

    himself eceives bout 30% of

    the total itations.

    Of

    the almost

    200

    explicit

    itations,

    bout 85%

    are of

    Franciscans,

    nd

    Parisian

    heologians

    ctivefrom1315 to 1330

    have over 60% of the over-

    all

    references.Where he is more

    explicit,

    ohn

    refers

    o

    theological

    works

    (usually

    ooks and II of Sentences

    ommentaries),

    ut he also citesScotus'

    Theorematand Tractatuse

    primo

    rincipio

    Auriol's

    Tractatus

    e

    principiis

    at-

    urae

    Wylton's

    uaestiones

    hysicae

    and,

    apparently,

    lexander f Alessandria's

    Metaphysicsommentary.

    n the

    basis of this and other

    evidence,

    we are

    entided

    to

    say

    that Francis of Marchia was

    active

    in

    one of the

    peak

    periods

    of the Paris

    Faculty

    of

    Theology,

    when a

    series of famousmas-

    ters,

    mostly

    ranciscan

    Wylton,

    uriol,Caracciolo,

    Marchia,

    Meyronnes,

    and Odonis

    held

    interesting

    nd influential

    ebates over

    a

    wide

    range

    of theological nd philosophical opics.

    After he Doctor ubtilis nd the

    magnus

    octor eter

    Auriol,

    Francis of

    Marchia is the most cited scholastic

    n

    John

    the Canon's work.

    John

    the

    Canon

    is in

    fact llustrative

    f

    Marchia's

    significance

    n

    European thought

    in

    the decades afterhis Parisian Sentences

    ectures.

    ohn's

    25

    directcita-

    tions

    speak

    to Marchia's

    impact.

    John

    refers o Marchia as

    magister

    nd

    as doctoreverendas

    iater

    citing

    both Marchia's

    commentary

    n

    I

    Sentences

    (three

    imes,

    nce

    specifying

    istinction

    )

    and his

    commentary

    n book

    VII

    of the

    Metaphysics

    which Fabrizio

    Amerini reats

    n

    his article

    n

    the

    present olume.But Marchia's influence nJohnwas muchgreater han

    this. Notker

    Schneider found that

    John

    copied

    entire

    questions

    from

    Marchia'scommentariesn both the

    Metaphysics

    nd the Sentences

    Schneider

    1991,

    27-28),

    and

    already

    in

    1949

    Anneliese Maier

    spottedJohn

    bor-

    rowing

    heavily

    from

    Marchia

    in

    the context

    f future

    ontingentsMaier

    1949,

    245-47).

    John

    the Canon's

    borrowing

    n

    that

    context

    was in

    fact even

    more

    extensive han

    Maier knew.

    n

    his book on the

    reception

    f PeterAuriol's

    solution

    o the

    problem

    of divine

    foreknowledge

    nd future

    ontingents

    in theseyears (Schabel 2000), Schabel identified "Marchist School"

    among theologians

    hat ncludedthe Franciscans

    AufredusGonteri

    Brito,

    William f

    Brienne,

    nd William

    f

    Rubio,

    and most

    notably

    he

    Augustinin

    Hermit

    Michael of Massa.

    Interestingly,

    ll

    of these authorswere

    silent

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    10

    RUSSELL

    . FRIEDMANNDCHRIS GHABEL

    about theirdebt to Marchia,whoseunacknowledgedmpact n thiscon-

    text continued t least to

    the

    end of the

    15th

    century.

    t turns ut that

    John

    the Canon was another member

    of

    this

    silent"MarchistSchool."

    Book

    II

    of the

    Physics rovides

    a

    forumfor

    discussing

    ontingency

    nd

    fortune,

    ut

    John

    the arts master asks a

    theological uestion

    II,

    q. 4):

    "UtrumDeus habeat certam t

    infallibilem otitiam

    uiuscumque

    biecti

    futuri

    ontingentis."

    n

    article ne

    John

    deals with

    future

    ontingentropo-

    sitions,

    noting

    that a "certain

    doctor",

    .e.

    Auriol,

    followsAristotle nd

    denies theirtruth nd

    falsity.

    ince

    John

    will

    oppose

    this

    position,

    ne

    wonders

    why

    he does not name his

    adversary,

    s is his usual

    procedure

    with

    opponents.

    The reason s that

    John

    s

    not

    reading

    Auriol at

    all,

    but

    rather rancisof Marchia's

    presentation

    f

    Auriol,

    nd

    since Marchia did

    not name

    Auriol,

    neitherdoes

    John.

    But

    John

    does not name Marchia

    either,

    nd this

    time it is because

    John

    goes

    on to

    adopt,

    oftenverba-

    tim,

    Marchia's

    solution o

    the

    problem

    f divine

    foreknowledge

    nd

    future

    contingents.

    n

    fact,

    t is

    only

    toward the end of

    the article that

    John

    offers with

    approval

    what

    Marchia

    says

    "in

    alia

    quaestione,"

    appar-

    entlyan inadvertent evelationof his source.John mentionsMarchia

    again

    twice

    n

    the third f the

    three

    rticles,

    irst o

    give

    Marchia's

    argu-

    ments

    against

    John's

    position

    nd then

    to refute he

    arguments.

    his is

    particularly eceptive,

    ecause what

    John

    actually

    does is

    give

    Marchia's

    hypotheticalbjections

    o his own

    position

    nd

    then Marchia's own refu-

    tation

    of these

    objections

    n

    truth,

    ohn

    s

    almost

    n

    full

    greement

    with

    Marchia,

    and over

    half

    of the

    question

    s a

    paraphrase

    or verbatim

    uo-

    tationfromMarchia's

    commentary

    n book

    I

    of the Sentences

    mixed with

    Scotistic dditions nd briefmentions f Thomas

    Wylton'sPhysics

    om-

    mentary nd of Francis ofMeyronnes.

    Interestingly,

    n

    this

    context

    ohn

    does

    not

    employ

    he

    Scriptum

    ersion

    of the

    relevant

    part

    of Marchia's

    commentary,

    urviving

    n

    13

    manu-

    scripts

    nd

    perhaps

    the

    product

    f revisions one as late as

    1323

    or

    1324,

    but rather

    reportatio

    ersion hat

    s

    preserved

    n

    only

    two

    witnesses,

    AV

    Ross. lat.

    525

    and

    Naples

    BN

    VII C.

    27,

    dated

    (as

    mentioned

    bove)

    1320.

    This is also the case with the Sentences

    ommentary

    f

    William

    Rubio,

    Marchia's

    only

    known

    reportator

    and it

    suggests

    hat

    John

    the

    Canon was also

    close

    to Marchia.12 t

    serves to remindus that

    reporta-

    12

    ekker

    002,

    27-30,

    iscusses

    ohn

    he anon's

    elationship

    oMarchia

    n n

    nter-

    esting

    rticle

    n

    John's

    heories

    f

    ime

    nd

    motion,

    here

    ohn

    eactso Peter uriol

    n

    particular.

    ur

    indings

    ere nd

    n

    Schabel'srticle

    n

    this olume

    odify

    lightly

    ekker's

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    INTRODUCTION

    11

    tionesoften urvivingn fewor no manuscript itnesses,requentlylayed

    an

    important

    ole

    early

    on,

    while

    scripta

    r ordinationes

    irculating

    n

    many

    copies

    were

    more

    important

    n

    the

    long

    term.

    Thus,

    Caracciolo and

    Marchia

    were familiarwith

    reportationes

    f AurioPs

    ectures,

    Himbert of

    Garda

    employed

    reportatio

    f

    Meyronnes'

    entences

    ommentary,

    nd oth-

    ers used a

    reportatio

    f Odonis's Toulouse

    lectures,

    ow lost.

    This

    short ketch

    of some of the

    ways

    in

    which Marchia's influence

    was felt

    n

    the

    years following

    is

    activity

    t Paris

    can

    serveto show that

    Marchia

    was indeed a

    significantigure

    t the

    University

    f Paris

    in

    the

    early

    to mid fourteenth

    entury.

    t also shows

    quite

    clearly

    hat n order

    to trace

    especially

    he

    positive mpact

    Marchia had

    on

    contemporary

    nd

    later

    thinkers,

    urther tudiesof

    Marchia's own

    thought

    nd editionsof

    his works are

    an

    absolute

    prerequisite,

    ince so often

    positive

    nfluence

    goes

    unmentioned.We

    hope

    that the articles

    published

    here,

    n

    subject-

    ing

    aspects

    f Marchia's

    wide-ranging

    ntellectual

    ursuits

    o close

    scrutiny,

    will

    help

    demonstrate ot

    only

    the

    inherent

    hilosophical

    nd

    theologi-

    cal interest f

    Marchia's

    thought,

    ut also

    bring

    us one

    step

    closer to

    seeinghow his influence layedout in the later medievalperiod.

    This Volume

    The articles

    n

    this

    volume

    focus on Marchia's most nfluential orks

    his Sentences

    ommentary,

    is

    Metaphysicsommentary,

    nd his

    political

    tract and on

    various themeshe took

    up

    in

    them. t is

    perhaps fitting

    that he first hree f the

    six

    articles ollected

    ere are

    devoted

    o Marchia's

    natural

    philosophy.

    As mentioned

    bove,

    until

    recently

    Marchia's work

    was discussedprimarily y historians f science. Indeed such important

    scholars s Pierre

    Duhem,

    Anneliese

    Maier,

    and Marshall

    Clagett

    treated

    Marchia at some

    length,

    e

    is

    discussed

    n

    standardhistories f medieval

    science ike those of Edward

    Grant or David C.

    Lindberg,

    nd his name

    shows

    up

    even

    in

    broader

    surveys.

    wo of

    Marchia's

    positions

    bove

    all

    were

    singled

    ut as

    being

    of

    great significance.

    he first f these was his

    use of virtus

    erelictaan

    early

    version of

    impetus

    to

    explain

    how

    projec-

    tilescan continue o move even after

    hey

    re no

    longer

    n

    contactwith

    assertionsn

    John's

    dentity

    nd

    dating,

    owever,

    nd also

    uggest

    hat

    we

    need o see

    whether

    ohn's

    eactiono

    Auriols via

    Marchia

    n

    contexts

    ther

    han uture

    ontingents.

    For

    yet

    nother

    xample

    f

    Johnifting

    rom

    archia,

    ee Kraus

    936, 72,

    ndthe it-

    eratureeferredo there.

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    12

    RUSSELL

    . FRIEDMANNDCHRIS

    CHABEL

    the source of theirmotion: Marchia claimed that a force s leftbehind

    by

    the

    mover and that

    this

    force

    gradually

    xhausts

    tself,

    iththe effect

    thatthe

    projectile

    eases its

    motion.The second

    of Marchia's most

    noted

    positions

    was his

    rejection

    f the

    general

    Aristotelian iew that

    terrestrial

    and

    celestial matter re of two

    fundamentally

    ifferent

    ypes,

    Marchia

    instead

    claiming

    hat the heavens and

    earth are

    composed

    of the

    same

    basic kind of

    matter nd that

    in

    principle hey obey

    the

    same laws of

    cause and effect.t is on

    precisely

    hesetwo views

    that rticles ere

    focus.

    In

    his

    article,

    Mark Thakkar

    ooks at the

    distinction

    etween matter

    in the sublunar and in the

    supralunary

    worlds.Thakkar's article

    really

    shows how farMarchia

    studieshave

    come,

    since t can best

    be described

    as revisionist.

    e

    analyzes

    nd evaluates

    he

    arguments

    hatMarchia

    puts

    forward

    or his

    claim that these matters

    re of the same

    basic

    type.

    But

    then he shows that Marchia

    attenuates is claim

    so

    drastically

    hat t has

    no

    consequences

    whatsoever

    or he

    workings

    nd conductof natural

    phi-

    losophy.

    Marchia's

    view

    was

    purely

    theoretical.Two

    points might

    be

    made

    about Thakkar'sresults.

    irst,

    s Thakkar

    himself

    oints

    out it will

    be interestingo see whether ther hinkers rom heperiodpriorto and

    contemporary

    ithMarchia had the same sort f

    critique

    f

    theAristotelian

    divisionbetween celestial

    nd terrestrial

    atter;

    his researchhas

    yet

    to

    be done.

    Second,

    n

    a

    certain

    ense Marchia's

    rejection

    f the Aristotelian

    view

    is

    put

    into

    greater

    relief

    given

    Thakkar's

    results:Marchia

    had the

    same

    basic informationhat all

    other medieval

    thinkers ad the

    heav-

    ens

    appeared

    to follow

    unchanging,

    niform

    ircular

    motion,

    while

    the

    earthwas a

    place

    of

    change

    and varied

    motion.From an

    empirical oint

    of

    view,

    Marchia's

    big

    idea could

    only

    be

    theoretical,

    nd

    to that

    extent

    the conceptualbreakthroughif t was his) appears to remain ntact.

    As

    mentioned,

    erhaps

    Marchia's most famous

    ontributiono

    natural

    philosophy

    was

    the notionof virtus

    erelittao

    explain,

    mong

    other

    hings,

    projectile

    motion. Two articles

    n

    the

    present

    collection,

    ne

    by

    Chris

    Schabel,

    the

    other

    by

    Fabio

    Zanin,

    take

    up

    this ssue. The

    two articles

    are rather

    omplementary.

    chabel

    explores

    he historical

    ackground

    o

    and the

    reception

    of virtus

    erelicta

    concluding

    hat the

    theory

    did

    not

    arise

    in a

    vacuum nor was it

    adopted immediately.

    Moreover,

    Schabel

    looks

    at

    virtus

    erelicta

    n

    the contextof

    Marchia's own

    philosophy

    nd

    theology, howing hat Marchia used the tool to explain manydifferent

    phenomena

    over and above

    projectile

    motion. Zanin's

    article,

    on the

    other

    hand,

    is

    primarily

    oncernedwith

    a

    theoretical onsideration: as

    Marchia's

    idea a

    break with Aristotelian

    mechanics and a

    harbinger

    f

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    INTRODUCTION

    1

    3

    the moderntheoryof inertia?Zanin argues that Marchia's view does

    break

    decisively

    with several

    essential

    principles

    n

    Aristotelian

    hysics;

    nevertheless

    e claims that

    virtuserelictaoes

    not

    pave

    the

    way

    for ner-

    tia and

    seventeenth-century

    echanics.

    Although

    he

    considers

    t to be

    "one

    of the most

    important

    ontributions

    o the

    renewal of Western

    scientific

    hinking,"

    or

    Zanin the best

    way

    to look at

    Marchia's

    position,

    and itsdescendants

    n

    John

    Buridan,

    Nicole

    Oresme,

    nd Albert f

    Saxony,

    is as

    a

    new

    theory

    f motion hat

    ultimately

    ent

    undeveloped.

    nterestingly,

    Schabel

    and

    Zanin take

    very

    different

    iews of the

    relationship

    etween

    Marchia and

    John

    Buridan on the

    topic

    of

    impetus.

    chabel,

    looking

    at

    Marchia's

    wide-ranging

    ses,

    theological

    nd

    philosophical,

    or

    virtusere-

    litta,

    laims

    hatBuridan estricted

    i.e.

    to local

    motion)

    he use

    of Marchia's

    much broader

    theory;

    anin,

    examining

    irtus

    erelictand its

    descendant,

    impetus

    more

    strictly

    rom he

    point

    of view of

    a

    theory

    f

    motion,

    ees

    Buridan as

    having

    further

    eveloped

    and extended

    Marchia's

    theory.

    Appended

    to

    Schabel's article

    s the first ritical

    ditionfrom

    ll manu-

    scripts

    f the central

    extfor the

    study

    f Marchia's

    theory

    f

    virtus ere-

    licta IV Sentencesq. 1.

    The

    remaining

    rticles eal

    with

    opics

    hat

    have received

    ar

    ess

    schol-

    arly

    attention.

    abrizio Amerini

    ooks at Marchia's

    view on the

    nature

    of

    accident nd accidental

    being.

    What is an accident?

    How does it exist?

    And how does it relate

    to the substance

    n

    which t

    inheres?These are

    the

    questions

    that

    Amerini's

    wide-ranging aper

    addresses.

    n

    the first

    part

    of the

    paper,

    Amerini canvasses

    the thirteenth-

    nd fourteenth-

    century

    ebate over

    these

    ssues,

    solating

    discussion

    mong

    arts

    masters

    that

    took its

    point

    of

    departure

    n

    a difficult

    uestion

    of Aristotle

    nter-

    pretation, nd a discussion mong theologians, speciallyAquinas and

    Scotus,

    which

    in

    addition had to

    account for the

    complex

    case of

    the

    Eucharist.

    n

    the second

    part

    of his

    article,

    Amerini ooks at

    Marchia's

    treatment f the

    issues

    n

    both

    his

    Metaphysics

    nd

    his Sentencesommen-

    taries.From

    this

    nvestigation,

    archia's stance can

    be seen

    as a

    devel-

    opment

    of Scotus'

    view: he holds

    that accidents

    re absolute

    beings

    and

    inherence

    n

    a

    subject

    s not

    an essential eature

    f them

    drawing

    hese

    conclusions

    n accountof the

    Eucharist).

    n

    addition

    o his valuable

    study,

    Amerini ffershe

    editio

    rinceps

    f Marchia's

    Metaphysics

    ommentary,

    ook

    VII, q. 1.

    One

    topic

    that

    has

    recently

    een at

    the center f attention

    n

    the

    study

    of

    medieval

    philosophy

    s weaknessof

    will.

    Thus,

    Andrea A.

    Robiglio's

    study

    f Marchia's

    view on the relation

    etweenwill and

    intellects

    timely.

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    INTRODUCTION

    1

    TotalMarchia ibliography

    The

    bibliography

    ims

    to be exhaustive

    except

    hatwe

    have ncluded either

    ncy-

    clopedia

    ntriesormere

    mentions

    f

    Marchia

    particularly

    he

    ozens,

    erhaps

    un-

    dreds,

    f

    studies

    eferring

    o Marchia' virtusderelicta

    contributiono

    impetus

    theory.

    n addition

    o

    studies

    hat ave

    ppeared

    ince

    002,

    we have dded

    uite

    bit

    of

    older iteratureo that

    eported

    n Friedmannd Schabel 001.

    The

    bibliog-

    raphy

    s

    lightly

    nnotated,

    rimarily

    o indicateditions

    rom

    Marchiai works

    all

    manuscript

    igla

    re taken

    rom

    riedmannd

    Schabel

    001).

    Catalogue

    f

    Marchiai orks

    with

    ajorublished

    ditions)

    In V librosententiarumseveral

    ersions.ee Friedman

    ndSchabel

    001,

    ndthe iter-

    atureited

    here,

    o

    whichhoulde added

    ranciscieMarchiaiue e sculoommentarius

    in V ibrosententiarum

    etriombardi.

    uaestiones

    raeambulae

    t

    rologus

    ed. N.

    Mariani,

    OFM

    Spicilegium

    onaventurianum,

    1),

    Grottaferrata

    003,

    ndFranciscieMarchia

    sive e

    Esculo ommentariusn

    V librosententiarumetriombardi.

    istinctiones

    rimi

    ibri

    prima

    d

    decimam,

    d.N.

    Mariani,

    FM

    Spicilegium

    onaventurianum,

    2),

    Grottaferrata

    2006.

    Editorialork

    n

    advanced

    tage

    n

    II

    Sent,

    both

    he

    A

    and

    B

    versions)

    t

    the

    University

    f

    Fribourg,

    witzerland

    Tiziana

    uarez-Nani).

    Quodlibet1324-28?)FranciscieMarchiaive e sculo,FM, uodlibetumuaestionibuselectisex ommentarion ibrumententiarumed.N.

    Mariani,

    FM

    Spicilegium

    onaventurianum,

    29),

    Grottaferrata997.

    In ibros

    hysicorum

    Francisci

    eMarchiaive e

    Esculo,FM,

    ententia

    t

    ompilatiouper

    ibros

    Physicorum

    risoe

    is,

    d.N.

    Mariani,

    FM

    Spicilegium

    onaventurianum,

    0),

    Grotta-

    ferrata998.

    Quaestiones

    n

    Metaphysicam

    books

    -VII;

    resumably

    obe dated obefore

    323)

    Marchia's

    largeMetaphysics

    ommentary.osdy

    nedited,

    ound

    n

    Paris,

    ibl.

    Mazarine,

    od.

    3490,

    f.

    -57r,

    nd

    Bologna,ollegio

    i

    Spagna

    04,

    f.

    8r-102v

    but

    or

    ditions

    fromhework ee below

    he ntriesor

    olge

    -Fonfara,nzle, chneider,

    nd

    Zimmermann,

    s well s

    Amerini'srticle

    n

    this

    olume).

    Quaestiones

    uperrimum

    t ecundumibrum

    etaphysicorum

    Marchia'small

    Metaphysics

    om-

    mentary,robablynabbreviationf he irstwo ooks f heargerommentary.

    Unedited,

    ound

    n

    Florence,

    ibl.

    Mediceo-Laurenziana,

    esul.

    61,

    f.

    7ra-73ra,

    and

    BAV,

    Vat. at.

    3130,

    f.

    9ra-36vb,

    s well

    s several

    ragments.

    Improbatio

    ontraibellum

    omini

    ohannisui ncipit

    Quia

    ir

    eprobus(1330)

    Franciscie

    sculo,

    OFM,

    mprobatio

    ontraibellumomini

    ohannisui

    ncipit

    Quia

    ir

    eprobus

    ed.N.

    Mariani,

    OFM

    Spicilegium

    onaventurianum,

    8),

    Grottaferrata993.

    Studies

    f

    Marchia'sorks

    Alliney,

    .,

    E' necessariomareio? ibert

    contingenza

    ell'atto

    olontarioel

    ensiero

    iFrancesco

    dAppignano,

    n:D. Priori

    ed.),

    tti el

    Convegno

    nternazionale

    uFrancesco

    'Appignano

    AppignanoelTronto,orthcoming.

    Amerini,,

    Francesco

    Appignano

    ome

    onte

    i PaoloVeneto.l caso

    egli

    ccidentiucaristici

    in:

    Picenum

    eraphicum,

    orthcoming.

    Bakker999

    Bakker,

    .J.J.M.,

    a

    Raisont e miracle.esdoctrines

    ucharistiques

    c.

    1250-

    c.

    1400),

    ijmegen

    999,

    ol.

    1,

    86-94 nd 399-408.

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    16

    RUSSELL

    .

    FRIEDMANNDCHRIS

    CHABEL

    Balena,M.,andD. Priori,uidquidehoc ixerithilosophustCommentatorin: Priorind

    Balena

    004,

    7-96.

    Borchert,.,

    Der

    influss

    es

    Nominalismus

    uf

    ie

    Christologie

    er

    ptscholastik

    ach emraktat

    de communicationediomatumes

    Nicolaus

    resme.

    ntersuchungen

    nd

    extausgabe

    Mnster. W.

    1940,

    5-66

    III

    Sent.,

    q.

    1, 3, 7,

    10 from s.

    W)

    and

    82

    III

    Sent.,

    q.

    5 from s.

    W).

    Clagett,

    .,

    The cience

    f

    Mechanicsn he iddle

    ges,

    adison

    959,519-21,

    26-30

    partial

    trans,f V

    Sent.,

    .

    1,

    based n the dition

    n

    Maier

    940).

    Counet,

    .-M.,

    a

    cosmologie

    e

    Franois

    eMarchia.

    propos

    'univre

    cent,

    n: Bulletine

    philosophie

    divale,

    4

    1992),

    15-20.

    Dekker

    002

    Dekker,

    .J.,John

    he

    anonnTimendMotion.Case

    tudy

    nAristotelian

    Naturalhilosophynd arlycotism,n:C. Leijenhorst,. Lthy,nd .M.M.H.hijssen

    (eds.),

    he

    ynamics

    f

    ristotelianatural

    hilosophyrom

    ntiquity

    o he eventeenth

    entury,

    Leiden

    002, 25-48,

    sp.

    227-30.

    Dettloff,

    .,

    Die

    Entwicklung

    er

    kzeptations-und

    erdienstlehreon uns cotusis

    uther,

    it

    besonderer

    ercksichtigung

    er

    ranziskanertheologen,

    nster. W.

    1963,

    90-92.

    Donati, .,

    The

    nonymousommentary

    n he

    hysics

    n

    Erfurt

    Cod.

    mplon.

    .

    312

    and ichard

    Rufusf

    ornwall,

    n:Recherchese

    Thologie

    t

    Philosophie

    divales,

    2.2

    2005),

    232-362,

    sp.

    269-83.

    Duba,W.O.,

    Francesco

    'Appignano

    ull'Immacolata

    oncezione,

    n: Priorind

    Balena

    004,

    59-75.

    Duba,W.O.,

    rancescoiMarchiaulla

    onoscenza

    ntuitivaediataimmediata

    III

    Sent.,

    .

    13),

    in:

    Picenum

    eraphicum,

    2-23

    2003-04),

    21-57

    with

    d. of he

    uestion

    rom

    ll

    mss).

    Duba,W.O.,

    Francis

    f

    Marchian

    Christ's

    uman

    ognitionf

    he

    Word,

    n: M.C. Pacheco

    and

    J.F.

    Meirinhos

    eds.),

    ntellectnd

    magination

    n

    Medieval

    hilosophy

    . Actesu

    XIe

    Congrs

    nternational

    e

    Philosophie

    divale

    e

    a Socitnternationale

    our

    'tudee a

    Philosophie

    divale.I.E.P.M.

    ,

    Porto,

    u

    6

    au31 aot

    002, urnhout,

    orthcoming.

    Duba,W.O.,

    Se non i

    osse

    a

    redenzione,

    i sarebbe

    'incarnazione?

    l

    rapportora

    a

    Separatio

    humani

    eneris'

    la causa

    ell'incarnazione

    el Verboecondorancesco

    'Appignano

    in:

    D. Priori

    ed.),

    tti el

    Convegno

    nternazionale

    uFrancesco

    'Appignano,

    ppignano

    el

    Tronto,

    orthcoming.

    Duhem, .,

    Le

    systme

    u

    monde,

    oll.

    -8,

    aris

    954-59,

    ndices.v.

    Franois

    e Marche

    (English

    ranslation

    f

    portion

    n

    Duhem, .,

    Medieval

    osmology.

    heories

    f

    nfinity,

    Place, ime, oid,

    nd

    he

    luralityf

    Worlds,

    rans. .

    Ariew

    Chicago 985] sp.200-02nd321-23).

    Ehrle, .,

    Der

    entenzenkommentar

    eterson

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    Begriffe

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    INTRODUCTION 1

    7

    Folger-Fonfara,., Primael rimoFrancesco'Appiglianoui oncettirimiin:D. Prioried.),

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    Friedman,.L.,

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    niversity:

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    Use

    f

    hilosophicalsychology

    n Trinitarian

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    he ranciscansnd

    ominicans,

    1250-1350

    Leiden,

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    Friedman,

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    argeMetaphysicsommentary,

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    is

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    uthorn Petrushomaeder

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    Krzinger

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    revised

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    18 RUSSELL . FRIEDMANNDCHRIS CHABEL

    Lambertini,.,Giacomo'AscoliFrancesco'Appigliano,iovanniaRipatransone:ustodiascolana

    e culturacolastica

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    GliOrdini

    endicantiel

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    Lambertini,.,

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    ntellectt

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    ans

    a

    philosophie

    di-

    vale. ctesu

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    Congrs

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    Lambertini,.,

    Francesco

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    ome

    onte

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    Guglielmo

    'Ockhamin:

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    Convegno

    nternazionale

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    Livesey,.,

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    Lohr, .,

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    Maier, .,

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    Maier,A.,

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    xact ciencetrans. .D.

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    003).

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    INTRODUCTION 1

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    in:Miscellania

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    04.1-2

    2004),

    00-20.

    Priori

    002

    =

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    .

    (ed.),

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    Convegno

    nternazionale

    u Francesco

    'Appignano

    Appianano

    el

    Tronto

    002.

    Priori,.,

    Francesco

    Appignano

    Frustrait

    erplura

    uod

    fieri

    otest er

    pauciora,

    n:

    Priori

    002,

    03-15.

    Priorind

    Balena

    004

    Priori,.,

    and

    M. Balena

    eds.),

    tti el Io

    Convegno

    nternazionale

    suFrancesco

    Appignano,

    ppignano

    el

    Tronto

    004.

    Schabel, .,

    Il

    Determinismoi Francescoi Marchia

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    1999),

    57-95,

    nd

    19

    2000),

    5-68

    with

    d. of

    Scriptum

    ,

    dd.

    35-38,

    romll

    mss).

    Schabel, .,

    Notes

    n Recentdition

    f

    arts

    f

    Marchia'In

    primm

    ibrumententiarum

    in:

    Picenum

    eraphicum,

    9

    2000),77-82review

    f

    Mariani'sextditionrom998).Schabel000 Schabel,.,TheologytParis,316-1345Peteruriolndhe roblemf ivine

    Foreknowledge

    nd

    uture

    ontingents

    Aldershot

    000,

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    189-220,

    24-36.

    Schabel, ,

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    FrancescoiMarchiaulla

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    romll

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    Schabel,

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    f

    Marchiain:

    E.N. Zalta

    ed.),

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    tanford

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    (200 ),

    URL:

    http:/ lato.stanford.edu/

    rchives/

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    Commentary

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    Schabel,

    .,

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    MarchianDivine

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    J.F.

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    .Actesu

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    Mdivalee

    a Socitnternationale

    our

    'Etudee

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    aot 002

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    Sent.,

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    1,

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    Schmaus,

    .,

    Der Liber

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    esThomas

    nglicus

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    Lehrunterschiede

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    Schneider,.,

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    ngedruckte

    ustio

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    Unendlichenn einem

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    ristotelischesrbem

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    04-07

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    Francis fMarchiaon theHeavens

    MARK THAKKAR

    Abstract

    Francisof Marchia (c. 1290-fl344) s said to have challengedAristotelian

    orthodoxy y uniting

    he

    celestial nd terrestrialealms

    n

    a

    way

    that has

    importantmplications

    or he

    practice

    f natural

    hilosophy.

    ut this

    over-

    looks

    Marchia'svitaldistinctionetween

    are

    potentiality,

    hich

    s actualiz-

    able

    onlyby

    God,

    and natural

    otency,

    hich s the concern f the natural

    philosopher.

    f

    due attention

    s

    paid

    to this distinctionnd

    to its

    implica-

    tions,

    Marchia's

    position

    o

    longer

    eems

    to be

    revolutionary.

    1. Introduction

    One of the most

    mportant

    nnovationsf the matureGalileo

    was the

    assertion

    hat the celestial nd

    terrestialealms re made of the

    same

    fundamental

    atter nd thereforeollow he

    same basic natural aws.

    Francis f

    Marchia

    put

    forth similar

    ypothesis

    n

    his

    commentary

    n

    book

    I

    [of

    he

    Sentences],

    q.

    29-32.

    Contrary

    o

    contemporary

    ristotelian

    theory,

    Marchia

    argues

    that the heavens are

    not made

    up

    of

    a

    fifth,

    incorruptible,

    obler

    element,

    which

    radically

    ifferentiates

    he

    supra-

    lunar realmfrom he sublunar

    ne. On the

    contrary,

    he basic

    matter

    is the sameeverywhere,nd ustas Marchiaconsiders he naturalworld

    to

    follow

    redictable atterns,

    e also thinks hat hose

    patterns

    re uni-

    versallypplicable.

    hese two tenets

    ave

    mportantmplications

    or he

    practice

    f natural

    hilosophy. 1

    Or so we have been led to believe.

    Francis of Marchia's

    writings

    n

    the

    nature

    of the heavens have been

    in

    print

    orthe

    past

    fifteen

    ears

    thanks

    to Notker chneider's

    roduction

    f a critical ditionwith

    commentary.2

    But that

    commentary

    as

    not

    yet

    been

    supplemented

    y

    independent

    1C. Schabel,rancisfMarchiain:E.N.Zaltaed.), he tanfordncyclopediaf hilosophy

    (Winter

    001 edition

    ,

    3

    (URL

    =

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    24/208

    22

    MARK HAKKAR

    studies,nd its main nterpretativelaims thatMarchiadeniedAristotle's

    radical distinction etween

    the sublunar nd

    supralunar

    ealms,

    nd that

    this

    allowed

    him

    to

    apply

    to the heavens

    physical

    aws

    discoveredon

    earth have

    percolated through

    o the

    tertiary

    iterature

    nchallenged.3

    This

    articleundermines hose claims.

    In

    his

    concluding hapter,

    chneider

    gives

    a

    summary

    f what he calls

    the

    important

    nd

    fundamentally

    nnovative esults f

    Marchia's cosmol-

    ogy: (1)

    that the whole cosmos is unified

    nd

    essentially

    omogeneous,

    inasmuch as

    essentially

    he same

    principles

    nd

    causes are to be

    found

    throughout

    t;

    (2)

    that

    the whole cosmos can be

    interpretedniformly,

    o

    that there

    s no need

    for a

    special physics

    f the

    heavens as

    a

    separate

    realm;

    and

    (3)

    that

    all

    discovered nd

    confirmed bservations nd laws

    are

    in

    principle

    ransferablend

    applicable

    to

    all

    events

    n

    the

    cosmos,

    so

    that,

    as a

    matterof

    methodology,

    e can

    make well-founded tate-

    ments bout

    things

    which elude our direct

    grasp.4

    This

    would of course

    be

    in

    starkcontrast o the

    standard mediaeval

    view,

    derived

    ultimately

    from

    Aristotle,

    hat the sublunar

    and

    supralunar

    realms

    are fundamen-

    tallydifferent.5

    Marchia's own viewsare

    expressed

    n

    his

    commentaries

    henceforth

    S'

    and

    'M')

    on PeterLombard's Sentences

    nd on Aristotle's

    etaphysics

    where

    he

    asks

    whether r not celestialmatter s of

    the same nature

    ratio)

    s the

    matter f inferior

    enerables

    nd

    corruptiblesS II.32.iv)

    or

    the matter

    of

    the elements

    M

    III.

    9).

    His

    answer,

    o

    put

    it

    briefly,

    s that

    yes,

    celes-

    tial

    and terrestrial atter re of the same nature.But

    the devil

    s in

    the

    details,

    nd it is to

    these

    that

    now turn.

    3

    See for

    nstance.L.

    Friedman,

    rancis

    f

    Marchiain:

    J.J.E.

    racia nd

    T.B. Noone

    (eds.), Companion

    o

    Philosophy

    ntheMiddle

    ges,

    xford

    002, 54,

    nd

    3

    of

    Schabel,

    Francis

    f

    Marchia

    cit.

    .

    1

    above).

    4

    Schneider,

    ie

    Kosmologiecit.

    n.

    2

    above),

    26-27:

    im

    Augenblick

    oll

    nur

    gezeigt

    werden,

    elche esultateiese

    ntscheidung

    schon ei

    hm

    eitigte.

    ormalassen

    ich

    vor llem rei

    wichtigergebnisse

    enennen,

    ie allesamt

    undamentale

    euerungen

    bedeuteten..

    1

    Der Kosmosst

    n

    seiner

    anzen rstreckung

    eineinheiichesnd

    wesentlich

    omogenes

    anzes,

    n

    dem

    n

    eder eliebigen

    telle esentlich

    leicherinzipien

    undUrsachennzutreffenind.

    .

    Dieser

    esamt-Kosmos,

    as

    Universum,

    ann

    inheitlich

    interpretierterden.. es istnicht tig,r esondere,usgezeichneteereicheine

    besondere

    hysik

    it

    igenen

    rklrungsmustern

    u

    schaffen

    z.B.

    ine

    pezielle

    Himmels-

    physik').

    o