World War IIWorld War II

Chapter 29-3Chapter 29-3

Causes of WWIICauses of WWII

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Discontent due to the DepressionDiscontent due to the Depression Failure of the League of Nations to Failure of the League of Nations to

keep the peacekeep the peace Failure to DisarmFailure to Disarm The Rise of totalitarian statesThe Rise of totalitarian states U.S. stock market crash, bank failures, U.S. stock market crash, bank failures,

isolationism, tariff policyisolationism, tariff policy

Causes Causes

Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles: Harsh reparations, conservative Harsh reparations, conservative

resentment over Diktat (article 231)resentment over Diktat (article 231)

The League of Nations:The League of Nations: Little credibility without the U.S. Little credibility without the U.S.

and USSRand USSR Was unable to maintain peace Was unable to maintain peace

Causes Causes

Washington Naval ConferenceWashington Naval Conference 1921: 1921: did not provide for enforcement did not provide for enforcement

Four-Power TreatyFour-Power Treaty Five Power TreatyFive Power Treaty Nine Power TreatyNine Power Treaty

Japan gave only verbal agreementJapan gave only verbal agreement 5-Power Treaty only concerned 15-Power Treaty only concerned 1stst

class shipsclass ships

20’s Treaties had no 20’s Treaties had no enforcementenforcement

Locarno Pact:Locarno Pact: offered a false sense of security for the offered a false sense of security for the

future future was not relevant once Hitler took powerwas not relevant once Hitler took power

Same for Same for Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact signed signed by 62 nationsby 62 nations

Economic factorsEconomic factors

The depression caused wide-spread The depression caused wide-spread discontent and created the opportunity discontent and created the opportunity for the rise of fascismfor the rise of fascism

The London Economic Conference = The London Economic Conference = FailureFailure

The above convinced Hitler that The above convinced Hitler that democracies lacked the will and democracies lacked the will and organization necessary to address the organization necessary to address the international crisisinternational crisis

Hitler began to rearm GermanyHitler began to rearm Germany

1931 Japan invaded 1931 Japan invaded ManchuriaManchuria

Violated the 9-Power Treaty, the Violated the 9-Power Treaty, the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Charter Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Charter of the League of nationsof the League of nations

The League of Nations protestedThe League of Nations protested

Japan withdrew from the League and Japan withdrew from the League and treaty obligationstreaty obligations

1935 The Stressa Front1935 The Stressa Front

The British, French and Italy, concerned The British, French and Italy, concerned about Hitler’s rearmament, agreed to use about Hitler’s rearmament, agreed to use force to preserve the political status quo force to preserve the political status quo in Europein Europe

Then, Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935Then, Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935 Used modern weaponsUsed modern weapons 500,000 Ethiopians died, 5,000 Italians500,000 Ethiopians died, 5,000 Italians The League protested & Italy dropped outThe League protested & Italy dropped out

Italian AggressionItalian Aggression

Sanctions imposed by the League but not Sanctions imposed by the League but not oiloil

Brits and French did not stop Italy at the Brits and French did not stop Italy at the Suez Canal on the way to Ethiopia.Suez Canal on the way to Ethiopia.

They needed Italy’s help to keep Hitler in They needed Italy’s help to keep Hitler in checkcheck

By 1936 Hitler and Mussolini are working By 1936 Hitler and Mussolini are working together in the Spanish Civil Wartogether in the Spanish Civil War

Sanctions were lifted by this timeSanctions were lifted by this time

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War Spain had a constitutional monarchySpain had a constitutional monarchy Was challenged by Fascist, Francisco Was challenged by Fascist, Francisco

FrancoFranco Wanted to eradicate socialism & Wanted to eradicate socialism &

communismcommunism Wanted to restore the power of the ChurchWanted to restore the power of the Church Civil War Between the Fascists Civil War Between the Fascists

(Falangists) and Royalists(Falangists) and Royalists Franco was aided by Mussolini and HitlerFranco was aided by Mussolini and Hitler Picasso’s Picasso’s GuernicaGuernica

The Rome-Berlin AxisThe Rome-Berlin Axis

Formed as a response to successful Formed as a response to successful military cooperation in Spainmilitary cooperation in Spain

Italians still upset about lack of territory at Italians still upset about lack of territory at post WWI Paris Peace Conference (Italia post WWI Paris Peace Conference (Italia Irredenta)Irredenta)

1936 Germany occupied the Rhineland…T 1936 Germany occupied the Rhineland…T of V had demilitarized this zoneof V had demilitarized this zone

German Generals were nervous. France German Generals were nervous. France tootoo

The RhinelandThe Rhineland

For the first time since WWI, For the first time since WWI, Germany had troops on the Franco-Germany had troops on the Franco-German borderGerman border

A major threat to French securityA major threat to French security France was unwilling to enforce the France was unwilling to enforce the

T. of V. without England’s helpT. of V. without England’s help England was Pacifist:England was Pacifist:

Due to the memories of WWIDue to the memories of WWI And the belief by many that the T. of V. And the belief by many that the T. of V.

was too harshwas too harsh

JapanJapan

Had control of the Northern and Had control of the Northern and Central Chinese PlainsCentral Chinese Plains

““The Rape of Shanghai” The Rape of Shanghai”

The League was impotentThe League was impotent

Anschluss March 1933Anschluss March 1933

Germany’s threat of military action = Germany’s threat of military action = Austrian Chancellor resignedAustrian Chancellor resigned

Austrian Nazi Party assumed Austrian Nazi Party assumed government controlgovernment control

Germany marched in and annexed Germany marched in and annexed AustriaAustria

Brits: Policy of Appeasement (Neville Brits: Policy of Appeasement (Neville Chamberlain)Chamberlain)

The SudetenlandThe Sudetenland

At the At the 1938 Munich Conference 1938 Munich Conference Brits, French, Italy allowed Hitler to Brits, French, Italy allowed Hitler to take Sudetenland in exchange for take Sudetenland in exchange for guarantee: no more territorial guarantee: no more territorial aggression (appeasement)aggression (appeasement)

The Czechs were told to comply…had The Czechs were told to comply…had no choiceno choice

Neville Chamberlain a hero at homeNeville Chamberlain a hero at home

March 1939March 1939

Hitler went back on his word and Hitler went back on his word and took the rest of Czechoslovakiatook the rest of Czechoslovakia

The end of Appeasement PolicyThe end of Appeasement Policy

German-Soviet Non-German-Soviet Non-Aggression PactAggression Pact

Public: 10-Year pactPublic: 10-Year pact Surprised the worldSurprised the world

Privately: Agreed to divide Poland Privately: Agreed to divide Poland between thembetween them

Also, Russia could snap up Baltic Also, Russia could snap up Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuaniastates: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Hitler: a one-front war against the Hitler: a one-front war against the WestWest

The BlitzkriegThe Blitzkrieg

One week after taking Czechoslovakia, One week after taking Czechoslovakia, Hitler demanded he be able to build a road Hitler demanded he be able to build a road across the Polish corridor…Poles refusedacross the Polish corridor…Poles refused

Hitler also demanded Danzig (port city on Hitler also demanded Danzig (port city on the Baltic run as a “Free City” by the the Baltic run as a “Free City” by the LeagueLeague

Brits and French promised Poland aidBrits and French promised Poland aid Poles expected help from General MudPoles expected help from General Mud

PolandPoland

Hitler claimed Poles were committing Hitler claimed Poles were committing atrocities against Germans in the atrocities against Germans in the corridor and attackedcorridor and attacked

Russia invaded on Poland’s Eastern Russia invaded on Poland’s Eastern FrontFront

Refugees were bombedRefugees were bombed Brits and French sent a naval blockadeBrits and French sent a naval blockade Had no impact against land forcesHad no impact against land forces Warsaw fell in 3 weeksWarsaw fell in 3 weeks

SitzkriegSitzkrieg

Was Hitler done? Only until the springWas Hitler done? Only until the spring But Russia was busy: Attacked Finland But Russia was busy: Attacked Finland Fins held out for 3 months aloneFins held out for 3 months alone Then Russia occupied Latvia, Then Russia occupied Latvia,

Lithuania, EstoniaLithuania, Estonia

Used as a buffer zone between Russia Used as a buffer zone between Russia and Germanyand Germany

More Aggression More Aggression

1939 Italy took Albania1939 Italy took Albania

Sitzkrieg (phony war) over after 7 Sitzkrieg (phony war) over after 7 monthsmonths

April of 1940 Hitler invaded Norway April of 1940 Hitler invaded Norway and Denmark and Swedenand Denmark and Sweden

HitlerHitler

May 1940 Hitler demanded occupation May 1940 Hitler demanded occupation of Netherlands and Belgiumof Netherlands and Belgium

Dutch held out for 5 days; lost ¼ of Dutch held out for 5 days; lost ¼ of armyarmy

Belgium held out for 18 daysBelgium held out for 18 days

Miracle at DunkirkMiracle at Dunkirk

The Fall of FranceThe Fall of France

In three weeksIn three weeks Terms of Armistice: 1 million Terms of Armistice: 1 million

French POWs and occupationFrench POWs and occupation Vichy FranceVichy France: : PetainPetain (hero of (hero of

Verdun) now Nazi sympathizer ruled Verdun) now Nazi sympathizer ruled for Nazis (later executed for treasonfor Nazis (later executed for treason

De GaulleDe Gaulle and the and the Free FrenchFree French

1940 Tripartite Pact1940 Tripartite Pact

Japan joined Rome-Berlin Axis Japan joined Rome-Berlin Axis

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain: Hitler offered peace : Hitler offered peace with Brits if Brits would accept with Brits if Brits would accept German domination of continentGerman domination of continent

Churchill (had replaced Chamberlain) Churchill (had replaced Chamberlain) refusedrefused

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Hitler planned “Operation Sealion”: a Hitler planned “Operation Sealion”: a massive invasion of England across the massive invasion of England across the channelchannel

German aerial bombings of Britain to German aerial bombings of Britain to soften them upsoften them up

Goring’s Luftwaffe vs Brits RAFGoring’s Luftwaffe vs Brits RAF Brits had radar and defeated the LuftwaffeBrits had radar and defeated the Luftwaffe Germany lost 2,433 planes, RAF lost 900Germany lost 2,433 planes, RAF lost 900

Germany invaded the Soviet Germany invaded the Soviet UnionUnion

Violation of Non-Aggression agreementViolation of Non-Aggression agreement Hitler’s biggest mistakeHitler’s biggest mistake Invasion East for Lebensraum: living Invasion East for Lebensraum: living

spacespace

Soviets called it Soviets called it The Great Patriotic The Great Patriotic War of the FatherlandWar of the Fatherland

Scorched Earth PolicyScorched Earth Policy

The United StatesThe United States

FDR meeting secretly with Churchill:FDR meeting secretly with Churchill:

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter Agreed: no territorial exchanges Agreed: no territorial exchanges

after the war contrary to the wishes after the war contrary to the wishes of the inhabitantsof the inhabitants

A new world organizationA new world organization

Stalin endorsed aboveStalin endorsed above

U.S. NeutralityU.S. Neutrality

Neutrality Acts prevented FDR from Neutrality Acts prevented FDR from bringing U.S. into the conflictbringing U.S. into the conflict

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act 1941 = help to Brits 1941 = help to Brits and eventually Sovietsand eventually Soviets

Japan attacked Pear Harbor Dec. 7, Japan attacked Pear Harbor Dec. 7, 19411941

U.S. entered the warU.S. entered the war

Hitler declared war on U.S. Hitler declared war on U.S. Dec 11thDec 11th

Another mistakeAnother mistake See Atlantic CharterSee Atlantic Charter Solved a problem for FDRSolved a problem for FDR

The Grand AllianceThe Grand Alliance formed in 1942 formed in 1942 Britain, USSR, the U.S. and 42 other Britain, USSR, the U.S. and 42 other

nationsnations Spain neutral but allowed Nazis to use Spain neutral but allowed Nazis to use

portsports

The Nazi “New Order”The Nazi “New Order” Nazis exploited Europe for economic valueNazis exploited Europe for economic value Nordic Peoples were given preferential Nordic Peoples were given preferential

treatment: Dutch, Norwegians, Danes (were treatment: Dutch, Norwegians, Danes (were racially related to Germans)racially related to Germans)

French were taxed big time: were racially French were taxed big time: were racially inferior Latin people …but to be toleratedinferior Latin people …but to be tolerated

Poles, Ukrainians, Russians to be worked to Poles, Ukrainians, Russians to be worked to death…Slavs considered subhumandeath…Slavs considered subhuman

80% Soviet POW’s did not survive the war80% Soviet POW’s did not survive the war

GenocideGenocide

Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, captured CommunistsHomosexuals, captured Communists

Jews: Businesses and property Jews: Businesses and property confiscatedconfiscated

Had to register with government and Had to register with government and wear Stars of Davidwear Stars of David

Polish Jews forced into ghettos: Polish Jews forced into ghettos: Warsaw, Krakow…deprived of Warsaw, Krakow…deprived of supplies & outside contactsupplies & outside contact

Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws

To deprive Jews of civil rightsTo deprive Jews of civil rights Racial Hygiene, marriage lawsRacial Hygiene, marriage laws SterilizationSterilization Berlin Olympics…Master RaceBerlin Olympics…Master Race KristalknachtKristalknacht Final SolutionFinal Solution began in 1942 began in 1942 Wannsee ConferenceWannsee Conference outlined formal outlined formal

planplan

AuschwitzAuschwitz

And 5 other Death Camps built in And 5 other Death Camps built in PolandPoland

In addition to hundreds of In addition to hundreds of concentration camps concentration camps

6-10 million Jews killed6-10 million Jews killed 5-10 million others5-10 million others

Underground movementsUnderground movements

Free French was the most famousFree French was the most famous Supplied the allies with valuable info Supplied the allies with valuable info

(troops movements, etc) and aid(troops movements, etc) and aid Published secret newspapers, hid Published secret newspapers, hid

escaped allied prisonersescaped allied prisoners Sabotaged Nazi supply depots, Sabotaged Nazi supply depots,

derailed trains, blew up bridgesderailed trains, blew up bridges

Turning points in the Turning points in the warwar

El AlameinEl Alamein Nov. 1942: British forces Nov. 1942: British forces led by Montgomery drove the Germans led by Montgomery drove the Germans (led by (led by RommelRommel- the Desert Fox) out of - the Desert Fox) out of EgyptEgypt

Operation TorchOperation Torch Nov. 1942: U.S. and Nov. 1942: U.S. and Brits engaged retreating German forces Brits engaged retreating German forces on beaches of Morocco and Algeriaon beaches of Morocco and Algeria

Allies surrounded Rommel’s Allies surrounded Rommel’s Afrikakorps May, 1943Afrikakorps May, 1943

Stalingrad Nov. 1942- Stalingrad Nov. 1942- Feb. 1943Feb. 1943

Critical battle on Eastern frontCritical battle on Eastern front First German land defeat in EuropeFirst German land defeat in Europe While attempting to take Stalingrad While attempting to take Stalingrad

and control of Soviet oil fields in and control of Soviet oil fields in Caucasus Mountains, they were Caucasus Mountains, they were surrounded by Soviet troopssurrounded by Soviet troops

Hitler refused to allow German forces Hitler refused to allow German forces to surrender = lost 300,000 mento surrender = lost 300,000 men

Back to GermanyBack to Germany

After Stalingrad, Russians began the 2 & After Stalingrad, Russians began the 2 & ½ year long march, pushing the Germans ½ year long march, pushing the Germans back to Berlinback to Berlin

July 1943 July 1943 Battle of Kursk: Battle of Kursk: the largest the largest tank battle in human history…Russian tank battle in human history…Russian victoryvictory

By Feb. 1945, Russians on the outskirts of By Feb. 1945, Russians on the outskirts of Berlin Berlin

D-Day: Operation Overlord D-Day: Operation Overlord June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

120,000 troops crossed the channel 120,000 troops crossed the channel to beaches of Normandy in to beaches of Normandy in France...amphibious assultFrance...amphibious assult

Western Front established = Western Front established = beginning of the end for Germanybeginning of the end for Germany

Hitler now fighting on 3 fronts...(By Hitler now fighting on 3 fronts...(By now, allies in Italy)now, allies in Italy)

Battle of the Bulge Dec. Battle of the Bulge Dec. 19441944

Hitler tried to break through the Hitler tried to break through the Allied linesAllied lines

Huge casualtiesHuge casualties Allies deep into Germany in 1945Allies deep into Germany in 1945

May 8, 1945 V-E DayMay 8, 1945 V-E Day Hitler and his new wife had Hitler and his new wife had

committed suicide some days earliercommitted suicide some days earlier

JapanJapan

U.S. and others island-hoppingU.S. and others island-hopping Truman and Potsdam ConferenceTruman and Potsdam Conference Atomic bomb Hiroshima Aug. 6, Atomic bomb Hiroshima Aug. 6,

19451945 Nagasaki Aug. 9Nagasaki Aug. 9thth

Japan surrendered tho- Emperor Japan surrendered tho- Emperor (Hirohito) allowed to remain(Hirohito) allowed to remain

War DiplomacyWar Diplomacy

Tehran Conference 1943…Big ThreeTehran Conference 1943…Big Three Allies agreed to invasion of W. Europe (D-Allies agreed to invasion of W. Europe (D-

Day)Day) Stalin agreed to go against Japan after Stalin agreed to go against Japan after

Hitler defeatedHitler defeated Stalin insisted on occupying E. EuropeStalin insisted on occupying E. Europe Churchill fought thisChurchill fought this Delayed to YaltaDelayed to Yalta

Germany to be occupied after the warGermany to be occupied after the war

Yalta “Sell-out”Yalta “Sell-out”

Stalin promised free elections after Stalin promised free elections after brief occupation of E. Europebrief occupation of E. Europe

Planned United NationsPlanned United Nations Stalin agreed to enter war against Stalin agreed to enter war against

Japan within 3 months after defeat Japan within 3 months after defeat of Germanyof Germany

Zones for divided Germany decided Zones for divided Germany decided onon

Cairo (earlier)Cairo (earlier)

FDR, Churchill and Chaing Kai-FDR, Churchill and Chaing Kai-shek: agreed on independence of shek: agreed on independence of KoreaKorea

Potsdam Truman, Stalin, Potsdam Truman, Stalin, AtleeAtlee

Potsdam DeclarationPotsdam Declaration

Stalin reversed on free elections in Stalin reversed on free elections in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Agreed on war crimes trials: Agreed on war crimes trials: Nuremburg TrialsNuremburg Trials

Reparations from each zone of Reparations from each zone of GermanyGermany

Results of the WarResults of the War

55 million dead or missing (22 55 million dead or missing (22 million Soviets)million Soviets)

Holocaust: 6-10 million JewsHolocaust: 6-10 million Jews Millions left homelessMillions left homeless Europe in ruinsEurope in ruins Women in the factoriesWomen in the factories U.S. and Soviets poised for Cold WarU.S. and Soviets poised for Cold War

Why did Germany Lose?Why did Germany Lose? Blunders: Russia, Declaring war on U.S.Blunders: Russia, Declaring war on U.S. Germany too spread out, ran out of Germany too spread out, ran out of

soldiers, began using old men and young soldiers, began using old men and young boysboys

Industry not equal to the allies, Industry not equal to the allies, especially the U.S.especially the U.S.

Slave labor not overly effectiveSlave labor not overly effective Too much time & energy spent on Final Too much time & energy spent on Final

SolutionSolution Alliances were liability: Japan, ItalyAlliances were liability: Japan, Italy