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FORS3036EL

ForensicAnatomyof

theHumanSkeleton

IntroducConand

GeneralAnatomicalTerminology

WhyForensicAnatomyof

theSkeleton?

Forensic

Forensic inalegalcontext.

PartofaninvesCgaCon. Detailedanalysisnecessary.

Fragmentaryremains.

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OtherStudiesoftheSkeleton

HistoricalQuesCons

IdenCfyingeminentdead.

Examiningthecontextoffoundremains.

Remainsnotofrecentforensicinterest(>50

years).

EvoluCon

omparaCveanatomy ladisCcs Environmental PopulaConrelaConships StructuralvariaCon

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Archaeology

StudiesofpastpopulaCons.

Diseases,dietandpopulaConrelaCons:

Palaeopathology PalaeonutriCon Biologicaldistance

linicalApplicaCons

MedicalSciences Diagnosisofdiseases TreatmentofpaCents UnderstandingdetailedanatomyforbenefitsoftreatmentandcommunicaConinthemedicalcommunity

ForensicInvesCgaCons

oronersQuesCons: Whodied? Whendiddeathoccur? Wherediddeathoccur? auseofdeath? Mannerofdeath?

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EncounteringSkeletalRemains

Humanorfaunal? Recent(i.e.,

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Anatomical

Planes DividesthebodyintovarioussecCons

FrameofreferencefordirecCons

oronal

Passesthroughbregma Dividesbodyintoanteriorandposterior

halves(notexact)

Rightanglestotheotherplanes

Sagial

Mid-sagial,median,ormidline

SymmetricallydividesthebodyintoL&R

halves

Parasagialplanesareparallel

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Transverse

Horizontaloraxial Perpendicularto:

Frontal Sagial

Atanylevel

AnatomicalDirecCons

BasedonstandardanatomicalposiCon

ProvidesameanstocommunicatetheposiConsofstructures,anomalies,andpathology

Anterior(Ventral)

Towardthefrontofthebody

Onestructureinfrontoftheother,itissaidtobeanteriortotheother

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Posterior(Dorsal)

Towardthebackofthebody

Onestructurebehindtheother,itissaidtobeposterior

Superior

Also,cranialorcephalic Towardtheheadendof

thebody

Doesnotapplytothelimbs

Axialskeletononly

Inferior(audal)

Towardthetailendofthebody(awayfromhead)

Doesnotapplytothelimbs

Axialskeletononly

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Medial

Towardmidline(sagialplane)

anpertaintoaxialandappendicularskeleton

e.g.,Ulnaismedialtotheradius

AlwaysinreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!

Lateral

Awayfromthemidline(sagialplane)

anpertaintoaxialandappendicularskeleton

e.g.,Radiusislateraltotheulna

Proximal

Towardstheaxial(oraachedend)ofthelimb

Appliestoappendicularskeleton

Thehumerusisproximaltotheradiusandulna.

AlwayswithreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!

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Distal

Awayfrom(farthestfrom)theaxial(oraachedend)ofthelimb

Appliestoappendicularskeleton

Theradiusandulnaaredistaltothehumerus.

AlwayswithreferencetoanatomicalposiCon!

Palmar

Referstothepalmsideofthehand

Usedonlyforthehands Sideofthehandthat

flexes

OppositetoDorsal

Dorsal(Hand)

Referstothebackofthehand

Usedonlyforthehandsandfeet

Theextensorsideofthehand

OppositetoPalmar

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Dorsal(Foot)

Referstotheuppersurfaceofthefoot

Usedonlyforthehandsandfeet

Theextensorsideofthefoot

OppositetoPlantar

Plantar(Foot)

Referstothesoleofthefoot

Usedonlyforthefeet Theflexorsideofthefoot OppositetoDorsal

SpecializedTerms

TermsforProjecConsand

IndentaConsofBone

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3Generalategories

BonyProjecCons Depressions,groovesandholesinbones Placeswherebonesconnect(arCculate)

BonyProjecCons

MostommonlyEncountered

Process

AraisedareaorprojecCon

e.g.,mastoidprocess

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Protuberance

AbonyprojecConthatprotrudesfromanarea

ofbone

e.g.,externaloccipitalprotuberance

Tubercle

Smallroundedbumpformuscleaachment

e.g.,adductortubercleoffemur

ondyle

Rounded,convexprojecConthatusually

fitsintoafossaonthe

opposingbone e.g.,occipitalcondyle

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Head

Aroundextensionoftheepiphysis,

separatedfromthe

shabyanarrowneck

e.g.,headofrib

Ramus

Acurvedbranchofbone,extendingfrom

thebodylikearams

horm

e.g.,ascendingramusofmandible

rest

Araisedridgeformuscleaachment

e.g.,intertrochantericcrest

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Line

Smallraisedridgeformuscleaachment

e.g.,intertrochantericline

Eminence

AprojecConthatislowerthanaprocess

e.g.,intercondylareminence

Epicondyle

Araisedbumpnearoronacondyle,for

muscleaachment

e.g.,medialepicondyle

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Tuberosity

Alargeroundedbump,usuallyformuscle

aachment

e.g.,radialtuberosity

Trochanter

Alarge,irregularbumpformuscleaachment

e.g,thegreatertrochanterofthefemur

Spine

Asharp,pointedprojecConformuscle

aachment

e.g.,anteriornasalspine

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Depressions,GroovesandHoles

Fossa

Ashallowdepressioninbone

OenarCculateswithanotherbonetoforma

joint

e.g.,mandibularfossa

Fovea

FromLaCn,meaningasmallpit

e.g.,foveacapiCsontheheadofthefemur

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Foramen

FromLaCn,meaninghole

Aroundedopeningformingapassageway

forbloodvesselsand

nerves

e.g.,foramenmagnum

Sinus

Anirregularshapedcavitywithinabone

thatisoenfilledwith

airandlinedwith

mucousCssue

e.g.,frontalsinus

SulcusorGroove

Elongatedfurrow e.g.,intertubercularsulcusorgroove

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Meatus

Atunnel-likeopeningforthepassageofblood

vesselsandnerves

e.g.,auditorymeatus

ArCcularSurfaces

ArCcularFacet

AsmallsmoothareaonaboneforconnecCon

toanotherbone

e.g.,facetonthebodyandtransverseprocess

ofavertebra(T10)

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Demifacet

Halfafacet Foundonthoracicvertebralbodies

(centra)

e.g.,Superiorandinferiordemifacetsona

thoracicvertebral

ArCcularProcess

SmallflatprojecCononthesurfaceofthearch

ofvertebrae

e.g.,inferiorarCcularprocess

ShapeategoriesofBones

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LongBones

ElongatedboneoftheextremiCes,consisCng

ofatubularsha

(diaphysis)andtwo

ends(epiphyses)usually

widerthanthesha

e.g.,radius

ShortBones

Abonewithdimensionsthatareapproximately

equal

e.g.,carpalbones

FlatBones

haracterizedbyitsthin,flaenedshape,

includessomecranial

bones e.g.,scapula

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IrregularBones

Bonesthathaveapeculiarorcomplex

formsuchasvertebrae

andvariouscranial

bones

e.g.,maxilla

AdultSkeletonInventory

AxialSkeleton Vetebralcolumn(26) Skull(22) Hyoid(1) Ribsandsternum(25)

AppendicularBones Upperlimb(64) Lowerlimb(62)

AuditoryOssicles(3)

Total=206

QuesCons?