ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

maka lobJaniZe

axalgazrda qalTa migracia da misi gamomwvevi

faqtorebi saqarTveloSi

(kaxeTis regionis magaliTze)

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: iago kaWkaWiSvili

sociologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

2009 weli

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali 4

Tavi I. SromiTi emigraciis kvlevis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi 9

1.1 saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesis zogadi daxasiaTeba 9

1.2. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi 14

1.3 kvlevis meTodologia 17

1.4 kaxeTis regioni rogorc kvlevis adgili 20

Tavi II. qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebani kaxeTis regionSi 26

2.1 qalTa SromiTi migraciis ekonomikuri mizezebi da motivebi 26

2.1.1 siRarbe 26

2.1.2. dasaqmebis problema 28

2.1.3. Semosavlebi da xarjebi 36

2.2 qalTa SromiTi emigraciis saerTo daxasiaTeba 38

2.2.1 emigraciis miznebi 38

2.2.2 SromiTi emigraciis organizebis Taviseburebani 39

2..2..2.1. emigraciis formebi 39

2..2..2..2. emigraciis xarjebi 43

2..2..2.3. emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi 46

2.2.3 qalTa SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi 51

2.2.4 potenciuri emigrantebi 57

2.2.5 fuladi gzavnilebi da gzavnilebis sixSire 61

2.2.6 SromiTi migrantebis ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis speqtri da

adaptaciis xarisxi 66

2.2.7. SromiTi migrantebis kontaqtebi ojaxTan da maTi ukan dabrunebis

potenciali 74

2.2.8. qalTa emigraciis risk-faqtorebi 84

2.2.9 Sida SromiTi migraciis miznebi da motivebi 89

3

2.2.10. qalTa fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba 91

Tavi III SromiTi migrantebis demografiuli struqturis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi kaxeTis regionSi 93

3.1 zogadi demografiuli suraTi 93

3.2 qalTa emigracia da demografiuli usafrTxoeba 108

3.3. qalTa migraciis Sefaseba saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis Teoriebis

safuZvelze 112

daskvna 120

bibliografia 127

danarTi 1 135

danarTi 2 143

4

Sesavali

saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi migracia bolo wlebSi sul ufro da

ufro masStabur xasiaTs iRebs. winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxavs kaxeTis

regionidan axalgazrda qarTvel qalTa SromiTi migraciuli procesebis

Seswavlas.

saqarTvelo, rogorc erT_erTi postsabWoTa qveyana, totalitarizmidan

demokratiaze gardamaval etapze imyofeba. qveyana Ria, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Seqmnas cdilobs. adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove koncefcia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis axali principebi da

Rirebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis prioritetebi wina planze qalis

TviTrealizaciisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnis uzrunvelyofis problemas ayenebs,

amitom mniSvnelovania qalis adgilisa da rolis gansazRvra Tanamedrove

socialur cxovrebaSi.

tranziciis periodi, rodesac xdeba Zveli totaluri saxelmwifosTvis

damaxasiaTebeli institutebis Secvla axliT, xasiaTdeba mwvave politikur

da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT. moZvelebulia RirebulebaTa Zveli

sistema da arsebobs misi transformirebis aucilebloba, magram axalze

gadasvla sakmaod mtkivneulad mimdinareobs.

gardamavali xana saqarTveloSi krizisiT daiwyo: ekonomikuri

kavSirebi dairRva, sawarmoebi gaCerda, gaCnda energetikuli problemebi,

umuSevroba, inflacia, korufcia da a.S. gardamavalma periodma

sazogadoebis socialuri daucvelobis problema warmoSva. Zveli

ekonomikuri da politikuri struqturebis rRvevam transformaciis mTeli

rigi specifikuri problemebi gaaCina. socialuri uzrunvelyofis Zveli

sistemis cvlileba da axali procesebi SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi, rac

sabazro ekonomikis formirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, pirvel rigSi,

mosaxleobis qalur nawils Seexo.

Zlierad dazianda moRvawobis swored is sferoebi, romelSic ZiriTa-

dad swored qalebi iyvnen Cabmulni. mrewvelobis dacemam, reformebma

ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi kadrebis gamonTavisufleba

gamoiwvia, romelTa umravlesobas qalebi warmoadgendnen. statistikis sa-

5

xelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, qalTa SromiTi resursebi mamakacTa

SromiT resursebs aRemateba da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 53%-s Seadgens.

samuSaosa da xelfasTan erTad qalebma yvela privilegia dakarges, romle-

biTac manamde sargeblobdnen. kerZo seqtors ki iseTi SromiTi resursi ar

awyobs, romelsac sadekreto Svebuleba, mokle samuSao dRe da a.S. unda

SesTavazos. Aam mizezTa gamo gaxSirda qalTa SromiTi migraciis

SemTxvevebi.

qalTa SromiTi migracia Tavisi istoriis manZilze gadaiqca maRali

socialuri riskisa da adamianTa uflebebis uxeSi darRvevis sferod.

adamianTa vaWroba, seqs-eqsploatacia, iZulebiTi Sroma_es da sxva

problemebi, romlebis asocirdeba qalTa migraciasTan, warmoadgenen

adamianTa Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da cxovrebis fundamenturi uflebebis

darRvevebs da maT xSirad uwodeben XXI saukunis monobas.

sxvadasxva mizezebi, (rasac qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT)

ganapirobeben qalTa saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis marginalizacias.

magram vfiqrobT, rom qalTa SromiTi migracia, Tavisi bunebiT ar unda

ganvixiloT rogorc marginaluri. piriqiT, Cveni azriT, qalTa migraciis

marginaluroba socialuradaa konstruirebuli, anu Camoyalibda gansazR-

vruli socialuri procesis Sedegad. Ees ki ganpirobebulia, upirveles

yovlisa socialuri rolebis genderuli asimetriiT da momdinareobs im

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebidan, romlis mixedviTac qali miiCneva, rogorc

meoradi samuSao Zala, erTianobaSi ki im socialuri wesrigidan, romelic

SemosazRvravs qalis rols privatul sferoSi. meore mxriv, qali

migrantebis marginalizaciis mizezebad gvevlineba saxelmwifos uunaroba,

uzrunvelyos Tavisi moqalaqeebis migraciis legitimuri safuZveli. es

ganpirobebulia Cveni qveynis araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareobiT im

ZiriTad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic dResdReobiT msoflio

migraciul scenaze karnaxoben ,,TamaSis wesebs”.

qalTa migracia, rogorc mecnieruli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis

damoukidebeli sfero, evropaSi gamoiyo 80-ini wlebSi. Seiqmna sxvadasxva

donis organizaciebi, fondebi, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi. gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciam Seqmna eqspertTa jgufi saerTaSoriso migraciuli

6

politikisa da qali-migrantebis statusis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels am jgufma

umaRles saerTaSoriso doneze moaxdina imis konstantireba, rom

mamakacebis gverdiT qalebi gvevlinebian saerTaSoriso migraciis mTavar

,,aqtorebad”, (an moqmed pirebad), anu gvevlinebian migraciuli procesebis

damoukidebel da aqtiur monawileebad. saerTaSoriso statistika

adasturebs, rom migraciul procesebSi qalTa monawileoba utoldeba

mamakacebis maCvenebels. ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebis mosaxleobis aRweriT,

migrantebis 48% qalia. (saerTaSoriso... 1998:.2)

qalTa migraciis damoukidebeli kvlevis asparezi xSirad sakamaToa

da iwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. Amitom, Tavidanve unda ganvsazRvroT

sfero, romelic Cveni ganxilvis sagani iqneba. qalTa migraciaze laparakis

dros Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs migraciuli gadaadgilebis iseTi tipebi,

romlis aqtiuri agentebi (moqmedi pirebi) arian qalebi. qali SeiZleba iyos

migraciis iniciatori da ojaxisagan damoukideblad ganaxorcielos

gadaadgileba. anda SeiZleba gayves qmars da mimReb qveyanaSi Tavisi

SromiTi mowyobis aqtiuri organizatori gaxdes. orive SemTxvevaSi qali

migraciul scenaze aqtiur moqmed pirad warmogvidgeba.

migraciul procesebSi qalTa ricxovnoba ufro da ufro izrdeba. qali

migrantebi SromiTi bazris zogierT seqtorSi umravlesobas warmoadgenen,

magaliTad, garTobisa da saojaxo momsaxurebis sferoSi, (maT Soris avad-

myofebis, moxucebisa da bavSvebis movla). aseTi ,,gantotvili” infras-

truqtura mianiSnebs qalTa migraciis sirTuleze, mraval momijnave soci-

alur problemasTan TanakveTaze. ufro metic, specialistebis mier migraci-

uli nakadebis ,,feminizacia” miiCneva saerTaSoriso migraciis ganviTarebis

axali etapis damaxasiaTebel niSnad (kasteli.... 1993:). es ki bevradaa

dakavSirebuli msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturul cvlilebebTan,

romelic globalizaciis procesebis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs.

saqarTveloSi (gansakuTrebiT-regionebSi) umuSevrobis maRali done da

dasaqmebulTa dabali anazRaureba ubiZgebs qalTa did nawils eZios

samsaxuri sazRvargareT da iqidan miRebuli SemosavliT samSobloSi

darCenili ojaxi arCinos. Ffinansuri daxmareba, romelsac qarTveli

emigranti qalebi TavianT ojaxebs ugzavnian, sakmaod seriozul rols

7

TamaSobs am ojaxebisaTvis da maTi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan nawils

Seadgens.

SromiTi migracia ganpirobebulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: mimReb

qveyanaSi arsebuli moTxovniT muSaxelze, romelsac am qveynis mosaxleoba

ver akmayofilebs da emigrantebis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaxelis Warbi

odenobiT da umuSevrobis sakmaod maRali doniT. Sesabamisad dausaqmebeli

an arasrulad dasaqmebuli, dabali anazRaurebis mqone muSaxeli cdilobs

wavides im qveyanaSi, sadac masze aris moTxovna da sadac ukeTesi

anazRaurebaa. Mxolo mimReb qveyanaSi xSir SemTxvevaSi mewarmeebi

upiratesobas aniWeben swored imigrant muSaxels. rogorc wesi imigrantebi

mzad arian Seasrulon im tipis samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac adgilobriv

muSaxels ar surs da Tan Zalian dabali anazRaurebiT. amrigad SromiTi

emigracia akmayofilebs rogorc mimReb, aseve emigraciis qveynebs_pirvel

SemTxvevaSi isini ikmayofileben moTxovnas muSaxelze, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi, qveynebi Tavisufldebian Warbi muSaxelisgan da iReben

mniSvnelovan fulad daxmarebas.

saqarTveloSi SromiTi emigraciis arsebuli kvlevebi ZiriTadad

yuradRebas amaxvileben emigrantTa raodenobis gamoTvlaze, emigraciis

mimarTulebebze, emigrantebis dasaqmebis sferoebze, sazRvargareT da maT

mier gamogzavnil fuladi daxmarebis odenobaze,* magram kvlevis miRma

toveben sakuTriv qarTveli qalebis emigraciis sferos.

winamdebare kvleva, romelic Catarda kaxeTis regionSi, miznad isaxavs

qalTa SromiTi emigraciis xasiaTisa da Taviseburebebis, emigraciis

xelSemwyobi faqtorebis Seswavlas. dResdReobiT sazRvargareT gamgzavreba

sakmaod seriozul finansur xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelTa

akumulireba saqarTveloSi arsebuli dabali xelfasebiTa da umuSevrobis

maRali donis gaTvaliswinebiT sakmaod rTulia. Amavdroulad, mimRebi

qveynebi yvelanairad cdiloben SezRudon SromiTi emigraciis raodenoba.

SromiTi emigracia saqarTvelodan arc Tu ise didi xania rac daiwyo,

magram Tu sawyis etapze migraciul nakadebSi Warbobda mamakacTa ricxvi,

Semdgom etapze mniSvnelovnad imata qalTa ricxvmac da vfiqrobT ufro

moimatebs. swored amitom Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi Cvens mizans

8

warmoadgenda imis dadgena, Tu ra mizezebi da motivebi gansazRvravs qalTa

SromiT emigracias da am procesebis Sedegebi rogor aisaxeba saqarTvelos

mTlian suraTze.

warmodgenili naSromis struqtura Semdegnairia:

pirvel TavSi warmodgenilia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. aRwerilia

da dasabuTebulia kvlevis meTodologia. Mmocemulia kaxeTis regionis,

rogorc kvlevis adgilis daxasiaTeba.

meore TavSi mocemulia kaxeTis regionidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis

saerTo daxasiaTeba. Gganxilulia is ekonomikuri mizezebi, romlebic

ubiZgeben qalebs emigraciisaken; miznebi, romelTa ganxoricielebiskenac

miiswrafian; garkveulia sazRvargareT emigraciis organizebis formebi,

emigraciis mimarTulebebi da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi; gaanalizebulia

emigraciaSi myofi da emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebis roli da

daxmareba emigraciis stimulirebaSi, SromiTi migrantebis ganaTlebis done,

sazRvargareT maTi dasaqmebis speqtri da adaptaciis xarisxi;

Camoyalibebulia daxmarebis tipologia, romelsac emigranti qalebi uweven

potenciur emigrant qalebs. warmodgenilia is meqanizmebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac xdeba sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebis aRmoCena; yuradReba

gavamaxvileT im risk-faqtorebze, rac Tan axlavs qalTa SromiT

emigracias.

mesame TavSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saqarTveloSi demografiuli

usafrTxoebis problemaze, im uaryofiT Sedegebze (mdedrobiTi sqesis

mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis deformacia, eris demografiuli

daberebis daCqareba, mosaxlreobis kvlavwarmoebis gauareseba), rac

sazRvargareT fertiluri asakis qalTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis

emigracias mohyva; kvlevis Sedegebi gaanalizebulia im SromiTi emigraciis

Teoriebis safuZvelze, romlebic dResdReobiT yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSobs SromiTi migraciuli procesebis Seswavlisas; yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia am Teoriebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze dRevandel

saqarTvelos pirobebSi.

daskvnaSi warmodgenilia da Sejamebulia kvlevis Sedegebi da maTi

mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi migraciis axsnis procesSi.

9

Tavi I SromiTi migraciis kvlevis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

1.1. saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesis zogadi daxasiaTeba

gare migracia msoflio sazogadoebis yuradRebas ipyrobs da erT-

erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. sakmarisia aRiniSnos,

rom 2001 wels gare saerTaSoriso migrantTa raodenobam 175 milions

miaRwia, rac msoflio mosaxleobis 3% Seadgens. saqarTvelo im qveynebis

ricxvs miekuTvneba romlebsac emigraciulad moixsenieben. saqme isaa, rom

saqarTvelosaTvis 1960 wlidan damaxasiaTebelia gare migraciis uaryofiTi

saldo. specialur literaturaSi, statistikis departamentis monacemebze

dayrdnobiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos sawyis wlad zogjer 1957

wels uTiTeben (gaCeCilaZe 1984:196).

1990-ian wlebamde SedarebiT maRali bunebrivi matebis pirobebSi, gare

migraciis saldo ,,faravda” bunebrivi mateba da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

raodenoba zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda.

mdgomareoba Seicvala 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac wina periodTan

SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gare migraciis masStabi da manamde

arnaxul dones miaRwia. am periodSi Sobadobis arsebiT Semcirebas Tan

mohyva bunebrivi matebis sagrZnobi kleba. gazrdili gare migraciis

pirobebSi dabali bunebrivi mateba veRar axerxebda saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis dabalansebas dabal donezec ki, rasac 1993 wlidan mohyva

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba.

sadReisod gare migracia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis formirebis wamyvan

komponents warmoadgens. demograf-eqspertTa varaudiT gare migracia,

rogorc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis formirebis faqtori, wamyvani iqneba 2020

wlamde mainc (wulaZe... 2003:83) 1989 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mosaxleobas

gare migraciis Sedegad daaklda daaxloebiT 1 milioni adamiani

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gare migracia saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc

sadReisod, ise uaxloesi momavlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan problemas

warmoadgens.

amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom gare migraciis aRricxva praqtikulad

ar warmoebs, samwuxarod, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, 2002 wlis mosaxleobis

10

sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi gare migraciis Sesaxeb arasrulfasovani

aRmoCnda, vinaidan isini sruliad ver moicavdnen saqarTvelodan

emigrirebuli mosaxleobis raodenobas. Tumca 2002 wlis mosaxleobis

aRweram garkveul WrilSi daafiqsira 114 aTasamde emigranti da maT Sesaxeb

monacemebi.

warsulSi emigracia saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad politikur xasiaTs

atarebda. amave dros, XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi

mimdinareobda aTeul aTasobiT araqarTuli erovnebis mosaxleobis

Camosaxleba. es ki iwvevda maSindeli saqarTvelos demografiuli

ganviTarebisa da gare migraciuli procesebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. 1990-

ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur da socialur-ekonomikur

cvlilebebs, Seqmnili mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas, mohyva emigraciis

aqamde arnaxuli nakadebi. amave dros sagrZnoblad gauaresda migraciis

aRricxva.

saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis im monacemebiT, romelic gare

migraciis registracias efuZneba 1990-2000 wlebSi gare migraciis uaryofiTi

saldo 217 aTasia (migraciis... 2002:7). amave dros eqspertTa umravlesobis

azriT, gare migracia gacilebiT didi iyo. magaliTad, r. gaCeCilaZis

SefasebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTma saldom 1990-1996 wlebSi

saqarTvelos mosaxleobisTvis daaxloebiT 620 aTasi Seadgina (gaCeCilaZe

1997:36). T guguSvilis SefasebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-1997

wlebSi 820 aTass utoldeboda. (guguSvili 1998:52) misive bolo

gaangariSebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-2000 wlebSi erT

milions Seadgina. g. wulaZisa da n. maRlaferiZis bolo gaangariSebiT,

gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-2000 wlebSi milion oTxmoci aTass

Seadgenda (wulaZe... 2003:161).

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva erovnebebs Soris SedarebiT gare

migraciis maRali intensivoba axasiaTebdaT osebs, berZnebsa da rusebs.

xolo gare migraciis saldos fardobiTi dabali sidide–azerbaijanelebsa

da somxebs, da yvelaze dabali-qarTvelebs. swored aseT viTarebis Sedegad

gaizarda saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi qarTvelebis wili 70%-dan 84%-mde

(wulaZe 2005:13).

11

2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris SedegebiT meti mamakacia

emigrirebuli, vidre qali. saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom gare migraciaSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi SeiniSneba feminizacia, mainc

mamakacebis wili Warbobs qalebisas.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad

SeiZleba Seesabamebodes aRweriT miRebuli sqesobrivi Tanafardoba

SesaZlebel realur viTarebas. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris

mixedviT emigranti mamakacebis wili 58,7% iyo, xolo qalebisa-41,3%

(migraciis... 2002:34).

SromiTi migracia Tanamedrove globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi

elementi da saerTaSoriso integraciuli procesebis gamoxatulebaa. igi

kidev ufro ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. amis mizezi, erTi

mxriv, msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi, qveynebs

Soris urTierTobaTa normalizacia, ucxoelTa politikuri, SromiTi da

socialuri uflebebis TandaTanobiTi ganmtkiceba, meore mxriv, ki

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris mimosvlis gaadvileba, transportis

gaiafeba, mosaxleobis informirebulobis arnaxuli zrda iyo.

globalizaciis gavlena gansakuTrebiT migraciis socialur-ekonomikur

fenomenze gamoixata. amave dros, migracias Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs

Tanamedrove socialur da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa transformaciaSi.

migraciis bunebas mravali xelSemwyobi Tu Semaferxebeli faqtorebi

ganapirobeben – maT Soris umTavresia ekonomikuri ganviTareba da

uTanabrobis gaRrmaveba, mosaxleobis raodenobrivi zrda, migraciis

organizebis gzebi, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, mgzavrobis gamartiveba,

garemo pirobebis gauareseba da adamianTa uflebebis darRveva.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu ra did rols asrulebs SromiTi migracia

msoflios mravali qveynis ganviTarebaSi. SromiTi migracia obieqturi

realobaa da garegnulad xSirad uaryofiTi fonis miuxedavad, ufro meti

dadebiTi momentebis Semcvelia, vidre uaryofiTisa.

msoflio migraciul viTarebaze didi zegavlena moaxdina

socialisturi sistemis politikurma daSlam. postsabWoTa qveynebSi

ganviTarebulma sayovelTao krizisma, cxovrebis donis mkveTrma

12

gauaresebam, politikuri viTarebis damZimebam migraciis axali talRebi

warmoSva, rogorc am qveynebs Soris, ise evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis

mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic migraciuli viTareba

ekonomikurma kolafsma da Siga da gare Sromis bazrebze Seqmnilma samuSao

Zalis miwodeba-moTxovnis kanonzomierebam gansazRvra. ganviTarda

qveynisaTvis arnaxuli intensiurobis mqone SromiTi migraciuli procesebi.

sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, Cven qveyanaSi intensiuri

migraciis ganmapirobebel mTavar faqtors socialur-ekonomikuri

pirobebisa da aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mosaxlebis cxovrebis

donis gauareseba warmoadgens.

SromiTi migracia iqca saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri yofis

umniSvnelovanes movlenad, romelsac bunebrivad mohyva sazogadoebis

mxridan didi SeSfoTeba misi Sedegebis gamo. aranakleb SemaSfoTebelia

isic, rom dRemde am saWirboroto problemis mecnieruli kvleva epizodur

xasiaTs atarebs da xorcieldeba mwiri resursebiT, rac adeqvaturad

vlindeba SromiTi migraciis ama Tu im aspeqtis arasrul SefasebaSi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ucxoeTSi samuSao mizniT migracia, umetesad

am qveynebSi migrantebis aralegaluri dasaqmebiT mTavrdeba, saeWvo xdeba

maTi adamianuri uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacvis sakiTxi.

SromiTi migraciis Seswavlisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es movlena

sruliad ucnobi ar gaxlavT saqarTvelosaTvis. jer kidev Zvel qarTul

istoriul wyaroebSia aRwerili samuSaos saSovnelad ucxo qveyanaSi

wasvlis mravali SemTxveva.

XX saukuneSi SromiTi migracia ufro meti intensiurobiT ganviTarda.

saukunis ocian wlebSi saqarTvelos soflebSi SromiTi resursebis

bunebrivi mateba maRali iyo da adgilobrivi SromiTi bazrebi ver

uzrunvelyofdnen samuSao Zalis miwodebis moTxovniT dabalansebas. amitom

mosaxleobam e.w. `gare sarewavze” daiwyo gasvla, ramac imdroindeli

xelisuflebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da misi mowesrigebis mizniT aRricxva

da anketuri Seswavlac daiwyo (SromiTi...2003:3).

amrigad, SromiTi migraciis Seswavlisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mis calkeul regionebSi gansakuTrebiT didi

13

iyo gare migracia miwiT naklebad uzrunvelyofili mTiani mazrebidan

(duSeTis, raWis) da saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad

dasaxlebuli mazrebidan (axalqalaqis). umuSevari mosaxleoba ZiriTadad

ruseTSi gadioda samuSaod, SromiTi migraciuli procesebi xangrZlivi

istoriuli periodis manZilze mimdinareobda da am mxriv garkveul

tradiciulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom am mizeziT

kaxeTis regioni, warsulSi arasodes qceula didi emigraciis arealad,

radgan aq ganviTarebuli soflis meurneoba da msubuqi mrewvelobis

dargebi srulad Tu ara, umetesad mainc uzrunvelyofda Sromisunarian

qalTa Zalis dasaqmebas.

Tumca, is masStabi da yovlilsmomcveli xasiaTi, rac migraciam bolo

TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRo, sruliad axal epoqas qmnis qveynis

SromiTi resursebis teritoriul mobilurobaSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi

qveynidan SromiTi migraciis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, igi

mainc Seuswavlelia. amis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migraciuli statistikis,

gansakuTrebiT ki emigraciis Sesaxeb arasrulyofili monacemebia, rasac

Tan erTvis SromiTi migraciis umTavresad aralegaluri xasiaTi.

bolo periodSi, statistikurma organoebma saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis daxmarebiT scades gare migraciis aRricxva sasazRvro

gamSveb punqtebSi sazRvris gadamkveTTa SerCeviTi gamokvlevis gziT, magram

garkveuli meToduri naklovanebis gamo xelSesaxeb Sedegs ver miaRwies. am

gamokvleviT yvela sazRvris gadamkveTi migrantad iwodeba da Zneli xdeba

imis dadgena, vinaa stacionaruli Tu SromiTi migranti. am masalis

gamoyeneba gare teritoriuli mobilurobis intensiurobis zogadad

dasadgenad nawilobriv gamodgeba, Tumca realuri indikatorebis

gansazRvra Znelia.

aseT viTarebaSi, roca oficialuri statistika ar arsebobs, SromiTi

migraciis Sesaswavlad aucilebeli xdeba SerCeviTi gamokvlevebis Catareba,

informaciis miReba gamokiTxvis gziT.

imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegad migveRo kaxeTis regionSi qarTvel

qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebebis srulyofili suraTi, SevecadeT

14

gagveTvaliswinebina am regionis eTnodemografiuli da ekonomikuri

ganviTarebiT gamowveuli specifikuri pirobebi. kvlevis regionebad

avirCieT kaxeTis mxaris yvela raioni, raionuli centrebi da TiToeuli

raionis ramdenime sofeli. kaxeTis regionSi gamokiTxvis punqtebi da

konkretuli mikrozonebi ganisazRvra im mizniT, rom SeZlebisamebr,

maqsimalurad asaxuliyo generaluri erToblioba.

1.2. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi

winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgens imis dadgena, Tu rogoria

qalTa migracia kaxeTis regionSi, ra faqtorebi axdenen mTavar rols

SromiTi emigraciis stimulirebaSi, rogor Sesabamisobaa qalTa fsiqo-

emociur mdgomareobasa da migraciul ganwyobas Soris. cxadia, rom am

miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda imis gareSe, Tu Tavdapirvelad ar

SeviswavlidiT, rogori iyo am regionidan SromiTi emigraciis done,

romeli qveynebisken iyo mimarTuli, rogori iyo am regionis macxovrebeli

qalebis, kerZod dabrunebuli Tu potenciuri emigrantebis demografiuli

da socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi.

migraciis mecnieruli Seswavla emsaxureba praqtikul

mizans_dadgindes mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis mizezebi, mimarTuleba,

intensivoba, da a.S. da am gadaadglebis Sedegebi, anu gavlena adamianebis

gasvlisa da Semosvlis adgilebSi sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur,

politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaze, mosaxleobis demografiul

struqturaze da bunebriv garemoze. Tumca, mosaxleobis migracia kvlavac

rCeba upiratesad demografiisa da mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis sagnad,

migracia, rogorc kvlevis sagani, TandaTan integrirdeba ekonomkur da

socialur TeoriebSi, sivrcobriv analizsa da bihevioristul TeoriebSi.

Mmiuxedavad migraciis mravalmxrivi Seswavlisa, iTvleba, rom

migraciis raime mwyobri Teoria jer ver Camoyalibda (gaCeCilaZe 1997:6).

Cveni azriT aRniSvnis Rirsia sakmaod warmatebuli cda, Seqmniliyo

metnaklebad universaluri axsna mosaxleobis migraciisadmi. Me-19 saukunis

miwurulSi amerikelma mecnierma e. ravenstainma Camoayaliba debulebebi,

15

romelTac igi ,,migraciis kanonebs” uwodebda. ,,miuxedavad imisa, rom mas

Semdeg mTeli saukune gavida, ravenstainis ,,kanonebis” umravlesoba kvlavac

inarCunebs aqtualobas da Semdegdroindeli mecnierebebi maT

modificirebas ufro axerxeben, anda avseben maT, vidre arsebiTad

uaryofdnen an cvlidnen” (gaCeCilaZe 1997:7). ravenstainis ,,kanonebs”, ra Tqma

unda, ara aqvT universaluri xasiaTi, magram mravali maTgani savsebiT

Seesabameba qalTa migraciis dRevandel suraTs da zogadad Cvens realobas.

MCveni sakvlev sakiTxTan yvelaze Sesabamisia Semdegi ,,migraciis

kanonebi”:

_ migracia xdeba nabij-nabij;

_ migrantebi, romlebic Sor manZilze midian, amjobineben msxvil

samrewvelo da komerciul centrebSi wasvlas;

_ qalebi ufro metad monawileoben migraciaSi im qveynis SigniT, sadac

daibadnen, vidre mamakacebi; magram Tavisi qveynis gare migraciaSi qalebze

ufro metad mamakacebi monawileoben;

_ migrantebis umravlesoba srulwlovania;

_migraciis sidide matulobs, rodesac viTardeba mrewveloba, komercia

da umjobesdeba transporti;

_migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa sasoflo_sameurneo regionebidan

samrewvelo da komerciul centrebSi gadaadgileba;

_migraciis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuria.

Cvens realobasTan Sesabamisobis gamo saWirod miviCnieT maTi mimarTeba

kaxeTis regionSi gabatonebul qalebis migraciul tendenciebTan

Segvemowmebina.

winamdebare gamokvlevas ara aqvs pretenzia amomwuravad gaaSuqos

qalTa migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi. Mmisi mizani ufro viwroa:

arsebuli da unda aRvniSnoT, rom sakmaod SezRuduli informaciis

analizis fonze gamovkveTod qarTvel qalTa emigraciis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi. cnobilia, rom arsebobs garkveuli ganwyoba, mxolod

negatiurad Sefasdes mosaxleobis migracia, gansakuTrebiT gare, agreTve

soflidan qalaqad migraciac; arsebobs alarmistuli ganwyobebic-

emigraciis Sedegad eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis dramatuli klebis

16

Sesaxeb. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am ganwyobebs gaaCniaT realuri safuZveli. mis

Sesaxeb damajerebeli informacia sakmaod mwiria, amitom Cven SevecadeT

Cagvetarebina sociologiuri gamokvleva, raTa, SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo

qalTa migraciis procesis garkveuli tendenciebis gansazRvra.

analizi gavakeTeT statistikuri, dokumenturi masalebis mixedviT da

sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxviT. gvainteresebda dagvedgina axalgazrda

qalTa migraciuli tendenciebis masStabebi da maTi ganmapirobebeli

mizezebi, potenciuri migrantebis ZiriTadi parametrebi da kulturul da

sulier RirebulebaTa zemoqmedeba migraciul tendenciebze.

am kvleviTi miznis misaRwevad saWiro iyo Semdegi kvleviTi amocanebis

amoxsna:

1. Segveswavla am regionidan qalTa emigraciis done, emigraciis

mimarTulebebi (mimRebi qveynebi), dabrunebuli da potenciuri

emigrantebis socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi.

2. dagvedgina is mizezebi, romlebic xels uwyoben qalTa

emigaraciis zrdas.

3. gagverkvia qalTa SromiTi emigraciis masStabebis zrdiT

gamowveuli is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac gavlenas axdens

dRevandeli saqarTvelos demografiul suraTze.

kvlevis hipoTeza SegviZlia Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: kaxeTis

regionis magaliTi cxadyofs, rom saqarTveloSi mimdinare rTuli

socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben potenciuri

emigrantebis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebaSi. savaraudoa, rom emigraciis done

saqarTvelodan ufro gaizrdeba, radgan msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da

saqarTveloSi mimdinare rTuli politikuri viTareba ufro amwvavebs

mdgomareobas. Ffertiluri asakis qalebis qveynidan masStaburi gasvla

iwvevs, rogorc Tavad qalis statusis cvlilebas, aseve eris demografiuli

mdgomareobis damZimebas. winamdebare hipoTezebi Semowmda kaxeTis regionSi

Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze.

17

1.3. kvlevis meTodologia

saqarTveloSi arsebuli emigraciis amsaxveli monacemebi nakleb

sandoobiiT gamorCeva. es garkveulwilad gamowveulia statistikuri

aRricxvianobis dabali xarisxiT da gare migraciis xasiaTiT, rac uaRresad

rTul, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebelsac ki xdis migraciuli procesebis

zust aRricxvas. amasTan erTad, rodesac vsaubrobT saqarTvelos

moqalaqeTa gare migraciis aRricxvanobis Sesaxeb, Tavs iCens sxva

problemac: mosaxleobis didi nawili undoblobiT ekideba interviuerTa

kiTxvebs, romelic migracias exeba. rogorc 2002 wlis sayovelTao

aRricxvam cxadyo, specialurad am aRwerisaTvis momzadebulma

momzadebulma kiTxvarma ar ,,imuSava”. aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT

saqarTvelodan mxolod 113726 adamiania wasuli sazRvargareT (vadaWkoria

2004:46). rogorc cnobilia amave aRweris Sedegad dadginda, rom

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba 1989-2002 wlebSi 5400. aTasidan 4371.5

aTasamde Semcirda, anu 1029.3 aTasi adamianiT. es sxvaoba mxolod

mokvdavobiT ar aixsneba. Sesabamisad, aRweris Sedegad miRebuli

emigrantebis raodenoba naklebad sarwmunod unda miviCnioT. amitom,

rodesac saqarTveloSi migraciis statistiaze saubroben, TiTqmis

yovelTvis oficialur statistikur monacemebTan erTad iSvelieben

saeqsperto gaangarSebebs, romlebic zog SemTxvevaSi sagrZnoblad

gansxvavdeba oficialuri monacemebisagan.

1989-2001 wlebSi saqarTvelodan gare migraciis saldos dasadgenad a.

vadaWkoria irib meTods iyenebs da adgens, rom ,,gare migraciis uaryofiTma

saldom aRweraTSoris periodSi (1989-2001) sul 928.6 aTasi Seadgina”

(vadaWkoria 2004:52). g. wulaZisa da g. mgelaZis SefasebiT, 1990-1996 wlebSi

gare migraciis saldom 1006 aTass miaRwia (vadaWkoria 2004:52). r.

gaCeCilaZis azriT, amave periodisaTvis saqarTvelodan 620 aTasi adamiani

gavida, xolo T. guguSvilis SefasebiT, 1990-1997 wlebSi gare migraciis

uaryofiTi saldo 829 aTass utoldeba (vadaWkoria 2004:42). rogorc

vxedavT, gansxvavebebi saeqsperto Sefasebebs Soris sakmaod didia, magram

yvela miuTiTebs imaze, rom saqarTvelodan gacilebiT meti adamiania

gasuli, vidre es aRweris Sedegad dadginda. cxadia, rom imis gageba, Tu

18

realurad ramdeni adamianma datova saqarTvelo am wlebis manZilze,

faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli xdeba. amavdroulad faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli

xdeba gare migraciuli procesebis Seswavlis mizniT reprezentatuli

SerCevis ageba, radgan ar arsebobs monacemebi generaluri erTobliobis

Sesaxeb, rac garkveulwilad, eWvqveS ayenebs saqarTveloSi Catarebuli gare

migraciis raodenobrivi kvlevebis Sedegebis sandoobas.

aseTi viTarebidan gamomdinare, Cven SevecadeT kvleva Cagvetarebina

saqarTvelos yvelaze did regionSi, sadac, ise rogorc mTel

saqarTveloSi, emigraciis maRali donea.

kvlevis meTodologiuri SemuSavebisas gamoyenebulia kvlevis rogorc

raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi meTodebi, ramac saSualeba momca

gadamemowmebina da Semedarebina Sedegebi, rac ufro damajerebeli

daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas momcemda.

Tvisebrivi kvleva_siRrmiseuli intervius ZiriTadi nawili Catarda

2008 welis 20 ivnisidan 5 ivlisis CaTvliT.*

ufro srulyofili informaciis misaRebad gadavwyvite interviu

Cametarebina rogorc potenciur, aseve dabrunebul emigrant qalebTan.

siRrmiseul interviu Catarda 20 respondentTan. Aaqedan 10 iyo potenciuri

emigranti, xolo 10-dabrunebuli emigranti.

pirvelive interviuebidan cxadi gaxda, rom emigrantebi Tavs ikavebdnen

im sakiTxebSi, romlebic Cveni kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

warmoadgenda. Tumca dabrunebuli emigrantebi detalurad pasuxobdnen im

kiTxvebs, romlebic maT saemigracio gamocdilebas exeboda. amasTan

aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi dabrunebuli emigranti mokle xanSi isev apirebda

sazRvargareT wasvlas. maTTan Catarebuli intervius saSualebiT me

SevZeli mimeRo informacia emigraciis mosamzadebeli etapebis Sesaxeb.

respondentebis moZieba SesaZlebeli gaxda kaxeTis macxovreblebis

daxmarebiT.* mas Semdeg, rac kvlevis obieqti sabolood ganisazRvra, me ar

SemizRudavs respondentebis SerCevis kriteriumebi_respondenti SeiZleba

yofiliyo yvela srulwlovani potenciuri emigranti da sazRvargareTidan

dabrunebuli emigranti.

raodenobrivi kvleva_kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis aRwerisas Cven

19

ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT 2004 wlis kaxeTis socialur-ekonomikuri kvlevis

Sedegebs. radgan Cven ar gvqonda informacia arc kaxeTidan qalTa

emigraciis donis, arc SromiTi emigrantebis da arc dabrunebuli, Tu

potenciuri emigrantebis socialur_demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb,

Sinameurneobebis SerCeviTi kvlevis Catareba ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli.

aRweris SedegebiT ki Cven ar vdgebiT reprezentatiuli problemebis winaSe,

radgan grovdeba informacia mTeli generaluri erTobliobis Sesaxeb. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 2004 wlis kvleviT kaxeTis regionSi

Sinameurneobebis ricxvi 126,2 aTass Seadgenda, Cveni gamokvleva ki moicavs

regionis yvela raions, es gvaZlevs safuZvels CavTvaloT, rom miRebuli

monacemebi srulad asaxavs kaxeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas. kvlevisaTvis

SemuSavebul iqna anketa.** intervius atarebdnen nebismier qalTan.

kvlevisas Cven veyrdnobiT genderul statistikas, rogorc

umniSvnelovanes instruments, ramac saSualeba mogvca gagveTvaliswinebina

qalis, rogorc specifikuri socialur-demografiuli jgufis

Taviseburebani.

gamokvlevis procesSi ar migvimarTavs kvlevis e.w. anamnestikuri

meTodisTvis, rac gulisxmobs SromiT migrantTa aq darCenili ojaxis

wevrebisa da sxva axloblebis gamokiTxvas. am meTods Tavisi nakli gaaCnia,

radgan axlobelTa didi nawili ar flobs im informacias sakmao

sizustiT, romelic kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare gvainteresebda, aseT

SemTxvevaSi interviu praqtikulad gauqmdeboda da saWiro gaxdeboda axali

respondentebis moZebna. cxadia, SromiTi migrantis ojaxis wevris

informaciuloba xarisxiT ver gautoldeba uSualod SromiTi

migrantisagan aRebul intervius, swored amitom, Cven SevecadeT

gamogvekiTxa uSualod potenciuri, Tu ukve dabrunebuli migranti qalebi.

CavTvaleT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis da pasuxebis gulwrfelobis

xarisxi ufro maRali iqneboda.

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom Znelia erTi kvlevis Sedegebis ganzogadeba mTel

generalur erTobliobaze, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kaxeTi

saqarTvelos yvelaze didi regionia, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qalTa

SromiTi emigraciis procesis gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebi, emigraciis

20

gamomwvevi mizezebi, emigraciis mastimulirebeli faqtorebi,

damaxasiaTebeli iqneba saqarTvelos sxva regionebisTvisac.

1.4. kaxeTis regioni rogorc kvlevis adgili

kaxeTis regioni mdebareobs saqarTvelos ukidures aRmosavleT

nawilSi. igi teritoriis farTobis mixedviT udidesia qveynis regionebs

Soris. kaxeTis regionSi absolutur umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi

nawili qarTvelia. mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris SedegebiT kaxeTis

regionSi sul aRiricxeboda 441045 aTasi adamiani, maT Soris qarTveli

mosaxleoba Seadgenda 360245 aTass. xolo mosaxleobis 2002 wlisTvis

ricxovnobam 407182 aTasamde iklo, qarTveli mosaxleobis ricxvi ki, 341503

aTasamde Semcirda (saqarTvelos... 2002:).

Mmosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, qarTvelebi regonis

macxovrebelTa saerTo raodenobis 84% Seadgenden. (saqarTvelos... 2002:).

xolo, 2004 wlis maisSi, kaxeTis regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamokvleviT, qarTvelTa

raodenoba_91,5%. (mosaxleobis...2004:10) gansxvavebuli monacemebis miuxedavad

naTelia, rom regionis absolutur umravlesobas qarTvelebi Seadgenen.

mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis erovnulobis mixedviT aseTi mdgomareoba

gvaqvs: azerbajaneli_7%, somexi_6%, rusi_2%, osi_1,7%, qisti_1,7%

(saqarTvelos... 2002:). amave aRweris monacemebiT, Sinameurneobebis ricxvi

126,2 aTass Seadgenda. regionis mosaxleobis 20,8 procenti qalaqSi

cxovrobda, xolo danarCeni 79,2 procenti soflad. qalebi mosaxleobis 52

procents Seadgendnen, xolo mamakacebi 48 procents.

rac Seexeba kaxeTis regionSi qarTveli erovnebis mosaxleobis

ganawilebas raionebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis

aRweriT aseTnairad gamoiyureba:

21

(cxrili 1)*

qarTveli erovnebis mosaxleobis ganawileba raionebis mixedviT

qarTveli

kaci %saqarTvelo

4371535 3661173 84

kaxeTi407182 341503 84

axmeta41641 31237 75

gurjaani72618 71148 98

dedofliswyaro30811 27441 89

Telavi70589 60370 86

lagodexi51066 35376 69

sagarejo59212 39409 67

siRnaRi43587 42226 97

yvareli 37658 34296 91

imisaTvis, rom gamokvlevis Sedegebis ganzogadebisaTvis meti saSualeba

da safuZveli gvqonoda, kvleva mTeli regionis masStabiT ganxorcielda da

moicva rogorc qalaqebi aseve soflebic.

kaxeTis regionis ToToeuli raionuli centris mosaxleobis

socialuri stratifikacia met-naklebad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan,

mTlianobaSi ki iqmneba kaxeTisaTvis zogadi viTareba. TiToeul raionSi

igive principiT SeirCa 4-5 sofeli, sadac SeZlebisamebr srulad gamoikiTxa

SromiTi migranti qalebi. kvlevis procesSi informaciis xarisxisaTvis

didi mniSvneloba hqonda gamokvlevisas SerCevis reprezentatulobis

gansazRvras, kerZod imas, Tu ramdenad SevZlebdiT SerCeuli erTobliobiT

agvesaxa generaluri erToblioba. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevisaTvis

sakmarisad iqna miCneuli 802 interviu, realurad gamoikiTxa 1202

respondenti, magram kiTxvaze: ,,gaqvT Tu ara emigraciaSi wasvlis

22

survili?”, 400 qalma kiTxvas uaryofiTad upasuxa, rac analizisTvis

mniSvnelovani monacemia.

sakvlevi respondentebis raodenoba gadanawilda TiToeuli raionis

centrebsa da soflebze: gurjaanis raioni_q. gurjaani da 5 sofeli:

veliscixe, kardanaxi, gurjaani, Cumlayi, kaWreTi; Telavis raioni_q. Telavi

da 5 sofeli: kurdRelauri, nafareuli, akura, vardisubani, iyalTo;

sagarejos raioni_q. sagarejo da 5 sofeli: lambalo, Tulari,

iormuRanlo, kakabeTi, manavi; lagodexis raioni_q. lagodexi da 5 sofeli:

kabali, afeni, karTubani, codniskari, baisubani; siRnaRis raioni_q. siRnaRi

da 4 sofeli: saqobo, bodbe, bodbisxevi, anaga; axmetis raioni_q. axmeta da 4

sofeli: matani, zemo alvani, duisi, qvemo alvani; yvarlis raioni_q.

yvareli da 4 sofeli axalsofeli, Silda, Wikaani, gavazi; dedofliswyaros

raioni_q. dedofliswyaro da 3 sofeli zemo maCxaani, zemo qedi, wiTeli

wyaro.

kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare Cvens mier SerCeul soflebSi qarTuli

mosaxleoba umetes maTganSi absolutur umravlesobaSia. mxolod ramdenime

sofelia, sadac cxovroben sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebic.

dedofliswyaros raionSi, zemo qedis mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_64%,

rusi_23%; wiTeli wyaros mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_35%, rusi_31%,

somexi_23%; yvarlis raionSi, axalsoflis mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_69%,

avarieli_27%; aseve sofel WikaanSi qarTvelia_65%, xolo avarieli_30%.

anketirebisTvis SerCeuli soflebidan mxolod ramdenimea iseTi, sadac

umciresobaSia qarTveli mosaxleoba. aseTia, lagodexis raionSi sofeli

kabali, sagarejos raionSi soflebi _ iormuRanlo, lambalo da Tulari,

sadac mosaxleobaSi ricxovnobiT Warboben azerbaijaneli erovnebis

warmomdgenlebi. rac Seexeba axmetis raionSi sofel duiss, aq mosaxleobis

35% qarTvelia, xolo 74%_qisti.

amrigad ufro Rrma da mravalmxrivi informaciis miRebis mizniT

SevecadeT Cvens mier SerCeuli gamokiTxvis punqtebiT mTlianad mogvecva

kaxeTis regioni.

23

(cxrili 2)*

SerCeul respondentTa raodenoba raionebis mixedviT

raioni macxovrebeli sul

maT Soris kaci

maT Soris qali18-60w

maT Soris qali%

gamoTxul

respondentTa

raodenoba

gurjaani 72,618 34,482 21,508 18.0% 147

Telavi 70,589 33,307 21,026 17,6% 140

sagarejo 59,212 29,253 16,896 14,1% 115

lagodexi 51,066 24,962 14,722 12,3% 100

siRnaRi 43,587 20,349 13,106 11,0% 90

axmeta 41,641 20,091 12,154 10,0% 80

yvareli 37,658 18,015 11,078 9,3% 70

dedofliswyaro 30,811 14,582 9,153 7,7% 60

sul 407,182 213,056 119,643 100,0% 802

asakobrivi SerCeva Seexo 18-34, 35-54 da 55-60 wlis qalebs. (mesame

asakobriv jgufSi yvelaze cotaa gamokiTxuli, radgan aq asakobrivi

sxvaobac Semcirebulia.)

(cxrili 3)

gamokiTxuli respondentebi procentuli ganawileba asakobrivi jgufis

mixedviT

asakobrivi

jgufi

18-34 35-54 55-60

procentuli

ganawileba

43,6% 48,4% 8%

24

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweriT, kaxeTis regionSi sul

aRiricxeboda 407182 aTasi kaci, maT Soris, rogorc qalaqad, aseve soflad

macxovrebeli qalebis raodenoba Seadgenda 212141 aTass. xolo CvenTvis

saintereso asakis qalTa ricxvi (18-60w.) 11964 aTasi iyo. zogadad, kaxeTis

regionSi (rogorc qalaqad aseve soflad), 18-60 wlis qalTa procentuli

mimarTeba mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan Semdegnairad nawildeba:

(cxrili 4)*

kaxeTis regionSi 18-60 wlis qalTa raodenoba

(procentobiT jamTan)

kaxeTis regioni mosaxleoba procentuli raodenoba

(jamTan)

sul 407,182 100%

qalaqis mosaxleoba 84,827 20,8%

soflis mosaxleoba 322,355 79,2%

qali 212,14 52,1%

qali 18-60w. 119,64 56,4%

kvlevis dros informaciis xarisxisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs

gamokvlevisas SerCevis reprezentatulobis gansazRvras, kerZod imas, Tu

ramdenad asaxavs SerCeuli erToblioba generalur erTobliobas. Cven mier

Catarebuli kvlevisaTvis sakmarisad iqna miCneuli 802 interviu.

SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, roca generalur erTobliobaSi

erTgvarovnobis xarisxi maRalia igi SeiZleba damakmayofilebel

raodenobad CaiTvalos, miTumetes, rom winamdebare kvlevaSi aqcenti

gadatanilia qalTa migraciuli nakadebis Tvisobrivi da struqturuli

maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlaze da naklebad _ migrantTa raodenobrivi

indikatorebis dadgenaze. vfiqrobT, rom aseT dros dispersia dabalia, rac

aseTi didi regionisTvis 802 respondentis Seswavlas misaReb raodenobad

xdis.

25

gamokvleva Catarda or etapad. pirvel etapze SeirCa gamosakiTx qalTa

raodenoba adgilisa da asakobrivi struqturis Sesabamisad, moxda

dabrunebuli emigranti qalebis dadgena, meore etapze ki ganxorcielda

maTi interviureba.

gamokiTxvis dros SedarebiT Wirda dabrunebuli SromiTi

migrantebidan interviuebis aReba, radgan zogierT maTgans ucxo qveyanaSi

cxovrebisa da muSaobis mZime periodis gaxsenebac ki ar undoda. Zneli iyo

Semosavlebisa da saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebis odenobis dadgena.

respondentebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen, Tavi aeridebinaT da Semcirebulad

daesaxelebinaT rogorc emigraciis dros iqauri Semosavali, ise

saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili Tanxis odenobac.

26

II qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebani kaxeTis regionSi

2..1 kaxeTis regionidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis ekonomikuri mizezebi da

motivebi

2.1..1. siRaribe

siRaribis subieqturi aRqma kaxeTSi macxovrebel qalebs Soris

pirdapir ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis problemas. imas, rom kaxeTis regionSi

mosaxleoba ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobaSia, amtkicebs 2004 wels am

regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri gamokvleva. am

gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, kaxeTis regionSi Sinameurneobebis ricxvi

126,2 aTasia. kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis gamokvlevis mixedviT, regionSi

ojaxis saSualo zoma 3,6 Seadgenda. qalaqebSi es maCvenebeli 3,34-ia, xolo

soflad 3,7-is tolia.

am Sinameurneobebis Seswavlis monacemebiT, medianuri Semosavlis

mixedviT siRaribis zRvars qvemoT Sinameurneobebis naxevari cxovrobs.

ukiduresi siRaribis zRvris (medianuri Semosavlis 60%) miRma ojaxebi 28,9

procentia. am zRvris mixedviT siRaribis siRrmis koeficienti 23,4

utoldeba, simwvavisa ki_14,2-s (mosaxleobis... 2004:14).

qalaq_soflis mixedviT siRaribis monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad

gansxvavebulia. amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom fuladi Semosavlebis

SedarebiT Tanabrobis pirobebSi, soflad arafuladi Semosavali bavrad

aRemateba qalaqSi analogiur maCvenebels. qalaqSi ukiduresad Raribebis

ricxvi 2-jer aRemateba soflad Sesabamis maCvenebels. qalaqis siRaribis

siRrmisa da simwvavis monacemebic bevrad maRalia soflis analogiur

maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. (mosaxleobis... 2004:25).

raionebis mixedviT siRaribis yvelaze maRali doniT, siRrmiTa da

simwvaviT sagarejos raioni xasiaTdeba (61%), siRaribe yvelaze naklebad

siRnaRis raionSia gavrcelebuli (37%), ukiduresad RaribTaA wili ki,

yvelaze dabali lagodexis raionSia (11%) (mosaxleobis... 2004:25).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am gamokvlevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad ar gaumjobesebula, yvela safuZveli

27

gvaqvs imisTvis, rom kaxeTis regioni miviCnioT erT-erT Rarib mxared.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia

ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samwuxarod es ar aisaxeba siRaribis donis

Semcirebaze. 2004 welTan SedarebiT, 2005 wels siRaribis done qalaqad

34,3%-dan 37,1%-mde, xolo soflad 37,1%-dan 41,7%-mde gaizarda. aseve

maRalia Semosavlebisa (0,44) da moxmarebis (0,39) uTanasworebis koeficienti.

(Gini coefficient) (qveynis... 2006:4).

kaxeTis 2004 wlis ekonomikuri gamokvlevaSi miRebuli SefasebiT

saSualod erT ojaxze wliuri mTliani Semosavlis odenoba 3102 lars

Seadgena. qalaqebSi ojaxis saSualo Semosavali ufro dabalia_1942 lari,

xolo soflebSi maRali_3387 lari. es gamowveulia soflad arafuladi

(naturiT) Semosavlebis SedarebiT didi moculobiT. gamokvlevis Sedegebis

mixedviT, ojaxis fuladi Semosavali regionSi 1424 lari Seadgens

weliwadSi. es sidide qalaqSi 1414, xolo soflad 1427 laris tolia.

mosaxleobis fenebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawileba sakmaod

araTanabaria: ojaxebis yvelaze SeZlebuli 20% regionis Sinameurneobebis

mTliani Semosavlis 44%-ze modis, xolo yvelaze dabalSemosavlian 20%-ze

mTlini Semosavlis mxolod 5%. (mosaxleobis... 2004:14).

kaxeTis regionSi siRaribe sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa.

Semosavlebis saerTo dabali donidan gamomdinare, yvela is ojaxi, romlis

Semosavalic medianurze dabalia, marTebulia CaiTvalos Raribad. Aam

midgomis gamoyenebiT kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis naxevarze meti Raribia.

siRaribe qalaqebSi ufro gavrcelebulia, vidre soflebSi. (mosaxleobis...

2004:25).

regionis aseTi socialur-ekonomikuri Sefaseba Cveni gamokvleviTac

dasturdeba. Cvens mier gamokixuli respondentebis umravlesoba TavianTi

ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas afasebs rogorc ,,dabals”.

28

(cxrili 5)

sakuTari ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba

respondenti qalebis mier

(procentobiT jamTan)

materialuri mdgomareoba qalaqi sofeli sul

Zalian dabali,

Semosavali kvebazec ar gvyofnis

34.13 22,20 24,69

dabali, Semosavali kvebaze da

Casacmelze Zlivs gvyofnis

37,72 49,45 47,01

saSualo, ojaxis ZiriTadi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas

vaxerxebT

28,14 27,24 27,43

maRali, SegviZlia garTobisa da

dasvenebis xarjebsac gavwvdeT

___ 1,10 0,87

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dResdReobiT regionSi

SromiTi Semosavlebi arasakmaris safuZvels qmnis ojaxis keTildReobis

uzrunvelsayofad da sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebidan miRebuli produqcia

kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis keTildReobis ganmsazRvrelia. is, rom regionis

mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi sasoflo sameurneo warmoebidan naturaluri

saxiT miRebul Semosavls maRali wili uWiravs, kaxeTis regionSi ojaxebis

cxovrebis saerTo dabal doneze miuTiTebs.

2.1..2 dasaqmebis problema

dasaqmeba siRaribis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

faqtoria. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebis

mixedviT qalTa dasaqmebis masStabebi maRali iyo, rogorc materialuri

warmoebis, ise arasawarmoo sferos dargebSi. imave monacemebis mixedviT

qalebi materialuri warmoebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 46,1%-s, xolo

arasawarmoo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 61,7%-s Seadgendnen. qalebi ara marto

29

dasaqmebis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeodnen, aramed qarTveli qalebi

liderobdnen ganaTlebis profesionalizmisa da kvalifikaciis saerTo

doniT (SioSvili 1998:4). 80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi

aqtivobis arnaxulma zrdam didad ganapiroba maTi profesiul-

kvalifikaciuri potencialis amaRleba. magram Semdeg aTwleulSi qveyanaSi

ganxorcielebuli sistemuri cvlilebebis, ekonomikuri krizisisa da sxva

mravali mizezis gamo, mkveTrad Semcirda qalTa dasaqmebis sfero, ramac

maTi socialuri cxovrebis arnaxuli gamwvaveba gamoiwvia. qveyanaSi qalis

saxiT arsebuli uaRresad mravalricxovani da maRalkvalificiuri

kontigenti, efeqturi gamoyenebis gareSe darCa.

ekonomikuri krizisi TiTqmis yvela dargsa da sferos Seexo, magram

gansakuTrebiT dazaralda e. w. ,,qaluri profilis” dargebi_msubuqi da

kvebis mrewveloba. garda amisa qveyanaSi gaCenili biznesic ,,mamakacuri”

profiliT gamoirCeva, xolo momsaxurebis zogierT iseT sferoSi, sadac

adre mxolod qalebi iyvnen dasaqmebulni aSkarad SeimCneva mamakacTa

dasaqmebis zrda (SioSvili 1998:4). amgvarad, qalTa dasaqmebis areali

Semcirda rogorc obieqturi ise subieqturi faqtorebisa da mizezebis

gamo.

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, 2000

wlisaTvis qveyanaSi umuSevrobis done Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis

kriteriumiT Seadgenda 10,3%, xolo e.w. `Serbilebuli”

kriteriumiT_15,2%-s. 2001 wlisaTvis umuSevrobis done Sesabamisad 11,1 da

15,8%-mde gaizarda. specialistTa SefasebiT ki umuSevrobis realuri done

saqarTveloSi 30-35%-s Seadgens

mTlianad regionSi droebiT umoqmedo ekonomikuri subieqtis

raodenoba Seadgens 1124 erTeuls, mudmivad umoqmedo 5304 erTeuls.

mTlianad regionSi droebiT umoqmedo ekonomikuri subieqti-17,5%-ia,

mudmivad umoqmedo_82,5% (regionis... 2004:14).

SinameurneobaSi umuSevari wevrebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad

mkveTrad izrdeba Sinameurneobis siRaribis zRvars qvemoT moxvedris riski.

aqedan gamomdinare dasaqmeba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc siRaribidan

Tavis daRwevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba.

30

im sawarmoebidan, romlebic kaxeTis regionSi sabWoTa periodSi

funqcionirebda, sadac kaxeTis mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili, maT Soris

qalTa sakmaod didi nawili iyo dasaqmebuli, dRes maTi umravlesoba

gauqmebulia. zogadad, mosaxleobis dasaqmeba regionis yvela raionSi erT-

erT mTavar problema warmoadgens.

(cxrili 6)

mosaxleobis ganawileba dasaqmebis mixedviT raionul WrilSi*

procenti

sul

kaxeT

i

axmeta

gurjaani

ded

oflis

wyaro

Tel

avi

lag

odex

i

sag

arej

o

siR

naRi

yvar

eli

diax

ara

sul

60,3

39,7

100

72,4

27,6

100

58,3

41,7

100

56,9

43,1

100

47,1

52,9

100

67,4

32,6

100

67,4

32,6

100

57,5

42,5

100

63,7

36,3

100

unda aRiniSnos, rom Telavis raionSi dadebiTi pasuxebis SedarebiT

dabali maCvenebeli gamowveulia sxva raionebTan SedarebiT qalaqSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleobis ufro maRali wiliT.

regionSi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi 15 welze ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40% ar aris dasaqmebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom

Sinameurneobis TiTqmis naxevarSi erT momuSaves saSualod 2 an meti suli

hyavs sarCeni (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT).

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi momuSave

mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80% TviTdasaqmebulia. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba

sasoflo sameurneo seqtorSia dasaqmebuli, xolo maTgan udidesi nawilis

dasaqmebis sfero sakuTari glexuri meurneobaa.

2004 wlis maisSi kaxeTis regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis social-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamokvlevebiT regionSi umuSevrobis done 6,3

procentis tolia, qalaqebSi 18,5 procenti, xolo soflad es maCvenebeli 5

procenti. ekonomikurad aqtiuria mosaxleobis 71 procenti. qalaqebsa da

soflebSi es maCvenebeli Sesabamisad 62 da 73 procentia. regionSi

31

dasaqmebulia 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis 66 procenti. qalaqebSi

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 50 procentia, soflad ki_70 procenti. mTlianad

regionSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulia momuSave mosaxleobis 13

procenti. qalaqad es maCvenebeli 34 procentia, xolo soflad gacilebiT

dabali_9 procenti. regionSi gadaqmebulTa 80 procenti TviTdasaqmebulia.

qalaqis momuSaveTa 50 procentia TviTdasaqmebuli, xolo soflad

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia_84 procenti (regionis... 2004:30).

saqmianobis seqtorebis mixedviT regionSi dasaqmebulTa ganawileba

Semdegia: sasoflo sameurneo seqtori_74%; samewarmeo seqtori_11%,

ganaTleba da jandacvis momsaxureba_7%, saqmianobis sxva seqtorebi_5 %

dasaqmebulTa ganawileba dasaqmebis seqtorebis mixedviT, soflad da

qalaqad mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

(cxrili 7)

dasaqmebulTa procentuli ganawileba maTi saqmianobis saxeebis

mixedviT*

sul

kaxeTSi

qalaqad soflad qali kaci

soflis

meurneoba

76,9 38,0 83,2 71,1 77,7

samewarmeo

saqme

11,4 30,7 8,1 7,2 14,9

ganaTleba/

jandacva

6,9 16,2 5,5 12,4 1,9

sxva 4,8 15,1 3,2 4,3 5,5

sul 100 100 100 100 100

am Sefasebebidan Cans, rom kaxeTis yvela raionSi momuSaveTa da maT

Soris qalTa absoluturi umravlesobis dasaqmebis sfero soflis

meurneobaa. ojaxebis keTildReoba ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli mcire SemosavlebiT ganisazRvreba.

32

bolo wlebSi qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebma garkveulwilad Secvala

mosaxleobis SromiTi aqtivobis mimarTulebebi. mcirdeba dasaqmebis

moculoba saxelmwifo seqtorSi. regionSi momuSaveTa absoluturi

umravlesoba (87,3%) dasaqmebulia arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. xolo

momuSaveTa umravlesoba (TiTqmis 80%) TviTdasaqmebulia. absoluturi

umravlesobis dasaqmebis sfero ki, yvela raionSi, soflis meurneobaa.

(cxrili 8)

dasaqmebulTaA ganawileba maTi saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT*

procenti

sul kax

eTi

qalaqi

sofel

i

axmeta

gurjaani

ded

oflil

swyaroooo

Tel

avi

lag

odex

i

sag

arej

o

siR

naRi

yvar

el;i

saxelmwifo 12,7 33,9 9,3 12.2 11,0 16,0 17,1 11,6 11,0 13,3 10,0

arasaxelmwifo 87,3 66,1 90,7 87,8 89,0 84,0 82,9 88,4 89,0 86,7 90,0

sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

moyvanili monacemebi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan qalTa

migraciuli procesebis mdgomareobis analizisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi

indikatoria umuSevrobis done. es maCvenebeli mTlianad regionSi 6,3

procentia. qalaqebSi umuSevrobis done 18,5 procentia, rac mkveTrad

sWarbobs sasoflo dasaxlebebis analogiur maCvenebels.

kaxeTis regionSi umuSevrobis done Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis

standartebis Sesabamisad sul 6,3 procentia, aqedan qalaqad_18,5%, soflad

4,0%, umuSevari qalebis umuSevrobis done 6,4 procentia, kacebis 4

procentis naklebi (mosaxleobis...2004:19).

qalaqebSi umuSevrobis maRali done (18,5 %) da soflad sasoflo-

33

sameurneo saqmianobis naklebi efeqturoba, bunebrivia, araxelsayrel

socialur fons qmnis regionis ganviTarebisaTvis da emigraciis did

stimulatorad gvevlineba.

kaxeTis regionSi 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxle qalTa ganawileba

ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT wlebis ganmavlobaSi garkveul cvlilebebs

ganicdis.

(cxrili 10)

kaxeTis regionSi 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalTa ganawileba

ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT (2000-2005w.w.)*

(aTasi kaci)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

sul 15 welze ufrosi asakis qalTa raodenoba

170,18 167,92 172,97 161,76 156,53 153,70

sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba(samuSao Zala)

89,71 92,83 108,87 100,83 156,53 153,70

momuSave 83,37 89,15 104,28 95,23 99,19 101,40

daqiravebuli 21,29 23,08 24,08 20,83 23,46 23,84

TviTdasaqmebuli 45,32 52,94 80,12 74,34 75,73 77,56

gaurkveveli 16,77 13,13 0,08 0,07 0,00 0,00

umuSevari 6,34 3,68 4,59 5,60 4,54 4,24

umuSevrobis done (procentebSi)

7,06 3,97 4,22 5,56 4,38 4,01

aqtiurobis done(procentebSi)

52,72 55,29 62,94 62,34 66,27 68,73

dasaqmebis done(procentebSi)

48,99 53,09 60,29 58,87 63,37 65,97

statistikuri monacemebs Tu davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom qalTa

umuSevrobis done procentulad icvleba, is 2000 wlidan 2005 wlamde

SesamCnevad mcirdeba. dasaqmebis done ki izrdeba.

Tu 2000 wels kaxeTSi umuSevrobis done qalebSi Seadgenda 7,06%,

(mamakacebSi _ 6,32%), dasaqmebis done_48,99%, 2005 wlisTvis umuSevrobis

maCvenebeli 4,01% ecema. (mamakacebSi_4,93%), xolo dasaqmebis done izrdeba

34

65,97%-mde.

2006-2007 wlebSi orive sqesisTvis umuSevrobis procentuli maCvenebeli

Seadgenda Sesabamisad 2006 wels_6,46% da 2007 wels_6.9%, xolo dasaqmebis

done 2006 wels_65,8%, 2007 wels_68,7% (samwuxarod am wlebSi sakuTriv

qalTa umuSevrobis done statistikuri monacemebiT ver moviZieT).

2000 wels kaxeTis regionSi samuSao Zalis mqone qalTa ricxvi

Seadgenda 170,18 aTass, 2005 wlisTvis es ricxvi mcirdeba 153,70 aTasamde,

2007 wlisTvis ki, orive sqesis samuSao Zala 286,7 aTasia, am monacemebze

dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom umuSevrobis procentuli

maCveneblebis kleba gamowveulia, ara imdenad dasaqmebis donis, an samuSao

adgilebis zrdiT, (radgan am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT

TviTdasaqmebul qalTa ricxvic), aramed samuSao Zali SemcirebiT, rac

gamoiwvia regionidan sazRvargareT qalebis intensiurma migraciam.

aSkaraa, rom dasaqmebulTa ricxvi xelovnurad izrdeba soflad

momuSave TviTdasaqmebulTa xarjze. soflad umuSevroba faqtobrivad ar

aRiricxeba, vinaidan soflad mcxovrebni, romlebic sakuTar, an ijariT

aRebul miwis nakveTze ewevian sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas, aRiricxebian

TviTdasaqmebulebad, Tumca es saqmianoba umeteswilad aris iZulebiTi

xasiaTis (sxva samuSao ubralod ar arsebobs), dabalmwarmoebluri,

araefeqtiani da arasruli. soflad dasaqmeba umTavresad orientirebulia

naturalur Semosavalze da, Sesabamisad, sakuTar moxmarebaze. amrigad,

dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba kaxeTis regionis, rogorc

zogadad saqarTvelos Sromis bazris funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesi

xelis SemSleli faqtoria.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba umuSevaria. dasaqmebulTa

meti wili qalaqad mcxovreb qalebze modis, xolo soflad mcxovrebi

qalebis umravlesoba TviTdasaqmebulia. ZiriTadi saqmianobebis mixedviT

respondent qalTa procentuli gadanawileba aseTia:

35

(cxrili 11)

saqmianoba qalaqi

%

sofeli

%

sul

daqiravebuli piri xangrZlivi

vadiT

19,16 11,81 13,34

moklevdani kontraqtiT periodulad

momuSave

18,56 15, 59 16,21

mewarme, romelsac hyavs

daqiravebuli muSebi

___ 0,31 0,25

individualuri SromiTi saqmianobiT

dakavebuli

2,99 2,83 2,87

saojaxo sasoflo meurneobaSi

momuSave

5,99 12,91 11,47

kolejis studenti ___ 0.94 0,75

umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti 8,38 5,83 6,36

asakobrivi/ invalidobis pensioneri 1,80 0,47 0,75

saojaxo meurneobaSi dakavebuli 5,99 5,51 5,61

umuSevari 35,93 42,83 41,40

pasuxis gacema gauWirda 1,20 0,79 0,87

qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebis dasaqmebis upiratesi sferoa

ganaTleba_16,77% da jandacva_10,78%, soflad analogiur sferoSi

dasaqmebulia: ganaTleba_14,02%, jandacva_10,7%.

36

mocemuli monacemebiT da respondentebTan uSualo saubrebis dros

gamoikveTa, rom moklevadiani kontraqtebiT, periodulad momuSave qalTa

dasaqmebis sfero upiratesad soflis meurneobaa, sadac sezonuri saqmeebis

(sagazafxulo-saSemodgomo) saWiroebisamebr xdeba maTi daqiraveba. amgvarad

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalTa umravlesoba TviTdasaqmebulia da

dakavebulia sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobiT.

2.1..3. Semosavlebi da xarjebi

Semosavlebis struqturis mixedviT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebidan

miRebuli produqcia kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis keTildReobis

ganmsazRvrelia. es daskvna met damajereblobas iZens im fonze, rom kaxeTis

mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 80% soflis tipis dasaxlebaze modis.

Semosavlebis struqtura qalaq-soflis mixedviT aseTia. soflad

Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros Semosavlebi soflis meurneobis produqciis

gayidvidan da arafuladi Semosavlebi, anu sakuTari warmoebis kvebis

produqtebis moxmareba warmoadgens. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom soflad

mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis socialur_ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ZiriTadad

mosavalzea damokidebuli da mTlianobaSi is faqti, rom kaxeTis

mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi arafuladi, ZiriTadad sasoflo_sameurneo

warmoebidan miRebul Semosavals maRali wili uWiravs, kaxeTis regionSi

ojaxebis cxovrebis saerTo dabal doneze miuTiTebs.

qalTa ojaxebis xarjebis 98% modis pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis

(produqtebi, tansacmeli, piradi higienuri sagnebi) SeZenaze. sixSiris

mixedviT meore kategorias Seadgenen janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli

xarjebi (50%), rasac mosdevs soflis meurneobasTan da ojaxis valebis

dafarvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi ( 20% -18%) (mosaxleobis...2004:108).

dabali Semosavlebi aiZulebs qalebs aiRon valebi, rom daexmaron

ojaxebs, gamokvebon Svilebi, gadaixadon maTi ganaTlebis xarjebi. magram

valebis dafarvis resursebis ararseboba, xSir SemTxvevaSi maT ubiZgebT

emigraciisaken.

magram unda aRiniSnos, rom kaxeTidan qalTa emigraciis maRali done

37

ar aixsneba mxolod kaxeTSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. am

procesSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kaxeTis emigraciuli qselebis mier

SemoTavazebuli resursebi, romlebic iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac

mosaxleobas naklebad miuwvdeba xeli formalur sabanko momsaxurebaze da

emigraciaTan dakavSirebul informaciaze, saSualebas aZleven kaxeTis

macxovrebel qalebs Seamciron emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ufro

usafrTxo da mimzidveli gaxadon emigraciis procesi.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebis 84% potenciuri emigrantia,

romelTagan 13,3% ukve iyo emigraciaSi da isev apirebda wasvlas.

emigraciis qveynebis umravlesoba dasavleT evropis qveynebia.

gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs saberZneTi da italia, rac

aixsneba emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli SedarebiT dabali xarjebiT,

saberZneTSi legaluri statusis miRebis SesaZleblobebiT da emigraciuli

qselebis ganviTarebiT.

kaxeTSi macxovrebel qalebTan da sxvadasxa araformaluri

Sexvedrebidan Segveqmna STabeWdileba, rom qalebis umravlesobas surs

wasvla sazRvargareT, magram zogs amis saSualeba ar gaaCnia. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom emigrantebis saSualo asaki 38 welia, yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi maTi sazRvargareT gamgzavreba SesaZloa aRviqvaT rogorc

qalTa garkveuli ,,gaqceva”.

rogorc wesi, yvela qalisTvis saerTo ekonomikuri gaWirvebas, rac

maTi intensiuri migraciis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens, TiToeul

konkretul SemTxvevaSi emateba specifikuri detalebi. es SeiZleba iyos im

finansuri resursebis ararseboba, romelic saWiroa sacxovrebeli

pirobebis gaumjobesebisTvis, SvilebisTvis kargi ganaTlebis misacema, da

sxva.

dabrunebul emigrantTa umravlesoba, romlebic gamovkiTxeT,

aRniSnavda, rom sazRvargareT gamgzavreba gamowveuli iyo maTi ojaxebis

umZimesi ekonomikuri gaWirvebiT, romlis daZlevac umuSevrobis, an dabali

anazRaurebis gamo ar SeeZloT.

Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom emigracia

gamowveuli iyo SefardebiTi deprivaciiT*, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi

38

qali sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT muSaobda, sofelSi hqonda patara meurneobac,

es sakmarisi ar iyo ojaxis moTxovnilebis dasamayofileblad.

kaxeTis regionis zogierT qalze emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, is faqti, rom maTi megobrebi,

naTesavebi wavidnen sazRvargareT da iqidan gaweuli daxmarebis saSualebiT

maTi ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. unda

vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSic emigracia gamowveulia SefardebiTi

deprivaciiT. im qalebma, romlebic ar yofilan emigraciaSi, Tavi

deprivirebulebad igrZnes im qalebTan SedarebiT, romlebic sazRvargareT

imyofebian da materialurad exmarebian TavianTi ojaxis wevrebs, Tanac ise,

rom wlebis manZilze sagrZnoblad gaiumjobeses mdgomareoba.

rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTadad, qalebi sazRvargareT kaxeTSi arsebuli

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da misi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobis

gamo midian. Tumca SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom sul ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba SefardebiTi deprivaciis gavlenac emigraciaSi wasvlis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

2.2. qalTa SromiTi migraciis saerTo daxasiaTeba

2.2.1. emigraciis miznebi

qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis gadawyvetilebas

iRebs umTavres im mizeziT, rom ojaxs daexmaros da cxovrebis

normaluri pirobebi Seuqmnas ojaxis wevrebs. magram rogorc ki xdeba

pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, umravlesoba iwyebs fiqrs,

daagrovos gansazRvruli Tanxa, raTa ukan dabrunebisas SeZlos

SeiZinos bina, an Tavisive raiionSi, an TbilisSi, gaiumjobesos

sacxovrebeli pirobebi, wamoiwyos sakuTari biznesi, iyidos manqana da

a. S.

Tumca kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa emigraciis sxa mizezebic,

romlebic qalebis subieqtur motivebTanaa dakavSirebuli. unda aRiniSnos,

rom qalebi aseT motivebze gaxsnilad ar saubroben.

39

SromiTi migraciis mizezTa ganxilvisas aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis sazRvargareT saSovarze yofnis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri

xasiaTisaa da umetesad aq darCenili ojaxis saarsebo uzrunvelyofas

emsaxureba.

rogorc Cveni gamokvlevis dros dabrunebul emigrantebTan saubrebma

gviCvena, maTi umravlesoba sxvadasxva regularobiT da sxvadasxva formiT,

magram mainc, exmareboda Tavis ojaxs. maT mier gamogzavnili daxmarebebi

ojaxebis Semosavlebisa da mcire keTildReobis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.

ra Tqma unda emigrantebi yovelTvis ver axerxeben ganaxorcielon

yvela Canafiqri, Tumca aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca emigranti qalebis

daxmarebiT misi ojaxis wevrebi yiduloben manqanas da ara erT, aramed or

binasac, erT-erTs aucileblad dedaqalaqSi. cxadia, rom is materialuri

warmatebebi, rasac zogierTi emigranti qali aRwevs sazRvargareT,

garkveul stimuls aZlevs darCenilebs, rom isinic wavidnen emgracaSi.

amisTvis qalebi ukavSirdebian emigrant axloblebs, nacnobebs da maTi

daxmarebiT (finansuri, informaciuli) cdiloben sazRvargareT

gamgzavrebas. amisTvis ki, qalebi aralegalur da zog SemTxvevaSi saSiS

gzebsac ar eridebian.

2.2.2. SromiTi migraciis organizebis Taviseburebani

2.2.2.1.) emigraciis formebi

SromiT migrantTa adaptaciis procesi da maTi socialur-ekonomikuri

da uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli migraciis

xasiaTze da mis organizaciul formebze.

Cven gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gavamaxvileT im situaciaze, Tu rogoria

migraciis survilsa da am survilis realizacias Soris korelacia. es

korelacia aCvenebs, rom wasvlis msurvelTa umravlesoba emigraciaSi ver

wavida. qveynis SigniT migracia ver SeZlo qalTa 75,6% -ma, xolo qveynis

gareT_84%-ma. qveynis SigniT migracia moaxerxa mxolod 15,9%-ma, xolo

qveynis gareT_13.3%-ma.

40

Cveni kvleviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kaxeTis regionidan qalTa

SromiTi migraciis formebis dadgena da calkeuli formis efeqtianobis

Sefaseba. kvlevis SedegebiT miviReT, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiT

migrantebs sazRvargareT wasvlaSi exmarebian naTesavebi, megobrebi da

nacnobebi. aseve didia wili Suamavlebis daxmarebisa, xolo yvelaze mcirea

studentTa gacvliTi programebiT migracia.

migraciisas yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi organizaciuli formebi,

rogorebicaa naTesavebisa da nacnob-megobrebis daxmareba da `bedis

anabarad” wasvla. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli potenciuri emigrantebidan

emigraciaSi wasvlis msurvelebidan 34,7%-s mimReb qveyanaSi aravin hyavs,

22,2%-s hyavs naTesavi, 16,2%_nacnobi.

ucxoeTSi yofnis xangrZlivobisa da migraciis organizaciul

formebTan korelaciiT dadginda, rom ucxoeTSi xangrZlivad (5 welze meti

vadiT) myofTagan umravlesoba saqarTvelodan gavida naTesavebisa da

nacnob-megobrebis daxmarebiT (57,1%), xolo dasaqmebis samsaxurebisa da

turistuli firmebis meSveobiT maTi mxolod 6,0% gayvanili.

ucxoeTSi xangrZlivad myofTa Soris sakmaod maRalia `bedis anabarad”

wasul SromiT migrantTa wili (25,5%). calkeuli organizaciuli formis

gamoyenebiT ucxoeTSi wasulTa ganawileba migraciis xangrZlivobis

mixedviT gviCvenebs, rom `bedis anabarad wasulebi yvelaze xSirad rCebian

sazRvargareT 5 welze meti vadiT. maT Soris maRalia aseve 1-dan 5 wlamde

vadiT myofTa wili (44,8%). es ganpirobebulia mimReb qveyanaSi

aralegalurad yofniTa da muSaobiT, rac samSobloSi dabrunebasa da re-

emigracias aZnelebs (SromTi... 2003:26).

ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi axloblebisa da iqauri diasporis an dasaqmebis

saxelmwifo samsaxuris xelSewyobiT wasulTa danaxarjebi gacilebiT

ufro naklebia, vidre dasaqmebis kerZo saagentoebisa Tu Suamavlebis mier

organizebuli migraciisas. Cveni gamokiTxviT, ucxoeTSi vizis misaRebad

qalebis 39,3% mzad aris gadaixados araoficialuri gadasaxadi, xolo

45,4% acxadebs, rom aseT safasurs ar gadaixdis. Tumca unda vivaraudoT,

rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi am qalTa mniSvnelovani nawili Seecdeba

mooiZios saxsrebi da main gadaixados araoficialuri gadasaxadi,oRon

41

SeZlon saqarTvelodan wasvla.

migraciis formebis efeqturoba garkveulwilad SeiZleba Sefasdes ama

Tu im formiT wasulTa dasaqmebisa da SromiT urTierTobebis

legalizaciis doniT. Cveni monacemi ki aCvenebs, rom qalebSi

migraciisaTvis saWiro procedurebis legaluroba ufro misaRebia, vidre

aralegaluri gzebi.

migraciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis sakiTxSi qalebis

legalurobis sasargeblod gakeTebul arCevans emateba isic, rom maTi 40%

kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba ucxo qveyanaSi aralegalur cxovrebas da

26,8%_ufro araa Tanaxma, vidre ki. sazRvargareT dasaqmebis legalizacias,

ra Tqma unda, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs SromiT migrantTa uflebrivi

mdgomareobisa da socialuri dacvisaTvis. Tumca pauxebis miuxedavad

qalTa umravlesoba mxolod aralegaluri gzebiT axerxrebs sazRvargareT

gamgzavrebas.

rogorc Catarebuli kvlevidan Cans, saqarTveloSi warmatebiT

funqcionirebs naxevradlegaluri da zog SemTxvevaSi ki, aralegaluri

biznesi, romelic dakavebulia adamianebis im qveynebSi gadayvaniT, romlebic

gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs emigrantebs Soris.

saqarTveloSi emigarciis ramdenime sqema arsebobs. is, Tu romeli

sqemis gamoyenebiT migrirebs qali, TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi

damokidebulia rogorc mimReb qveyanaze, aseve potenciuri emigrantis

finansur SesaZleblobaze. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan

davadgineT, Tu romeli saxis saemigracio marSrutebia kaxeTis regionis

qalTa migraciaSi gavrcelebuli. regionidan migrirebuli qalebi yvelaze

metad sargebloben turistuli viziT, aralegaluri gadasvlis e. w.

,,gadaparvis” sqemiT, AU-Pair-is programiT da iSviaTad tranzitiT.

,,gadaparva” yvelaze saxifaTo da garkveulwilad xelaRebuli

variantia, romelsac mimarTaven, rodesac emigraciis arcerTma variantma ar

gaamarTla. yvelaze xSirad sazRvris aralegalur da saxifaTo gadakveTas

saberZneTis SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven. imisaTvis, rom potenciuri emigrantebi

moxvdnen saberZneTSi, umetesad aTenSi, isini miemgzavrebian bulgareTSi, an

rumineTSi, iqidan fexiT kveTen sazRvars mTebisa da tyeebis gavliT. meore

42

gza saberZneTisken TurqeTze gadis. am SemTxvevaSi emigrantebi gadayavT

specialuri avtobusebiT, specialur samalavSi damalulebi gadakveTen

sazRvars. zogjer emigrantebs vizac ki ara aqvT, romliTac mimReb qveyanaSi

legaluri Sesvlis uflebas moipovebdnen, xSirad ki isini yalbi

pasportebiT gadadian.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli migraciuli sqemaa turistuli viza.

qalebi iReben moklevadian turistul vizas. satransporto saSualebad

aseT SemTxvevaSi iyeneben an TviTmfrinavs, an avtobuss. isini umetes

SemTxvevaSi marTlac gadian im turistul marSruts da sazRvris

gadakveTisas legalurad Sedian sxva qveyanaSi, Tumca zogjer emigrantebi

miemgzavrebian ara sakuTari, aramed sxvisi, gayalbebuli pasportebiT. aseT

SemTxvevaSi emigraciisTvis saWiroa damatebiTi xarjebi yalbi pasportis

dasamzadeblad.

axalgazrda gogonebs Soris metad gavrcelebulia Au-pair-is programa.

am programiT rogorc wesi sargebloben germaniaSi wasvlis msurvelebi.

germaniaSi Casvlis Semdeg gogonebi cxovroben ojaxebSi, uvlian bavSvebs

da swavloben enis kursebze. maTi xelfasi saSualod 300 evroa da amitom

isini faqtobrivad ver exmarebian ojaxebs. zog SemTxvevaSi isini abareben

universitetebSi, Souloben damatebiT samuSaos, magram rogorc wesi maTi

statusi legaluri rCeba. am programis farglebSi wasuli qalebi

gansxvavdebian sxva emigrantebisagan, radgan maTi mizani albaT ufro

swavla da enis Seswavlaa, vidre muSaoba da ojaxis daxmareba. Tumca, arc

Tu iSviaTad emigraciis damTavrebis Semdeg, an zogjer damTavrebamdec

emigrantebi samuSaod gadadian sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad italiaSi,

saberZneTSi da iq aralegalurad rCebian.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca emigrantebi daniSnulebis qveyanaSi tranzitiT

xvdebian. magaliTad, amerikis romelime qveynis vizis mqone potenciuri

emigranti SeiZleba darCes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi TviTmfrinavis

gamocvlisas da moiTxovos politikuri TavSesafari. es gza aqtiurad

moqmedebs evropis qveynebSi mosaxvedrad. Tumca aseTi marSrutebi maleve

xdeba cnobili mimRebi qveynebis saemigracio samsaxurebisTvis da maleve

xdeba maTi aRkveTa.

43

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, kaxeTis regionSi qalebis umravlesoba

sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis araralegalur saSualebebs mimarTavs, rac

aixsneba samuSao vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebiT da

saqarTvelosa da mimReb qveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis eqsportis Sesaxeb

xelSekrulebis ararsebobiT. swored amitom, potenciuri emigrantebi

iZulebuli arian rom didi Tanxebi gadauxadon ,,Suamavlebs”, romlebic maT

xSirad aranair garantiebsac ar aZleven, rom isini namdvilad SeZleben

sazRvris gadakveTas da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom maT sicocxles

safrTxe ar daemuqreba. ufro metic, ucxo qveyanaSi aralegaluri yofna

seriozul fsiqologiur problemebs uqmniT emigrantebs, radgan maT

mudmivad eSiniaT dakavebisa da deportaciis.

2.2.2.2. emigraciis xarjebi

gamokvlevis procesSi davinteresdiT Tu ra jdeba sazRvargareT

emigracia da rogor axerxeben qalebi gamgzavrebisTvis saWiro Tanxebis

moZiebas. kaxeTis macxovrebeli qalebisTvis yvelaze Zvir qveyanas amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgens. aSS-s vizis gakeTeba yvelaze Zviri jdeba,

rac gamowveulia imiT, rom aSS-Si emigrantebis Semosavlebi gacilebiT

maRalia, vidre saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi. amasTanave, aSS-s mimzidveloba

emigrantebisaTvis imiT aixsneba, rom sxva mimReb qveynebTan SedarebiT bolo

dromde aSS-Si emigrantebisadmi damokidebuleba sakmaod loialuri iyo.

imisaTvis rom sazRvargareT wavidnen, qalebi iZulebuli arian aiRon

valebi, gayidon an daagiravon bina.

profesiiT filologi var, skolaSi vaswavlidi, magram imis gamo rom

Cemi meuRle darCa umuSevari da mec 4-5 Tve xelfass ver viRebdi,

gadavwyvite wavsuliyavi sazRvargareT samuSaod. Cemi axloblebi iyvnen

italiaSi da mec iq wavedi. aviRe procentiani vali 4000$, gadavuxade qals,

romelmac gamikeTa sabuTebi da 2004 wels wavedi italiaSi...

l. 49 wlis italia*

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan, romlebic ukve namyofebi

iyvnen emigraciaSi, umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom gamgzavrebisTvis maT

44

procentiani vali aiRes. Aseve, bevri potenciuri emigrantic iZulebulia

aiRos vali, xSirad sakmaod maRali procentiT 10-20%-TveSi, ris gamoc

isini valebis gadaxdas ramodenime Tves da zogjer welsac ki andomeben,

radgan valis gadaxdasTan erTad maT ojaxebis rCenac uwevT.

bevri wvalebiT da tanjviT gadavixade es procentiani vali,

weliwadnaxevari an ori welia saWiro rom es valebi ixado, ...kidev kargi

rom xelfasi cota normaluri mqonda imdens vaxerxebdi, rom procentsac

vgzavnidi da balRebsac xan as dolars xan ormocdaaTs vugzavnidi xolme

yovelTve.

m. 43 wlis italia

<...> vambobdi erTi–ori weli davrCebi da Camoval-meTi. Aar mifiqria da

verc warmovidgendi, rom bavSvebis datoveba 5 wliT momixdeboda, magram ise

moxda, rom vali, romliTac wavedi, procentiani iyo da faqtiurad or

welze meti vimuSave marto am valis gasastumreblad, mere daviwye ojaxSi

fulis gamogzavna

m. 37w. saberZneTi

im respondentebis gamocdilebiT, romlebic dabrundnen samSobloSi

da romlebic wasulebi iyvnen valiT, maT saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi erTi weli

dasWirdaT imisaTvis, rom valebi daefaraT da es SesaZlebeli iqneboda

mxolod maSin, Tu isini maleve moaxerxebdnen samsaxuris Sovnas.

weliwadnaxevari ki ara ori sami welic araferia, roca valiT midixar,

mec ase wavedi, magram saqme ar amewyo, isev procentiT valis Ziri

gadavixade, magram procenti ar mimicia, veRar mTxovs, imitom rom

deportacia gamikeTes da saxlSi damabrunes. Segnebulad ar mTxovs, <...>

guli mwydeba, rom veraferi gavakeTe, albaT gamarTlebacaa. zogma saxli,

kari, qoneba iSova, RmerTma meti misceT, sazRvargareT or weliwadSi fuls

ver iSovi. Didxans vinc cxovrobs da muSobs, iman SeiZleba daagrovos

raime.

a. 38 w. saberZneTi

im SemTxvevaSi Tu axlad Casul emigrantebs ,,pirveli talRis”

emigrantebi finansur daxmarebas uweven da exmarebian saqarTveloSi

45

aRebuli valebis dafarvaSi, maTi sazRvargareT yofna gacilebiT ufro

warmatebuli xdeba, isini valebs gacilebiT swrafad ixdian da saSualeba

eZlevaT, rom ojaxsac ufro mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmareba aRmouCinon

da Tan danazogic gaakeTon. magram xSiria isic, rom sazRvargareT wasul

qalebs saqme sxvagvarad ewyobaT. ver Souloben samuSaos, an Souloben

Zalian dabali anazRaurebiT, ise, rom Tavadac ar yofniT.

saberZneTSi aralegaluri gziT movxvdi. TurqeTis turistuli

qalaqidan patara gemiT saberZneTis kunZul rodosze, 6saaTi vimgzavreT.

iqidan gemiT wavediT aTenSi. gzaSi mainc bevrs vnerviulobdi. ucxo qveynis

SiSi ar maZlevda mosvenebas. RvTis wyalobiT mSvidobiT vimgzavre da

axlobeli damxvda, magram gancda da Sinagani tkivili didia, radgan 2

arasrulwlovani Svili davtove. ekonomikuri da gausaZlisi mdgomareobis

gamo gadavdgi es nabiji. roca mxolod vals iReb da amis xarjze cxovrob,

Znelia ase cxovreba. valdebuli var Svilebis winaSe rom saarsebo

pirobebi Sevuqmna. CemTvis yvelaze damTrgunveli is iyo, rodesac meuRle

gamosavals ver poulobda da Tavis mokvlaze fiqrobda. yovelive aman da

sxva mravalma mizezma mafiqrebina bina gameyida da wavsuliyavi. es

erTaderTi gadasarCeni gza iyo CemTvis da Cemi SvilebisTvis... mTel Cems

xelfass, romelic 600-700 evros ar aRemateboda, ojaxs vugzavnidi. CemTvis

mcire Tanxas vitovebdi. saqarTveloSi es didi Tanxa Cans, magram

samwuxarod araferia, roca valebi unda gaistumro, binis qira, komunaluri

gadasaxadebi, saskolo nivTebi... Znelia martom ojaxi Seinaxo. binis yidvas

rogor movaxerxeb ar vici. 6000 dolarad gavyide Cemi bina da axla 20000 ar

meyofa rom rame viyido. yvelaze mtkivneuli xelaxla ojaxTan ganSorebaa,

magram me sxva gza ar maqvs. isev inda davtovo Cemi Svilebi, cxovrebis

kvelaze mniSvnelovan periodSi. am wlebs vin dagvibrunebs ukan?.....

q. 36 w. saberZneTi

emigrantebis warumatebloba arTulebs maT fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,

isini veRar uZleben ucxo garemos, nostalgias da brundebian samSobloSi

yovelgvari finansuri danazogis gareSe, ise, rom veRar axerxeben gayiduli

binis samagiero axali binis yidva, an valebis gastumrebas. dabrunebuli

46

emigrantebi vardebian ra ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi xelaxla ,,bedis

sacdelad” kvlav fiqroben gamgzavrebaze.

2.2.2.3. emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur_ekonomikuri viTareba

gansakuTrebiT mwaved aisaxa qalis statusze, romelic upirveles yovlisa,

gamowveulia socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis dacvis

meqanizmebis radikaluri moSliT, umuSevrobiT, qalTa arasaTanado

monawileobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis sferoSi da sxva mravali

faqtorebiT.

qalis, rogorc individis saqmianoba dakavSirebulia mis sam funqciasTan:

reproduqciuli funqcia _ bavSvebis aRzrda da ojaxuri saqmis gaZRola,

mwarmoebluri anu ekonomikuri funqcia da sazogadoebrivi funqcia.

reproduqciuli funqcia iTvleba qalis ZiriTad saqmianobad, romlis

ekonomikuri Rirebulebis asaxva ar xdeba sazogadoebaSi. am saqmianobis

mniSvnelovani nawili `uCinari~ rCeba. saojaxo samuSaos Semsrulebeli

qalebi ar iReben Sesabamis ekonomikur anazRaurebas. xolo qalis

mwarmoebluri anu produqtiuli Sroma, romelic miCneulia qalis

damatebiT saqmianobad, ekonomikuri Rirebulebis matarebelia.Qqalis

wvlilis arasaTanado Sefaseba airekleba mis statusze sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi. cnobilia, rom individis saqmianoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

aris ekonomikurad Sefasebuli, Tu mas aqvs sabazro Rirebuleba. amitomac,

qalis reproduqciuli saqmianobis arasaTanado Sefasebam da qalis Sromis

araxelsayrelma pirobebma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa misi mwarmoebluri

Sromis efeqtianoba sazogadoebaSi. ekonomikuri procesebis realizaciis

dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa: sakuTrebis

floba da gankargva, qveyanaSi arsebuli resursebis xelmisawvdomoba da

masze kontroli, rac xSirad uTanabrdeba individis unars fulis

gamomuSavebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT qalebi aSkarad iCagrebian TavianTi

ekonomikuri statusis Seufaseblobis gamo.

qalis statusi sazogadoebaSi, misi socialur_ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,

47

ZiriTadSi misi mwarmoebluri, ekonomikuri saqmianobiT ganisazRvreba.

Osazogadoebrivi mentalitetis xelSewyobiT, arsebuli

socialur_ekonomikuri uTanabrobis Sedegad sazogadoebis did nawils

SemoqmedebiTi, inteleqtualuri, produqtiuli potenciali ararealizebuli

da Seufasebeli rCeba, rac aferxebs mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.

tradiciulad, mamakaci ojaxis marCenalad da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebis

mimRebad iyo miCneuli, Tumca, qalis roli mniSvnelovanwilad izrdeboda

imis mixedviT, Tu rogori ekonomikuri potenciali gaaCnda mas. amis

damadasturebelia saqarTveloSi mziTvis institutis arseboba, romelic

garkveul gavlenas axdenda qalis statusze sazogadoebaSi da ojaxSi.

globalizaciis procesma da sabazro ekonomikam realuri koreqtivebi

Seitana funqciaTa aseT gadanawilebaSi, rac, ZiriTadad, adaptirebis im

unaris Sedegia, romelic qalebs mamakacebze metad gaaCniaT.Qqalebi ufro

mobilurni aRmoCndnen, sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebTan Seguebis ufro

meti SesaZleblobebi gamoavlines, Tumca, am procesSi Sesaferisi,

Rirseuli adgili ver daikaves. bolo wlebis socialur_ekonomikurma

kataklizmebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mosaxleobis socialur

statusze, gansakuTrebiT qalebze. E

qalTa socialur_ekonomikuri statusis gauaresebasa da siRaribis

arsebul dones xels uwyobs ekonomikuri genderuli disbalansi, romelic

damkvidrebulia sazogadoebaSi. qalis reproduqciuli, mwarmoebluri da

ekonomikuri funqciis Serwyma gansakuTrebiT garTulda ekonomikuri

globalizaciis pirobebSi. socialuri dacvis garantiebis gauqmebam,

meurneobis im dargebis likvidaciam, sadac qalTa udidesi nawili iyo

dasaqmebuli, gamoiwvia maTi umuSevrobis masobrivi xasiaTi.

bolo wlebSi biujetis sferoSi dasaqmebul qalTa saerTo raodenoba

Semcirda 40%_iT, roca analogiuri monacemebi mamakacebisaTvis 29%_ia.

(jaSi 2001:2). resursebisa da Semosavlebis ganawilebis genderuli

araTanabroba ganpirobebulia ara arsebuli sakanonmdeblo baziT, aramed

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli midgomebiT da tradiciebiT. qalis ekonomikuri

aqtiuroba saTanadod ar aris aRqmuli sazogadoebis mier. Semosavlebis

mxriv, Aarsebuli gansxvavebis safuZvelis ganmsazRvrelia is ierarqiuli

48

mdgomareoba, romelic mamakacs uWiravs sazogadoebaSi.

qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikurma cvlilebebma Rrma kvali

daamCnia Cveni cxovrebis wess_moxda garkveuli pirovnebebisa da socialuri

jgufebis marginalizacia, mniSvnelovan wilad moiSala aqamde

oficialurad aRiarebuli normatiuli modelebi da RirebulebaTa

sistemebi, mkveTrad gaizarda qalebis socialuri da ekonomikuri aqtivoba,

Cveulebriv movlenad iqca ucxoeTSi savaWrod Tu xangrZlivad samuSaod

wasvla da Sesabamisad am qveynebis kulturis gacnoba.

qarTuli ojaxis tradiciul kulturul-RirebulebiT ierarqiaSi

qalisa da mamakacis funqciebis realuri mniSvneloba gacilebiT axlos

idga erTmaneTTan, vidre maTive socialuri statusebi. status–roluri

TvalsazrisiT mamakacis upiratesoba mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli, magram

saqarTveloSi qali socialurad pasiuri arasodes yofila. maT xSirad

uwevdaT mamakacis funqciebis Sesruleba_ daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis

ufrosis movaleobis Sesruleba. amasTan ,,erisaTvis, romlis winaSec

xangrZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis idga biologiuri

arsebobisa da kulturuli TavisTavadobis SenarCunebis amocana,

Sesabamisad qalis-dedis da aRmzrdelis, kulturis ZiriTadi gadamcemis

movaleobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZens, vidre ojaxis ufrosisa.

mamakacis, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetis gverdiT arsebobda qalis,

rogorc ojaxis burjis, avtoriteti. Aam azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

obieqturad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebis Rirebuleba

TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo, magram sazogadoebis aRqmaSi mamakacs mainc ufro

maRali statusi hqonda. amasTan es winaaRmdegoba arasodes gamxdara

qarTul ojaxSi status-roluri ganawilebis gadasinjvis safuZveli.”

(durgliSvili 1997:11)

tradiciulad miRebuli socialur_kulturuli normebis Tanaxmad

dResac miCneulia, rom ojaxSi mamakaci unda dominirebdes, igi unda iyos

ojaxis xelmZRvaneli da strategiul gadawyvetilebaTa meqanizmebis

ganmkargulebeli. Qqalis umTavres funqciad kvlav Svilebis aRzrda da

saojaxo meurneobis warmarTva iTvleba. aqedan gamomdinare faqtobrivad

SenarCunebul iqna ojaxuri urTierTobebis tradiciuli wesebiT

49

regulireba. M gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebamde ar arsebobs empiriuli

kvlevebiT mopovebuli informacia qalebis wilze ojaxis biujetSi.

Mmiuxedavad amisa, aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs uSualo

dakvirveba da garkveuli zogadi mosazrebebi. sabWoTa wyobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli xisti struqtura, romelic socialur mobilobas

aferxebda, ganapirobebda imas, rom pirovnebis TviTrealizacia sazogadod

gvian xdeboda, maSin rodesac, postkomunisturi epoqis swraf cvlilebebs

qali ufro advilad Seegua ufro metad gamoiyena axali SesaZleblobebi.

meore mxriv, Zveli socialuri struqturis damsxvreva, bunebrivia ufro

wvaved mamakacebs Seexo da kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena maTi sazogadoebrivi

statusi maSin, rodesac qalebma SedarebiT iolad gamoiyenes axali

SesaZleblobebi wvril vaWrobasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi. Cvens mier

Catarebulma gamokvlevam cxadyo iseTi ojaxebis arseboba, romelSic

ZiriTad, an erT-erT ZiriTad ekonomikur Semomtans swored qalebi

warmoadgenen. unda aRiniSnos, rom OTu adre ojaxis ekonomikuri

uzRunvelyofis saqmeSi mamakacs meti moTxovnebi waeyeneboda da mamakacis,

rogorc ojaxSi gadawyvetilebaTa mTavari mimRebisa da ZiriTadi

Semomtanis funqciebi faqtobrivad erTmaneTs emTxveoda, vfiqrobT, rom

axla es Tanafardoba dairRva.

Cveni gamokvlevis procesSi marTalia es mkveTrad ar gamovlenila,

radgan gadawyvetlebas emigraciis Sesaxeb qalebi iSviaTad iReben

individualurad_ rogorc wesi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mTeli

ojaxi monawileobs, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca ojaxis winaaRmdegobis

miuxedavad emigranti mainc miemgzavreba sazRvargareT.

kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa ojaxis wevrebis CarTuloba aseTi

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. aRmoCnda, rom qveynis SigniT

qalTa migraciSi wasvlas eTanxmeba 31,8%, qveynis gareT wasvlas_29,6%.

ojaxis wevrTa Tanxmobis maCvenebeli adasturebs, rom migraciuli

ganwyobebis ZiriTadi motivi gamomdinareobs ojaxis saerTo miznebidan da

warmoadgens ojaxis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofas. Tumca, sakmaod maRalia

maCvenebeli imisa, roca ojaxis wevrebi ufro ar eTanxmebian, vidre

eTanxmebian Sida migracias_19,9%, xolo gare migracias_24,35%. gvaqvs

50

safuZveli vifiqroT, rom es monacemi ganpirobebulia migraciasTan

dakavSirebuli riskfaqtorebis simravliT da migraciebis (ZiriTadad gare

migraciis) umetesad aralegaluri bunebiT. amasTan, umniSvnelovanes rols

TamaSobs qalebis kulturulad ganpirobebuli roli (ojaxis movla da

saojaxo meurneobebis gaZRola), romelsac misi migraciis SemTxvevaSi

,,safrTxe” emuqreba.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebidan ufro qveynis gareT wasvlis

mcdeloba hqondaT (18,7%) vidre qveynis SigniT (7,5%). Mmagram wasvlis

survilsa da mis realizacias Soris korelaciam gviCvena, rom wasvlis

msurvelTagan umravlesoba emigraciaSi ver wavida. qveynis SigniT migracia

ver ganaxorciela 75,6%-ma, xolo qveynis gareT 84%-ma. Qqveynis SigniT

migracia moaxerxa mxolod 15,9%-ma, xolo qveynis gareT-13,3%-ma.

qalebi migraciis realzaciis xelisSemSlel faqtorebad sxvadasxva

mizezebs asaxeleben. Qqveynis SigniT migraciaSi xelisSemSlel

faqtorTagan isini ZiriTadad ojaxur pirobebs asaxeleben, xolo

sazRvargareT migraciis ralizaciisas gamoyofen Semdeg xelisSemSlel

faqtorebs:

(cxrili 12)

gare migraciaSi xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

migraciaSi xelisSemSleli

faqtorebi

%

qveyanaSi Sesasvleli viza ar misces

ojaxuri pirobebi

saWiro dokumentacia ver Seagrova

34,7%

28,7%

22%

Kkvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom ojaxuri

pirobebi, rogorc xelisSemSleli faqtori sakmaod aqtualuria rogorc

51

Sida, aseve gare migraciis dros, rac adasturebs qalis saojaxo rolTan

dakavSirebuli kulturuli normebis simyares regionSi.

2.2.3. qalTa SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

migraciis mraval sakiTxTa Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze did

interess gare migraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iwvevs. misi

zemoqmedebiT icvleba respublikis mosaxleobis rocxovnoba da

demografiuli struqtura, SromiTi potenciali.

Cveni gamokvlevis erT-erT mTavar mizans SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebis, recipienti qveynebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda

rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, SromiTi migraciis umTavresi mizezi

Rrma ekonomikuri krizisia, romelic saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi

ganviTarda. migraciis intensiurobaze zemoqmedeba moaxdines, agreTve,

politikurma faqtorebma, eTnokonfliqtebma, SinaaSlilobam da

kriminogenuli situaciis damZimebam. Seiqmna viTareba, roca mosaxleoba

socialurad sruliad daucveli aRmoCnda da moicva SimSiliT fizikuri

ganadgurebis SiSma. bevrma maTganma Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali

sazRvargareT dasaqmebaSi, SromiT migraciaSi dainaxa.

Sida Sromis bazris tevadobis katastrofuli Sekvecisa da cxovrebis

pirobebis radikaluri gauaresebis adeqvaturia is pasuxebi, romelic

respondentebma migraciis mizezebad daasaxeles.

zogadad kiTxvaze: gaqvT Tu ara emigraciaSi wasvlis survili?

gamokiTxulTa 74%-ze meti pasuxobs, rom ara aqvs qveynis SigniT migrirebis

survili, mxolod 25% gamoTqvams wasvlis survils. gare migraciis

survili ki 85%-ma gamoTqva da mxolod 14.7% ara aqvs ucxo qveyanaSi

wasvlis survili.

gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metma ucxoeTSi samuSaod wasvlis mizezad

materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis survili daasaxela. aqve unda iTqvas,

romPkiTxvebi nawilobriv erTmaneTs faravs da migracia erTdroulad

ramdenime konkretul mizezTanaa dakavSirebuli. ZiriTad motivad,

ekonomikuri gaWirvebisagan Tavis daRweva da materialuri pirobebis

52

gaumjobeseba rCeba.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan emigraciis msurvelTagan

13,3% ukve namyofi iyo qveynis gareT, xolo 1,9%_qveynis SigniT. am

SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens is Semosavali, romelic am migracias mohyva.

zogadad ki, es monacemi aCvenebs, rom migraciuli ganwyobebis mTavari

mamoZravebeli motivi qalebisaTvis aris ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa

da ara dasaqmeba an profesiuli ganviTareba.

gamokvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

moxda sagrZnobi cvlilebebi kaxeTis regionis migrantebis da maT Soris

qalTa SromiTi migraciis geografiaSi. Mmosaxlwobis 2002 wlis aRweris

monacemebiT kaxeTidan, ise rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelodan, migracii

mTavari mimarTuleba ruseTis federacia iyo. zogadad, aRweris monacemebze

dayrdnobiT, kaxeTis regionidan emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT emigrantebis

nakadi Semdegnairad nawildeba:

(cxrili 13)

emigrantTa ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT

(procentobiT jamTan)*

emigrantebi

qveyana

ruseT

isfed

erac

ia

sab

erZneT

i

ger

mania

aSS

TurqeTi

saf

rangeT

i

espaneTi

bel

gia

ukr

ana

sxva

qveynebi

sul

kaxeTis

regionidan

69,1 16,0 1,6 2,3 1,2 04 1,0 0,4 1,4 3,6 100

saqarTvelodan 64,1 16,2 4,3 3,8 1,3 0,6 0,8 0,5 1,8 6,6 100

Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qalTa

SromiTi migraciis sawyiss etapze, SromiTi migraciuli nakadebi

ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo ruseTis federaciis, saberZneTisa da

TurqeTisaken. Akvlevis es monacemebi emTxveva aRweris monacemebs, sadac

emigraciis umTavresi mimarTulebebi analogiuri iyo.

53

(cxrili 14)

SromiTi emigrantebis ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT

qveyana procentuli ganawileba

ruseTi

saberZneTi

TurqeTi

germania

italia

37%

16,5%

9,3%

7,2%

5,2%

am etapze migraciaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba maqsimum 2 weli da minimum,

erTi Tvea. es xangrZlivoba aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo

migracia, anu ramdenad amarTlebda migraciis mizans.

rogorc sabWoTa periodSi aseve postsabWoTa saqarTvelos sawyis

etapze kaxeTis regionidan qalTa migraciaSi mimReb qveynebs Soris ruseTis

federaciis lideroba ra Tqma unada ganpirobebuli iyo mTeli rigi

faqtorebiT. upirvelesad amas ganapirobebda Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis

moTxovnis specifika, istoriulad formirebuli SromiTi urTierTobani,

rusuli enis SedarebiT ukeTesi codna, Sromis bazris Sesaxeb meti

informirebuloba. xolo rac Seexeba sxva qveynebs, am SemTxvevaSi

mniSvnelovani iyo didi gansxvaveba samuSao Zalis fasSi, saqarTvelos

Sromis bazarTan SedarebiT.

saberZneTisaken mimarTuli nakadis sidide, nawilobriv, am qveyanaSi

Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis moTxovnis specifikamac ganapiroba. aq

Sromis meoradi bazari did moTxovnas gamoxatavs momvlel qalebze,

sakmaod maRali anazRaurebis pirobiT.

sayovelTao ekonomikuri krizisis pirvel wlebSi SromiTi migraciis

intensiuroba agreTve maRali iyo TurqeTisken, radgan am periodSi

arCevanis naklebi saSualeba iyo da TurqeTTan mimosvla SedarebiT iafi

da organizaciulad advilad mosaxerxebeli gaxldaT. magram evropis

qveynebTan SedarebiT, TurqeTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done,

Sesabamisad, Sromis dabali anazRaureba TurqeTis swrafi demografiuli

54

matebisa da Sromis bazris gajerebis pirobebSi, Cveni qveynis SromiTi

resursebis am qveynisaken SromiT migrantTa nakads mkveTrad asustebda.

Tu saqarTvelodan ruseTSi momuSave migrantebis wili zogadad

yvelaze maRali iyo, SemdegSi mdgomareoba icvleba. vfiqrobT, rom

migraciis pirvel etapze dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si SromiT migracias

xels uSlida ucxo enis susti codna da naklebi informirebuloba.

Cvens mier gamokiTxul respondentTa 40.3% gasuli iyo saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT, magram ara rogorc SromiTi emigranti, aramed rogorc

mogzauri. am mimarTebiT gamoikveTa Semdegi mimRebi qveynebi:

(cxrili 15)

turistuli mizniT emigrantebis mimRebi qveynebi:

mimRebi qveyana %

ruseTi

TurqeTi

azerbaijani

somxeTi

ukraina

rumineTi

45,3%

7.7%

7,5%

7%

6,6%

4%

am monacemebis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom:

_ turistuli mizniT emigracia moicavs sabWoTa periodsac;

_ postsabWoTa periodis migracia garkveulwilad provocirebulia

sabWoTa turistuli gamocdilebiT. gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi,

somxeTsa da ukrainaSi;

_ am qveynebSi migraciis maRali maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia rusuli

enis xelmisawvdomobiTac migrantebs Soris;

_ postsabWoTa migraciis mizani albaT umetesad komerciulia;

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu 1990-iani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis

pirveli wlebidan gansakuTrebiT didi iyo ruseTis mimarTulebiT SromiTi

migraciis intensiuroba. bolo wlebSi ruseTis wili saqarTvelos SromiT

migrantTa nakadSi TandaTan mcirdeba. amas adasturebs gamokvleviT

55

miRebuli Sedegic.

Tu krizisis pirvel wlebSi kaxeTidan ruseTSi wasul SromiT

migrantTa didi nawili warmoadgenda e.w. rusulenovan mosaxleobas,

romlebic mudmivad dasaxldnen iq da Seerwynen ruseTis mosaxleobas,

SemdegSi SromiTi migracia TandaTan saqarTvelos mkvidri mosaxleobiT

gajerda, mkveTrad moimata qarTvel qalTa wilma am qveynisaken gamaval

nakadSi. Tumca ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis daZabvisa da savizo

reJimis SemoRebis Semdgom gaizarda barierebi ruseTSi samuSao Zalis

mimosvlis mxrivac.*

amJamad emigraciis qveynebis areali ufro metad gafarTovda da didad

gascda postsabWoTa sivrces. dasaqmebis ukeTesi pirobebis gamo qveynis

gareT wasvlis survili gamoTqva respondentTa 85%-ma, maTTvis sasurveli

mimRebi qveynebis reitingSi upirvelesad saxeldeba aSS da evropis qveynebi.

(cxrili 16)

potenciur emigrantTa ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT

emigraciisaTvis sasurveli

qveyana

%

aSS

italia

saberZneTi

ruseTi

germania

espaneTi

24,9%

16,9%

11,6%

8,4%

7,2%

6,6%

sainteresoa, rom emigraciis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis

miRebamde potenciuri emigrantebi Taviseburad ,,swavloben bazars”,

cdiloben moagrovon rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTi informacia imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra tipis samuSaozea moTxovna ama Tu im qveyanaSi, ra jdeba gamgzavreba,

vizis ,,gakeTeba”, ramdeni dro dasWirdeba amas. cdiloben ipovon nacnobebi,

56

megobrebi da naTesavebi am qveyanaSi da uzrunvelyon maTgan daxmarebis

miReba. zog SemTxvevaSi emigrantebi midian im qveynebSi, sadac moxerxdeba

vizis ,,gakeTeba”, an sadac mas e. w. ,,Suamavlebi” urCeven wasvlas.

is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ucxo qveyanaSi nacnobis, an megobris, an

naTesavis yola emigraciis qveynis SerCevisas, Cans migraciis saerTaSoriso

organizaciis mier Catarebuli potenciuri emigrantebis kvlevidanac,

romlis Sedegebis mixedviTac potenciuri emigrantebi emigraciis SerCevisas

did mniSvnelobas aniWeben imas, arian Tu ara mimReb qveynebSi maTi

megobrebi, ojaxis wevrebi, da nacnobebi, romlebic maT daxmarebas gauweven.

2006 wlis ivlisidan 2007 wlis martis CaTvliT migraciis saerTaSoriso

organizaciis migraciis saresurso centrebSi gamokiTxuli 770

respondentidan 46%-ma qveynis SerCevis mTavar kriteriumad swored es

mizezi daasaxela. (profili 2006:6)

(cxrili 17)

ratom airCieT es qveyana?

sixSire %

imitom, rom myavs iq megobrebi, vinc damexmarebian

imitom, rom meubnebian, rom iq advilia samuSaos Sovna

imitom, rom minda saqarTvelodan wasvla

imitom, rom vici ena

imitom, rom sazRvargareT maRalia sacxovrebeli

pirobebi

imitom, rom vnaxe gancxadeba da minda masze reagireba

imitom, rom ukve maqvs iq kavSirebi damsaqmebelTan

imitom, rom var iq namyofi da vicnob situacias

354

221

167

165

111

109

68

33

45,97%

28,70%

21,69%

21,69%

14,42%

14,16%

8,83%

4,29%

rogorc vxedavT, emigraciis erT-erTi xelisSemwyobi faqtoria farTod

ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebi, romelsac qmnian saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxidan, maT Soris kaxeTis regionidan wasuli emigrantebi, romlebic

daxmarebas uweven potenciur emigrantebs. rogorc emigraciis qveynis

SerCevisas iq nacnobebis da axloblebis yolasTan erTad zogierTi

57

emigranti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mimReb qveyanaSi

anazRaurebis odenobas da iq arsebul moTxovnas muSaxelis garkveul

tipze.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondenti l. (49 wlis) italiidan dabrunebis

Semdeg isev apirebs wasvlas, radgan iq anazRaureba maRalia, Tan ukve

italieli nacnobebis daxmarebis imedic aqvs.

xelfasi mqonda 1300 evro. vcxovrobdi imave ojaxSi, rogorc imaTi

ojaxis wevri. 800 evros ojaxs vugzavnidi saqarTveloSi. 100 evros me

vxarjavdi da danarCens vinaxavdi...… iZulebuli var isev wavide, radgan 4

Tvea aq var da iq mogrovili fuliT vcxovrob, aq rom viyo sad vimuSao.

l. 49 wlis, italia

xSir SemTxvevaSi, emigraciis qveynis SerCeva ganpirobebulia ara marto

imiT, rom iq emigrantis axloblebi arian, aramed imiTac, rom maTi

daxmarebiT samuSaos male iSovis da ufro met Semosavals aiRebs.

dabrunebuli emigrantebis monacemebiT sakmaod didi anazRaurebaa aSS-Si.

erT-erTi Cveni respondenti qali, romelic imyofeboda am qveyanaSi

samuSaod da kidev apirebda wasvlas, ojaxs yovelTviurad ugzavnida 1000

dolars. SedarebiT dabali anazRaurebaa saberZneTSi _600-700 evro.

amasTan erTad is, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi ukve wasulia naTesavi an

megobari, respondentebis azriT, arcTu iSviaTad gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobs emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. ucxo

qveyanaSi axloblebisa da megobrebis yola, visi daxmarebis imedic aqvs

potenciur emigrantebs, mniSvnelovan stimuls aZlevs maT, rom emigraciaSi

swored im qveyanaSi wavidnen, radgan gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis

mimqcevi eyolebaT.

2.2.4. Ppotenciuri emigrantebi

is, rom sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis msurvelTa raodenoba ar mcirdeba,

Cans iqidan, rom Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebis sakmaod didi

nawili apirebs sazRvargareT wasvlas, potenciuri emigrantebis saSualo

asaki 38 welia. sainteresoa, rom maTgan 13,3% ukve namyofia sazRvargareT,

58

aqvs emigraciis gamocdileba da maT SemTxvevaSi saubaria ganmeorebiT

emigraciaze. irkveva, rom potenciuri emigrantiebis mqone Sinameurneobebis

TiTqmis naxevari ukve aqtiuradaa CarTuli emigraciul qselebSi. CvenTvi

sakmaod Zneli iyo potenciuri emigrantebis ojaxebis Semosavlebis

gansazRvra, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi TviTdasaqmebuli, an SinameurneobaSi

dakavebuli qalebi ar gavZlevdnen zust monacemebs, magram unda aRiniSnos,

rom isini ar miekuTvnebian yvelaze Rarib ojaxebs. maTi saarsebo minimumi

TiTqmis utoldeba saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis mier dadgenil

saarsebo minimums:

(cxrili 18)

im ojaxebis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali, sadac arian potenciuri

emigrantebi

Semosavali erT

sulze (lari)

Sinameurneobis

Semosavali (lari)

Sinameurneobebi

potenciuri emigrantebiT

90 400

Kkvlevis Sedegebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, vivaraudoT, rom potenciuri

emigrantebis sazRvargareT wasvlis survili erTi mxriv gamowveulia am

ojaxebis SefardebiTi deprivaciiT, xolo meores mxriv, saqarTveloSi da

kerZod regionSi kargad ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebis gavleniT.*

Aaseve naTelia, rom emigraciuli gamocdileba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

Semdgomi emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. dabrunebulma

emigrantma, romelic kidev erTxel apirebs sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas,

icis, Tu ra elodeba iq, rogor unda moiqces da amitom naklebad dgas

fsiqologiuri problemebis winaSe. amasTanave, dabrunebuli emigranti

gavlenas axdens rogorc ojaxis wevrebis, aseve axloblebis, megobrebisa

Tu mezoblebis survilze, rom isinic wavidnen sazRvargareT.

potenciur emigrantebs mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uweven sazRvargareT

myofi axloblebi, megobrebi, nacnobebi.

Cemi biZaSvili saberZneTSia ukve karga xania, ise awyo iq cxovreba, rom

59

Camosvlaze arc fiqrobs. roca mirekavda sul meubneboda wamodi, samuSaos

gaSovnineb da cota fuls iSovnio. icoda Cemi ojaxis mdgomareoba, saxli

ara gvaqvs, Cemi qmari ufrosi biWia ojaxSi, Cemi mazli dasaqorwinebelia,

xom ici aseT dros ramdeni problemaa xolme ojaxSi, calke gvinda

cxovreba, magram mec da Cemi qmaric umuSevrebi varT, sad vimuSaoT, amitom

qiriTac ver gavdivarT, riTi vixadoT. amitom vriskav, bavSvs dedamTilTan

vtoveb da mivdivar saberZneTSi Cem qmarTan erTad, rom iqneba binis

sayideli fuli davagrovoT.... Mmadloba RmerTs, Cemi biZaSvili orives

gvigzavnis vizas, saberZneTSi rom, CavalT avtobuss daxvdeba da iqamde

Casvlis fuls is gadaixdis. aba Cven sad unda viSovoT amdeni, orives 4000

dolari gvWirdeba. iq rom CavalT samuSaos male gviSovian da valsac iq

gavistumrebT.

l. 33 wlis

Cveni interviudan or kviraSi l. Tavis qmarTan erTad gaemgzavra

saberZneTSi biZaSvilis daxmarebiT.

Uunda aRvniSnoT, rom potenciuri emigrantebis saubrebidan sakmaod

rTulia imis interpretacia, Tu ras gulisxmoben isini ,,vizaSi”, radgan es

SeiZleba iyos rogorc mowveva, ris safuZvelzec potenciuri emigranti

iRebs vizas, aseve fuli vizis ,,SesaZenad”.

zogjer emigraciis qveynis SerCeva ganpirobebulia ara marto imiT, rom

iq potenciuri emigrantis axloblebi arian, aramed imiTac, rom im qveyanaSi

gamgzavreba gacilebiT gacilebiT iafi ,,jdeba”, vidre sxva qveyanaSi.

potenciuri emigrantebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is

finansuri da instrumentuli daxmareba, romelsac isini emigranti

axloblebisa da megobrebisgan iReben.

potenciuri emigranti qalebis gamokiTxvisas gamovarCieT ramdenime

tipis daxmareba, romelsac sazRvargareT myofi emigrantebi darCenil

potenciur emigrantebs sTavazoben. Eesenia: finansuri, sainformacio,

instrumentuli da fsiqologiuri daxmareba.

finansuri daxmareba erT-erTi yvelaze niSvnelovan rols asrulebs

emigraciis stimulirebaSi. Ffinansuri daxmareba SeiZleba gaweuli iyos,

rogorc sazRvargareT gamgzavrebamde, aseve mimReb qveyanaSi Casvlis Semdeg.

60

gamgzavrebamde gaweuli daxmareba rogorc wesi, gamoixateba

emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri xarjebis an srul, an nawilobriv

dafarvaSi. Aamgvari daxmareba uaRresad mniSvnelovania qalebisaTvis,

radgan potenciur emigrantTa umravlesobas naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli

oficialur sakredito saSualebebze da misi saSualebiT isini aRar arian

iZulebulni, rom aiRon maRalprocentiani valebi, daagiravon an gayidon

saxlebi. F

finansuri daxmareba emigraciis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba imaSi,

rom axlad Casul emigrantebs exmarebian valebis gadaxdaSi. Uukve

dafuZnebuli emigrantebi aZleven maT an uprocento, an dabalprocentian

sesxebs.

Emigrantebis daxmarebiT potenciuri emigrantebi iReben informacias

mimReb qveyanaSi cxovrebisa da muSaobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, ,,samuSao

bazris” mdgomareobas. Qq. l-s biZaSvili saberZneTSia, swored misi

daJinebuli TxovniTa da daxmarebiT apirebs q.-l. samuSaod wasvlas. wored

ucxoeTSi myofma biZaSvilma aRmouCina mas rogorc materialuri, aseve

sainformacio daxmareba, raTa is saberZneTSi wavides, ufro metic, l.-s

qmris emigraciasac is afinansebs.

Amgvarad, kargad ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebis daxmarebiT

swafad vrceldeba informacia, riTac sargebloben potenciuri emigrantebi.

sazRvargareT wasuli emigrantebi cdiloben, rom rogorc ki gamoCndeba

raime samuSao TavianTi ojaxis wevrebi, megobrebi, naTesavebi waiyvanon da

daasaqmon, es ki xels uwyobs emigraciis stimulirebas. (voldingeri....

2003:12)

emigrantebis instrumentuli daxmareba gamoixateba SemdegSi: isini

exmarebian sazRvargareT wasvlis msurvelebs vizis aRebaSi, ugzavnian

oficialuri miwvevebs, rekomendacias uweven sando SuamavlebTan, aswavlian,

ra da rogor unda uTxran saemigracio samsaxuris warmomadgenlebs

politikuri Tu sxva TavSesafris moTxovnisas da sxva.

migrantebi exmarebian axladCasul emigrantebs mimReb qveyanaSic.

xvdebian sadgurze Tu aeroportSi da TavisTan acxovreben manam, sanam

samuSaos ar iSovian. amasTan erTad samuSaos SovnaSic exmarebian.

61

saberZneTSi yvela axlobels vexmarebiT, rom Camovidnen, imitom, rom iq

Tu aravin daexmara, valebis gastumrebas ver moaxerxebs, erTmaneTs

SeRavaTi Tu ar gavuwieT, araferi gamodis...

q. 41w. saberZneTi

amgvarad, potenciuri emigranti, romelsac sazRvargareT hyavs

axlobeli an megobari, darwmunebulia, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

garantirebulad miiRebs maTgan sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebas.

axlad Casul emigrantebs bevri yofiTi problemebis mogvarebis garda,

rac dakavSirebulia samsaxuris SovnasTan, axal garemosTan SeguebasTan,

emateba ojaxisa da Cveuli garemosadmi nostalgiiT gamowveuli

problemebic. amitom axlad Casul emigrantebs iq myofi qarTvelebi

fsiqologiur daxmarebasac uweven, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania ucxo

garemoSi advilad adaptaciisaTvis. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom sazRvargareT

myofi qarTveli qalebi erTmaneTTan ar wyveten kavSirebs, erTmaneTs

xvdebian dasvenebis dReebSi, axerxeben erTmaneTTan urTierTobas da

problemebis erToblivad mogvarebas, fsiqologiurad amxneveben erTmaneTs

da erTad yofniT umklavdebian nostalgias. Amgvarad ucxoeTSi myofi

qalebi SeZlebisdagvarad maTTvis Cveuli kulturuli praqtikebis

reproducirebas axdenen.

2.2.5.Ffuladi gzavnilebi da gzavnilebis sixSire

SromiT migraciaSi wasuli qalebis daxmareba aqauri ojaxebisadmi

metad mniSvnelovania. saerTod emigrantebis mier gamogzavnili fuladi

gzavnilebi saqarTvelos mTeli Sida produqtis mniSvnelovan nawils

warmoadgens da aumjobesebs emigrantebis ojaxebis ekonomikur

mdgomareobas.

saqarTveloSi sabanko sistemis gavliT fuladi gzavnilebis odenoba

wlidan wlamde izrdeba. 2000 wels fuladi gzavnilebis oficialurad

registrirebuli odenoba 53 milion aSS dolars aWarbebda (saqarTvelos

erovnuli... 2006:132), anu saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis 7%. (Tumca

oficialuri arxebiT gamogzavnili fuladi gzavnilebis odenobis zrda

62

nawilobriv aixsneba imiTac, rom bolo wlebis manZilze saqarTveloSi

sakmaod ganviTarda sabanko sistema da amavdroulad, Semcirda fuladi

gzavnilebis operatorebis mier dawesebuli tarifebi). es rogorc aRvniSneT

oficialuri monacemebia, xolo realurad ramdens Seadgens fuladi

gzavnilebis odenoba araoficialuri arxebis CaTvliT, spekulaciebis

sferos miekuTvneba da rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva saxis SefasebebTan gvaqvs

saqme. magaliTad, msoflio bankis monacemebiT 2006 wels saqarTveloSi

gamogzavnilma fuladma gzavnilebma saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis

10%-mde Seadgina. (msoflio bankis... 2006:5-6). bunebrivia, rom

sazRvargareTidan gamogzavniuli fuladi gzavnilebis wilSi sakmaod

maRali iqneba emigranti qalebis mier gamogzavnili fuladi daxmarebebi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT

imisaTvis midis, rom imuSaos da materialuri daxmareba aRmouCinos TavianT

ojaxebs, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom isini sxvadasxva periodulobiT,

sxvadasxva odenobiT da sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis mainc ugzavnian

materialur daxmarebas Tavis ojaxis wevrebs.

SeuZlebelia im azris uaryofa, rom fuladi gzavnilebi sagrZnoblad

aumjobeseben emigrantebis ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, ris

Sedegadac ojaxebs saSualeba eZlevaT gazardon xarjebi da ara marto

kvebis produqtebze, aramed ganaTlebaze da jandacvaze. Sesabamisad

fuladi gzavnilebi warmoadgenen siRaribesTan brZolis mniSvnelovan

faqtorebs.

amerikaSi wavedi 1998 wels, turistuli viziT finansuri problemebis

gamo. saocrad gamiWirda, Cven saqarTveloSi sxva mentalitetiT vizrdebiT,

aqedan gamomdinare, amerikuli da qarTuli cxovrebis tempi Zalian

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. Cemi pirveli samsaxuri ojaxSi ZiZis funqcia

iyo, warmoudgenel sircxvils vgrZnobdi roca viRacis moaxleoba miwevda,

magram Tavs zemoT Zala ar iyo, amis mere vmuSaobdi momakvdav moxucebTan,

mowyvetili gare samyaros, Tanatolebs, amas erTvoda nostalgia, SiSi

momakvdavi adamianebis mimarT, sakuTari Tavis sibraluli, magram rogorc

ityvian, rac ar mogklavs is gagaZlierebso, droTa ganmavlobaSi gadavlaxe

finansuri da fsiqologiuri problemebi, dResdReobiT aranairi Sroma aRar

63

meTakileba, gansxvavebiT pirveli wlebisagan, patiosnad mopovebuli

xelfasi ergvarad makmayofilebs, finansuri siZliere bevr problemas Wris,

Tumca saqarTveloSic vinatrebdi, rom xalxs hkondes damakmayofilebeli

Semosavali. 1000$ vagzavnidi yovel Tve da bednieri viyavi Cemi ojaxis

wevrebs rom vexmarebodi da ara mxolod maT, naTesavebsac gavumarTe xeli

elementaruli yofiTi problemebis gadasaWrelad.

T. 36 w. aSS

qalebi fuladi gzavnilebiT ojaxis daxmarebas sakmaod regularulad

akeTebdnen_TveSi erTxel an or TveSi erTxel.

xelfasi mqonda 1300 evro. vcxovrobdi imave ojaxSi rogorc imaTi

ojaxis wevri. Yyovel Tve 800 evros ojaxs vugzavnidi saqarTveloSi. 100

evros me vxarjavdi da danarCens vinaxavdi.

l. 49 w. italia

regularuli gzavnilebis garda, emigrantebi axerxeben sakmaod

mniSvnelovani Tanxebis dagrovebas, rom samSobloSi Camosvlis Semdeg

SeiZinon bina an manqana, an dafaron Svilebis swavlasTan dakavSirebuli

xarjebi.

daxmarebis gamogzavnas emigrantebi sxvadasxva gziT axerxebdnen.

saberZneTis SemTxvevaSi, sadac imyofeba emigrantebis umravlesoba

damyarebulia regularuli da sakmaod efeqturi satransporto kavSiri

saqarTvelosTan. Tbilisidan aTenSi aris pirdapiri reisi salonikis

gavliT. aris agreTve avtobusiT yoveldRiuri momsaxureba Tbilissa da

saberZneTs Soris. Aamitom qalebs SeeZloT yovelkvireulad gamoegzavnaT

ojaxisTvis werlebi, amanaTebi da fuladi gzavnilebi.

<...> Zalian bevria ofisebi iq [aTenSi], saidanac manqana modis

saqarTveloSi. iq imdeni qarTvelia, Tavi saqarTveloSi gegoneba. avtobusi

yovel 3-4 dReSi midi-modis, Tanac ramdenime.

c. 48 w. saberZneTi

<...> me samjer gamovgzavne amanaTi, im ojaxSi sadac viyavi raRac-

raRaceebs mCuqnidnen, zogsac me TviTon vyidulobdi, ufro iseT rames rac

64

Svilebs undodaT da sWirdebodaT. magaliTad video, dividi, TeTreuli...

n. 33 w. saberZneTi

sxva qveynebis SemTxvevaSi (aSS, italia, germania) romlebTnac ar aris

damyarebuli aseTi kavSiri, ufro xSirad oficialuri arxebiT xdeba

fuladi daxmarebis gamogzavna.

germaniaSi wasuli emigrantebi, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian TavianT

ojaxebs, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom maTi umravlesoba germaniaSi Au-Pair

programiT saswavlebladaa wasuli. Aam programiT gaTvaliswinebuli

anazRaureba TveSi daaxloebiT 300 evros Seadgens, rac miuxedavad imisa,

rom kvebaze da sacxovrebelze ar exarjebaT, mainc ar yofniT, es maTi

mxolod ,,jibis fulia” da araferi rCebaT, rom ojaxebs daexmaron.

Cveni gamokvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom emigranti qalebis mier

ojaxebisTvis yovel Tves gamogzavnili daxmarebis maqsimaluri odenoba

iyo 1000 dolari, minimaluri 50-100 dolari. Dyvelaze did fulad

daxmarebas uwevdnen aSS-Si myofi emigrantebi, daxmarebis yvelaze dabali

wili ki modioda saberZneTze.

Qqalebis mier gamogzavnili daxmarebebi ZiriTadad e. w.

,,araproduqtiul” moxmarebaze ixarjeboda: piradi moxmarebis saqonelze,

tansacmelze, produqtebis SeZenaze, mkurnalobaze, valebis gastumrebaze,

soflis meurneobasTan dakavSirebul problemebze. uZravi qonebis SeZena

emigrantebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli investiciaa. warmatebuli

emigraciis SemTxvevaSi isini rogorc wesi yiduloben binas, Semdeg

aqiraveben da iyeneben rogorc damatebTi Semosavlis wyaros.

q. l. (46 wlis)UruseTSi (moskovSi) wavida 15 wlis win, misi axloblebi

iq cxovrobdnen da amitom mas araferi gaWirvebia. Tavdapirvelad maTTan

cxovrobda. male samuSaoc uSoves erT-erT qarTul restoranSi, romelic

maT qarTvel nacnobs ekuTvnoda. muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg sxva qarTvel

emigrant qalTan erTad biniT sxvagan gadavida. iq mravali wlis cxovrebisa

da muSaobis Sedegad q. Ll-m SeZlo mniSvnelovani Tanxis dagroveba.

saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdeg TbilisSi iyida bina da patara biznesic

wamoiwyo. Abina gaaqirava da amiT yovelTviuri garantirebuli Semosavlis

wyaroc gaiCina. Qq. l.-s sakuTari ojaxi ara aqvs. igi mzrunvelobs moxuc

65

ded-mamaze da amasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad exmareba Zmis ojaxs. Tumca

ekonomiurad ar uWirs, mas kvlav surs gamgzavreba, da isev ruseTSi, radgan

mas iq myofi axloblebis gverdSi dgomis imedi aqvs, Tan fiqrobs, rom is

did gamocdileba rac man ruseTSi adrindeli emigraciis dros daagrova,

ufro gauadvilebs am qveyanaSi xelaxal emigracias.

q. T. (43 wli) ojaxTan erTad wlebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda ruseTSi.

Qqmarsac hqonda samuSao da TviTonac muSaobda. wamosvlas jer ar

apirebdnen,Mmagram ruseTSi qarTvelebis mimarT agresiis gazrdis Semdeg

mis erT-erT Svils, biWs quCaSi incidenti SeemTxva, Svilebis gamo

SeeSindaT da saqarTveloSi dabrundnen. Ddagrovili fuli ojaxis

meurneobaSi daabandes, magram mniSvnelovani mogeba ver naxes. Aaxla q. T.

isev fiqrobs sazRvargareT wasvlaze, oRond ara ruseTSi. Aam qveyanasTan

garTulebuli mdgomareobis gamo iq emigracia arasaimedod miaCnia.

Ggadawyvetili aqvs wavides italiaSi, sadac misi ori megobari qalia

wasuli. Pproblema isaa, rom amjerad is qmarTa erTad ver wava, radgan

rogorc megobrebma uTxres mamakacisaTvi samuSos Sovna Zalian Wirs,

mamakacis muSaxrelze moTxovna araa, momvleli da damlagebeli qalebi ki

sWirdebaT. Aamitom qali ufro iSovis samuSaos. Svilebis datoveba Zalin

ki uZneldeba, magram fiqrobs rom ukve mozrdilebi arian da Tavsac

mixedaven, Tanac maTi swavlisTvis imdeni Tanxaa saWiro, rom jobia ucxo

qveyanaSi imuSaos da swavlis fuli gamougzavnos. axla maTTvis is ufro

mniSvnelovania, rom ganaTlebis misaRebad saSualeba hqondeT.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, faqtiurad ar xdeba qalebis

mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxis investireba warmoebaSi. Ffuladi gzavnilebis

da dazogili saxsrebis umetesi nawili ixarjeba moxmarebaze, radgan am

etapze qalebis ojaxebisTvis pirvelxarisxovania elemantaruli

sayofacxovrebo bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom qalis mier Seqmnili kapitalis

makroekonomikuri Sedegebi ar aris mniSvnelovani, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom am araproduqtiul moxmarebas Tavisi dadebiTi efeqti aqvs,

upirvelesad amaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos moxmarebis odenobis zrda, uZrav

qonebaSi investiciebis dabandeba, ganaTlebasTan da janmrTelobasTan

66

dakavSirebuli xarjebi da a. S. Y

amgvarad kaxeTis regionidan emigrirebuli qalebis fuladi daxmarebebi

uaRresad mniSvnelovania bevri ojaxis cxovrebaSi. daxmarebis sakmaod didi

nawili ixarjeba pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, anu

,,araproduqtiul moxmarebaze”, rac gamowveulia mosaxleobis cxovrebis

dabali doniT. Tumca, unda vTqvaT, rom regionSi sainvesticio

SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia sameurneo saqmianobaSi

investireba.

2.2.6. SromiT migrantTa ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis speqtri da adaptaciis

xarisxi

XX saukunis meore naxevridan, xangrZlivi drois manZilze SromiTi

migracia mimRebi qveynebis Sromis bazrebze moTxovnis specifikur

formirebas axdenda. TandaTan gamoikveTa segmentebi, sadac imigrantebi

iyvnen upiratesad dasaqmebulni. pirvel rigSi es is samuSao adgilebi iyo,

romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi didi popularobiT ar sargeblobda

dabali kvalifikaciis, araxelsayreli samuSao pirobebisa da Sromis

dabali anazRaurebis gamo.

recipienti qveynebisaken migracias xels uwyobda is garemoebac, rom am

qveynebis ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba demografiuli zrdis

stagnaciis gamo TiTqmis ar izrdeboda da damatebiT moTxovnas samuSao

adgilebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT ar qmnida. migraciis saerTaSoriso

organizacii monacemebiT, evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi 2000w-dan 2015w-mde

mosalodnelia adgilobrivi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani Semcireba. magaliTad, italiaSi igi Seikveceba 10%-iT; aseve

mcirdeba igi germaniaSi, belgiaSi, did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi (SromiTi...

2003:46).

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri qveyana aRar warmoadgens samuSao

Zalis mxolod mimReb, an mxolod gamcems. isini iReben SromiT migrantebs

da sakuTar mosaxleobas gzavnian kidev ufro maRali anazRaurebis mqone

qveynebis Sromis bazrebze. amas imitom eqceva yuradReba, rom saqarTvelos

67

mosaxleobis SromiTi migraciis mniSvnelovani nawili swored aseTi

qveynebiskenaa mimarTuli (ruseTi, saberZneTi da a.S.).

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi ufro

farTovdeba momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmeba. evrogaerTianebaSi 2001

wlis monacemebiT, momsaxurebis seqtorSi Cabmuli iyo mTlianad

dasaqmebulTa 67,1%, maT Soris, niderlandebSi_77%, luqsemburgSi_75,3%,

did britaneTSi_73,7%, SveciaSi_72,7%, belgiaSi_73,1% da a.S. (SromiTi...

2003:46)

mimdinareobs momsaxurebis sferos segmentacia pirvelad da meorad

Sromis bazrebad. adgilobriv samuSao Zalas saSualeba eZleva, Tavi

aaridos dabalkvalificiur samuSaoebze dasaqmebas da Caebas ufro

maRalkvalificiur, Sromis ukeTesi pirobebis mqone saqmianobaSi.

damqiravebelTaTvis metad xelsayreli xdeba iafi samuSao Zalis mizidva,

xandaxan aralegalurisac, radgan samuSao Zalis fasi bevrad ufro mcirea

adgilobriv samuSao Zalis fasTan SedarebiT.

SromiTi da gansakuTrebiT aralegaluri migrantebi yvela qveyanaSi

ganicdian met-nakleb diskriminacias. isini kargaven TavianT adrindel

socialur statuss da Tavisi unaris da specialobis mixedviT dasaqmebis

SesaZleblobas.

amJamindeli saqarTvelos SromiTi migraciis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi da arsebiTi niSania SromiT migrantTa nakadis ganaTlebis

maRali done da kvalificiuri Sedgeniloba. amas Tavisi axsna aqvs. pirvel

rigSi SevniSnavT, rom mokle droSi SromiTi migraciis ganviTarebisaTvis

aucilebelia garkveuli informirebuloba, ucxo enis raRac doneze codna

da maRali teritoriuli mobiluroba. es axasiaTebT meti ganaTlebis mqone

fenas, romelsac ucxo garemoSi kontaqtis da adaptaciis meti unari aqvs.

meore mxriv, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ganaTlebis potenciali metad

maRalia. Sida Sromis bazarze pirvel rigSi aseT samuSao Zalaze moTxovna

Seikveca. umuSevarTa Soris ganaTlebis maRali statusis mqone kontingenti

dominirebs da amitom misi migraciuli potenciali maRalia.

Cveni gamokvleviT dadginda, rom potenciur SromiT migrantTa

umravlesobas_41,6%-s, umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, 27,2%_ saSualo

68

ganaTleba, 21,5% _ saSualo-teqnikuri ganaTleba.

Emigraciisas qalebi ar fiqroben, rom sazRvargareT TavianTi

ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis samsaxurs gamonaxaven. maTTvis mTavaria

iSovon metnaklebad sasurveli samuSao, maRali anazraurebiT.

Cveni gamokvleviT kaxeTis regionidan SromiTi migranti qalebisTvis

yvelaze xelsayreli saqmianoba ZiZobaa. bunebrivi, rom es ara mxolod

dedobrivi grZnobiTaa gamowveuli, aramed imiTac, rom am tipis

samuSaosTvis musaxelz sazRvargareT (gansakuTrebiT saberZneTSi) did

moTxovnilebaa. Cveni respondentebis gamokiTxviT, maTTvis xelsayreli da

araxelsayreli saqmianobebis tipebi procentulad ase gadanawilda:

(cxrili 19)

sasurveli saqmianoba %

bavSvis movla

damlagebeli (saxlis/ maRaziis)

momvleli (avadmyofis/ moxucis)

40,1%

28,4%

14,7%

(cxrili 20)

arasasurveli saqmianoba %

mSenebloba da remonti

mimtani-mzareuli

fabrika-qarxnis muSa

60,2%

24,8%

15,0%

saerTaSoriso migraciis 2003 wlis monacemebiT ruseTSi ufro metad

xdeboda pirovnuli SromiTi potencialis realizacia, vidre sxva qveynebSi,

radgan ruseTis Sromis bazars sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT metad sWirdeboda

avtoservisSi dasaqmebulni, eqimebi da eqTnebi, vaWrobis dargis muSakebi,

umaRlesi ganaTlebis specialistebi. germaniaSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT

yvelaze meti im SromiT migrantTa wili iyo, romlebic erTdroulad

swavloben da muSaoben. aSS-Si ki qarTvel SromiT migrantTagan yoveli

mexuTe damxmare muSaa. (SromiTi... 2003:47)

savaraudoa, rom amJamad emigranti qalebis (da ara mxolod qalebis)

69

pirovnuli potencialis realizebis imedi ucxo qveyanaSi Zalian mcirea.

Cveni gamokvleviT miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebis

umravlesoba dabalkvalificirebul Sromas irCevs. magram es xdeba ara

imitom, rom maT am Sromaze aqvT moTxovnileba, aramed mimRebi qveynebis

Sromis bazris organizebis gamo. am qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi postsabWoTa

qveynebidan migrirebulebisaTvis mxolod momsaxurebis sferoSi moiZebneba

samuSao. Tan es Sroma bevrad dabalanazRaurebadia CasulebisTvis, vidre

adgilobrivebisTvis (am qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis). amis mizezi ki aris

migraciis aralegaluroba, rac samuSaos mimcems saSualebas aZlevs

gadaixados ara Sromis realuri (Sromis bazarze fiqsirebuli) safasuri,

aramed bevrad mcire.

kiTxvaze: ,,kidev ra tipis Sroma iqneboda TqvenTvis yvelaze

xelsayreli?” respondentTa 79,9% gauWirda pasuxis gacema, rac niSnavs, rom

migraciul ganwyobebs ZiriTadad ganapirobebs sxvebis mier mowodebuli

informacia da gamocdileba. amitom savaraudod migrantebSi dasaqmebis

alternatiuli saSualebebis codna da informirebulobis done Zalin

dabalia.

sainteresoa, rom migraciis formaTagan qalebi yvelaze realurad

SromiT migracias miiCneven, Semdeg modis ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT

emigracia_13,8%, xolo Semdeg ucxoeTSi cxovrebis gamo emigracia_5,6%.

emigraciis ararealur formad qalebs politikuri da biznes emigracia

miaCniaT_65-61%, aseve maRalia ucxoeTSi sacxovreblad da ganaTlebis

misaRebad emigraciis ararealurobis maCvenebeli_54-52%.

es monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebisaTvis saqmiani, kvalifikaciis

amaRlebasTan dakavSirebuli emigracia yvelaze nakleb savaraudoa. maTi

asparezi ojaxis, an ojaxis sxva wevrebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT

amoiwureba.

kvalifikaciuri gansxvaveba aqaur da iqaur saqmianobas Soris imdenad

didia, rom mosalodnelia saqarTvelodan samuSaod gasuli kontingentis

mkveTri diskvalifikacia. maSin roca, bevri qveyana, piriqiT, SromiTi

migraciiT zrdida adamianur kapitals, formirdeboda maRalkvalificiuri

muSaTa socialuri jgufebi, romlebic samSobloSi dabrunebisas did

70

zegavlenas axdendnen qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze.

saqarTvelodan wasulTa mxolod nawili Tu imaRlebs kvalifikacias,

ZiriTadi masis adamianuri kapitali ufasurdeba.

sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri

TvalsazrisiT sazRvargareT saqarTvelos SromiT migrantTa dasaqmeba

ukiduresad diskriminaciulia. xdeba maTi SromiTi potencialis daqveiTeba,

adamianuri kapitalis devalvacia. amitom SromiTi migraciis regulirebis

erT-erTi amocana unda gaxdes sazRvargareT Cveni Tanamemamuleebis Tavisi

profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamisi dasaqmebis miRweva, sakuTari

SromiTi potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia, profesiul-SromiTi

adaptaciis procesis mowesrigeba da adaptaciis drois daCqareba.

sxva faqtorebTan erTad profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Seusabamo

dasaqmeba ar aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migrantTa axal SromiT

garemosadmi Seguebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa. SromiTi migranti

Znelad egueba misTvi ucxo kulturul garemos.

migraciis sawyis etapze ruseTSi migrirebuli qarTveli mosaxleoba

xasiaTdeboda adaptaciis maRali xarisxiT. amis ZiriTadi mizezi albaT iyo

is, rom ruseTi socialuri garemos TanxvdomiT yvelaze axlo dgas

saqarTvelosTan istoriulad Camoyalibebuli mentalitetis, erTiani

kulturuli sivrcis, socialuri wyobis da Tundac, konfesiuri

TvalsazrisiTac. Tumca saqarTvelos provinciebidan wasuli

mosaxleobisaTvis enis barieri aqac seriozul problemas warmoadgenda

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesabamisi samuSao adgilebis dakavebisaTvis. Zalian

uWirT samuSao garemosTan Segueba saberZneTSi wasul SromiT migrantebs

(ZiriTadad momvlel qalebs), axal SromiT garemosTan Seguebis ukeTesi

maCveneblebi aqvT germaniasa da aSS-Si migrirebulebs, (axalgazrdobis

wili aq metia)

SromiT migrantebs sazRvargareT yofnisas uxdebaT ara marto axal

warmoebiT da SromiT garemosTan adaptacia, aramed gansxvavebuli

socialur-sayofacxovrebo garemosTan Seguebac.

kaxeTis SromiT migrantTa recipienti oTxi mTavari qveynidan

saberZneTSi momuSaveni yvelaze metad amJRavneben socialur-

71

sayofacxovrebo garemosadmi Seugueblobas.

Znelia gaiTaviso mosamsaxuris statusi, fizikuri da sulieri

datvirTvac didia. erTi, ramac cota Semimsubuqa problemebi, axloblebis

gverdze yofna iyo. 5 dRis Casuli viyavi muSaoba rom daviwye bavSvebTan,

ver SevZeli, depresiaSi Cavvardi, gadavwyvite bavSvebTan arasdros memuSava.

erTi moxuci vnaxe mosavleli, magram sastik dReSi magdebda. cdilobda

yvelanairad davemcirebine da Wamis uflebas ar maZlevda. 2 kviraSi

davanebe iq muSaobas Tavi. imis Semdeg ramdenime samsaxuri Sevicvale.

gamiWirda axal pirobebTan Segueba. ena rom viswavle urTierToba cota

gamiadvilda, magram aralegalurad cxovreba Znelia. quCaSi yoveli

formianis danaxvaze SiSi mipyrobda, rom ar davekavebine, isev ukapikod ar

mimatrialon-Tqo, ganvicdidi.

q. 36 wlis saberZneTi

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs sayovelTao integraciuli

procesebi, rac socialur-yofiT garemoTa daaxloebas uwyobs xels. Tumca,

saerTo faseulobaTa TandaTan zrdis miuxedavad, Zlieria erovnuli da

yofiTi faseulobanic, tradiciebi da socialuri garemosadmi

gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebuleba. amiTaa gamowveuli is

siZneleebi, rac migranti qalebis erTi qveynidan meoreSi gadaadgilebisas

warmoiSveba. igi xandaxan iseTi siZlierisaa, rom viTardeba fsiqikuri

SeuTavsebloba axal garemosTan, nostalgiis mZafri gamoxatulebiT.

gansakuTrebiT mZime da gausaZlisi xdeba sazRvargareT cxovreba im

emigrantebisTvis, romlebisTvisac ucxo qveyana ukavSirdeba maT

ocnebas_odesme enaxaT da ecxovraT iq. Aamis gamo isini xSirad midian

winaswari momzadebis gareSe, rac gulisxmobs im qveynis samuSao bazris

,,Seswavlas”. maTi ocnebebi da imedebi ra Tqma unda maleve ingreva da maTi

emigracia xSir SemTxvevaSi warumateblad mTavrdeba. vfiqrobT aseT

SemTxvevaSi emigranti qalebis emigraciis mizezi ara imdenad ekonomikuri

gaWirvebaa, aramed rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, SefardebiTi deprivacia.

zogjer emigraciaSi wasvlis msurvels hgonia, rom ucxo qveyanaSi advilad

iSovis samuSaos da saerTod advilad gamouva yvelaferi. Eemigraciisadmi

aseTi midgoma ukeTesad aixsneba erTi qarTuli gamonaTqvamiT ,,sadac Cven

72

ar varT, iq yvelaferi kargi gvgonia”. Cveni erT-erTi interviueri, yofili

emigranti sakmaod mZimed aRwers uxcoeTSi gatarebul wlebs.

Zalian gamiWirdeba albaT im ambis gaxseneba rac, ori wis win Cems

italiaSi uazroT wasvlas da Camosvlas ukavSirdeba. albaT yvelas hqonia

bavSvobis ocneba romelic ucxoeTis romelime qalaqis naxvas da iq

cxovrebas ukavSirdeba. aq Camosulebma ramodenimejer iseT lamaz samyarod

damixates, iseT iol da vardisfrad iq cxovreba, rom me eWvi ar gamCenia

raime siZneleze.

erT mSvenierso ver davarqmev, erT koSmaris dasawyis dRes Cemi

gamzadebuli sabuTebiT Sevedi saelCoSi da Tan es yvelaferi ise xdeboda

Cems Tavs, TiTqos sizmarSi viyavi da amas yvelafers realurad ver

aRviqvamdi. dadebiTi pasuxebiT davbrundi saxlSi, sul raRac or dReSi

mivemgzavrebodi kidec. ar vici vis imedad vtovebdi Cems ojaxs, Svils,

romelic Cems gareSe dRemde arsad uZinia da ar darCenila papa-bebiebTan.

<....> iq Cems mezobel qalTan erTad wavedi, aseve mezoblebTan erTad viyavi

binaze. didi da damRleli mgzavrobis Semdeg CavediT am monaTa qalaqSi,

sadac, pirdapir vxmarob am sityvas, monebi arian Cveni sacodavi, zogic

TavzexelaRebuli qalebi. im qalaqSi sami Tve viyavi, veranairi samuSao ver

gamoCnda da arc mqonda imedi. rac dro gadioda miT ufro kargad

verkveodi iqaur situaciaSi. imdeni umuSevari qarTvelebis yureba, saxlSi,

sadac me viyavi, Tu eklesiebSi sadac kviraSi orjer mivdiodiT, viTomda

samuSaos saZieblad, Zalian moqmedebda yvelaze da ara marto Cemze. iq

(eklesiebSi) misulebs ki erTi da igive pasuxi gvxvdeboda: ar aris samuSao.

am dros dagiravebuli maqvs bina. gadis dro da saqarTveloSi darekvisas

ver vuxsnidi ojaxs Tu ra situaci iyo. bavSvi Zalian ganicdida Cem

wasvlas. meuRlec rogorc SeSlili ise melaparakeboda telefonze. aRar

vicodi ra meqna arc imis gamocdileba mqonda qalaqi damoukideblad

gamomecvala, an sad mivdiodi egec ar vicodi, an iq vin damxvdeboda, es

yvelaferi maTTvis, vinc amas mirCevda Zalian ioli iyo, radgan kaci sxvis

rCevaSi brZeniao, rogorc ityvian. ver gadamewyvita romeli gza amerCia,

gameriska Cemi Tavi da sxva qalaqSi gadavsuliyavi, magram ar vici iqac

rogor gamimarTlebda, vinme saerTod Tu damxvdeboda CemTvis mTlad ucxo

73

qalaqSi, Tu isev amxela valiT ukan davbrunebuliyavi. RmerTma isev Cem

SvilTan wamosasvleli gza marCevina da mec davbrundi. es swori

gadawyvetileba iyo da sinanuli mxolod imaze maqvs, rom arasdros ar

mefiqra netav wasvla. xan vfiqrob, albaT, me is adamiani ar viyavi, romelic

iq gaZlebda uSvilod, uojaxod. <....> iq wasul qalbatonebze ki vityvi:

iSviaTni arian patiosnad momuSaveni da adamianebi. umetesoba

qmargacilebulia da iq bedis saZieblad ufroa wasuli, an yvelaferze

wamsvlelebi. SuriT da boRmiT arian erTmaneTze aRvsilebi. umetesi

maTgani metad gulgrilia, maTTvis ukve ucnobia yvelaferi rac

grZnobebTan da emociebTan asocirdeba. maT erT dges sisxli SeeyinaT da

zombebiviT marto fulis ynosva amoZravebT.

e. 28 w. italia

vfiqrobT, rom msgavsi tipis SemTxvevebi erTeuli ar unda iyos, radgan,

emigracia did riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli da xSirad qalebi ar

iTvaliswineben am risk-faqtorebs.

amasTanave unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sazrvargareT sadac

adamianebi garkveulwilad eqstremalur viTarebaSi xvdebian, xSirad

vlindeba adamianis is Tvisebebi, romelic Cveulebriv ar Cans xolme- Suri,

gautanloba, dabezReba. samwuxarod aris SemTxvevebi, roca am Tvisebebs

avlenen qarTveli emigranti qalebi sazRvargareT Tavis Tanamemamuleebis

mimarT.

moxucs vuvlidi, arc ise bevri saqme mqonda, magram Cemi Zalian SurdaT,

raRa Sen gvxvdeba aseTi kargi xalxio. Mme aravisi araferi mSurda, yvelas

vexmarebodi rac SemeZlo, qarTvelebi saxlSic momyavda, vaWmevdi da

vexmarebodi sanam samuSaos iSovidnen, magram umadurebi varT, iq RvarZli

yvelam gamoamJRvna. aravin iseT borotebas ar gagikeTebs, rogorc Seniani.

i. 52w. saberZneTi

pirvelad qarTvelebSi kargi urTierToba, urTierTgageba da Tanadgoma

iyo, rogorc gCvevia. Tu vinme umuSevari iyo mec da sxvebic erTimeores

74

vexmarebodiT da angariSs vuwevdiT. Eexla eg aRar arsebobs, yvela cal-

calkea, ukve Zalian gaWirda cxovrebis pirobebi. AaqeT Tavisi ojaxis

sarCenadac aRar yofniT is Semosavlebi, yvelgan gaWirda. Aaxali

Camosulebi ambobdnen, rom is Tanadgoma da urTierTgageba aRaraa aqvT

qarTvlebso.

n. 55w. saberZneTi

siRrmiseulma interviuebma gviCvena, rom socialur-sayofacxovrebo

garemosadmi adaptaciisas migrant qalebs seriozuli problemebi ar

gasCeniaT, magram maT gansakuTrebiT uWirdaT ojaxTan, SvilebTan da

naTesavebTan daSoreba. dabrunebul emigrantebs Soris aris is mcire

nawilic romlebic axali garemosadmi srul SeuTavsebadobas afiqsirebda.

maT sxva faqtorebTan erTad adaptaciisas problemebs uqmnidnen is

adamianebic visac uvlidnen, an vis saxlSic msaxurobdnen. saerTo

SefasebiT, saqarTvelodan wasul SromiT migrantebs aqauri naTesaur-

megobruli garemos datoveba uWirT.

2.2.7. SromiTi migrantebis kontaqtebi ojaxTan da maTi ukan dabrunebis

potenciali

SromiTi migracia droebiTi xasiaTisaa, magram adgilobriv garemosTan

SeCveva, Sromis meti anazRaureba da cxovrebis maRali done, qorwineba,

samSobloSi Seqmnili metad araxelsayreli socialur-SromiTi,

politikuri, kriminogenuli da a.S. viTareba, SromiT migracias

stacionarul emigraciad aqcevs da, nawilobriv xdeba droebiT wasulTa

Serwyma imigraciuli qveynebis mosaxleobasTan. es procesi Cqardeba im

qveynebSi, sadac saqarTvelodan wasuli SromiTi migrantebi erovnul-

konfesiurad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawils warmoadgenen. magaliTad,

swrafad moxda saqarTvelodan wasuli rusi SromiTi migrantebis

damkvidreba ruseTSi, berZnebisa_saberZneTSi. qarTveli SromiTi migrantebis

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan asimilirebis procesic met-naklebad yvela

qveyanaSi mimdinareobs. marTalia, mas jerjerobiT didi masStabi ar miuRia,

75

magram SromiTi migraciis Seswavlis procesSi sayuradRebo movlenaa.

aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eZleva SromiT migrantTa

samSobloSi ukan dabrunebis potencialis zogad Sefasebas, romlis

saSualebasac nawilobriv Cveni gamokvleva iZleva. emigraciis msurveli

respondentebidan (84%) 13,3% ukve iyo qveynis gareT, migraciaSi yofnis

maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba 10 welia, minimaluri_2. unda aRvniSnoT, rom

migraciis warumatebloba, anu migraciis miznis gamarTleba pirdapir

korelaciaSi ar aris emigraciis xangrZlivobasTan. migraciis neoklasikuri

Teoriis mixedviT, emigracia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba

warmatebulad, Tu emigranti samudamod damkvidrdeba emigraciis qveyanaSi,

aseTi midgomiT, samSobloSi dabruneba yovelTvis warumateblad aRiqmeba.

Tumca SromiTi migraciis axali ekonomikuri Teoria sapirispiros

amtkicebs, rom dabruneba emigraciis procesis iseTive nawilia, rogorc

gamgzavreba da misi gamomwvevi mizezebic sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos.

Cveni gamokvleviT emigrantebis didi nawili arcTu moklevadian

emigraciaSi imyofeboda, emigraciis xangrZlivobis saSualo mniSvneloba

yvela dabrunebuli emigrantisTvis sami welia. dabrunebuli emigrantebis

TiTqmis naxevari sazRvargareT sami da meti weli muSaobda. respondentebis

azriT, rogorc wesi mokle droiT gamgzavreba araa sakmarisi imisaTvis,

rom gadaixado emigraciisTvis daxarjuli valad aRebuli fuli da

amavdroulad dazogo da moagrovo garkveuli Tanxa, rom samSobloSi

dabrunebulma SeZlo binis an manqanis yidva, sayofacxovrebo piobebis

gaumjobeseba. emigraciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sedegad binis SeZena

aRiqmeba.

ise rogorc sazRvargareT wasvlis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs, aseve

emigraciidan dabrunebis mizezebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. zog

SemTxvevaSi dabruneba warumatebeli emigraciis Sedegia, magram zog

SemTxvevaSi im gadawyvetilebis Sedegi, romelsac emigranti

gacnobierebulad iRebs da sakuTari nebis Tanaxmad brundeba samSobloSi.

emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebis gamokiTxvidan gamoikveTa dabrunebulTa

ori ZiriTadi kategoria: erT kategorias miekuTvnebian iZulebiT

dabrunebuli emigrantebi, anu isini, vinc, ojaxuri problemebis,

76

janmrTelobis gauaresebis, an deportaciis gamo gaxdnen iZuleulni

dabrunebuliyvnen, Tumca maT dagegmili hqondaT sazRvargareT kidev

darCeniliyvnen garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. meore kategorias

miekuTvnebian nabayoflobiT dabrunebuli emigrantebi, romlebmac miaRwies

,,emigarciis mizans”, ris gamoc wavidnen sazRvargareT da TavianTi

surviliT dabrundnen samSobloSi.

q. b. 44 wlisaa, aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba. man maswavleblobas Tavi

daaneba da 1998 wlis gazafxulze megobris rCeviT salonikSi wavida

moxuci, 78 wlis, avadmyofi qalis momvlelad. igi turistuli viziT

gaemgzavra, romelic 500$ daujda. iq axlobelma samsaxuri daaxvedra. mas

TveSi hqonda 600$-is farglebSi anazRaureba. aseve xSirad saCuqrebi da

danamatebi. q.-b. ojaxs saqarTveloSi yovel Tve 400-500 aSS dolars

ugzavnida. Qq.-b-s saberZneTSi wasvlamde ojaxi (meuRle da sami Svili)

cxovrobda TelavSi. gzavnilebis saSualebiT maT TbilisSi SeiZines bina

da avtomanqana orive vaJiSvilisTvis. samive Svili swavlobs universitetSi,

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone misi qmari muSaobs profesiiT. Qq.-b. am xnis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi erTxel Camovida. Cveni Sexvedris dros q.-b

meored iyo Camosuli, isic Zalian mokle droiT. Zalian male isevAukan

gabrunebas apirebda, Tan isev kanonis gverdze avliT, turistuli vizis

saSualebiT.

ojaxi Zalian ganicdis dedisa da meuRlis moSorebas, magram, q.-b-s

TqmiT rasac ojaxma am gadawyvetilebiT daaRwia Tavi, amad Rirs.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba iZulebiTaa dabrunebuli

da dabrunebis umTavresi mizezi (TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesobis

SemTxvevaSi) nostalgiaa, qalebi veRar uZleben ojaxTan da SvilebTan

ganSorebas. gansakuTrebiT mZimea im martoxela, qvrivi qalebis mdgomareoba,

romlebmac samSobloSi datoves mcirewlovani Svilebi.

…italiaSi wasvla imitom gadavwyvite, rom aqauri xelfasi araferSi ar

myofnida. bavSvebi sanaxevrod mSivrebi myavdnen, qmari avariaSi dameRupa.

imis Semdeg vwvalob, xan sacxobSi vmuSaobdi, xan kalbasis cexSi, Tan

Salebsac vqsovdi da vyididi, magram Zalian mcire Semosavali mqonda, ori

Svili myavs, orive cerebraluri dambliT daavadebuli, orives SeuZlia

77

gadaadgileba, Wama da Tavisi Tavis mixedva, deda ki asakiani myavs, magram

bavSvebis mixedva SeuZlia. xoda, dedaCemi davtove bavSvebis misaxedad.

italiaSi rom Cavedi Cveni wasuli qarTvelebi damexmarnen samuSaos

SovnaSi. madloba RmerTs rom samuSao maleve viSovne, erTi moxuci

skleroziani qalis movla daviwye, ar megona Tu ase gamiWirdeboda, Zalian

Zneli yofila aqauri cxovreba. Cem sklerozian bebers aRar axsovda qmari

rom moukvda, Camiyvanda dabla da velodebodiT mis qmars sanam samuSaodan

dabrundeba, lodiniT rom daviRlebodiT, mere Zlivs amyavs saxlSi,

erTxel gamaswro, Sevarda saxlSi da karebi damiketa, aRar miSvebda,

videqi karebTan da vtirodi ramdenime saaTi, sanam Tavisi axloblebi ar

movidnen da karebi ar gaaRebines, xan ra oins mikeTebda, xan ras. gamiskda

nervebi. calke Cemi bavSvebis dardi ar masvenebda calke es Serekili qali,

xan ise gasula mTeli Rame tirilSi gamitarebia. yvelaferTan erTad

vnerviulobdi imaze, Tu rogor moviSoro meTqi procentiani vali riTac

wavedi, rac dro gadioda miT ufro miWirda iq gaCereba ise menatrebodnen

Svilebi. lamis gavgiJebuliyavi, yoveldRe velaparakebodi bavSvebs. imaT

xmas rom gavigebdi, cota davwynardebodi xolme, imdeni xani Cemi Svilebis

unaxaobiT da iqauri yofiT nevrozi avikide, ramdenic ginda

davlaparakebodi bavSvebs megona cudad arian da mimalaven meTqi. ise

amivarda TavSi es fiqreb, rom veRar vicilebdi Tavidan. yovel Rame

velaparakebodi bavSvebs da veubnebodi, rom nu mimalavdnen cudad rom

iyvnen, roca meubnebodnen kargada varTo ar vijerebdi, ise gamijda Zvalsa

da rbilSi es Cemi Svilebis cudad yofna, rom mTeli kvira nerviulobisgan

pirSi aRarafers vuSvebdi, veRar gavuZeli amden nerviulobas, davkari fexi

da Camovedi. Cemi sacodavi Svilebi, rom vnaxe davwynardi, dawynarebiT ki

davwynardi, magram es xom ver gvaWmevs da gvaarsebebs? bedi ara mqonia

qmari, rom ar momkvdomoda vegdebodi Cems qmarSvilTan erTad da avad Tu

kargad SevinaxavdiT ojaxs. Camovedi da davinaxe isev Cemi ojaxis gaWirveba,

Svilebis SimSili. gana ramden xans meyofoda wamoyolili erTi-ori kapiki.

Zalian vnanob ukan dabrunebas, unda momeTmina. meti gza ar aris, isev

daviwye wasvlaze wvaleba. isev waval, roca Cemi Svilebi Zalian

momenatrebian isev Camoval da ase gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam ufali mec

78

Cems qmarTan ar wamiyvans, eseTi yofila Cemi bediswera.

m. 43 wlis, italia

zogierTi emigranti brundeba janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo. Cveni

kvlevis procesSi dafiqsirda SromiTi migrantebis janmrTelobis

gauaresebis erTeuli faqtebi. radgan migrantebi aralegalurad muSaoben,

maT ara aqvT gaformebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba damqiravebelTan da ar

gaaCniaT samedicino dazRveva, amitom janmrTelobis gauaresebis

SemTxvevaSi sakuTari danazogiT cdiloben janmrTelobis dacvisaTvis

saWiro danaxarjebis anazRaurebas, maT exmarebian iq myofi

nacnob_megobrebic. ukidures SemTxvevaSi isini brundebian samSobloSi.

samedicino dazRvevis ar qona metyvelebs qalebis janmrTelobis

ukiduresad dabal daculobaze, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia SromiTi

migraciis uaryofiTi mxareebis Sefasebis dros.

vmuSaobdi moxuc qalTan mosamsaxured. megona gaWirveba da nerviuloba

ukan movitove-meTqi. dResac rom maxsendeba ra sadisturad meqceoda is

moxuci visac vuvlidi, guli miwuxdeba. DdRe ar gavidoda rom ar

vetirebine, ra sityvebs aRar meZaxda, rom ityvian, jojoxeTis cecxlSi

gamatara. ramdenime xnis mere sxvagan gadavedi. samsaxuri viSove isev moxuc

qalTan da Tanac misi gogosTvisac saqme unda mekeTebina. aqac gamiWirda,

moxuci xSirad vardeboda, Tanac 100 kilomde iyo da wamoyeneba miWirda.

welis tkivilebi damewyo, Tirkmelebic amtkivda da sanam mosavleli me

TviTon gavxdebodi davanebe Tavi.

l. 40 w. saberZneTi

amave emigrantma qalma, romelic veranairad ver Seegua Wirveul

moxucebs, romlebsac uvlida, gadawyvita bavSvisTvis moevlo, radgan

fiqrobda, rom TviTonac deda, SeZlebda sxvisi bavSvis gazrdas. rogorc

gamokTxvam aCvena, qalTa umravlesobas (40,1%) swored bavSvis movla

urCevnia, rac maTi dedobrivi Zalis gamovleniT aixsneba.

erTi Tve samsaxuri ver viSove, Zalian vnerviulobdi <...> rogorc iqna

vnaxe erTi samsaxuri. fexmZime qali iyo, erT TveSi bavSvs elodeboda.

vifiqre bavSvis movla ukeTesi iyo CemTvis, radgan 9 wlis bavSvi mivatove

da is siTbo, rac mas movakeli isev ucxo, magram ucodveli bavSvisTvis

79

mimeca. erT TveSi gaCnda bavSvi. mis gazrdaSi cota Sveba vnaxe, Tumca

Zalian viRlebodi fizikurad, sulierad cota dasvenebuli viyavi. Cemi

Svili karebTan cremlmoreuli da gaognebuli davtove, es rom

maxsendeboda Cem Tavs dasvenebis nebas ar vaZlevdi. unda memuSava. amasobaSi

sabuTebi gavakeTe da droebiTi moqalaqe gavxdi. rogorc ki raRac Tanxa

daviWire xelSi Camovedi TbilisSi.

l. 40 w. saberZneTi

rogorc bevri dabrunebuli emigranti qali aRniSnavs, sazRvargareT

isini sakmaod did ekonomias ewevian, yvelanairad cdiloben, dazogon

xelfasi, TviTon moiklon Cacma, Wama, dasvenebis dReebic ki. maT mier

saqarTveloSi Camotanili danazogiT cota xans maTi ojaxebis ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba gamosworda, Tumca am danazogis daxarjvis Semdeg dabrunebul

qalTagan umravlesobas isev SeeqmnaT problemebi: qalTa umravlesobam ver

iSova samuSao, ver SeZlo sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizacia, amitom

isini sazRvargareT xelaxla wasvlaze fiqroben.

nel-nela, rac dro gadis, isev SiSi mipyrobs. ar gveSvela araferi.

erTi suli mqonda aq Camosvlis, magram axla wasvlas vCqarob. ara

samsaxurebi, ara xelfasi. es mdgomareoba Cemi da Cemi ojaxisTvis daRupvis

tolfasia. 700 evroTi ver varCen Cems ojaxs da 60-100 lariT ra unda

vqnaT. miTumetes 40 wlis adamianisTvi samsaxuris Sovna ufro Znelia.

amitom gadevwyvite rom isev wasvla jobia. iq ufro saWiro da SedarebiT

ukve Zlierad vgrZnob Tavs. marTalia isev unda davtovo Cemi Svili, magram

mSier da gaubedurebul mdgomareobas aRar avitan. faqti is aris, rom

saqarTveloSi cxovreba da arseboba Zalian rTulia. piradad CemTvis asea.

l. 40 w. saberZneTi

dabrunebuli emigrantebis umravlesobas aqvs survili, rom kidev

erTxel wavidnen sazRvargareT, raTa kidev ramdenime wlis manZilze

daexmaron TavianT ojaxebs, Svilebs, romlebic swavloben. Mmagram zogier

maTgans aferxebs emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri resursebis

arqona. amasTanave maT ukve aqvT gamocdileba da kargad ician ra moeliT,

ra problemebi SeeqmnebaT ucxoeTSi, amitom isini ufro kargad

momzadebulebi arian emigraciisTvis. Tumca, bevrs isev aferxebs valis

80

aRebasTan da deportaciasTan dakavSirebuli SiSi. Bbevrs ucxo qveyanaSi

SeZenili megobrebis imedi aqvT da ufro gabedulad iReben aseT

gadawyvetilebas.

iZulebuli var isev wavide, radgan 4 Tvea aq var da iq mogrovili

fuliT vcxovrob Cemi SvilebiT. Svils rom gavagzavni zafxulSi

saswavleblad, me isev unda wavide italiaSi, aba rogor gadavuxdi swavlis

fuls, binis qiras, Wamac xom unda, Cacmac.. Cems Svilebs sWirdebaT Cemi

daxmareba. aq rom viyo sad vimuSao, me vaWroba ar SemiZlia, adre

maswavlebeli viyavi, axla skolaSi rogorRa daviwyeb muSaobas, mirCevnia

moxucebuls movuaro, binis qira ar mWirdeba da Wamaze fiqri. erTaderTi

rac Zalian Znelia tkivilamde monatrebaa. iq saqarTvelos nagavic ki

menatrebod. aq rom 500 lari mqondes xelfasi da Cems Svilebs Cemi

daxmareba ar sWirdebodeT, araviTar SemTxvevaSi aRar wavidodi, magram

samwuxarod sxva gza ar maqvs.

l. 49 w. italia

zogierTi emigranti ise Camovida samSobloSi, rom man ver SeZlo

Tanxis dagroveba, valebis dafarva, zogierTi deportaciis Sedegad

Camovida, magram maTi umravlesoba mainc apirebs xelaxla gamgzavrebas.

zogierTi dabrunebuli emigranti qali kategoriulad gamoricxavs

sazRvargareT wasvlis SesaZleblobas, rac Cveni azriT gamowveulia erTi

mxriv imiT, rom maT emigraciis Sedegad SeZles sakmarisi resursebis

dagroveba, daabandes danazogebi uZrav Tu moZrav qonebaSi da SeZles

ojaxisaTvis SeeqmnaT Semosavlebis damatebiTi wyaro. Mmagram Cveni kvlevis

procesSi aseTi mxolod erTeuli Segvxvda. im dabrunebuli emigrantebidan

romlebsac ar surT xelaxla emigracia, umravlesoba imdenad Zlieri

fsiqologiuri travmiT dabrunda, rom ara Tu xelaxla wasvla, aramed

emigraciis wlebis gaxsenebac ki ar surs.

Ddabrunebuli emigrantebis damokidebuleba emigraciisadmi

mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo maTi

emigracia da ramdenad moaxerxes maT dasaxuli miznebis miRweva. Aarian

emigrantebi, romlebic nanoben imas, rom saerTod wavidnen sazRvargareT,

radgan ara Tu ver moaxerxes TavianTi ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,

81

aramed valebis gadaxdac ver SeZles. Mmeores mxriv, maSinac rodesac

emigranti axerxebs ojaxis daxmarebas, garkveuli Tanxis mobilizebas,

sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebas, saxlSi dabrunebuls SeiZleba sxva

saxis problemebi daxvdes, magaliTad ojaxis wevrebis gaucxoeba, rasac

SeiZleba zogjer ojaxis dangrevac moyves.

4 weli da 6 Tve viyavi wasuli da Camovedi, radgan gavige rom Cemi

qmari sxva qalTan cxovrobda, umcrosi Svili saswavleblad unda

gavagzavno ukrainaSi da amitom mindoda Cemi ojaxis problemebi

momegvarebina, magram saubedurod qmari davkarge.

l. 49 w. italia

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom emigraciis msgavsi Sedegebi aucileblad unda

gaxdes damatebiTi kvlevis sagani.

miuxedavad amisa, Cvens mier gamokiTxuli TiTqmis yvela dabrunebuli

emigranti qali erT rameSi erTsulovania_emigraciam maT didi

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba SesZina. Aamitom bevr uaryofiT movlenebTan

erTad, romelic Tan sdevs emigracias, bevri mas mainc dadebiT movlenad

afasebs da siTboTi ixsenebs emigraciis qveynebSi gatarebul wlebs, im

adamianebs romlebic iq gaicnes.

sabednierod movxvdi Zalian karg ojaxSi, vuvlidi alcaimeriT

daavadebul 68 wlis qals loginad Cavardnils, saxlSi iyo am qalis qmari

da 27 wlis qaliSvili. pirveli 6 Tve Zalian gamiWirda, mTeli Rame ver

viZinebdi sul qmarze da Svilebze vfiqrobdi, menatrebodnen, yvelaze metad

umcros Svilze vnerviulobdi, 15 wlis iyo da meSinoda cud gzas ar

dasdgomoda, <...> 6 Tvis mere nel-nela SeveCvie mdgomareobas, SeviZine

italieli megobrebi, ori ojaxi, romlebic Zalian mexmarebodnen yvela

problemis daZlevaSi, enac Seviswavle. amJamad Zalian kargad vlaparakob

italiurad. weliwad naxevris mere is qali visac vuvlidi gardaicvala da

gadavedi florenciaSi. iq vuvlidi or moxuc col-qmars, xelfasi mqonda

1300 evro. vcxovrobdi ojaxSi, rogorc imaTi ojaxis wevri.

l. 49 w. italia

saerTod cnobili faqtia, rom ojaxis wevris ucxoeTSi yofna, misi

adaptaciis xarisxi, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens samSobloSi darCenili

82

ojaxis wevrebis migraciul ganwyobaze.

dabrunebuli qalebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom maTi ojaxebis

mdgomareoba uaRresad mZime iqneboda isini rom samuSaod ar wasuliyvnen

sazRvargareT. rogorc aRvniSneT yvela qali ver axerxebs dasaxuli

miznebis miRwevas da ojaxebis daxmarebas. Mmiuxedavad amisa naTelia, rom

emigrantebis mier gaweuli daxmareba da is investiciebi rac maT daabandes

uZrav/moZrav qonebaSi, ganaTlebaSi da a.S. garkveulwilad ubiZgebT sxva

qalebs, rom maTac sazRvargareT eZion bedi.

rogorc gamokvlevam gviCvena, SromiTi migracia sakmaod myaria da

SromiTi migrantebis samSobloSi samuSaod gadmosvla mxolod garkveuli

winapirobebis Sesrulebis Semdgom moxdeba. Ddabrunebuli emigrantebis re-

emigraciuli ganwyoba sakmaod maRalia.

rogorc ukan dabrunebis pirobebidan Cans, sakmaod farToa misi

speqtri. yoveli mexuTe migranti, savaraudod, maRali anazRaurebis

samuSaos Sovnis Semdeg dabrundeba. aseve didia saqarTveloSi cxovrebis

pirobebis gaumjobesebis mniSvneloba. SedarebiT didi Semosavlis mqone

migrantebi cdiloben, ucxoeTSi daagrovon imdeni Tanxa, rom dabrunebis

Semdgom SeZlon saqarTveloSi sakuTari biznesis ganviTareba. amitom maTi

samSobloSi dabrunebis pirobaa amisaTvis Tanxis dagroveba. am mxriv ufro

metad aSS da saberZneTisken mimarTuli SromiTi migracia gamoirCeva, sadac

Semosavalsa da adgilobriv danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba SedarebiT didia.

sabolood, Cveni gamokvlevisas dabrunebuli emigrantebis siRrmiseuli

interviuebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom dabrunebis umTavresi pirobebi

ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa. misi potenciali saqarTveloSi ekonomikis dabali

donis gamo jerjerobiT sustia. SromiTi migracia myaria da axlo

momavalSi misi intensiurobis klebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ar unda

velodoT.

amrigad, rogorc faqtobrivi, iseve potenciuri SromiTi migracia

saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa da es iZuleba

dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi arsebul mZime ekonomikur pirobebTan, dasaqmebis

problemebTan da cxovrebis donis gauaresebasTan. socialur-ekonomikur

faqtorebTan erTad saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri situacia,

83

mosaxleobis did nawils ganawyobs qveynidan droebiT wasvlaze, magram

aseTi viTarebis xangrZlivad SenarCunebis pirobebSi sul ufro gaizrdeba

saqarTvelodan samudamod wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi.

amasTan, maTi umravlesobisaTvis saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba

imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu rogor Seicvleba socialur-ekonomikuri da

politikuri situacia saqarTveloSi.

aRniSnuli kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi

ekonomikuri viTarebis gajansaReba, ganviTarebis daCqareba da swori

socialuri politikis SemuSaveba-realizacia gadaudebeli amocanebia. amis

paralelurad saWiroa ganisazRvros saqarTvelos migraciuli politikis

strategia, romelic unda emyarebodes qveynis ganviTarebisa da misi

mosaxleobis SromiTi potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis moTxovnebs.

strategiuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT droulad unda SemuSavdes da

ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi saxelmwifo programebi.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelodan aralegaluri SromiTi

migraciis masStabebi kidev ufro gaizrdeba da igi seriozul safrTxes

Seuqmnis ara marto migrantebis Tavisuflebas, aramed qveynis ganviTarebisa

da usafrTxoebis interesebs.

SromiTi migraciisas erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave socialuri momenti

ojaxTan da axloblebTan daSorebaa. Cven amaze mivuTiTeT, roca SromiT

migrantTa ucxo garemoSi adaptacias vexebodiT. vinc qarTul tradiciul

ojaxur yofas icnobs, misTvis Zneli warmosadgeni ar unda iyos, ramdenad

Znelad gadasatania ojaxidan qalis xangrZlivad sxvagan yofna, rogorc

misTvis aseve ojaxis sxva wevrebisaTvisac. amas, nawilobriv amsubuqebs

bolo xans kavSirgabmulobis swrafi ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso

satelefono kavSirebis mowesrigeba. Tumca, ojaxebis faqtobrivad

iZulebiTi teritoriuli gayofa xSirad tragikulad aRiqmeba. es

dafiqsirda emigraciidan dabrunebul qalebTan kontaqtebis dros.

samwuxarod, SromiTi migraciis qveynebTan mimosvla arc ise iafia, rom

SromiTi migrantis mimosvlis sixSire maRali iyos. miTumetes, rom SromiTi

migracia aralegaluri xasiaTisaa da sazRvris gadakveTa (vizis aReba,

samgzavro bileTis yidva da a.S.) yovelTvis xelSemSlel faqtorebTanaa

84

dakavSirebuli. amitom saSovarze wasuli qalebis ori mesamedi Tavis

samSobloSi ver Camodis regularulad imis gamo, rom didia mgzavrobis

xarji da ufro metad imitomac, rom migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTis gamo

metad mcirea albaToba sazRvargareT xelmeored moxvedrisa. saqarTvelos

migrantTaTvis SromiTi migraciis oTxi mTavari qveynidan yvelaze

Seferxebulia mimosvla aSS-sTan. aRmoCnda, rom germaniaSi momuSaveTa

nawili erTwliani programiT (savaraudod saswavlo programiT) iyo

wasuli. amitomac germaniasTan mimosvla ufro regularuli Cans.

xSir Camosvlas yvelaze metad mainc ruseTSi myofi migranti qalebi

axerxebdnen, magram savizo politikis SemoRebam ruseTis mxridan da

politikuri viTarebis gamwvavebam garkveulwilad Seaferxa Camosvlis

procesi.

mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalebs ufro uWirT samSoblosa da

naTesavebTan daSoreba. umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiTi migraciis dros xdeba

ojaxis faqtobrivad gayofa, xSiria SemTxveva, roca migranti qalebi sxvis

Svilebs zrdian, TavianTi ki aq hyavT axlo naTesavebis mzrunvelobis qveS.

qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT ufro xSiri kavSiri aqvT aq darCenil

ojaxis wevrebTan.

amrigad, SromiTi migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTi, da mgzavrobis

maRali xarjebi mniSvnelovnad aferxebs sazRvargareT myofTa kavSirebs

sakuTar ojaxebTan.

2.2.8. qalTaEemigraciis risk-faqtorebi

qalTa ukanono migracia mravali riskis Semcvelia. Ddabrunebul

emigrantebTan pirad saubrebSi gamoikveTa, rom maT kargad esmodaT, Tu

ra didi saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebdnen sakuTar Tavs, roca isini

aralegalurad da zogjer ,,bedis anabarad” miemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT.

radgan aravinaa daculi trefikingisgan, zogjer ucxo qveyanaSi axloblis

an megobris yolis SemTxvevaSic ki. ucnauri is aris, rom trefikingis

maxeSi umetesad ebmebian diasaxlisebi, umuSevrad darCenilebi, axalgazrda

qalebi. maT ician, rom aralegaluri migranti _ trefikingis potenciuri

85

msxverplia, magram sjeraT, rom maT veravin moatyuebs. ,,sinamdvileSi,

yoveli msxverpli _ mdumare, uflebawarTmeuli mowmea, xolo arcerTi

saxelmwifo dazRveuli ar aris am problemisgan. piriqiT, kacobriobis

ganviTarebasTan erTad, viTardeba trefikingic, izrdeba misi masStabebi,

sisastike da moTxovnilebebi” (mamiaSvili 2005:1).

saqarTvelo ukanono migrantebis ara marto satranzito, aramed mimRebi

da gamgzavni qveyanaa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ukve miRebulia Sesabamisi

kanonmdebloba trefikingis winaaRmdeg, mainc ar arsebobs realobasTan

miaxlovebuli informacia, Cveni qveynis ramdeni moqalaqea amerikis,

evropisa da aziis saxelmwifoebSi monur mdgomareobaSi. Sesabamisad, ar

arsebobs perspeqtiva da imedi, rom Seiqmneba samuSao adgilebi da

gaumjobesdeba ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. arada, Tundac Cveni

sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, qarTveli qalebis 84% gamoTqvams

survils, samuSaod wavides ucxoeTSi. Mmizezi_gaWirvebaa, mizani ki_fuli

gamogzavnon ojaxisa da Svilebis gamosakvebad.

trefikingi globaluri problema da transnacionaluri danaSaulia.

martivad _ es aris adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRveva, realurad _

adamianisTvis yvela uflebis CamorTmeva.

tregikinfTan brZola araefeqturia, radgan masze gavlenas axdens

Semdegi faqtorebi: siRaribe da ukeTesi cxovrebis survili, trefikingis

Sedegebis ignorireba, sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis devalvacia,

politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, iafi muSaxelis moTxovna,

didi mogeba dabali riski.

Tavad trefikingis fesvebi kacobriobis warsulidan modis.

istoriulad, saqarTvelo iyo islamuri saxelmwifoebis "mkvebavi" monebiTa

da iafi muSaxeliT. Tanamedrove monaTmovaWre qvenebi sam kategoriad iyofa:

1. gamgzavni, anu Raribi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (azia, afrika, LlaTinuri

amerika, aRmosavleT evropa, postsabWouri sivrce);

2. mimRebi, anu ekonomikurad Zlieri, ganviTarebuli qveynebi (aSS, iaponia,

dasavleT evropa);

3. satranzito qveyanebi, anu nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelTa gavliT

xorcieldeba ukanono migracia.

86

saqarTvelo samive kategoriis qyeyanaa. Ggaeros konvenciis "qalis

diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb Sefasebis xelsawyos"

2003 wlis angariSis Tanaxmad, saberZneTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da

TurqeTi is qveynebia, sadac xdeba saqarTvelodan xalxis trefikireba.

adamianebi turistuli firmebis saSualebiT eZeben sazRvargareT wasvlis

SesaZleblobas, arRveven savizo reJims da iReben yalb dokumentebs

samTavrobo struqturebis warmomadgenelTa daxmarebiT.

saqarTvelo aseve aris tranzituli qveyana ruseTidan da ukrainidan

trefikirebuli xalxisTvis, romlebic samxreT oseTis gavliT xvdebian

TurqeTSi. agreTve, trefikerebi somxeTidan saqarTvelos gavliT midian

TurqeTSi. saqarTveloSi, rogorc mimReb qveyanaSi, ukve fexi moikida

trefikingma aralegaluri prostituciis saxiT. (mamiaSvili 2005:2).

saqrTveloSi trefikingisTvis yvela winapiroba arsebobs. es aris,

pirvel rigSi, mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRaribeba da am safuZvelze

gaCenili ekonomikuri migracia. trefikingis msxverplni xdebian ojaxuri

Zaladobis Sedegad dazaralebulebi, socialurad daucveli, siRatakis

ukidures zRvarze da zRvars miRma myofi adamianebi, romelTa Sorisac

umravlesoba qalia.

qali yvelaze xSirad xdeba trefikingis mxverpli. gaeros 1980 wlis

angariSis mixedviT, qalebi warmoadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis naxevars,

magram asruleben mTeli samuSaos or mesameds, xolo Rebuloben msoflio

Semosavlis meaTeds da floben msoflio qonebis erT mesameds. (mamiaSvili

2005:3).

qalTa trefikingi gulisxmobs muSaobis nebismier tips, rac aqcevs

qalebs sakuTrebis obieqtad, daqorwinebisa da seqs_turizmis CaTvliT.

aseTi ganmarteba moicavs migrant qalTa yovelnair eqspluatacias da ara

mxolod eqspluatacias prostituciis gziT.

qalTa eqspluatacia dauSreteli seqsualuri fantaziebis

dakmayofilebis saSualebas aZlevs yvelas, visac saamiso materialuri

saSualeba aqvs. Mkomerciuli seqs_industria momxmarebels SeuzRudavad

sTavazobs sxvadasxva asakis, garegnobis, erovnebis qalebs. eqspertebi qalis

seqsualur obieqtad gadaqcevis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven uZveles

87

stereotips, romlis Tanaxmad, qalis sxeuli mamakacis sakuTrebadaa

aRiarebuli.F fsiqologebi imasac amboben, rom am tendencias Tavad qalic

uwyobs xels. garda amisa, qali _ dRes ojaxis marCenalia da mas dedis

rolic avaldebulebs, izrunos da yvela gza mosinjos Svilebis

rCenisTvis. Raribi qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, "yvela gza" swored sazRvargareT

midis. amitomac, saqarTvelos tovebs yvela, visac aqvs finansuri

SesaZlebloba. TurqeTsa da saberZneTSi aralegaluri gamgzavreba

(garantirebuli samsaxuriT) saSualod, 2000_2500 aSS dolari jdeba,

israelSi _ 5000 aTasi aSS dolari, aSS_Si _ 10 aTasi dolari da a.S.

Sesabamisad, yovelTviuri anazRaureba saSualod 200_800 aSS dolaria

(TurqeTi, saberZneTi) an ufro meti _ 1000_2000 aSS dolari (aSS, israeli).

yovelTviurad ojaxebisTvis gamogzavnili Tanxebi 1000 dan 500 evros

farglebSi meryeobs. magram es fuli mopovebulia aralegalurad, ukanonod,

18_20 saaTiani SromiTi grafikiT, Seryeuli janmrTelobisa da

fsiqologiuri stresis fasad.

CvenTvis Tavidanve naTeli iyo, rom ver dadgendiT dabrunebul

emigrantebidan iyo Tu ara romelime e.w. seqs-momsaxurebis seqtorSi

dasaqmebuli, radgan amis Taobaze respondentebi arafers gaamxeldnen

sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis prostituciis miuReblobis gamo. Tumca sxva

gamokvlevebiT naTlad Cans, rom qarTveli qali xSirad xdeba trefikingis

msxverpli da misdauneburad ebmeba seqs-biznesSic. amas xels uwyobs

saqarTvelodan dasavleTis qveynebSi SromiTi migraciis qveyanaSi

umTavresad aralegalurad muSaoba. amitomacaa, rom migrant qalTa

umetesoba rac wavida, aRar Camosula, radgan Camosvlis xarji didia da

aseve migraciis aralegalurobis gamo, Camosvlis SemTxvevaSi ukan

gabruneba gauWirdeba.

saqarTvelodan migrirebul qalTa umravlesobas Seadgenen axalgazrda,

gauTxovari an qmars gacilebuli qalebi, romelTac ara aqvT sazRvargareT

cxovrebis gamocdileba, ar ician ucxo ena. sqema martivia: isini midian

damlageblebad, ZiZebad, modelebad, momvlelebad, Sinamosamsaxureebad,

mzareulebad. Zalian xSirad, maT arTmeven pasports, motyuebiT mihyavT

bordelebsa da barebSi, fizikuri zewolis, SantaJiTa da narkotikebis

88

zemoqmedebiT, aiZuleben imuSaon meZavebad. amgvari mdgomareobidan qalTa

ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevebi Zalian mcirea, xolo msxverplTa

fsiqologiuri reabilitaciisTvis ar arsebobs yvelaze mTavari _

sazogadoebis mxardaWera da Tanadgoma. amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, Cveni

saxelmwifo ver axerxebs Tavisi moqalaqeebis dacvas qveynis farglebs

gareT.

statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis informaciiT, saqarTvelodan

sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa 90% Sromisunariania, maT Soris, eTnikur

qarTvelTa wili 57%_ia, migrirebulTa 53,2% umaRlesi ganaTlebisaa

(ZiriTadi profesiebi _ inJineri, pedagogi, ekonomisti, komersanti,

xelosani). amaTgan, 22%_s aqvs garantirebuli an winaswar SerCeuli

samsaxuri, 8% ki midis samuSaos Sovnis imedad. migrirebulTa Soris

sWarboben qorwinebaSi myofi pirebi (70, 4%).

cnobilia, rom trefikingi ganixileba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi,

socialuri problema, magram misi gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi siRaribe da

umuSevrobaa, anu mTavari risk_faqtori qveynis arastabiluri ekonomikuri

mdgomareobaa. C. jaSi trefikings "socialur_ekonomikur problemas"

uwodebs. misi informaciiT, SromiTi migraciisas yoveli meore _ qalia.

qalebi toveben TavianT Svilebs sxvebis mosavlelad, midian ucxoeTSi da

zrdian sxvis Svilebs. jaSis azriT, raSic absoluturad veTanxmebiT,

trefikingis amosavali qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa. adamians ara aqvs

samuSaos Sovnis perspeqtiva. aseTi adamiani ki uufleboa. ar arsebobs

trefikingis msxverpli, romelic ityvis, rom surs iyos Zaladobis obieqti.

sazRvargareT yvela ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobebsebis surviliT

midis. magram midian iseTebic, visac gamomuSavebuli ara aqvs samuSao

unar_Cvevebi, ar aqvs gamocdileba. aseTebi, bunebrivia, ufro iolad

Tanxmdebian nebismier samuSaos.

saqarTveloSi SromiTi bazari isea gajerebuli, rom qalebi dakavebulni

arianUyvelaze naklebad momgebian seqtorebSi _ es aris jandacva,

momsaxurebis sfero, ganaTleba. maTi Semosavlebi imdenad dabalia, rom

iZulebulni arian, damatebiT, meoradi saqmianobiT irCinon Tavi. maT,

faqtiurad, ojaxisTvis dro naklebad rCebaT. saqarTvelo legaluri da

89

aralegaluri SromiTi migraciis Sedegad kargavs Zalian bevrs. pirvel

rigSi, gaedineba jansaRi samuSao Zala, axalgazrdoba. qveyanaSi rCebian

xandazmulebi. meorec, SromiTi migracia gavlenas axdens qveynis

generaciul funqciaze.

sinamdvileSi, is samuSao, rasac iafi muSaxeli, anu aralegaluri

emigrantebi asruleben, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT Zviria. dasavleT evropis

moqalaqe ar Seasrulebs im samuSaos im anazRaurebiT, rasac iaf muSa_xels

sTavazoben. magaliTad, germaniaSi enis kursebze saswavleblad iwveven

18_dan 27 wlamde asakis gogonebs, maT swavlasTan erTad sTavazoben

samsaxurs ojaxebSi, ZiZebad, TveSi 350 markis saxelfaso anazRaurebiT. ra

Tqma unda, germaneli ZiZis daqiraveba ufro Zviria _ is am samuSaosTvis,

daaxloebiT, 10_jer mets moiTxovs. amdenad, iafi muSa_xelze moTxovna

yovelTvis didia.

Samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs ara marto zusti, aramed

miaxloebiTi statistika, aralegaluri SromiTi migraciisa da trefikingis

SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb.

2.2.9. Sida migraciis mizezebi da motivebi

marTalia, Cven umTavres mizans garemigraciuli procesebis kvleva

warmoadgenda, Tumca gamokvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa is ZiriTadi

Taviseburebani, romliTac xasiTdeba qalTa Sidamigraciuli procesebi.

mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT kaxeTis mxareSi

migrirebulTa ricxovnobam 105,9 aTasi kaci Seadgina, rac mxaris

mosaxleobis 24%-ia. maTgan mxaris administraciul sazRvrebSi

gadaadgilda 35,3 aTasi kaci anu 33%, danarCeni gavida qveynis regionebSi.

statistikiT, kaxeTis mxaridan mosaxleobis Sida migraciul moZraobaSi

gamoikveTa ori regioni: q Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli. kaxeTis mxaridan

gasulia da amJamad am regionebSi cxovrobs Sesabamisad 48,6 da 16,0 aTasi

kaci, anu sul gasulTa 45,9% da 15,1%. xolo Camosulebidan q. Tbilisze

modis 27,9%, qvemo qarTlze_6,4%. wasulTa ricxovnoba mniSvnelovnad

aRemateba Camosulebs, rac sabolood ganapirobebs uaryofiT migraciul

90

saldos. qveynis danarCen regionebTan ki, kaxeTis mxares dadebiTi saldo

aqvs SenarCunebuli. sul Sida migraciiT kaxeTs aRniSnul periodSi 29,670

aTasi kaci daaklda.

regionSi umuSevrad darCenili qalTa nawilisTvis, romelTac ara aqvT

iseTi finansuri saSualebebi, rom SromiT emigraciaSi sazRvargareT

wavidnen, erTaderTi gamosavlad qveynis did qalaqebSi SromiTi migracia.

migraciis pirveli cda binebrivia, saqarTvelos did qalaqSi xorcieldeba.

iq SeiZleba marTlac dasaqmebis meti saSualebaa, vidre vTqvaT kaxeTis

romelime patara qalaqSi, magram naklebkvalificiuri Sromis bazarze

yvela niSa ukve dakavebulia adgilobrivi muSa-xeliT, an afxazeTidan

devnilebiT. MmagaliTad, wvrili sacalo vaWroba mTel rig bazrobaze,

metadre TbilisSi, am ukanasknelTa mieraa monopolizebuli. maT ki, Tundac

arasakmarisi efeqtianobiTa da TanmimdevrulobiT, magram mainc uwevs

mfarvelobas saxelmwifo (gaCeCilaZe 1997:52).

migrant qalebs TbilisSic uWirT dasaqmebis monaxva, rCeba

sazRvargareT SromiTi emigraciis Sansi, romelic did riskTanaa

dakavSirebuli da amave dros bevrisTvis finansurad SeuZlebelicaa.

mdgomareobis normalizaciis Semdeg, raSic upirveles yovlisa igulisxmeba

ekonomikis gaZliereba, Sida migraciuli suraTi SeiZleba Seicvalos,

magram Tbilisi mainc SeinarCunebs migrantebis mTavar mimzidvel rols.

Cvens mier kaxeTis mxaris mosaxleobis Sida da gare migraciul

procesebis kvlevisas gamoikveTa, rom qveynis SigniT migraciisas qalebi

upiratesobas dedaqalaqs aniWeben–74,6%. soflidan qalaqad mosaxleobis

gadaadglebas, rac gamoixata kaxeTis mxaridan TbilisSi qalTa migraciis

intensivobiT xSirad mTeli ojaxebis formiT, iwvevs soflad arsebuli

socialur-ekonomkuri problemebi: dasaqmebis SeuZlebloba, cudi

sayofacxovrebo pirobebi, cxovrebis donis mkveTri sxvaoba qalaqTan

SeadarebiT da a.S. am sakiTxebis gadaWra, materaluri da kulturuli donis

gaTanabreba sofelsa da qalaqs Soris, Seamcirebs qalaqad migracias da

xels Seuwyobs sofelSi mosaxleobis dabrunebas.

Sida migraciis survilis SemTxvevaSi qalebis umravlesobas_43,3% im

qalaqSi/sofelSi hyavs naTesavi an megobari_12,9%, an ojaxis wevri_12,4%.

91

naTelia, rom Sida migraciuli procesebi da ganwyobebi ZiriTadad

naTesauri qselebiT ikvebeba.

Sida migraciis samizne qalaqSi/sofelSi saxlis, nakveTis, samsaxuris

qonis an sazogadoebriv_politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SenarCunebis

Sansebis SefasebaSi respondentTa umravlesoba_50-56% fiqrobs, rom qveynis

SigniT migraciis SemTxvevaSi mas saxli da nakveTi ar eqneba, xolo maTi

44,3% fiqrobs, rom samsaxuri eqneba.

qalebis 23,4% realurad miiCnevs Sida migraciis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis

sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas.

aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sida migraciuli

procesis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas (iseve rogorc garemigraciis

SemTxvevaSi) dasaqmeba da ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens

da ara sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla.

Q2.2.10. migrant qalTa fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba

saerTaSoriso migrantebis saerTo ricxvSi qalebis xvedriTi wili

TandaTan izrdeba Tu 1960 wels is Seadgenda 47%, 2005 wlisTvis gaizarda

50%-mde. qali migrantebis ricxi swrafad izrdeba saqarTvelodanac., rac

umTavrasad gamowveulia qveyanaSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri

mizezebiT. Cveni gamokvlevi Sedegebmac gviCvena rom qalebis umTavresi

nakadi swored am mizeziT tovebs saqarTvelos. magram sayuradReboa is

faqti, rom qalebis gare migraciuli ganwyobebi korelaciaSi ar aris maT

fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobasTan.

cxovrebiseuli siZneleebis miuxedavad qalebis 31.3% fiqrobs, rom jer

kidev SesaZlebelia maTi gadalaxva. 28,7% ki Tvlis, rom amgvari

mdgomareobis moTmena ukve SeuZlebelia. Mxolod 3% miaCnia, rom yvelaferi

kargad midis. Aaqedan gamomdinare qalebis fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareoba

ufro pesimisturia, vidre optimisturi. maTi gare migraciuli ganwyoba ki

ar Seesabameba maT fsiqo-emociur mdgomareobas. ucxoeTSi wasvlis survili

pesimistebsa da optimistebSi Tanabrad Zlieria.

rac Seexeba qveynis SigniT migraciis survilis korelacias maT

92

samomavlo ganwyobebTan, qveynis SigniT migraciis msurvel qalTa 81,7%

qveynis momavals imedianad uyurebs. maTgan, vinc qveynis SigniT migracias

ar gegmavs, qveynis momavals imedianad uyurebs 42,4%, qveynis momavalTan

dakavSirebiT, qalebis mxolod 3-5%-ia pesimisturad ganwyobili.

optimisturad ganwyobil qalTa Soris 89%-s mainc qveynis gareT wasvlis

survili aqvs. es monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom samomavlo optimizmi qalebSi

ukavSirdeba ara maT pirad keTildReobas Aaramed ufro ideologiur-

politikur Sexedulebebs, vidre realur yofas.

rogorc vTqviT, migraciis mTavari mizezi ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa.

qalTa umravlesoba maTTvis mniSvnelovan pirvel da meore rigis

problemebad finansur gaWirvebasa (35,7%) da umuSevrobas (20,1%) asaxelebs.

sxva tipis socialuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli sakiTxebi maTTvis

naklebad aqtualuria.

meore rigis problemebSic qalebi yvelaze xSirad finansur gaWirvebasa

da umuSevrobas asaxeleben. Ees monacemebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom

qalebisaTvis ojaxi da ojaxis wevrebis materialuri uzrunvelyofa

yvelaze aqtualuria.

sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebuli

imedebi yvelaze metad emigraciaSi wasvlas ukavSirdeba (35,8%). danarCeni

faqtorebi ki Semdegnairad nawildeba:

(cxrili 21)

sakuTari unar-SesaZleblobebi da Sroma 33,9%

eklesiis, RvTis Sewevna 26,7%

ojaxis wevrebis/naTesavebis daxmareba 23,4%

saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis saqmianoba 11,3%

monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebisaTvis sakuTari mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva ufro sakuTar unarebs, ojaxis wevrebisa da

naTesavebis Tanadgomas ukavSirdeba, vidre gare faqtorebs. Eeklesiis,

RvTis Sewevnisadmi maRali ndoba zogadad am institutisadmi

sazogadoebriv ganwyobas ufro asaxavs, vidre realuri daxmarebis

molodinebs.

93

III SromiT migrantTa demografiuli struqturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

kaxeTis regionSi

3.1 zogadi demografiuli mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi

dasawyisSi unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi

migraciac xasiaTdeba iseTive TaviseburebiT, romliTac met-naklebad

xasiaTdeba postkomunisturi aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebi. amJamad

saqarTveloSi SromiTi migracia mimdinareobs intensiuri depopulaciis,

mosaxleobis mudmivi migraciuli klebisa da Sobadobis kritikul donemde

vardnis fonze. rogorc stacionaruli, ise SromiTi migraciis gavlena

saqarTvelos demografiul potencialze ukiduresad uaryofiTia. amis

ZiriTadi mizezebia:

a) saxeze myofi mosaxleobis pirdapiri kleba;

b) migrantTa kvlavwarmoebiTi, generaciuli funqciis praqtikulad Sewyveta;

g) struqturul-demografiuli faqtorebis uaryofiTi gavlena SromiT

migrantTa ukeTesi demostruqturis gamo;

d) droebiTi SromiTi migraciis mudmivSi gadazrdis maRali albaToba da

nawilobriv gadasvla.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis klebis problema imitomacaa sagangaSo, rom

is mimdinareobs mosaxleobisaTvis rTulad aRsaqmel garemoSi: qveyanaSi

umuSevrobis maRali donisa da ucxoeTSi samuSaod masobrivi migraciis

dros mosaxleobis `nakleboba~ saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri (muSaxelis)

TvalsazrisiT ar igrZnoba. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis kleba exeba Cvens

qveyanaSi mcxovreb TiTqmis yvela xalxs, magram yvelaze metad_qarTvelebs.

erovnuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli politika

mimarTuli unda iyos mTel qveyanaSi mosaxleobis zrdisaken, Tumca mTavari

orientiri unda iqnes aRebuli qarTvelebze, radganac fizikuri gadarCenis

problema realurad swored maT udgaT. rodesac qveyanaSi mosaxleobis

didi danakargia (mosaxleobis raodenoba klebulobs), gansakuTrebul

aqtualurobas iZens demografiuli politika. saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTul saxelmwifoSi ramdenjerme iyo

94

mcdeloba demografiuli politikis SemuSavebisa, magram, samwuxarod,

jerjerobiT uSedegod, arada, sxvadasxva faqtoris gamo, swored

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg gauaresda katastrofulad saqarTvelos

demografiuli mdgomareoba. Tanamedrove gamowvevebis fonze, rodesac

qarTulma sazogadoebriobam axal sabazro socialur-ekonomikur

urTierTobebSi bolomde ver SeiZina gadarCena-gamravlebis imuniteti,

axali realobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ,,demografiuli qceva”, aucilebelia

saxelmwifom SeimuSaos swori xedva saqarTvelos demografiul

ganviTarebasa da misi zrdis saxelmwifo mxardaWeraze.

sakiTxis uSualod ganxilvamde mizanSewonlad migvaCnia zogadad

saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesebi warmovadginoT migraciuli

gadasvlis koncefciis konteqstSi.

qarTul demografiul literaturaSi sxvadasxva avtorTan vxvdebiT

demografiuli gadasvlis TeoriasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. Mmisgan

gansxvavebiT specialur literaturaSi naklebad ganixileba da SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom gamonakliss warmoadgens saqarTvelos gare migraciis

warmodgena migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciis mixedviT.

migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciis Tanaxmad, migraciuli procesebis

ganviTareba gadis rig fazas, stadias, romelic daaxloebiT Seesabameba

demografiuli gadasvlis fazebs. Mmigraciuli gadasvlis koncefcia,

demografiuli gadasvlis safuZvelze, 1971 wels SemoTavazebul iqna

amerikeli mecnieris v. zelinskis mier.* SemdgomSi is sxva mecnierebmac

ganaviTares da sadReisod mocemulma koncefciam farTo gamoyeneba hpova.

migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciaSi, demografiuli gadasvlis

mimdinareobasTan erTad, yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikur ganviTarebas,

modernizacias da am ukanasknelTan kavSirSi ganixileba.

qveyanaSi, romelic demografiuli gadasvlis pirvel fazaSi imyofeba,

maRalia mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba. amasTan dabalia ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis done. aseTi mdgomareoba iwvevs mosaxleobis emigracias_mudmiv

sacxovreblad, ,,tvinTa gadinebas, SromiT migracias, _ ekonomikurad ufro

ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Emigraciis done Zalian maRalia, xolo imigracias

praqtikulad ara aqvs adgili (epliardi 1992:15-26)

95

demografiuli gadasvlis meore fazaSi myofi qveynis mosaxleobis

bunebrivi mateba TandaTan neldeba. Amave dros ucxouri investiciebi,

daxmarebebi da sazRvargareTidan fuladi gzavnilebi ramdenadme xels

uwyobs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Aamas emateba ucxouri

kvalificiuri specialistebis Camosvla da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna.

mTlianobaSi, pirvel fazasTan SedarebiT klebulobs emigracia da iwyeba

imigraciis procesi, romelic TandaTan ikrebs Zalas. (wulaZe.... 1998:55-59)

demografiuli gadasvlis mesame fazaSi myofi qveynis mosaxleobis

Sobadobis done dabalia, izrdeba mokvdavoba, bunebrivi mateba

Semcirebulia, mimdinareobs demografiuli dabereba. ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba wina fazasTan SedarebiT ukeTesi unda iyos. Emigraciis done

kidev ufro klebulobs, xolo imigraciis_matulobs da mesame fazis

bolosTvis aWarbebs emigracias. amasTan, SeiZleba daiwyos im yofil

moqalaqeTa dabrunebis procesi, romlebic qveynidan pirveli fazis dros

wavidnen, ,,tvinTa gadinebis” saxiT (wulaZe.... 1997:55-56).

demografiuli gadasvlis meoTxe fazis dros mokvdavoba izrdeba da

aRwevs Sobadobis dones. Amis Semdeg mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda wydeba

(bunebrivi matebis saxiT). Aam droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos qveynis

maRali ekonomikuri ganviTareba da Sesabamisad maRali Semosavlebis done.

Ees ki iwvevs imigraciis Semdgom zrdas (gamsakuTrebiT kvalificiuri

samuSao Zalis), xolo emigracia Zalian dabal doneze dadis. (wulaZe....

1998:55-56)

aRniSnuli konceptualuri sqema zogadi xasiaTisaa. Qqveynis

adgilobrivi specifika gansazRvravs garkveulwilad misgan gansxvavebul

migraciuli procesebis realur mimdinareobas.

saqarTvelo swored iseTi qveyanaa, romelic moyvanil sqemaSi ara

marto saerTod ver Tavsdeba, aramed romelSic gare migraciuli procesebi

mis sawinaaRmdegod mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs.

Ddemografiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli gadasvlis I

faza saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi iwyeba da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde

grZeldeba. II faza 20-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iwyeba da 1960-ian

wlebamde grZeldeba; III faza_1960-iani wlebis Sua xanamde grZeldeba, IV

96

faza_1990-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iRebs dasawyiss (melaZe.... 1997:7-9, 78-

81)

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tavi rom davaneboT, isedac

naTelia, rom demografiuli da ekonomikuri ganviTareba aSkara

winaaRmdegobaSi modis. kerZod, demografiuli gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT (IV

faza), saqarTvelo ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynis doneze

imyofeba, xolo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad

CamorCeba maT.

demografiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo sadReisod IV

fazaSi imyofeba, xolo migraciuli gadasvlidan gamomdinare I fazis

bolosa da II fazis dasawyisSi.A amrigad, saqarTveloSi demografiuli

gadasvla da gare migraciuli procesebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegod

mimdinareobs.

erTi SexedviT saqarTvelos demografiuli safrTxe 1990-iani wlebSi

Seqmnili kritikuli demografiuli viTarebidan iwyeba, magram Tu am

movlenebis ganviTarebis analizs Tundac oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze

ganvixilavT, sakiTxi sxvagvarad warmogvidgeba. marTalia, TviT termini

,,demografuli usafrTxoeba” kvlevis procesSi qarTvel demografTa mier

naklebad gamoiyeneboda, magram maTi mecnieruli gamokvlevebis Sinaarsi

met-naklebad miuTiTebda aRniSnul sakiTxze.

warsulSi emigracia saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad politikur xasiaTs

atarebda, zogjer iZulebiTs. Amave dros XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

saqarTveloSi iwyeba aTeul aTasobiT araqarTveli mosaxleobis

Camosaxleba, rac ruseTis imperiis, romelSic maSin saqarTvelo Sedioda,

centraluri xelisuflebis interesebidan gamomdinareobda. Ees ki iwvevda

maSindeli saqarTvelos demografiuli ganviTarebisa da gare migraciuli

procesebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas.

1914-1921 wlebSi mimdinare emigraciuli procesi saqarTveloSi ufro

politikur xasiaTs atarebda da qarTvelebis wili masSi didi ar iyo. 1920-

iani wlebis bolodan jer industrializaciasTan, xolo 1930-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi ruseTSi SimSilobasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi aseulobiT

aTasi adamiani Camosaxlda. Yyovelive es demografiuli gadasvlis meore

97

fazis dros xdeba, rodesac bunebrivi mateba sakmaod maRalia. wesiT, aseT

dros emigracia unda Warbobdes imigracias. mocemul SemTxvevaSic

saqarTveloSi mimdinare demografiuli gadasvla da migraciuli gadasvla

winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeba.

1950-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi imigracia klebulobs, xolo 1957 wlidan

ukve emigracia Warbobs imigracias. rogorc mocemul periodSi, ise

SdemdgomSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare demografiuli gadasvlisa da

migraciuli gadasvlis procesebi isev winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeba.

1990-ian wlebSi mimdinare politikur da socialur-ekonomikur

cvlilebebs, Seqmnil mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas, mohyva emigraciis

aqamde arnaxuli nakadebi. AaseTi viTareba isev ewinaaRmdegeba

demografiuli gadasvlis mocemul fazas saqarTveloSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom demografiuli gadasvlisa da migraciuli

gadasvlidan gamomdinare procesebi ara marto erTmaneTTan zogad kavSirSi

imyofeba, aramed erTmaneT avsebs kidec. maRal bunebriv matebas emigracia

Seesabameba, xolo dabali bunebrivi mateba imigraciiT kompensirdeba.

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo demografiuli da

migraciuli gadasvlis mimdinareoba erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod

viTardeboda. yovelive es ki, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, uaryofiTad aisaxeba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobaze, rogorc erTian sistemaze, iwvevda da iwvevs

ra misi demografiuli sistemis deformacias. (wulaZe.... 1997:57-58)

saqarTvelo amJamad praqtikulad ver atarebs demografiul politikas.

uaryofiTi demografiuli foni warmoSobs araracionalur migraciul

mobilurobas, Tavis mxriv, SromiTi migracia kidev ufro auaresebs isedac

kritikul demografiul viTarebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom SromiT migrantTa nakadSi yoveli mesame

mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom SromiT

migrantTa didi nawili daojaxebulia.

SromiT migrantTa asakobrivi struqturis ganxilvisas unda gamovyoT

maTi asakobrivi ganawilebis SedarebiTi siTanabre, rac, sazogadod,

teritoriul mobilobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTia. Cveulebriv, maRali

mobilobis xarisxiT gamoirCeva axalgazrdoba, magram saqarTveloSi

98

Seqmnili araordinaruli viTarebis gamo asakobrivi seleqcia SromiT

migrantTa nakadSi ar ikveTeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebi, bevr sxva erisgan gansxvavebiT,

gamoirCeodnen sakuTar qveyanaSi kompaqturi cxovrebiT. 1989 wlis aRweriT

sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa 95,1% sakuTar samSobloSi

cxovrobda. 1990-iani wlebSi viTareba Seicvala. qarTvelTa gare migraciis

maRali uaryofiTi saldo, qveynis demografiuli usafrTxoebis

TvalsazrisiT erTob aqtualuri gaxda da igi ramdenime mimarTulebiT

SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.

globalizaciis procesebSi mcirericxovani eris saxelmwifoebze

Zlieri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri korporaciebis gavlena metad Zlierdeba.

am ukanasknelTa ZiriTadi interesi ki, aseTi saxelmwifoebisagan iafi

SromiTi resursebis da zemogebis miRebaa. maTTvis sulerTia saxelmwifoSi

avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis demografiuli bedi.

meore mxriv saqarTvelos CarTva globalizaciis procesSi, Tavisi

geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, gardauvalia, rac

demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod arasaxarbielo perspeqtivas gviqadis.

erTi variantiT, migraciis kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad, gasuli

mosaxleobis adgils Semosuli ikavebs, uwinaresad mezobeli qveynidan. Tu

mravalerovnul saxelmwifoSi avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba

sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT dabalia, xolo emigracia maRali, maTi wili

mTel mosaxleobaSi moiklebs da, sabolood, SesaZloa, umciresobaSic ki

darCes.

,,saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri depresia, depopulacia,

emigraciis maRali done, calkeuli religiuri seqtebis momravleba

migvaniSnebs sxvadasxva rasis, erisa da religiis asimilirebuli

,,egzotikuri mosaxleobis” warmoqmnis safrTxeze.” (sulaberiZe 2005:16)

komunisturi sistemis daSlam, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan da

yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan, 1990-ian wlebSi Tvisobrivad axali saxis

emigrantebi warmoSva. adrindelisagan gansxvavebiT ,,axal emigrantTa” did

nawils umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs, zogierT maTgans samecniero xarisxic ki

gaaCnia: eseni arian specifikuri migrantebi, romelTa ,,tvini”, rogorc Tavis

99

qveyanaSi, ise ucxoeTSi naklebad sWirdebaT, amitom araspecialobiT,

SemTxveviT samuSaos jerdebian da mxolod mcire nawili Tu axerxebs

profesiiT dasaqmebas.

orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba ,,tvinebis” gadineba, rasac emigraciis wyaros

qveynebisTvis ara mxolod droebiTi, aramed xangrZlivi periodiT

mravalmxrivi uaryofiTi Sedegi moaqvs.

intensiuri emigraciisa da depopulaciis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi

demografiuli perspeqtiva sanugeSod ar gamoiyureba da dRis wesrigSi,

sxva problemaTa gverdiT, demografiuli usafrTxoebac dgas. demografiul

safrTxes garkveulwilad aZlierebs mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis

zrdis maRali tempi (azerbaijani, TurqeTi da sxva).

qarTvel mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis sistemuri Semcirebis Sedegad

qarTvelebis wili mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba samxreT kavkasiis mTel

mosaxleobaSi. Tu istoriulad samxreT da saerTod kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi

raodenobrivad yvelaze mravalricxovani eri iyo sxva mkvidr erebTan

SedarebiT, Semdeg mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala.

Mmosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT qarTvelebs somxebi

aRematebodnen 107 aTasiT, xolo azerbaijanelebi_2394 aTasi kaciT.

mosaxleobis bolo aRweris monacemebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi

azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebs ukve 3751 aTasi kaciT Warboben, amasTan

azerbaijanSi 1989-1999 wlebSi azerbaijanelebi 1400 aTasi kaciT gaizarda

(lorTqifaniZeE2007:161).

Tu 1926 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mTeli

mosaxleobis 45,5%-s Seadgenda, azerbaijanisa_39,5%, xolo somxeTi_15,0%.

2005 wlisaTvis viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala-samxreT kavkasiis mTel

mosaxleobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda da

igi 281% gaxda. Aazerbaijanis mosaxleobam Seadgina samxreT kavkasiis

mTeli mosaxleobis naxevarze meti_52,0%, amaRlda somxeTis mosaxleobis

wilic-20,0%-mde (lorTqifaniZe 2007:161).

,,qveyanaSi mkvidri mosaxleobis permanentul Semcirebis Sedegad

TandaTanobiT safrTxe eqmneba erovnul interesebs da erovnuli ekonomikis

ganviTarebas, Zneldeba maTi realizacia, saxelmwifo enas uaRresad uWirs

100

Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba, erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi,

tradicia, wes-Cveulebebi kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas. aseT viTarebaSi

gardauvalia erovnuli cnobierebis daqveiTeba, sabolood ki eris

genofondis cvlileba. Mmosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba gansauTrebiT

saSiSia Cveni qveynisaTvis, radgan igi iseT inikalur, mravalganzomilebian

regionSi mdebareobs, sadac msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis interesTa

gadakveTis wertilebi samaod bevria da amdenad sakuTari interesebis dacva

gaZnelebulia” (lorTqifaniZe 2007:161).

Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis udides faseulobas eTnikuri fesvebi

warmoadgens. ,,aq sxva xalxebis warmomadgenelTa ricxobrivi gadameteba

avtoqtonur mosaxleobaze Sesabamisi eTnosis istoriuli arenidan

gaqrobas niSnavs” (sulaberiZe 2005:16).

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gauareseba saqarTveloSi arasasurveli

demografiuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis ganmapirobebel mTavar faqtorad

iqca. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnil demografiul

situacias specialistebi aseT Sefasebas aZleven: `demografiuli krizisi”.

aseTi Sefasebis obieqturobas mowmobs ZiriTad demografiul maCvenebelTa

cvlilebis analizi. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom sruli ufleba gvaqvs,

vilaparakoT sakuTar qveyanaSi sakuTari eris demografiul usafrTxoebaze.

miT ufro, roca saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi

1960-1990 wlebSi 1,46%-dan 0,15%-mde daeca, xolo 1993 wlidan mosaxleobis

absoluturi Semcireba daiwyo (1995 wels man 0,03% Seadgina), raSic

mniSvnelovani wili emigraciamac iTamaSa. (sulaberiZe 2005:16-17).

saqarTveloSi 2000 wels ukve oficialurad dafiqsirda mosaxleobis

bunebrivi depopulacia (mosaxleobis 1000 kacze gaangariSebiT

gardacvlilTa ricxvma 0,2-iT gadaaWarba dabadebulTa raodenobas).

qveynis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisaTvis sxva programebTan

erTad aucilebelia usafrTxo demografiuli ganviTarebis politikis

SemuSaveba da realizacia.

mosaxleobis gare migraciis sididis gaTvaliswinebiT ukve sakmao xania

mimdinareobs misi ricxovnobis absoluturi kleba _ 1990-2000 wlebSi igi

erTi milioniT Semcirda da 2001 wlis dasawyisisTvis 4452,1 aTasi kaci

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Seadgina.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobisa da masSi mimdinare

cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (izrdeba mokvdavobis koeficientebi

mosaxleobis dabal asakobriv jgufebSic, savaraudod SenarCunebuli iqneba

gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo, xolo SromiT migrantTa absoluturi

umravlesoba, rogorc cnobilia, Sromisunariani asakisaa.) ukve uaxloes

momavalSi (2010 wlidan) mosalodnelia Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis

raodenobis absoluturi kleba da sapensio asakis mosaxleobis wilis

mkveTri gadideba. amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba mosaxleobis

ekonomikuri datvirTva (gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis sferoSi arsebuli

viTarebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi) da demografiuli datvirTvac (ZiriTadad

maRali asakobrivi jgufis mosaxleobis wilis zrdis xarjze), rac kidev

ufro gaauaresebs mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas.

demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT saqarTvelo

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis, xolo ekonomikuri parametrebis mixedviT _

dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis rigSi dgas. mosaxleobis, pirvel rigSi

qalebis demografiuli ganwyobis kvlevebiT dgindeba, rom saqarTveloSi

jer kidev arsebobs Sobadobis gazrdis rezervi Svilebis sasurvel da

realur raodenobas Soris sxvaobis saxiT, daaxloebiT 1,2 bavSvi, magram am

rezervis realobad qcevis faqtori ZiriTadad ekonomikuri bunebisaa

(materialuri gaWirveba, mZime sabinao pirobebi, momavlisadmi rwmenis

uqonloba da a.S.) da qveyanaSi arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikuri

viTarebis daZlevasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli socialur-

ekonomikuri krizisi qveynidan mosaxleobis migraciis ganmapirobebel

ZiriTad faqtorad iqca. emigraciis faqtobrivi xasiaTi da masStabebi

negatiur gavlenas axdens saqarTveloSi arsebul demografiul viTarebaze.

es ki momavalSi kidev ufro gaarTulebs qveynis krizisuli situaciidan

gamoyvanas. (saqarTvelos... 2002:39)

saqarTveloSi genderulma aspeqtma SromiTi migraciis xasiaTi Secvala.

saSovarze wasvla gaxda ara marto mamakacebis, aramed qalebis funqciac.

1990-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis sruliad

102

miuRebeli iyo qalTa SromiTi migracia. ekonomikurma siduxWirem qalTa

mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula, raTa gamosavali qveynis gareT dasaqmebaSi

eZebna.

meore mxriv, Sromis saerTaSoriso bazarze gaizarda moTxovna qalTa

samuSao Zalis garkveul kategoriaze (moaxleebi, ZiZebi, momsaxurebis

sfero), ramac xeli Seuwyo CvenSi ukiduresad gaiafebuli mdedrobiTi

sqesis samuSao Zalis qveynis farglebs gareT gasvlas. ara marto CvenSi,

aramed mTel msoflioSi icvleba Sexeduleba migraciaSi qalis rolis

Sesaxeb. migraciis feminizacias miiCneven SromiTi migraciis ganviTarebis

axal etapad da did progresad Tvlian genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis

gzaze. magram faqti, rom qals mamakacis Tanasworad SeuZlia gaiziaros

saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze arsebuli diskriminacia, waawydes

ganviTarebuli trefikingis uamrav mankier mxares, sruliad Crdilavs mis

uflebriv warmatebebs. es, miTumetes, saqarTvelodan samuSaod wasulebze

iTqmis, romelTa udidesi masis yofiTi samyaro, tradiciebi, ojaxisadmi

damokidebuleba, genderuli movaleobani daupirispirda am TvalsazrisiT

kontrastul garemos. maTTvis ucnobi Sromis bazris segmentis_seqs-

momsaxurebaSi CabmiT saukuneobrivad formirebuli maRali faseulobani,

romelic ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi qalis generaciuli funqciis

ganxorcielebis formas ukavSirdeba, arabunebrivad swrafad daangria.

qarTveli qalis gasvla saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebaa

da winaaRmdegobaSia qalis mTavar generaciul funqciasTan, axali Taobis

aRzrdasa da kvlavwarmoebasTan. Sesabamisad, rodesac vafasebT SromiTi

migraciis feminizacias, dadebiTi, qalis emansipaciis kuTxiT, misi meore,

uaryofiTi mxarec ar unda dagvaviwydes.

gaeros SefasebiT, arsebuli demografiuli tendenciebi Tu kidev

gagrZelda, 2000-2050 wlebisTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2 mln-iT

Semcirdeba da igi demografiulad `momakvdav qveyanad gadaiqceva”, rac

amJamindeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40%-s Seadgens. aseT viTarebaSi qalTa

intensiuri SromiTi migracia Cveni qveynidan sxva kuTxiT dainaxeba da

sxvagvaradac fasdeba, vidre, vTqvaT, demografiulad swrafad mzardi

filipinebidan, sadac mosaxleobis matebiT gamowveuli umuSevroba metad

103

maRalia (SromiTi... 2003:40).

Cven sakvlev arealSi, sabWoTa periodSi ar SeiniSneboda qarTvel

qalTa SromiTi migraciuli aqtiuroba. vfiqrobT, sxva regionebisagan

gansxvavebiT, axal pirobebs aq Camouyalibebeli formebis gareSe daxvdnen,

da qalTa migraciis intensiuri mateba ergvarad arabunebrivi naxtomis

saxiT gamovlinda.

SromiTi migraciis mizezTa ganxilvisas aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis sazRvargareT saSovarze yofnis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri

xasiaTisaa da umetesad aq darCenili ojaxis saarsebo uzrunvelyofas

emsaxureba. sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis detaluri analizi kidev

erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi Seqmnili ukiduresad mZime

ekonomikuri viTareba_roca oficialuri statistikiTa da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis SefasebiT mosaxleobis naxevarze meti siRaribis zRvars

dabla cxovrob, Zalze maRalia umuSevrobis done, garTulebulia

specialobiT samuSaos Sovna_aSkarad xels uwyobs sakmaod masStabur gare

migraciul procesebs. qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT kidev

ufro sagangaSoa, rom potenciur migrantTa mniSvnelovani nawili

axalgazrdaa, romlebic yvelaze aqtiur, Sromisunarian da reproduqciul

asakSi imyofeba. faqtiurad saqarTvelodan gaedineba fertiluri asakis

qalTa didi nawili.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, kaxeTis regionis dasaxlebebi umetesad sofluri

tipisaa. amitom sainteresoa ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba dRevandeli sofleli

qalis socialur-demografiuli portreti da gansxvavdeba Tu ara is

qalaqSi macxovrebeli qalis saxisgan.

saqarTveloSi, rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad erT-erTi umwvavesi

socialuri problemaa qalis generaciuli da SromiTi funqciebis

SeTavseba. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi TiTqos miaRwies qalTa SromiTi

funqciis maqsimalur realizacias. magram es moxda socialurad

moumzadebel garemoSi, ramac qalis generaciuli funqciis degradacia

gamoiwvia. Sobadoba Semcirda gacilebiT adre da metad vidre mas

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done karnaxobda.

XX saukunis bolos Cvens qveyanaSi datrialebulma molenebma,

104

sayovelTao krizisma xelovnurad daaCqara e. w. ,,demografiuli gadasvlis“

damTavrebis procesi. Tavisi demografiuli ganviTarebiT saqarTvelo

evropasTan axlomdgomi qveyanaa, xolo ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT

CamorCenil qveyanaTa Sorisaa. (tuxaSvili 1998:4) es paradoqsuli movlenaa.

demografiul kriziss, romelic Sigaregionuli TvalsazrisiT uTanabrod

viTardeba, aqvs mravalmxrivi Taviseburebani, romelTa ASoris Tavisi

gamovlenis specifikiT didi yuradRebis Rirsia soflisa da qalaqis

mosaxleobis populaciis kanonzomierebani. yovelive es qmnis saqarTvelos

qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis, maT Soris qali mosaxleobis

gansxvavebul demografiul portrets.

saqarTvelos sofleli qalis demografiuli portreti mravali

StrixiT xasiaTdeba rasac qmnis Cvens qveyanaSi Seqmnili socialur-

ekonomikuri da ierarqiuli garemo. ise rogorc qalaqad, sofladac qalebi

umravlesobas warmoadgenen, Tumca qveynis mosaxleobaSi maTi xvedriTi

wona urbanizaciasa da soflidan qalaqad mosaxleobis migraciis gamo

sistematurad mcirdeba. soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Sedegad moiklo

sofleli qalebis ricxvmac.

umTavresi niSani, romelmac krizisul wlebSi sofleli qalis

demografiul portretSi aSkara cvlilebebi Seitana, esaa qalis

generaciuli funqciis radikaluri Sesusteba, rac Sobadobis mkveTri

daqveiTebiT gamoixata. Tu 1985 wels Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti

saqarTveloSi 18,7 promile iyo, 1990 wels-17,0; 1995 wlisTvis 11,9-mde

Semcirda, xolo 1996 wlis monacemebiT 12,0 Seadgina. rac Seexeba soflis

qalebs, aq dabadebulTa ricxovnoba kvlavac mcirdeba. 1994 wels daibada

24885 bavSvi, 1995 wels_23333, xolo 1996 wels_22315 (tuxaSvili 1998:6).

1989 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5,4 milioni kaci iyo, xolo 2007

wlisaTvis oficialuri monacemebiT – mxolod 4,4 milioni (SefasebiTi

monacemebiT - kidev ufro naklebi - 3,8 milionis farglebSi). aRniSnul

periodSi gauaresda mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi struqtura. Zalian

maRal dones miaRwia demografiulma daberebam. 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis

mosaxleobis wili 2007 wlisaTvis 15%-is farglebSia (daberebulad

iTvleba mosaxleoba, Tu 65 da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili aRemateba

105

7%-s).

XX saukunis 90-ini wlebis sayovelTao kriziss demografiuli

krizisic Tan daerTo, ramac ukiduresad daqveiTa cxovrebis done da

Seamcira demografiuli zrdisTvis aucilebeli resursebi. rogorc

zogierTi gaangariSeba gviCvenebs, Tu ki Sobadoba aseTi reJimiT

SenarCundeba ,,yoveli 100 fertiluri asakis qali momavalSi iyoliebs 180

bavSvs, romelTagan dedis asaks miaRwevs mxolod 82” (fircxalava 1996:262).

es imas niSnavs, rom ara Tu daCqardeba demografiuli gadasvlis procesi,

veRar moxdeba TaobaTa aRdgena, rac depopulaciis dawyebis momaswavebelia.

es ukve kritikuli demografiuli situaciaa, romelic saWiroebs

saxelmwifo demografiul politikis gaaqtiurebas.

rogorc sayovelTaod miRebuli Sobadobis specialuri koeficientebis

skaliTaa gansazRvruli, yovel 1000 fertiluri asakis qalze 64-ze naklebi

dabadeba iTvleba ,,dabali” donis Sobadobad, 64-100_Sobadobis ,,saSualo”

doned, 101-120_ ,,saSualoze maRal” doned (statistika... 1990:132)

saqarTvelos mxareebidan garda aWaris mosaxleobisa, yvela mxaris da

maT Soris kaxeTis mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis done klasificirdeba, rogorc

,,dabali”. Sobadobis koeficienti kaxeTSi soflad mcxovreb fertiluri

asakis yovel 1000 qalze 1996 wels iyo 39,6. saqarTvelos sxva mxareebis

monacemebs Tu SevadarebT, kaxeTi bolodan meore adgilzea, raWa-leCxum-qv.

svaneTis (20,9) Semdeg da mcired CamorCeba qvemo qarTls (39,7). Sobadobis

specialuri koeficientis mier Sobadobis donis asaxvaze garkveulwilad

fertiluri asakis qalaTa Sigaasakobrivi deformaciac moqmedebs.

magaliTad, 20-34 wlis qalTa xvedriTi wona mdedrobiTi sqesis soflis

mosaxleobaSi qvemo qarTlSi 26,3%-ia, aWaraSi-24,1%, maSin roca kaxeTSi ar

aRemateba 20,3%-s (tuxaSvili 1998:10).

demografiuli ganviTarebis uaxlesi etapebisagan gansxvavebiT, amJamad

mwvaved dgas ara marto mesame da momdevno, aramed meore Svilis gaCenis

problemac. 2006 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi dabadebul bavSvTa 60,5

procenti modis pirvel Svilze, 28 procenti–meore Svilze da mxolod 11,5

procenti–mesame da momdevno Svilebze.

gaizarda mokvdaobis done. gardacvlilTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 1000

106

sulze 10-12-is farglebSia. gaizarda CvilTa mokvdaobac. SefasebiTi

monacemebiT, 2006 wlisaTvis is 1000 cocxlad dabadebulze 25-is farglebSi

imyofeboda. es maCvenebeli ganviTarebul qveynebSi 3-4 promiles ar

aRemateba. (wulaze... 2007:).

amJamad saqarTvelos yvela regioni (garda aWaris, qvemo qarTlisa da

samcxe-javaxeTisa) ganicdis depopulacias. am sakiTxis erovnul WrilSi

ganxilva kidev ufro met safiqrals aCens, ramdenadac bunebrivi matebis

zogadi koeficienti qarTul mosaxleobaSi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba qveynis

saSualo maCvenebels. Sobadobis Semcirebas, mokvdaobis matebasa da

uaryofiT gare migracias mohyva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis

mniSvnelovani kleba.

gansxvavebulia demografiuli qceva sxvadasxva ganaTlebis donis mqone

qalebisaTvis. es gansxvaveba soflad mcxovrebTa Soris ufro didia, vidre

qalaqad mcxovrebTaTvis. Znelad asaxsnelia, magram faqtia, rom Tu qalaqad

Sobadobis koeficienti ganaTlebis donis mixedviT mcirdeba, soflad

yvelaze dabali koeficienti damaxasiaTebelia ara umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mqone, aramed saSualo specialuri ganaTlebis mqone qalebisaTvis

(tuxaSvili 1998:11). vfiqrobT, es faqti specialur gamokvlevas saWiroebs.

Aaq umaRlesdamTavrebul qalebSi yoveli fertiluri asakis 100 qalze

aRiricxeba 71,1 dabadeba, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skoladamTavrebulTaTvis

111,2 dabadeba (xmalaZe 1994:310). rac dro gadis, sxvaoba Sobadobis doneSi

sxvadasxva ganaTlebis jgufebs Soris erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba. TandaTan

yalibdeba erTnairi demografiuli qceva rogorc soflis da qalaqis, ise

TviT soflis mosaxleobaSi. vuaxlovdebiT e. w. stacionarul mosaxleobas

(tuxaSvili 1998:12).

meore mniSvnelovani Strixi romliTac sofleli qalis demografiuli

portreti ikveTeba, mosaxleobis demografiul daberebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. igi globaluri movlenaa da aris mosaxleobis asakobrivi

struqturis evoluciis arsebiTi niSani. am dros xdeba xandazmuli asakis

mosaxleobis xvedriTi wonis ganuwyveteli momateba mTel mosaxleobaSi.

mosaxleobis demografiuli dabereba damografiuli gasvlis simwifis

maCvenebelia. misi gamomwvevi mizezebia: Sobadobis donis Semcireba,

107

sikvdilianobis SemcirebiT mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis zrda da e. w. Ria mosaxleobis SemTxvevaSi-mosaxleobis

migracia. (tuxaSvili 1998:11-12)

msoflioSi aRiarebuli demografis e. rosetis klasifikaciis mixedviT,

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan daberebul

mosaxleobas miekuTvneba, radgan aRniSnuli droidan 60 wels

gadacilebulTa xvedriTi wona mTel mosaxleobaSi 12 procentze metia. rac

Seexeba qalebs, maTi demografiuloi dabereba ufro meti intensivobiT

mimdinareobda gansakuTrebiT soflad mcxovrebTa Soris.

1993 wlis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelos 60 wels gadacilebuli

mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi 15,8 procentia, maT Soris

qalaqad_14,1%, soflad_18,0%. qalebSi dabereba ufro metadaa gamoxatuli

(18,4%), vidre mamakacebSi (12,9%). rac Seexeba sofleli qalebis

demografiuli daberebis maCvenebels, igi 21 procents aRwevs. amJamad

saqarTvelos soflel qalTa daberebis maCvenebeli (21%) e. rosetis

klacifikaciiT gamoxatavs siberis ,,Zlier ganviTarebul dones. (tuxaSvili

1998: gv.13)

saqarTveloSi, rogorc istoriulad, ise bolo xanebSi soflis ojaxi

da socialur-yofiTi garemo gansazRvravda qalis kvlavwarmoebiT qcevis

ufro normalur Sedegs.

kaxeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva regionSi, mdedrobiTi

sqesis mosaxleobis demografiuli struqturis deformacia, rogorc

aRvniSneT mograciulma procesebma ganapiroba. Tu adre qalTaAmigraciis

mTavari mimarTuleba soflidan qalaqad gadasaxleba iyo, magaliTad 1979-

1992 wlebSi qalaqad mimarTul migraciaSi qalebi Sadgendnen 54,6%,

(zubiaSvili 1993:14), ekonomikuri krizisis wlebSi viTareba icvleba.

migraciis Sigarespublikuri intensivoba sagrZnoblad Sesustda, xolo

respublikis gareT mimarTuli migraciis intensivoba gaZlierda (tuxaSvili

1998:6-8)

Tu krizisamde SromiT migraciaSi upiratesad mamakacebi

monawileobdnen, krizisis wlebSi intensiurma SromiTma migraciam moicva

mTeli saqarTvelo. maT Soris mniSvnelovani wili soflad mcxovreb

108

qalebsac ukaviaT. rogorc gamokvlevebiT dasturdeba, saqarTvelos

farglebs gareT samuSaod wasvlas maT aiZulebT mZime socialur-

ekonomikuri pirobebi. maTgan didi umravlesoba ojaxiania da SromiTi

emigracia swyvets ojaxs. migracia krizisiT gamowveuli iZulebaa da

umTavresad calkeuli ojaxebis fizikuri gadarCeniskenaa mimarTuli.

Amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos qalTa (rogorc qalaqad

aseve soflad mcxovrebTa) migraciuli mobiloba sakmaod maRalia.

migracias aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli calmxrivi xasiaTi. is iwvevs

mdedrobiTi sqesis mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis deformacias,

demografiul daberebas aCqarebs, ris gamoc mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis

maCveneblebi uaresdeba.

3.2 qalTa emigracia da demografiuli usafrTxoeba

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma da

politikurma krizisma gaamwvava mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri

pirobebi ramac, rogorc wina TavSi ukve vTqviT, gazarda migraciis

intensivoba, daaCqara saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis

procesi. gansakuTrebiT maRalia qalTa daberebis maCvenebeli. maTi naxevari

36 welze meti xnisaa, rogorc mTlianad, ise soflad da qalaqad. (Selia

1999:43). es miuTiTebs qalTa fertiluri kontingentis daberebaze, ramac

Tavis mxriv, zegavlena iqonia da momavalSic mZimed imoqmedebs Sobadobis

intensivobaze.

gare migraciuli procesebis intensiurobam mniSvnelovnad Secvala

,,saqorwino bazari”, qalebisa da mamakacebis qorwinebis klebis Sedegad

sul ufro izrdeba qorwinebaSi arasodes myofTa wili. gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovan zrdas hqonda adgili 1990-ian wlebSi. miCneulia, rom

,,saqorwino bazarze” arsebuli viTareba erT-erT im funqciaTagans

warmoadgens, romelzedac damokidebulia qorwineba (wulaZe... 2007:49)

,,saqorwino bazari” terminia, romelic gamoiyeneba demografiaSi

qorwinebis unariani mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufis raodenobaTa

Tanafardobis aRsaniSnavad. viTareba ,,saqorwino bazarze” mniSvnelovnad

109

aris damokidebuli mosaxleobs asakobriv-sqesobriv Semadgenlobaze.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba gauTxovari qalebis raodenoba saSualod

erT dauqorwinebel mamakacze. vinaidan daqorwinebisas mamakacebis asaki

saSualod 4 wliT aRemateba qalebis asaks, amitom ,,saqorwino bazris”

gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneba mamakacebisa da qalebis raodenobaTa

Tanafardoba, romelic mocemuli droisTvis ar imyofebian qorwinebaSi

da amasTan mamakacebis asakobrivi jgufi metia qalebisaze xuTwliani

asakobrivi intervaliT. (beqaia... 1998:52), (demografiis... 2005:245-246).

1989 wels saqarTvelos ,,saqorwino bazari” ganicdis Semdgom

cvlilebebs, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom gauTxovari qalebis raodenoba erT

ucolo mamakacze Semcirda 35 wlamde asakisaTvis (agreTve 45-49 wlis

asakis mamakacebisaTvis) igive darCa 35-39 wlis mamakacebisaTvis da gaizarda

40-44 wlis mamakacebisaTvis. (beqaia...1998:54)

intensiurma gare migraciulma procesebma gavlena iqonia 1990-iani

wlebis saqarTvelos ,,saqorwino bazris” formirebaze. Bbolo dros

Catarebulma gamokvlevebma naTelyo, rom gare migraciisas mamakacebSi

qalebTan SedarebiT Warbobs daqorwinebulebi, xolo qalebSi qorwinebaSi

armyofebi. amasTan qorwinebaSi armyofebis meti wili 39 wlamde asakis

migrantebze modis, xolo daqorwinebulebis 40 welze ufros migrantebze

(migraciis... 2001:16).

eris demografiul situacias amZimebs is garemoeba, rom sazRvargareT

gaedineba swored fertiuri asakis qalTa didi procenti. (maT Soris

dauojaxebeli) maRali migraciuli aqtivobiT gamoirCevian, rogorc

qalaqad aseve soflad mcxovrebi qalebi. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli

respondentebis 79,1%-s soflad mosaxle qalebi Seadgendnen, xolo 20,9%-s

qalaqad macxovreblebi. gamokiTxulTa Soris procentulad metia

fertiluri asakis qali.

110

(cxrili 22)

respondentebis procentuli ganawileba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT

qalaqad da soflad:

asakobrivi

jgufi

qalaqi sofeli sul

18-34 43,71 43,62 43,64

35-54 48,50 48,35 48,38

55-60 7,78 8,03 7,98

gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba potenciuri emigrantia.

xangrZliv migraciaSi wasvlis ganwyoba respondentebs ufro aqvT qveynis

gareT (27,4%), vidre qveynis SigniT, amitom qveynis SigniT migracia ar surs

74,9%-s, xolo qveynis gareT migracias ar isurvebda maTi 15,2%. xanmokle

migraciac ufro qveynis gareT surT (44%), vidre qveynis SigniT (10,2%).

sazRvargareT emigraciaSi wasuli qalebi xSirad qmnian ojaxebs da

samudamod mkvidrdebian ucxo qveyanaSi.

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom daojaxebul qalTa ukan dabrunebis potenciali

gacilebiT maRalia, rac Seexeba dauqorwinebel SromiT migrantebs, aq

qalTa ucxoeTSi darCenis albaToba, respondentTa pasuxebis mixedviT,

metia.

Cvens mier gamokiTxuli potenciuri emigranti qalebidan ucxoeTSi

Seqmnis survili gamoTqva 16,3%-ma. 19%-s gauWirda pasuxis gacema, xolo 55%-

s amis survili ara aqvs. sainteresoa am pasuxebis korelacia qalebis

qorwinebis statusTan. ojaxuri mdgomareobis mixedviT gamokiTxulTa

umravlesoba dojaxebulia. qalTa ojaxuri mdgomareobisa da gare

migraciis survils Soris korelaciam aseTi suraTi mogvca.

111

(cxrili 23)

potenciur migrantTa ojaxuri mdgomareoba

(procentobiT jamTan)

ojaxuri mdgomareoba procentuli ganawileba

daojaxebuli 52,4%

dauojaxebeli 29,9%

ganqorwinebuli 9,6%

qvrivi 6,1%

ucxoeTSi ojaxis Seqmnis survilis mqone qalTa 16,3%-Si garkveuli

raodenoba (25%) daojaxebuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac migvaniSnebs imaze,

rom daojaxebul qalTa nawils surs ucxoeTSi samudamod darCena. es

pasuxi gavZlevs imis varaudis saSualebas, rom migraciul ganwyobas

qalebSi ganapirobebs ara mxolod obieqturi pirobebi (siRaribe,

umuSevroba da a. S.) aramed subieqturi faqtorebic, ojaxuri konfliqtebi,

saojaxo cxovrebiT an urTierTobebiT (col-qmars, rZal-dedamTilsa da

sxva) ukmayofileba.

sxvadasxva gamokvlevebSi eqspertebi xSirad saubroben qalTa

migraciasTan dakavSirebul iseT problemebze, rogoricaa, ojaxebis

dangreva. SedarebisaTvis ruseTSi migrirebuli mamakacebis umravlesoba

iCens axal ojaxebs. saberZneTSi, TurqeTSi da evropul qveynebSi migranti

qalebis nawili qmnis ojaxebs am qveynebSi da saqarTveloSi dabrunebas ar

apirebs.

Aaqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalebi saguldagulod

malaven migraciis subieqtur motivebs da rom es sakiTxi seriozul,

siRrmiseul kvlevas saWiroebs.

112

3.3. qalTa migraciis Sefaseba saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis

Teoriebis safuZvelze

saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia da misi Seswavla yovelTvis did

yuradRebas iqcevda, magram bolo xans misadmi interesi sagrZnoblad

gaZlierda, mizezi ki misi masStabebis zrdaa. Mmigraciuli procesebi sul

ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mravali qveynis Sida da sagareo

politikaSi da gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. zogadad

saerTaSariso SromiTi migracia kvlevisa da Seswavlis kompleqsur

midgomas moiTxovs da ara marto sociologebis, aramed demografebis,

ekonomistebisa da kulturologebis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens.

migraciuli procesebis SefasebaSi unda gamovricxoT calmxrivi,

zogjer ki, mxolod emociuri midgoma. migraciaSi mxolod uaryofiTi

mxareebi ar unda davinaxoT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT misi roli saqarTvelos

ekonomikur da kulturul ganviTarebaSi. aseT midgomas, romelic xandaxan

mxolod vizualur analizs eyrdnoba, keTili survilebis miuxedavad,

zianis motanac SeuZliaT. Mmosaxleobis migracia rTuli fenomenia da

sistemur, kompleqsur kvlevas moiTxovs.

migraciis mraval sakiTxTa Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze did

interess gare migraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iwvevs. Mmisi

zemoqmedebiT icvleba respublikis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da

demografiuli struqtura, SromiTi potenciali.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, SromiT migracias aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve

uaryofiT mxareebi. dadebiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom

emigrantebis samSobloSi mcirdeba umuSevrobis done, xolo mimReb

qveyanaSi xdeba muSaxelze arsebuli moTxovnis dakmayofileba. migrantebi

finansurad exmarebian mSobliur qveyanaSi darCenil ojaxebs, danazog

fuls abandeben adgilobriv warmoebaSi, riTac xels uwyoben ekonomikis

ganviTarebas. (SromiTi migracia...2003:62). Cveni azriT, sxva saxelmwifoSi

gasuli muSaxeli ufro ganviTarebul socialur-ekonomikur garemoSi

adaptirdeba, xolo Semdgom maTi nawilis samSobloSi dabruneba sagrZnob

gavlenas moaxdens Tavis qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur, politikur Tu

socialur procesebze.

113

uaryofTi mxareebi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom emigraciis dros adgili

aqvs e. w. ,,tvinebis gadinebis” process, rodesac qveyanas toveben yvelaze

motvirebuli ganaTlebuli, umuSevari, magram saqmes mowyurebuli

adamianebi, rac TavisTavad uaryofT gavlenas axdens qveynis ganviTarebaze.

AamasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom sazRvargareT wasuli SromiTi emigrantebi,

umetes SemTxvevaSi ver axerxeben Tavisi ganaTlebis Sesaferisi samuSos

povnas da iZulebulni arian arakvalificiuri SromiT dakmayofildnen.N

aseve SromiT emigraciaSi wasuli emigrantebi, romlTa umravlesoba

sazRvargareT aralegalurad imyofeba, wlebis manZilze ver axerxeben

saqarTveloSi Camosvlas da ojaxis monaxulebas, aseTi mdgomareoba ki

arasrul ojaxur cxovrebas iwvevs, rac xSirad ojaxebis ngreviT da

ojaxis wevrTa gaucxoebiT mTavrdeba. AamasTan erTad qarTvel emigrantebs

uWirT ucxo qveyanaSi adaptacia, rac xSirad iwvevs imedgacruebas,

sasowarkveTs, depresias, magram iZulebulni arian Seeguon siZneleebs,

darCnen iq da imuSaon, radgan samSobloSi dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, imedi

ara aqvT, rom samsaxurs iSovian da SeZleben ojaxebis rCenas.

emigraciis gazrdis procesi warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis muxruWs. Qqveyana kargavs kvalificiur samuSao Zalas, izrdeba

inflacia, samuSao Zalis eqsportiori qveynebi sul ufro metad xdebian

importiorebze damokidebulni da a. S. (dasavleTi...1990:47)

Cveni kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalTa

SromiTi emigraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi socialur-ekonomikuri faqtoria,

rac saarsebo da sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken swrafvas

gulisxmobs. Kkvlevis sawyis etapze mniSvnelovan mignebebs gvTavazobs

migraciis axali ekonomikuri Teoria, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

kaxeTis regioni soflis meurnebazea damokidebuli.

Aaxali ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic mikri donis Teoriebs

miekuTvneba, miiCnevs, rom migracia ar Aaris ganpirobebuli mxolod da

mxolod adamianis individuluri arCevaniT, romelic efuZneba migraciis

Sedegad miRebuli mogebis racionalur gamoTvlebs, aramed warmoadgens

ojaxur strategias. Qqali erTpirovnulad ki ar iRebs gadawyetilebas

emigraciis Sesaxeb, aramed ojaxi axdens arsebuli resursebis

114

diversifikacias, raTac amcirebs is SesaZlo safrTxes, romelic mis

keTildReobas daemuqreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxis Semosavlebi sxvadsxva

mizezis gamo Semcirdeba. (meisi...1993: 435).

amrigad, axali ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT gadamwyveti aqtori Cveni

kvlevidan gamomdinare qali ki ara, aramed mTeli ojaxia, xolo qali xdeba

ojaxis ,,nebis” Semsrulebeli, radgan misi emigraciis mizans warmoadgens

ara piradi moTxovnilebebis da survilebis dakmayofileba, aramed

samSobloSi darCenili ojaxis wevrebis, upirvelesad ki Svilebis

materialuri uzrunvelyofa.

ojaxis migraciuli strategia, rac Semosavlebis diversifikacias

isaxavs miznad, gvevlineba kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis ,,gadarCenis

strategiad”. Eesaa soflis meurneobebiT dakavebuli Sinameurneobebis

mcdeloba Tavi daizRvion im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cudi bunebrivi pirobebis

gamo ver SeZleben sakmarisi odenobis mosavlis aRebas. Sesabamisad axali

ekonomikuri TeoriiT ukeT aixsneba kaxeTis regionidan, rogorc

tradiciuli agraruli sazogadoebebidan, qalTa migraciis intensiuri

zrda.

amavdroulad, aseT viTarebaSi, roca qalis gadawyvetileba_ datovos

ojaxi da wavides SromiT emigraciaSi, _ ojaxis gadarCenis erT-erT mTavar

strategiad iqca, kaxeTSi emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesSi sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba SefardebiTi

deprivaciis faqtori, rac aixsneba neoklasikuri ekonomikuri TeoriiT.

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria saerTaSoriso SromiT emigracias

ganixilavs rogorc makro, aseve mikro doneze. makro doneze is amaxvilebs

yuradRebas qveynebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze muSaxelis mowodebasa

da muSaxelis moTxovnas Soris. am Teoriis mixedviT SromiTi emigraciis

gamomwvevi mizezi, rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis araTanabari done

xdeba, romelic ubiZgebs adamianebs miatovon ekonomikurad naklebad

ganviTarebuli samSoblo da wavidnen sazRvargareT, sadac dasaqmebis meti

saSualeba arsebobs da Semosavalic metia.

potenciur emigrantebze moqmedebs saqarTvelos, rogorc ekonomikurad

ganuviTarebeli qveynis ,,ganmzidavi faqtori” (push factor), aseve ganviTarebul

115

qveyanaSi arsebuli muSaxelis deficitisa da Sromis SedarebiT maRali

anazRaurebis ,,mimzidavi faqtori” (pull factor). magram xSirad qalTa emigracia

gamowveulia ara umuSevrobiT, aramed maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao

adgilebis simciriT. Aaq erTgvar paradoqsTanac gvaqvs saqme, rac Cveni

kvlevis Sedegebmac naTelyo. rodesac maRalanazraurebadi da

maRalkvalificiuri samsaxurebis ararsebobis gamo sazRvargareT wasuli

qalebi, rogorc wesi dabalanazRaurebad da araprestiJul adgilebze

iwyeben muSaobas.

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom neoklasikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad SromiTi

emigracia dadebiTi movlenaa, radgan misi saSualebiT xdeba moWarbebuli

muSaxelis odenobis Semcireba muSaxelis eqsportior qveyanaSi (meisi...1993:

433-434).

Mmikrodoneze neoklasikuri Teoria Tvlis, rom gadawyvetilebas

emigraciis Sesaxeb iRebs individi, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da

es gadawyvetileba efuZneba raconalur gamoTvlebs, romelic

iTvaliswinebs migraciasTan dakavSirebiT gaweul xarjebs da im mogebas,

romelsac emigranti ucxo qveyanaSi dasaqmebis Sedegad miiRebs. Sesabamisad,

mimRebi qveynis SerCevac racionaluri gaTvlebis safuZvelze xdeba da

potenciuri emigranti mxedvelobaSi iRebs imas, Tu sad ufro aris moTxovna

im unar-Cvevebze, rac mas gaaCnia, sad aris dasaqmebis ufro didi albaToba,

xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aralegalur emigraciasTan gvaqvs saqme, sad aris

deportaciis ufro naklebi albaToba, anda legalizaciis meti albaToba.

Aam Teoriis mixedviT potenciuri emigranti miemgzavreba im qveyanaSi, sadac

is yvelaze maRal mogebas miiRebs (meisi... 1993: 434-435).

Tu neoklasikur Teorias mivusadagebT saqarTvelos dRevandel

ekonomikur mdgomareobas, saqarTvelodan da Cven SemTxvevaSi kaxeTis

regionidan qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili unda wasuliyo emigraciaSi,

vidre es realurad moxda.

cxadia, rom mxolod ekonomikuri mizezebi ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet

rols qalTa emigraciis procesSi, mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic.

magaliTad, emigrantis piradi Tvisebebi, maT xelT arsebuli materialuri

da socialuri resursebi da sxva.

116

Mmigranti qalebis umravlesobas Seadgenen yvelaze motivirebuli

adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT survili gaiumjobeson sakuTari pirobebi. xSir

SemTxvevaSi maT ufro maRali ganaTlebis done da gansakuTrebuli unar-

Cvevebi aqvT, vidre maT Tanamoqalaqeebs, vinc gaWirvebis miuxedavad,

samSobloSi rCeba. rogorc wesi yvelaze gaWirvebuli da Raribi qalebi

iSviaTad midian emigraciaSi, imitom ki ara rom ara aqvT survili

gaiumjobeson cxovrebis pirobebi, aramed imitom, rom maT ara aqvT

sakmarisi materialuri saSualebebi, daafinanson ZviradRirebuli

mogzauroba da arc socialuri kavSirebi, romlebic daexmarebaT

emigraciaSi. Aamis safuZvelze mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom migracia

xasiaTdeba SerCeviTobiT da emigrantTa Soris SefardebiTi deprivirebuli

pirovnebebi ufro xSirad gvevlinebian vidre absolutur siRaribeSi

myofni.

amrigad, neoklasikuri ekonomikuri TeoriiT SegviZlia avxsnaT is

viTareba, roca emigraciaSi midian ufro ukeTesi ekonomikuri pirobebis

mqone qalebi, vidre uRatakesi mdgomareobisani, radgan isini Tavs grZnoben

SefardebiTad deprivirebulebad.

segmentirebuli Sromis bazris Teoria gvexmareba imis axsnaSi, Tu

ratomaa moTxovna sxvadasxva tipis muSaxelze ama Tu im qveyanaSi da

ratom Tanxmdebian emigranti qalebi Seasrulon sazRvargareT is samuSao,

romelzec samSobloSi uars acxadeben.

segmentirebuli muSaxelis bazris Teoria jon stiuart milis da aSS-

Si XX saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe institucionalist-ekonomistebis

mosazrebebs efuZneba da Tavdapirvelad, Sromis bazarze sxvadasxva

socialuri klasebis mdgomareobas asaxavda. Aam Teoriis misadageba

migraciul procesebTan da migrantebis rolTan muSaxelis bazarze

mxolod gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi moxda. (piore 1979:).

mimReb qveynebSi emigrant qalebTan asocirdeba is dabalanazRaurebadi

samuSao, ris Sesrulebazec adgilobrivi mosaxleoba faqtobrivad uars

acxadebs. Aamrigad, socialuri klasis safuZvelze agebuli segmentizacia

orad hyofs qveynis erovnuli muSaxelis bazars da amis gamo mimReb

qveynebSi arsebobs mudmivi moTxovna imigrant muSaxelze. Mmigrantebis

117

mimReb qveynebSi yovelTvis arsebobs specifikuri xasiaTis muSaxelze

moTxovna, amitom emigrantebi Tanaxma arian Sromis bazarze daikavon is

adgilebi da im fasad, razec adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ar Tanxmdeba. (meisi...

1993:441).

segmentirebuli Sromis bazris mixedviT, struqturuli inflaciis gamo

damqiraveblebi mimReb qveyanaSi nacvlad imisa, rom gazardon xelfasebi,

raTa adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miizidon dabalanazRaurebadi da

dabalprestiJuli Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad, gamosavals ucxouri muSa-

xelis importSi xedaven (meisi 1993:441-442). is, Tu ratom Tanxmdebian

imigranti qalebi iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebaze, razec adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba uars acxadebs, martivi asaxsnelia. rogorc wesi, imigranti

qalebi ar ganixilaven Tavs mimRebi qveynebis sazogadoebis wevrebad. amiT

aixsneba is faqti, Tu ratom SeiZleba emigrantma qalma uari Tqvas

romelime samuSaos Sesrulebaze sakuTar samSobloSi da igive, an SeiZleba

ufro mZime da naklebad prestiJuli samuSaoTi iyos dakavebuli

sazRvargareT. ucxo qveyanaSi migranti qalebi kvlav sakuTari samSoblos

sazogadoebis wevrad aRiqvamen Tavs da maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovania is

faqti, rom isini sazRvargareT muSaoben da finansurad exmarebian sakuTar

ojaxebs.

socialuri kapitalis Teoriis mixedviT,Ggadawyvetileba emigraciis

Sesaxeb ar xdeba mxolod racionaluri gaTvlebis safuZvelze, romelsac

potenciuri emigranti iRebs ojaxis wevrebis azris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

Aamave Teoriis mixedviT eWvqveS dgeba ,,ganmzidavi da mimzidavi faqtorebis”

roli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

migraciis neoklasikuri Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT socialuri kapitalis

Teoriis mixedviT, emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba im

socialuri kavSirebis zemoqmedebiT, romelic akavSirebT sazRvargareT

wasul emigrantebs da maT samSobloSi darCenil ojaxis wevrebs,

naTesavebs da megobrebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

regionSi sakmaod kargad ganviTarebuli migraciuli qselebi.

Cveni gamokvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalTa

migraciis procesis erT-erTi mTavari xelisSemwyobi faqtori migraciuli

118

qselebis arsebobaa, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom emigraciis yvela faqtori

ganpirobebulia emigraciuli qselebis arsebobiT. Tavdapirvelad qalTa

emigracia gamowveulia ekonomikuri, anda socialuri faqtorebiT, magram

socialuri kapitalis Teoriis Tanaxmad, migraciis TiToeuli faqti xels

uwyobs migraciuli qselebis Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciuri procesebis

erT_erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania warmoebis globalizacia, rac Sromis

globalizacias niSnavs. warmoebisa da Sromis globalizaciam masiuri

xasiaTi misca mosaxleobis migraciis uprecendento masStabebs. msoflio

sistemebis Teoria saerTaSoriso migraciis gadamwyvet faqtorad miiCnevs

ara individs, an ojaxs, aramed msoflioSi arsebul ekonomiur sistemas.

saqarTvelo Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, CarTulia

globalizaciisa da transnacionalur ekonomikur procesebSi, amitom Cvens

qveyanaSi migraciis masStaburoba aris im movlenebis binebrivi Sedegi,

romelic Tan sdevs kapitalistur ganviTarebas.

Mmsoflion sistemebis Teoriis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom, rodesac

emigracia tradiciuli da naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan miemarTeba

mdidar da ganviTarebul qveynebisken, xolo migrantebi iwyeben samSobloSi

fuladi daxmarebis gagzavnas, migrantebis samSoblo ufro metad erTveba

sabazro urTierTobebSi, rac kidev ufro metad uwyobs xels migraciis

donis zrdas.

Ais faqti, rom saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia saqarTvelodan

dasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis mimarTulebiT arc Tu ise didi

xnis win daiwyo, garkveulwilad aixsneba msoflio sistemebis TeoriiT. Mmas

Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gaixsna da saqarTvelo CaerTo

msoflio ekonomikuri bazris sistemaSi, rac moxda ucxouri kapitalis

Semosvla, qarTuli muSaxeli (qalTa mniSvnelovani wiliT) CaerTo

muSaxelis msoflio bazarSi da emigraciis mimarTuleba Secvala ruseTidan

eropisa da CrdiloeT amerikisken.

sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelo TavisTavad CarTuli iyo sabWoTa

kavSiris ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi. amaze migvaniSnebs is faqti,

romAam dros saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT nawilSi gavrcelebuli iyo

119

sezonuri SromiTi migracia ruseTSi, rac gamowveuli iyo arsebuli

moTxovniT specifikur muSaxelze. am procesebSi kaxeTis regioni naklebad

iyo CarTuli, magram qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma socialur-ekonomikurma

procesebma daaCqara regionis CarTva saerTaSoriso migraciul procesebSi.

is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelom emigraciis mimarTuleba Seicvala,

miuTiTebs ara marto imaze, rom evropisa da amerikis qveynebisken emigracia

gamowveulia ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris ganwvavebuli politikuri viTarebiT

da ruseTis SromiTi bazris ,,daketviT”, aramed imiTac, rom saqarTvelo

aqtiurad CaerTo msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi, ras mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs migraciuli procesebis zrdas da ganviTarebas.

120

daskvna

mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia Tavisi masStabiT, qveynis ganviTarebaze

zegavleniT, mravalmxrivi socialuri SedegiT da marTvis sirTuliT

warmoadgens Tanamedrove saqarTvelos umwvaves socialur-ekonomikur

problemas.

Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda kaxeTis regionis magaliTze

Segveswavla da aRgvewera arsebuli mdgomareoba qalTa SromiT

emigraciasTan dakavSirebiT, im arsebiTi momentebis gamoyofa, romlebic

mniSvnelovan rols asruleben kaxeTidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis

stimulirebis procesSi. radgan saqarTveloSi da kerZod, kaxeTis regionSi

msgavsi miznebis mqone kvleva dRemde ar Catarebula, winamdebare kvleva

warmoadgens qalTa migraciis Seswavlis pirvel mcdelobas Cvens qveyanaSi.

Kkvleva Catarebulia rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisobrivi meTodebis

gamoyenebiT. Catarebuli kvleva gvTavazobs mniSvnelovan mignebebs

kaxeTidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis xasiaTisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic ubiZgeben qalebs sazRvargareT wasvlas.

statistikuri, dokumenturi masalebis analizisa da sazogadoebrivi

azris gamokiTxviT SevecadeT dagvedgina axalgazrda qalTa migraciuli

tendenciebis masStabebi da maTi ganmapirobebeli mizezebi, dabrunebuli da

potenciuri migrantebis ZiriTadi parametrebi da kulturul da sulier

RirebulebaTa zemoqmedeba migraciul tendenciebze.

radgan me ar mqonda saSualeba davyrdnobodi saqarTveloSi da kerZod

kaxeTis regionSi qalTa SromiTi emigraciis ukve arsebul monacemebs,

warmodgenili Sroma garkveulwilad aRweriT xasiaTs atarebs. Mmiuxedavad

amisa, Segrovilia mniSvnelovani masala, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs

ukeT CavwvdeT qalTa SromiTi emigraciis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalebs.

kaxeTis regionSi, qalTa SromiTi migraciis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli

gamokvlevis ZiriTad SedegTa ganzogadeba Semdegnairad SeiZleba

Camoyalibdes:

Cven sakvlev arealSi, sabWoTa periodSi ar SeiniSneboda qarTvel

qalTa SromiTi migraciuli aqtiuroba. vfiqrobT, sxva regionebisagan

gansxvavebiT, axal pirobebs aq Camouyalibebeli formebis gareSe daxvdnen,

121

da qalTa migraciis intensiuri mateba ergvarad arabunebrivi naxtomis

saxiT gamovlinda.

saqarTveloSi 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarebuli socialur_

ekonomikuriPkrizisis Sedegad arnaxuli intensiurobiT ganviTarda

mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia. Sromis Siga bazarze samuSao Zalis

moTxovnisa da fasis myisieri Semcireba, umuSevrobis ganviTareba,

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis katastrofuli dacema, ukiduresi siRaribis

zrda da fizikuri gadarCenis sxva gzebis uperspeqtivoba SromiT migranti

qalebis sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis mTavari motivi gaxda, rac maTi

ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis arsebiTi gaumjobesebis aucileblobiT

iyo nakarnaxevi.

ZiriTadad qalebi sazRvargareT midian kaxeTSi arsebuli mZime

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da misi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobis gamo.

qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis gadawyvetilebas

iRebs umTavres im mizeziT, rom ojaxs daexmaros da cxovrebis

normaluri pirobebi Seuqmnas ojaxis wevrebs. Tumca SegviZlia vivaraudoT,

rom sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba SefardebiTi deprivaciis gavlenac

emigraciaSi wasvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

kaxeTidan qalTa emigraciis maRali done ar aixsneba mxolod kaxeTSi

arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs kaxeTis emigraciuli qselebis mier SemoTavazebuli resursebi,

romlebic iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac mosaxleobas naklebad miuwvdeba xeli

formalur sabanko momsaxurebaze da emigraciaTan dakavSirebul

informaciaze, saSualebas aZleven kaxeTis macxovrebel qalebs Seamciron

emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ufro usafrTxo da mimzidveli

gaxadon emigraciis procesi.

kaxeTis regionis zogierT qalze emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, is faqti, rom maTi megobrebi,

naTesavebi imyofebian sazRvargareT da iqidan gaweuli daxmarebis

saSualebiT maTi ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad

gaumjobesda. savaraudoa, rom am SemTxvevaSic emigracia gamowveulia

SefardebiTi deprivaciiT.

122

kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa migraciis sxa mizezebic, romlebic

qalebis subieqtur motivebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ra Tqma unda qalebi aseT

motivebze gaxsnilad ar saubroben.

Cveni kvleviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kaxeTis regionidan qalTa

SromiTi migraciis formebis dadgena da calkeuli formis efeqtianobis

Sefaseba. gamovlenilia emigrantebis mimRebi qveynebi, maTi dasaqmebis

sferoebi, aRwerilia dabrunebuli emigrantebis sazRvargareT yofnis

gamocdileba, potenciuri emigrantebis samomavlo perspeqtivebi.

naSromSi Camoyalibebulia im gzebis ,,tipologia”, romelTa

meSveobiTac xdeba qalebis sazRvargareT gamgzavreba. kvlevis SedegebiT

dadginda, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiT migrantebs sazRvargareT

wasvlaSi exmarebian naTesavebi da megobar-nacnobebi, aseve didia wili

Suamavlebis daxmarebisa, xolo yvelaze mcirea studentTa gacvliTi

programebiT migracia.

migraciisas yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi organizaciuli

formebi, rogorebicaa naTesavebisa da nacnob-megobrebis daxmareba da

`bedis anabarad” wasvla.

Cveni gamokvleviT qalebSi migraciisaTvis saWiro procedurebis

legaluroba ufro misaRebia, vidre-aralegaluri gzebi, Tumca rogorc

kvlevam aCvena kaxeTis regionSi qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT

gamgzavrebis araralegalur saSualebebs mimarTavs, rac aixsneba samuSao

vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebiT da saqarTvelosa da mimReb

qveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis eqsportis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis

ararsebobiT.

Kkvlevis Sedegad dadginda emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi.

miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom ojaxuri pirobebi, rogorc

xelisSemSleli faqtori sakmaod aqtualuria rogorc Sida, aseve gare

migraciis dros, rac adasturebs qalis saojaxo rolTan dakavSirebuli

kulturuli normebis simyares regionSi.

gamokvlevis erT-erT mTavar mizans SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebis, recipienti qveynebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda.

gamokvleviT gamovlinda oTxi ZiriTadi qveyana, saiTac meti

123

intensivobiTaa mimarTuli ZiriTadi migraciuli nakadebi: aSS, italia,

saberZneTi, ruseTi. Tu 1990-iani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis pirveli

wlebidan gansakuTrebiT didi iyo ruseTis mimarTulebiT SromiTi

migraciis intensiuroba. bolo wlebSi ruseTis wili saqarTvelos SromiT

migrantTa nakadSi TandaTan mcirdeba. amis erT-erTi mtavari mizezi

ruseTis mier saqarTvelosTan mimosvlis e.w. savizo reJimis SemoReba da

garTulebuli politikuri urTerTobaa. amas adasturebs gamokvleviT

miRebuli Sedegic. amJamad emigraciis qveynebis areali ufro metad

gafarTovda da moicva evropisa da amerikis qveynebi.

Cveni gamokvleviT emigrantebis didi nawili arcTu moklevadian

emigraciaSi imyofeboda, emigraciis xangrZlivobis saSualo mniSvneloba

yvela dabrunebuli emigrantisTvis sami welia. dabrunebuli emigrantebis

TiTqmis naxevari sazRvargareT sami da meti weli muSaobda. Cvens mier

gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba iZulebiTaa dabrunebuli da dabrunebis

umTavresi mizezi (TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi)

nostalgiaa, qalebi veRar uZleben ojaxTan da SvilebTan daSorebas.

is, rom SromiT migrantTa nakadSi qalebi umetesobas warmoadgenen, amis

erT-erTi mizezia saerTaSoriso Sromis bazrebze qalTa samuSao Zalaze

moTxovnis specifika.

gamokvleviT dadasturda, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalebis SromiTi

migraciis arsebiTi niSania maRali ganaTlebis done. maRali ganaTlebisa

da profesiuli kvalifikaciis mqone kontingentis qveynidan gasvla

mniSvnelovnad aqveiTebs saqarTvelos SromiT potencials.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri

TvalsazrisiT migranti qalebis dasaqmeba sazRvargareT maTi kvalifikaciis

Seusabamoa, SesaZloa amaSi erT-erT rols enis arcodnac warmoadgens.

gamokvleviT miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebis umravlesoba

dabalkvalificirebul Sromas irCevs. magram es xdeba ara imitom, rom maT

am Sromaze aqvT moTxovnileba, aramed mimRebi qveynebis Sromis bazris

organizebis gamo. mimReb qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi postsabWoTa qveynebidan

migrirebulebisaTvis mxolod momsaxurebis sferoSi moiZebneba samuSao. Tan

es Sroma bevrad dabalanazRaurebadia CasulebisTvis, vidre

124

adgilobrivebisTvis. amis mizezi ki aris migraciis aralegaluroba, rac

samuSaos mimcems saSualebas aZlevs gadaixados ara Sromis realuri

safasuri, aramed bevrad mcire.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri TvalsazrisiT

sazRvargareT SromiTi migranti qalebis dasaqmeba ukiduresad

diskriminaciulia. xdeba maTi SromiTi potencialis daqveiTeba, adamianuri

kapitalis devalvacia.

Tumca sxva faqtorebTan erTad profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Seusabamo

dasaqmeba ar aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migrantTa axal SromiT

garemosadmi Seguebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa. SromiTi migranti qalebi

Znelad eguebian maTTvis ucxo kulturul garemos, amitom SromiTi

migraciis regulirebis erT-erTi umTavresi amocana sazRvargareT

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis Tavisi profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamisi

dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, maTi SromiTi potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia,

profesiul-SromiTi integraciis procesis mowesrigeba da adaptaciis

daCqarebaa.

gamokvleviT dadginda, rom sazRvargareT dasaqmebiT radikalurad

izrdeba SromiT migrantTa Semosavlebi. igi mkveTrad diferencirebulia da

zogadad, recipienti qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da cxovrebis

pirobebis proporciulia. SromiTi migrantis saSualo Semosavali 755 aSS

dolaria. didi gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi dasaqmebiT miRebul

Semosavlebs Soris qmnis did migraciul potencials. ara marto dasavleT

evropisa da aSS-ken.

dadginda, rom fuladi gzavnilebis saSualo sidide pirdapirpro-

porciulia ucxoeTSi SromiT migrantTa Semosavlebisa. qalebi axerxe-

ben, saSualod, ojaxSi gamogzavnon TavianTi Semosavlis mexuTedi.

migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTisa da diskriminaciuli anazRaurebis

gamo, evropasa da aSS-Si myofi SromiTi migrantebis kavSiri ojaxebTan

sustia da upiratesad satelefono saubrebiT xorcieldeba, mimosvla ki

iSviaTia da regularul xasiaTs ar atarebs.

kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili iqna, Tu konkretulad raze ixarjeba

sazRvargareTidan gamogzavnili fuladi daxmareba. rogorc kvlevam aCvena

125

kaxeTis regionidan emigrirebuli qalebis fuladi daxmarebebi uaRresad

mniSvnelovania bevri ojaxis cxovrebaSi. daxmarebis sakmaod didi nawili

ixarjeba pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, anu

,,araproduqtiul moxmarebaze”, rac gamowveulia mosaxleobis cxovrebis

dabali doniT, Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom regionSi sainvesticio

SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia sameurneo saqmianobaSi

investireba.

dabrunebul emigrantebTan siRrmiseuli interviuebis analizi

gviCvenebs, rom dabrunebis umTavresi pirobebi ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa.

SromiTi migrantebis samSobloSi samuSaod gadmosvla mxolod garkveuli

winapirobebis Sesrulebis Semdgom moxdeba. saqarTveloSi mZime ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis gamo, emigranti qalebis ukan dabrunebis potenciali

jerjerobiT sustia, SromiTi migracia myaria da axlo momavalSi misi

intensiurobis klebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ar unda velodoT.

amrigad, rogorc faqtobrivi, iseve potenciuri SromiTi migracia

saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa da es iZuleba

dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi arsebul mZime ekonomikur pirobebTan, dasaqmebis

problemebTan da cxovrebis donis gauaresebasTan. socialur-ekonomikur

faqtorebTan erTad saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri situacia,

mosaxleobis did nawils ganawyobs qveynidan droebiT wasvlaze, magram

aseTi viTarebis xangrZlivad SenarCunebis pirobebSi sul ufro gaizrdeba

saqarTvelodan samudamod wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi.

kaxeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva regionSi, migraciulma

procesebma ganapiroba mdedrobiTi sqesis mosaxleobis demografiuli

struqturis deformacia. ris gamoc mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis

maCveneblebi gauaresda.

gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom SromiT migraciaSi monawileobs qalebis

TiTqmis yvela socialur-demografiuli jgufi; Tumca kontigenti

gamoirCeva axalgazrda qalTa prioritetiT. SromiT migrantTa umravlesoba

daojaxebulia.

sazRvargareT emigraciaSi wasuli qalebi xSirad qmnian ojaxebs da

samudamod mkvidrdebian ucxo qveyanaSi. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom daojaxebul

126

qalTa ukan dabrunebis potenciali gacilebiT maRalia, rac Seexeba

dauqorwinebel SromiT migrantebs, aq qalTa ucxoeTSi darCenis albaToba,

respondentTa pasuxebis mixedviT, metia.

Tumca pasuxebi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom daojaxebul qalTa nawilsac

surs ucxoeTSi samudamod darCena. es ki gavZlevs imis varaudis

saSualebas, rom migraciul ganwyobas qalebSi ganapirobebs ara mxolod

obieqturi pirobebi (siRaribe, umuSevroba da a. S.) aramed subieqturi

faqtorebic, ojaxuri konfliqtebi, saojaxo cxovrebiT an urTierTobebiT

(col-qmars, rZal-dedamTilsa da sxva) ukmayofileba. aqedan gamomdinare

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalebi saguldagulod malaven migraciis subieqtur

motivebs da rom es sakiTxi seriozul, siRrmiseul kvlevas saWiroebs.

1990-iani wlebis sayovelTao krizisamde saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi

azrisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo qalTa SromiTi migracia. amJamad ki

ekonomikurma siduxWirem qalTa mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula, raTa

gamosavali qveynis gareT dasaqmebaSi eZebnaT qarTveli qalis gasvla

saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebaa da winaaRmdegobaSia

qalis mTavar generaciul funqciasTan, axali Taobis aRzrdasa da

kvlavwarmoebasTan. Sesabamisad, rodesac vafasebT SromiTi migraciis

feminizacias, dadebiTi, qalis emansipaciis kuTxiT, misi meore, uaryofiTi

mxarec ar unda dagvaviwydes.

migraciis feminizacias dasavleTSi miiCneven SromiTi migraciis

ganviTarebis axal etapad da Tvlian genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis

erT-erT progresul niSnad, magram Cvenma gamokvlevam daafiqsira am

movlenis Sedegad saukuneobrivad formirebul WeSmarit faseulobaTa

arabunebrivi ngrevis procesi, amitom amJamindeli formiT

ganxorcielebuli saqarTvelos SromiTi migraciis feminizacia, qarTveli

qalis gasvla saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebiTaa

nakarnaxevi da demografiulad ‘momakvdav qveyanaSi” progresul movlenad

ar SeiZleba miviCnioT.

127

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instituti, mosaxleobis kvlevis erovnuli centri., Tbilisi 1997.

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135

danarTi 1

a n k e t a

gamcxrilavi SekiTxva

A1. gaqvT Tu ara (e)migraciaSi wasvlis survili ...

respondents: Tu Tqven ar gaqvT migraciaSi wasvlis survili arc qveynis SigniT da arc qveynis gareT, SewyviteT anketis Sevseba; Tu Tqven isurvebdiT qveynis SigniT an qveynis gareT migracias, gaagrZeleT anketis Sevseba.

maqvs ar maqvs

miWirs pasuxis gacema

uari pasuxze

A1.1.

qveynis SigniT (Sida migracia)?

1 2 88 99

A1.2.

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT?

1 2 88 99

A2. yofilxarT Tu ara odesme (e)migraciaSi?respondents: aq igulisxmeba qveynis SigniT, an qveynis gareT wasvla, romelic ar ukavSirdeboda turistul miznebs)

1. diax, vyofilvar qveynis SigniT2. diax, vyofilvar qveynis gareT3. ar vyofilvar99. uari pasuxze

SekiTxvebi ## A3, A4 exeba mas, vinc namyofia emigraciaSi qveynis gareT

A3. sad yofilxarT emigraciaSi qveynis gareT?

(CawereT) ------------------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze

A4. ra periodiT yofilxarT emigraciaSi qveynis gareT?

(CawereT wlebis da Tveebis miTiTebiT) --------------------------------------------------

SekiTxvebi ## A5, A6 exeba mas, vinc ar yofila emigraciaSi qveynis gareT

A5. yofilxarT Tu ara odesme saqarTvelos farglebs gareT?

1. diax2. ara99. uari pasuxze

136

Tu pasuxia “diax”...

A6. romel ucxo qveyanaSi yofilxarT?

(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze

A7. Tu (e)migraciaSi waxvidodiT (qveynis SigniT, an qveynis gareT), rogor fiqrobT, es ufro metad iqneboda samudamo, xangrZlivi (mravali wliT) Tu SedarebiT xanmokle (maqsimum 3 wlamde) (e)migracia?

samudamo xangrZlivi xanmokle(3 wlamde)

miWirs pasuxis gacema

uari pasuxze

A7.1.

migracia qveynis SigniT

1 2 3 88 99

A7.2.

emigracia qveynis gareT

1 2 3 88 99

A8. qvemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebidan, romelia ZiriTadi faqtori, racganapirobebs Tqvens survils, waxvideT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?(dasaSvebia pasuxis ramdenime varianti TiToeulisTvis)

A8. 1. qveynis SigniT migracia

A8. 2. qveynis gareT emigracia

Cemi (Cemi ojaxis) ekonomikuri gaWirveba 1 1Ddausaqmebloba 2 2Tavisuflad cxovrebis survili 3 3sxva adgilas (qveyanaSi/regionSi) cxovrebis survili

4 4

kvalificiuri ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba 5 5Qorwineba 6 6(e)migraciaSi myof ojaxis wevrebTan/naTesavebTan yofna

7 7

sakuTari cxovrebis komfortulad mowyoba 8 8biznes saqmianoba 9 9usafrTxoebis survili 10 10sxva (CawereT) -----------------------------

miWirs pasuxis gacema 88 88uari pasuxze 99 99

137

A9. ramdenad eTanxmebian Tqveni ojaxis wevrebi Tqvens ganzraxvas, waxvideT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?

savsebiT eTanxmebian

ufro eTanxmebian, vidre ara

ufro ar eTanxmebian, vidre ki

sruliad ar

eTanxmebian

uari pasuxze

A9. 1. qveynis SigniT (Sida) migracia

1 2 3 4 99

A9.2.

qveynis gareT emigracia

1 2 3 4 99

A10. gqoniaT Tu ara mcdeloba, wasuliyaviT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?

mqonia ar mqonia

uari pasuxze

A10. 1. qveynis SigniT (Sida migracia) 1 2 99

A10. 2. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT 1 2 99

SekiTxva # A11 exeba mas, visac hqonia (e)migraciaSi (Sida an gare) wasvlis mcdeloba

A11. ram SegiSalaT xeli, wasuliyaviT migraciaSi?

A11. 1. qveynis SigniT migracia

A11. 2. qveynis gareT emigracia

sakonsulom ar momca viza qveyanaSi Sesasvlelad 1 1ver Sevagrove saTanado dokumentacia 2 2xeli SemiSala ojaxurma pirobebma 3 3sxva (CawereT) -----------------------------

miWirs pasuxis gacema 88 88uari pasuxze 99 99

SekiTxvebi ## A12, A13 exeba maT, visac surs qveynis gareT emigraciaSi wasvla

A12. Tu gaqvT qveynis gareT emigraciis survili, ufro metad sad isurvebdiT wasvlas?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)

1. ruseTSi2. dsT-s sxva qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)3. evropis romelime qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)4. aziis romelime qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)5. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSisxva qveyanaSi (CawereT) ----------------------------------------

138

88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

A13. arsebobs ucxo qveyanaSi emigraciis ramdenime forma, romlebic qvemoTaa CamoTvlili. gTxovT gvipasuxoT, am formaTagan romelia TqvenTvis yvelaze realuri arCevani, romeli _ met-naklebad realuri da romeli _ ararealuri?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)

yvelaze realuri

met-naklebad realuri

ararealuri miWirs pasuxis gacema

A13.1. SromiTi emigracia 1 2 3 88

A13.2. emigracia ganaTlebis misaRebad

1 2 3 88

A13.3. politikuri emigracia (politikuri TavSesafaris miReba)

1 2 3 88

A13.4. biznes emigracia (sakuTari biznesis warmoeba sazRvargareT)

1 2 3 88

A13.5. emigracia sasurvel qveyanaSi cxovrebis (moqalaqeobis) gamo

1 2 3 88

SekiTxvebi ## A14, A15 exeba mas, visTvisac SromiTi emigracia yvelaze realuri, an met-naklebad realuri arCevania

A14. qvemoT CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva SromiTi saqmianoba, romlebsac ucxo qveyanebSi emigrirebul qarTvelTa didi nawili mimarTavs. gTxovT, saqmianobis TiToeul formasTan dakavSirebiT mipasuxoT, romeli maTganis Sesrulebaa TqvenTvis yvelaze xelsayreli, ufro xelsayreli, ufro araxelsayreli da yvelaze araxelsayreli?

yvelaze xelsayre

li

ufro xelsayre

li

ufro araxelsayre

li

yvelaze araxelsayre

li

miWirs pasuxi

s gacema

A14.1.

bavSvis movla 1 2 3 4 88

A14.2.

avadmyofis/moxucis movla

1 2 3 4 88

A14.3.

saxlis/maRaziis da a.S. dalageba

1 2 3 4 88

A14.4.

mimtanoba/mzareuloba

1 2 3 4 88

A14.5.

mSenebloba/remonti

1 2 3 4 88

A14.6.

fabrika/qarxana

139

A15. kidev ra tipis Sroma iqneboda TqvenTvis yvelaze (an ufro) xelsayreli?

(CawereT) ------------------------------------------------------------88. miWirs pasuxis gacema

A16. gyavT Tu ara vinme im qveyanaSi, sadac gsurT emigrciaSi wasvla?

1. diax, myavs ojaxis wevri (wevrebi)2. diax, myavs naTesavi (naTesavebi)3. diax, myavs megobari (megobrebi) 4. diax, myavs nacnobi (nacnobebi)5. aravin ar myavs88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

A17. SesaZlebloba rom gqondeT, gadaixdidiT Tu ara araoficialurad Tanxas imisaTvis, rom TqvenTvis sasurvel qveyanaSi wasvlis viza miiRoT?

1. gadavixdidi2. ar gadavixdidi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

A18. xarT Tu ara Tanaxma, rom aralegalurad icxovroT ucxo qveyanaSi?

1. savsebiT Tanaxma var2. ufro Tanaxma var, vidre ara3. ufro ara var Tanaxma, vidre ki4. sruliad ara var Tanaxma88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

A19. isurvebdiT Tu ara ucxoelTan ojaxis Seqmnas?

1. diax, visurvebdi2. ara, ar visurvebdi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

SekiTxvebi ## A20, A21 exeba mas, visac surs qveynis SigniT migraciaSi wasvla (Sida migracia)

A20. Tu gaqvT qveynis SigniT migraciis ganzraxva, sad isurvebdiT wasvlas?

1. Cemi regionis (sxva) qalaqSi2. Cemi regionis (sxva) sofelSi3. sxva regionis qalaqSi4. sxva regionis sofelSi5. dedaqalaqSi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

140

A21. gyavT Tu ara vinme saqarTvelos im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac gsurT imigrireba?

1. diax, myavs ojaxis wevri (wevrebi)2. diax, myavs naTesavi (naTesavebi)3. diax, myavs megobari (megobrebi) 4. diax, myavs nacnobi (nacnobebi)5. aravin ar myavs88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze

A22. geqnebaT Tu ara saqarTvelos im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac gsurT gadasvla...

meqneba ar meqneba ar damWirdeba miWirs pasuxis gacema

A22. 1. sakuTari saxli/bina 1 2 3 88A22. 2.

sakuTari sakarmidamo nakveTi (saojaxo meurneoba)

1 2 3 88

A22. 3.

samsaxuri 1 2 3 88

A22. 4.

sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiuri CarTvis SesaZlebloba

1 2 3 88

A23. rogor ggoniaT, qvemoT CamoTvlili gamonaTqvamebidan romeli metad Seesatyviseba Tqvens amJamindel mdgomareobas? (dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)

1. yvelaferi kargad midis2. yvelaferi ise kargad ar midis rogorc visurvebdi, magram siZneleebis gadalaxvas/daZlevas vaxerxeb3. cxovreba Zalian gaZnelebulia, magram kidev SeiZleba moTmena4. amgvari mdgomareobis gaZleba ukve SeuZlebelia88. miWirs pasuxis gacema 99. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas

A24. Cveulebriv, ras ganicdiT pirvel rigSi, rodesac momavalze fiqrobT? (dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)

1. optimizms, momavlis rwmenas2. imedsH3. simSvides, magram gansakuTrebuli imedebis gareSe4. imedgacruebas5. SfoTvas, safrTxes6. SiSs, sasowarkveTas7. arafers ar ganvicdi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema 99. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas

141

A25. daasaxeleT, am etapze, TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani erTi problema, romlis gadaWrasac ver axerxebT

(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88. uari pasuxze99. miWirs pasuxis gacema

A26. romelia mniSvnelobiT meore problema?

(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88. uari pasuxze99. miWirs pasuxis gacema

A27. pirvel rigSi, ras ukavSirebT imedebs Tqveni mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan mimarTebaSi?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTze meti varianti)

1. saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis saqmianobas2. adgilobrivi, kerZod. regionis xelisuflebis saqmianobas3. adgilobivi, kerZod, qalaqis/raionis/soflis xelisuflebis saqmianobas4. opoziciuri politikuri partiebis saqmianobas5. qveyanaSi xelisuflebis radikalur Secvlas yvela doneze6. msxvili biznesmenebis, mewarmeebis qmedebebs10. sawarmoebis, organizaciebis muSaobas, sadac Tqven msaxurobT11. ojaxis wevrebis/naTesavebis daxmarebas12. megobrebis daxmarebas13. emigraciaSi wasvlas14. eklesiis, RvTis Sewevnas15. daxmarebas sazRvargareTidan (investiciebi, fuladi gzavnilebi da sxv.)16. sakuTar unar-SesaZleblobebsa da Sromas17. sxva (CawereT) ----------------------------------------------------------------77. CamoTvlilTagan arcerTs88. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas99. miWirs pasuxis gacema

D. demografiuli bloki

D1. respondentis sqesi1. mamrobiTi

2. mdedrobiTi

D2. ramdeni weli SegisruldaT?

(CawereT) ---------------------------------

D3. rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri mdgomareoba?

1. var daojaxebuli2. var gayrili3. var qvrivi4. myavs Svili (Svilebi) qorwinebis

gareSe5. var dauojaxebeli6. sxva (CawereT)99. uari pasuxze

D4. ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli?1. saerTod ar mivlia skolaSi2. dawyebiTi (4 klasis CaTvliT)3. dausrulebeli saSualo (8

klasis CaTvliT)4. saSualo (10-11 klasi)5. saSualo teqnikuri6. arasruli umaRlesi

7. umaRlesi

D5. ra aria Tqveni profesia? D6. ramdeni wevrisagan Sedgeba

142

CawereT) _________________________-Tqveni ojaxi?

(CawereT) ------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze

D7. rogoria Tqveni ojaxis materialurimdgomareoba?

1. Zalian dabali; Semosavali kvebazedac ar gvyofnis

2. dabali; Semosavali kvebaze da Casacmelze Zlivs gvyofnis

3. saSualo; ojaxis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas vaxerxebT

4. maRali; SegviZlia garTobisa da dasvenebis xarjebsac gavwvdeT

5. Zalian maRali

D8. ra aris Tqveni ZiriTadi saqmianoba? (interviuers: dasaSvebia erTi pasuxi)

1. vmuSaob rogorc daqiravebuli (kontraqtiT) xangrZlivi vadiT2. periodulad vmuSaob moklevadiani kontraqtebiT (erT welze naklebi), erTjeradi

SromiTi SeTanxmebiT, vmuSaob droebiT3. var mewarme, romelsac hyavs daqiravebuli muSebi (fermerebis CaTvliT)4. dakavebuli var individualuri SromiTi saqmianobiT (mcire mesakuTreebi qalaqSi,

ojaxuri ijara da a.S.)5. vmuSaob saojaxo sasoflo meurneobaSi (glexuri meurneobebi, romlebic ar

iyeneben daqiravebul muSebs)6. saswrafo samsaxuris samxedro mosamsaxure (rigiTi da serJantTa Semadgenlobebi)

armiaSi da sxv.7. vswavlob kolejSi8. vswavlob umaRles saswavlebelSi9. var asakobrivi/invalidobis pensioneri10. vuZRvebi saojaxo meurneobas (dekretul SvebulebaSi an bavSvis movlis

SvebulebaSi myof pirTa CaTvliT)11. var droebiT umuSevari/umuSevari

sxva (CawereT) ------------------------------------

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema

143

danarTi 2

danarTi 2

1) sadiskusio gegma

saqarTveloSi dabrunebul emigrantebTan intervius Casatareblad

misalmeba, kvlevis miznebis gacnoba

emigraciis mokle biografia: asaki ganaTleba ojaxuri mdgomareoba,

dasaqmeba.

_ rodis wavida sazRvargareT pirvelad, romel qveyanaSi/ qalaqSi

(migraciis istoria)

_ra iyo ia ZiriTadi mizezi/mizezebi, ris gamoc gadawyviteT sazRargareT

wasvla? Tu gaixsenebT rogor miiReT es gadawyvetileba? ra ra motivebi, ra

saubrebi gaxsendebaT am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi? Tu ki_vin? (ojaxis

wevrebi, megobrebi, Tu sxva emigrantebi) Tu am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi

mTeli ojaxi iyo CarTuli, visi azri aRmoCnda gadamwyveti, da ratom?

_ra argumentebi gqondaT wasvlis mxardamWeri?

_ra argumentebi gqondaT wasvlis sawinaaRmdego?

_ra iyo emiugraciis ZiriTadi mizani? (ojaxis daxmareba, axali qveynis

naxva, ganaTlebis miReba, enis Seswavla)

_ram ganapiroba saemigracio qveynis arCevani?

_nacnobebi, naTesavebi, megobrebi Tu dagexmarnen? Tu ki-vin?

_ramdernad mniSvnelovani iyo is daxmareba, rac maT aRmouCines?

Konkretulad ra saxis daxmareba iyo?

_Tu misi wasvla ama Tu im qveyanaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am daxmarebiT,

sazRvargareT rom ar yofiliyvnen ukve wasuli naTesavebi, megobrebi, an

nacnobebi, wavidoda Tu ara emigraciaSi? Tu ki _ratom?

migraciis forma_marSruti

_rogor waxvediT? (samgzavro Tanxa, vizis tipi, emigraciis marSruti)

_vizis gaketebasTan dakavSirebiT gqondaT Tu ara raime problema?

_ra Tanxa dagWirdaT gasamgzavreblad?

144

_rogori iyo samgzavro Tanxis warmomavloba? (Tu es vali iyo ra saxis?)

_qveynis SerCeva Tu iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu romel qveynis vizis

,,gakeTeba” ufro iafi jdeboda?

_sazRvargareT Tu dagxvdaT vinme nacnobi, megobari an naTesavi? Tu ki_vin?

_ucxo qveyanaSi raime daxmareba xom ar aRmogiCines? (bina, samsaxuri)

_rogori iyo es daxmareba?

_vin dagexmaraT?

_ramdenad xangrZlivi iyo es daxmareba?

_iyvnen Tu ara im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac Tqven cxovrobdiT, sxva

qarTveli emigrantebi?

_adreve icnobdiT maT Tu iq gaicaniT?

_ra urTierTobebi gqondaT iqaur qarTvelebTan, kaxeTidan

emigrirebulebTan?

_rac wasuli iyaviT, daexmareT Tu ara romelime Tqvens ojaxis wevrs

naTesavs, an megobars sazRvargareT wasvlaSi?

Tu ki_vis?

_rogor da ra daxmareba aRmouCineT? (Tu daxmareba scada, magram ar

gamouvida ratom? Mizezebi?)

_visi iniciativiT moxda es?

_ramdenad xSirad ukavSirdebodiT ojaxs? Rogor ukavSirdebodiT?

_axerxebdiT Tu ara ojaxis daxmarebas? Ra saxis daxmareba iyo es?

(yovelTviuri met-naklebad stabiluri Tanxa, nivTieri, investicia)?

_raSi da rogor ixarjeboda es daxmareba?

_iyo Tu ara periodi, rodesac ver axerxebdiT verafris gamogzavnas? Ra

SemTxvevaSi xdeboda es?

_Tqveni SefasebiT, sazRvargareT yofnis periodSi, ra iyo am gamocdilebis

yvelaze ufro dadebiTi mxareebi?

_ra iyo yvelaze ufro uaryofiTi mxareebi?

_Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tqveni gamocdilebis rogorc uaryofiT, aseve

145

dadebiT mxareebs, Tqveni azriT, romeli ,,gadawoni”, ra ufro meti iyo am

gamocdilebaSi?: dadebiTi mxare Tu uaryofiTi mxare? ratom?

_exla rom iRebdeT gadawyvetilebas sazRvargareT wasvlis Sesaxeb, mas

Semdeg rac ukve gaqvT sazRvargareT cxovrebisa da musaobis gamocdileba,

rogor gadawyvetilebas miiRebdiT?

_rogor fiqrobT, saboloo jamSi, Tqveni sazRvargareT wasvla da muSaoba,

piradad TqvenTvis dadebiTi gamocdileba iyo Tu uaryofiTi? ratom?

_rogor fiqrobT Tqveni sazRvargareT yofna rom ara, rogor materialur

mdgomareobaSi iqneboda Tqveni ojaxi im drois manZilze rac wasuli

iyaviT?

_rodis dabrundiT?

_ratom dabrundiT?

_mas Semdeg rac dabrundiT xom ar nanobT? Ratom?

_ras saqmianobT dabrunebis Semdeg?

_kidev xom ar fiqrobT sazRvargareT wasvlaze?

_saSualeba rom gqondeT, kidev waxvidodiT Tu ara? ratom? Tu ki-isev im

qveyanaSi, Tu sadme sxvagan? ratom?

_Tqveni nacnobebidan (kaxeTis regionidan) ramdeni qalia wasuli

saazRvargareT?

_romel qveyanaSi arian isini?

_ra asakis?

146

2) sadiskusio gegma

potenciuri emigrantebi

misalmeba, kvlevis miznebis gacnoba

(potenciuri emigranti)

_asaki, ganaTleba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, saqmianoba

(dasaqmebis istoria, muSaobda/ar muSaobda, Semosavali)

_sad daibadeT?

_xarT Tu ara saqarTvelos farglebs gareT? Tu ki- saqarTvelos farglebs

gareT cxovrebis ramdenad xangrZlivi da mniSvnelovani gamocdileba gaqvT?

_ra aris is ZiriTadi mizezebi ris gamoc Tqven gaqvT survili rom

waxvideT sazRvargareT?

_ZiriTadi mizani risTvisac gindaT wasvla. (ojaxisdaxmareba, axali

qveynaSi cxovreba, swavla).

_ramdeni xania rac gadawyvetili gaqvT, rom sazRvargareT waxvideT?

_rogor miiReT gadawyvetileba sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb? (es

gadawyvetileba damoukideblad miiReT, Tu mTelma ojaxma gadawyvita?)

_ ra argumentebi iyo wasvlis mxardamWeri?

_ra argumentebi iyo wasvlis sawinaaRmdego?

_Tu am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mTeli ojaxi iyo CarTuli, visi azri

aRmoCnda gadamwyveti da ratom?

_romel qveyanaze SeCerda Tqveni arCevani?ratom? rogor moxda am qveynis

SerCeva?

_sxva ra qveynebs ganixilavdiT?

_ram ganapiroba, rom sabolood maincdamainc am qveyanaSi gadawyviteT

wasvla? (am arCevanze xom ar imoqmeda im qveyanaSi nacnobebis, megobrebis,

naTesavebis yofnam?)

_romel dasaxlebul punqtSi miemgzavrebiT? ratom/rogor moxda

konkretulad am dasaxlebuli punqtis SerCeva?

_rodis gegmavT gamgzavrebas?

_ukve Tu scadeT gamgzavreba, magram ver moaxerxeT? ra mizeziT ver

moaxerxeT?

147

_gexmarebaT Tu ara vinme gamgzavrebaSi? Tu ki_vin?

_konkretulad rogor gexmarebian? ramdenad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis es

daxmareba?

_moaxerxebdiT Tu ara sazRvargareT wasvlas es daxmareba rom ar iyos?

_sazRvargareT rom ar yofiliyvnen Tqveni axloblebi/megobrebi wasulebi,

moaxerxebdiT Tu ara wasvlas Tu gagiWirdebodaT? Tu ki/ara_ratom?

gasamgzavrebeli viza

_ukve scadeT Tu ara vizis miReba? ramdenjer?

_vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT Tu gqondaT rame problema? ra saxis

problema iyo? vin dagexmaraT am problemebis mogvarebaSi?

_qveynis SerCeva Tu iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli qveynis vizis

,,gakeTeba” ufro iafi jdeboda?

_ra Tanxaa saWiro gasamgzavreblad? samgzavrod saWiro Tanxis

warmomavloba? (vali?, ra saxis? ramden xanSi gegmavT am valis dabrunebas?)

_sazRvargareT dagxvdebaT Tu ara vinme nacnobi/megobari/naTesavi? Tu

ki_vin?

_rogor fiqrobT, dagexmarebian Tu ara isini binis/samsaxuris povnaSi? vin

dagexmarebaT? kerZod raSi dagexmarebian?

_arian Tu ara im qalaqSi, sadac apirebT wasvlas, qarTveli da kerZod

kaxeTidan Casuli emigrantebi?

_Tu gsmeniaT imis Sesaxeb, rom sazRvargaret wasuli Tqveni regioni, da

konkretlad Tqveni raionis emigrants daxmareba aRmoeCinos Tavisi

axloblisaTvis, megobrisaTvis, ojaxis wevrisaTvis da sxva.

_ra grZnobebi geuflebaT Tqveni emigraciis gadawyvetilebasTan

dakavSirebiT? (imedi, SiSi, dardi...)

_rodesac gamgzavrebaze fiqrobT, yvelaze metad raze dardobT, ra

gafiqrebT?

_da ra gaxarebT gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT?

_Tu SegiZliaT gviTxraT Tqveni raionis nacnobebidan daaxloebiT ramdeni

qalia wasuli sazRvargareT?

148

_romel qveyanaSi arian isini wasulebi?

_ra asakisani arian?

_Tqveni nacnobebidan (Tqvens raionSi) daaxloebiT ramden qals icnobT,

visac gadawyvetili aqvs sazRvargareT wasvla uaxloes perodSi?

_romel qveyanaSi surT wasvla?

_ra asakisani arian?

_zogi axerxebs wasvlas, zogi-vera. isini, vinc ver axerxebs wasvlas, Tqveni

azriT, ZiriTadad ris gamo ver axerxeben? ra aris xelisSemSleli

faqtori?

_rac Seexeba maT, vinc axerxebs wasvlas, Tqveni azriT, ra uwyobT xels maT

amaSi?

_bolo erTi wlis manZilze, ramdeni Tqveni nacnobi qali wavida

sazRvargareT?

_romel qveyanaSi?

_ra asakisani?