grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti

studentTa samecniero konferencia

adamianis uflebebi

EeZRvneba adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 60 wlisTavs

2008

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redaqtorisagan sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis mdgomareobis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxs warmoadgens sakiTxi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis iuridiuli meqanizmebis Sesaxeb. aseTi meqanizmebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia samarTlebrivi saxelm-wifos bunebiT, romelSic demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas emsaxureba adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvis prioriteti da saxelmwifos val-debuleba am uflebebis upirobod dasacavad. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi umaRlesi Rirebulebebia, romelTac didi winaistoria aqvT, maT Sesaxeb jer kidev Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi filosofose-bis, istorikosebisa da iuristebis mosazrebebi da gamonaTqvamebia cnobili, jer kidev maSin es adamianebi amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas monobis usamarTlobasa da adamianTa ucilobel Tanasworobaze. isini gamoyofdnen gansakuTrebul bunebiT kanons, romelsac yvela arseba unda emorCilebodes, radgan es kanoni bunebis sa-wyiss, samarTlianobis safuZvels warmoadgens. adamianis uflebebis dacvisaken mimavali gza iTvlis mraval aswleuls. aRiare-bulia, rom adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb ideis formirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneba qristianobas. am ideebs aRiarebda saRvTo kanonebi, xolo Tu saRvTo kanonebsa da saxelmwifo kanonebs Soris raime dapirispireba SeimCneoda, priori-teti eniWeboda saRvTo kanonebs, Tumca praqtikaSi mas naklebi gamoxatuleba hqonda. magaliTad, feodalizmis epoqaSi kanonis winaSe uTanasworoba batonobda da xelisuflebis TviTneboba dominirebda. pirveli dokumenti, romelic am TviT-nebobis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, aris amboxebuli ingliseli baronebisa da qalaqis mcxovrebTa moTxovniT 1215 wlis 15 ivniss miRebuli dokumenti `Tavisuflebis di-di qartia~. es dokumenti erTmniSvnelovnad zRudavda CinovnikTa TviTnebobas da aRiarebda kanonis `siwmindis~ dacvas. SemdgomSi es ideebi gamoxatulebas pou-loben inglisur `bilsa da uflebaTa deklaraciaSi~ (1689), Semdeg ki `damouki-deblobis deklaraciasa~ (1776) da `uflebaTa bilSi~ (1791); safrangeTis 1789 wlis adamianisa da moqalaqis deklaraciasa da sxva dokumentebSi. yovelivem SemdgomSi ganapiroba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. aseTi TanamSromlobis Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad daiwyo meore msoflio omis dros antihitleruli koaliciis saxelmwifoTa farglebSi, rogorc reaqcia nacisturi germaniis mier adamianTa uflebebis uxeS darRvevebze. 1945 wels miRebul gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi, pirvelad isto-riaSi, dafiqsirda saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis valdebuleba adamianis ufle-baTa sferoSi mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. 1948 wlis 10 dekembers gaeros generalurma asambleam daamtkica da gamoacxada adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, romelic preambulisa da 30 muxli-sagan Sedgeba. aRniSnuli dokumenti aris rezolucia da sarekomendacio xasiaTi-saa. marTalia, igi savaldebulo xasiaTs ar atarebs, magram Tanamedrove periodSi mas saerTaSoriso samarTlis Semadgenel nawilad Tvlian. am dokumentis ratifi-cireba sxva qveynebTan erTad, saqarTvelomac moaxdina. grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebs. `adamianis uflebebis~ Seswavla xdeba sabakalavro saswavlo programiT, xolo `adamianis uflebaTa evropuli samarTali~ samagistro programiT. studentebi yovelwliurad amzadeben naSromebs studentTa miznobrivi samecniero konferenciisaTvis. winamdebare na-SromSi ibeWdeba studentTa mier momzadebuli samecniero Sromebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT mosazrebas samecniero xelmZRvaneli SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes, ma-gram pativs scems studentTa SromebSi moyvanil koncefciebs da bolos, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis dRe – 10 dekemberi aRiarebulia ro-

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gorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso dRe. wels 60 weli sruldeba am dokumentis miRebidan. swored am TariRs eZRvneba winamdebare krebuli. grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis dekani, samarTlis doqtori, sruli profesori – manana mosuliSvili

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zurab miSvelaZe

adamianis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba antikur samyaroSi adamianTa sazogadoebis pirveli forma klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobamde pirveyofili Temuri wyobileba iyo kacobriobis am Soreul warsulSi ar arse-bobda kerZo sakuTreba, ar iyvnen arc eqspluatatorebi da arc eqspulatirebulni. antikur samyarosaTvis ucxo iyo klasebi, saxelmwifo, sajaro xelisufleba da samarTali adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda maTi bunebidan RvTis gangebidan gamomdinare normebiT, maTTvis sruliad ucnobi iyo dawerili samar-Tali romelic gvarovnuli weswyobilebis rRvevisas warmoiSva, rasac mohyva pir-veli monaT mflobeluri saxemwifoebis warmoSoba, Tavisi dawerili samarTliT romelic monaT mflobelebis interesebs gamoxatavda. adamianis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, mis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs Soreul warsulSi zneobrivi normebi da Cveulebebi gansazRvravdnen. Cveuleba anu adaTi, zneoba anu morali antikuri samyaros adamianebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi cnobiere-bis erT-erT formas warmoadgenda. antikuri epoqis xalxTa umravlesoba iseT mmarTvelobaSi cxovrobda, romelTac Tavis principad qveloba (samSoblosadmi siyvaruli) hqondaT. saxemwifoTa cxovreba adamianTa cxovrebas hgavs. adamianebs ufleba aqvT bunebri-vi Tavdacvis SemTxvevaSi moklan sxva. saxemwifoebs ki ufleba aqvT omi awaarmoon sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT. bunebrivi Tavdacvis SemTxvevaSi, me ufleba maqvs sxva movkla imitom, rom Cemi sicocxle me mekuTvnis, iseve rogorc imis si-cocxle vinc Tavs mesxmis mas ekuTvnis. Tavisufleba imis keTebis uflebaa, rac kanoniT dasaSvebia da Tu moqalaqes SeuZlia akeTos is, rasac kanonebi krZalaven, maSin mas aRar eqneba Tavisufleba, radgan igive SesaZlebloba sxvebsac eqnebaT. Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis mier Tavis nebis ganxorcielebaSi, usafrTxoebaSi an kidev usafrTxoebis rwmenaSi . adamianebs sxvadasxva saxis kanonebi ganageben : esenia bunebiTi samarTali, saRv-ToOan religiuri samarTali, kanonikuri samarTali, saerTaSoriso samarTali, sa-moqalaqo da sisxlis samarTali da a.S. adamianebs bevri ram marTavs: es SeiZleba iyos klimati, religia, kanonebi, mmarTvelobis organoebi, warsulis mogonebebi, zneni da Cveulebebi. yovelive amis Sedegad iqmneba xalxis zogadi suliskveTeba yovel erSi, rac ufro moqmedebs erT-erTi am mizezTagani ufro sustdeba danar-Ceni mizezebi magaliTad: egvipteSi batonobs klimati da buneba, Cinelebs Cveule-bebi ganageben, iaponiaSi ki kanonebi mbrZanebloben, xolo Zvel romSi adaTebi. monaTmflobelur saxemwifoebSi adamianTa uuflebo fena mosaxleobis umravle-sobas warmoadgenda, xolo monaTmflobelebi ki sazogadoebis umciresoba iyo. Zv.w 4-3 aTaswleulis mijnaze egvipteSi Zveli kulturis mqone xalxebSi vxvdebiT pir-vel saxemwifoebriv gaerTianebebs anu nomebs, nomis sameurneo ekonomikur Zalas sasoflo Temi warmoadgenda, romlis saTaveSi nomis mmarTveli nomarqi idga. Zve-li welTaRricxvis me 17 saukuneSi Sua samefos dasasruls, egvipteSi moxda didi socialuri revolucia, ramac gamoiwvia sazogadoebis zeda fenis damarcxeba, eg-vipteSi am gadatrialebas mohyva didi sisxlisRvra, keTilSobilni mwuxarebam Seipyro, mdabioni ki sixarulma moicva avazaki simdidris patroni gaxda xolo mdidari mZarcvelad gadaiqca, monebi monaTmflobelebi gaxdnen, Ratakebma sasax-leSi daiwyes siaruli, visac sakuTari qoxi ar hqonda simdidris patroni gaxda.

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egvipteSi ganusazRvreli Zalis uflebiT mxolod faraoni sargeblobda, romlis xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo, samxedro da sasuliero xelisufleba. monis mdgomareoba egvipteSi iseTi rTuli ar iyo rogorc es iyo aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi. Zvel egvipteSi mona ar iyo nivTTan gaTanabrebuli, mas hqonda erTgvari piradi da qonebrivi uflebebi, gaaCn-da samuSao iaraRebi da hyavda ojaxi. Zvel egvipteSi, iseve rogorc Zvel aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi samarTlis wyaros adaTi warmoadgenda. adaTi anu Cveuleba Zvel egvipteSi Serwymuli iyo religiur normebTan da am normebis Sesruleba TiToeuli egviptelis valdebulebas war-moadgenda. Zvel egvipteSi qali maRali uflebrivi mdgomareobiT sargeblobda, mas hqonda qonebrivi damokidebuleba da vaJTan erTad Tanabar memkvidreobas Re-bulobda, rac Seexeba qorwinebas, qorwineba warmoadgenda werilobiT xelSekru-lebas sasiZosa da sapatarZlos mSoblebs Soris. egviptis samarTali asaxelebs im danaSaulebs ris gamoc isjebodnen damnaSaveni, eseni iyo saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg miamarTuli danaSaulebi, Ralati, SeTqmuleba, amboxeba. pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mi-marTuli danaSaulebi mkvleloba, Seuracxyofa, sxeulis dazianeba a.S. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi: qurdoba, Zarcva, miTviseba a.S. religiis wi-naaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi: RvTis gmoba, jadosnoba, misnoba a.S. TiToeuli am danaSaulisaTvis Seabamisad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasjeli: rogoricaa sikv-diliT dasja, patimroba, iZulebiTi samuSaoebi. Zvel babilonSi, iseve, rogorc Zvel egvipteSi ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT mefe patesi sargeblobda, romlis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo aR-masrulebeli, sasamarTlo da samxedro xelisufleba. babilonSi sazogadoebis xuTi kategoria arsebobda eseni iyvnen: avilunebi, muSqenebi, qurumebi, Tamqrebi da mexuTe rigs miekuTvnebodnen vardumebi. sazogadoebis es xuTi kategoria babilon-Si gansxvavebuli uflebamosilebiT sargeblobdnen da iyvnen aRWurvilni. Aavilu-nebi babilonis Tavisufali da sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi iyvnen, sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro priviligebuli wevrebi romlebic flobdnen miwas sadgimamulo TemSi. xamurabis kanonSi avilumi moxseniebulia rogorc sazogadoebis privili-girebuli wevris wodeba, romelic flobs monebs da saxnav saTesebs. Semdegi ri-gis sazogadoebis zeda fenas muSqeni warmoadgenda, mas ar gaaCnda miwis nakveTis mflobeloba saadgilmamulo TemSi, sazogadoebis am fenaSi ZiriTadad samefo ka-ris msaxurni Sediodnen, romelTac samefo karisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris gamo, mefe aZlevda miwis nakveTebs, magram ara sakuTrebaSi, muSqens miwa mxolod dasa-muSaveblad eZleoda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi asrulebda samefo karis samsaxurs. qurumebi babilonSi priviligirebuli sazogadoebis fenas warmoadgendnen rom-lebic religiuri kultis msaxurebad iTvlebodnen da romelTa xelSi sakmaod didi simdidre iyo Tavmoyrili, yovel olqs Tavisi adgilobrivi RvTaeba hyavda romelTa qurumebi anu taZris msaxurni udides ideolodiur zemoqmedebas axdend-nen mosaxleobaze. babilonis sazogadoebis nawils agrTve Tamqrebi da Samalune-bi warmoadgendnen romlebic did vaWarTa da wvril vaWarTa kategorias miekuTv-nebodnen Tamqrebi anu did vaWrebi eseni iyvnen yvelaze mdidari fena romelTa garda ekonomikuri Zala uflebisa gaaCndaT politikuri Zalauflebac. rac Seex-ebaT Samilumebs isini wvril vaWarTa kategorias warmoadgendnen . Tamqrebsa da Samilumebs Soris arsebuli urTierToba maT Soris dadebuli savaWro xelSe-krulebiT regulirdeboda. hamurabis kanonSi miTiTebuli maT uflebriv gansxvave-baze kerZod : Tamqars SeeZlo hyoloda monebi, xolo Samilumebs ki ara. Zvel ba-bilonSi iseve rogorc sxva monaTmflobelur aRmosavleTis saxemwifoebSi, aqac arsebobda sazogadoebis uuflebo fena vardumebi, romlebic ZiriTadad monaTa kategorias warmoadgendnen. babilonSi monobis ramdenime wyaro arsebobda es iyo dabadebiT monoba, samxedro tyveoba, val uvali monebi da STamomavlobiT monebi. babilonSi adamianTa uflebamosileba da maT Soris urTierTbebi ganmtkicebuli iyo ara marto zneobrivi normebiTa da adaTebiT aramed kanoniTac. babilonSi

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moqmedebda erTerTi uZvelesi kanoni, romelic hamurabis kanoniTaa cnobili. hamu-rabis kanonis mixedviT sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda ara marto damnaSaves, aramed misi ojaxis wevrebsac, aseve isjebodnen mSoblebi Svilebis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, Tu Svili marTlmsajulebas Tavs aaridebda da piriqiT, Tu mSobeli aaridebda Tavs marTmsajulebas. rac Seexeba Seexeba saberZneTSi arsebul adamianTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, igi aTenSi da spartaSi gansxvavebuli iyo. Rogori iyo spartis sazogadoebrivi wlobileba? spartaSi sazogadoebis uuflebo fenas monebi warmoadgendnen, monoba saberZneTSi klasikuri gagebiT ar yofila, mosaxleobis am kategorias ilotebi Seadgendnen, isini iZulebiT iyvnen mimagrebulni batonTa miwebs da mosavlis did nawilsac Tavis mepatrones uxdidnen. ilotebi, amave dros saberZneTis saxelmwi-fos sakuTrebas warmoadgendnen, da koleqtiur mflobelobaSi imyofebodnen. spartaSi ilotTa raodenoba spartelTa raodenobaze meti iyo rac spartelTa mxridan did zizRs iwvevda, amitom spartelebi yovelwliurad xocva Jletvas uc-xadebdnen ilotTa uuflebo fenas. qsenofonte gadmogvcems rom spartelebs da ilotebs Soris zizRi imdenad didi iyo rom mzad iyvnen erTmaneTi SeeWamaT ka-bianad da Tmianad. sazogadoebis meore fenas periekebi warmoadgendnen, periakebi sazogadoebis gansakuTvrebul kategorias miekuTvnebodnen romelTa rigSic ume-tesad Sediodnen vaWrebi da xelosnebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom periekebs gaaCndaT miwebi da amasTan erTad kargi Semosavalic da qonebac, politikurad sruluf-lebian moqalaqeebad mainc ar iTvlebodnen, maT ufleba ar hqondaT monawileoba mieRoT saxalxo krebebSi, da amasTan erTad ar SeiZleboda perieki arCeuli yo-filiyo romelime Tanamdebobaze. spartaSi Tavisufali sparteli moqalaqeebi iyvnen sruluflebiani mdidrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis zeda fenas warmoadgendnen da swored maT xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili mTeli politikuri Zalaufleba. spartis sazogadoebrivi wyobileba gamoirCeoda misTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT kerZod spartaSi arsebobda aRzrdis usastikesi reJimi, Svidi wlis asakidan bavSvebi mihyavdaT specialur ba-nakebSi, sadac sastiki disciplinis pirobebSi SiSveltitvels zrdidnen, maT uf-leba ar hqondaT ocdaaT wlamde daqorwinebuliyvnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom daSve-buli iyo wyviladi qorwineba, magaliTad ramdenime Zmas spartaSi SeiZleba hyo-loda erTi saerTo coli. qalebs spartaSi uflebrivad maRali adgili ekavaT, rac maT politikur sferoSi moRvaweobiT gamoixateboda. Zvel saberZneTSi xalxi Tavis Tavisufal nebas sax-alxo krebebze gamoxatavda. saxalxo krebas, rogorc erT-erT mmarTvelobis apela ewodeboda, igi TveSi erTxel moiwveoda, masSi monawileobis ufleba mxolod Ta-visufal da sruluflebian 30 wels miRweul, garkveuli qonebrivi cenzis mqone spartel moqalaqeebs SeeZloT. xmis micema yviriliT gamoixateboda. saxalxo kre-baze airCeodnen iseTi Tanamdebobis pirebi rogorebic iyvnen eforebi grontebi armiisa da flotis meTaurebi. Saxalxo krebaze aseve ganixileboda xolme moqa-laqeobis miRebisa da CamorTmevis sakiTxi. ilotebi da periekebi romlebic unayo-fo miwebze cxovrobdnen moklebuli iyvnen politikul uflebebs. rac Seexeba qa-lis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas spartaSi, matriarqatis gadmonaSTebidan gamomdi-nare, qals SedarebiT sapatio mdgomareoba ekava ojaxsa da sazogadeobaSi, magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom spartaSi qals arc mziTis da arc memkvidreobis ufleba hqonda. saberZneTSi moqmedebda drakonis kanonebi romelic mkvlevarTa azriT CveulebiTi samarTlis normebidan aris Seqmnili drakonis dros sisxlis aRebis Cveulebac arsebobda, plutarqes azriT drakonis kanonebi gamoirCeodnen gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da sisatikiT, bostneulis da xilis moparvisaTvis damnaSaves umaRle-si sasjeliT sikvdiliT sjidnen. drakonis kanonebi Cveulebis Tanaxmad sisxliT iyo dawerili, romelic sastikad uswordeboda yvela adamians, miuxedavad imisa,

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mas naklebad mZime Tu gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli hqonda Cadenili. uqmad yof-nisaTvis magaliTad adamians sikvdiliT sjidnen. gansakuTrebiT sastikad isjebo-da kerZo sakuTrebis xelyofa. kerZo sakuTrebis principebis damkvidrebas da an-derZiT memkvidreobis wess xels uwyobda solonis kanonebi. Zvel saberZneTSi solonis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad mamkvidrebels SeeZlo memkvidreobis ufle-biT mTeli Tavisi qoneba nebismieri pirisaTvis daetovebina Tu mas vaJiSvilebi ar hyavda. mesakuTres Tavisuflad yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, SeeZlo mis saku-TrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gasxviseba, gayidva, gaCuqeba, gacvla da a.S. Tu vinme glotinis kanonebis mixedviT Tavisufali kacis an qalis winaRmdeg Zaladobas Caidenda sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT moZalade 100 seteriT jarimdeboda. amave ka-nonebiT ganisazRvreboda agreTve moqalqeTa ufleba-movaleobani ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. Qqali Zveli saberZneTis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxamad flobda saTavnos, romelic mis pirad sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, aseve flobda qonebis im naxevars, romelsac igi ganqorwinebis SemTxevaSi miiRebda. aTenis saxelmwifo ganixileba rogorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa respublikis nimuSi. aq mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen evpadridebi anu keTilSobilebi, geomore-bi anu miwaTmoqmedebi da daemigurebi anu xelosnebi, SemdgomSi mosaxleobis dayofa xdeboda qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT. xelisuflebis umaRles organos aTen-Si saxalxo kreba warmoadgenda, romelSic monawileobis ufleba hqonda mxolod Tavisufal da sruluflebian aTenel moqalaqeebs. saxalxo kreba moiwveoda TveSi erTxel da xmis micema xelis aweviT xdeboda. saxalxo krebis umniSvnelovanes funqcias kanonebis miReba warmoadgenda, saxalxo kreba sasamarTlo funqciiTac iyo aRWurvili, kerZod mas SeeZlo ganexila moqalaqeTa Soris warmoSobili sa-dao samoqalaqo urTierTobebi. aTenSi sruluflebiani moqalaqeebis uflebiT sargeblobda mxolod is piri, romlis dedac da mamac aTenis moqalaqeebi iyvnen. aTenis sruluflebian moqa-laqes ufleba hqonda monawileoba mieRo saxalxo krebis muSaobaSi da aerCia misTvis sasurveli pirovneba ama Tu im Tanamdebobaze an TviTon daekavebina gark-veuli Tanamdeboba. rogorc Cans, aTenSi iyo rogorc aqtiuri ise pasiuri saarCev-no xmis micemis ufleba. Uuflebo fenas aTenSi metekebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic ucxo qveynida iyvne mosulni aTenSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom isini aTenel moqala-qeebTan erTad cxovrobdnen, maT ar gaaCndaT Tanaswori uflebebi, ar SeeZlod monawileoba mieRoT saxalxo krebasa da sasamarTlos muSaobaSi, ar hqondaT uZravi qoneba, ar SeeZlodT daqorwinebuliyvnen aTenen moqalaqeze da Tu es mox-deboda am qorwinebiT gaCenili bavSvi ukanonod iTvleboda.es uflebrivi gansxva-veba moispo Zv.w 451 wlis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac meteqTan gaCenili bavSvi aTeneli moqalaqis uflebebiT sargeblobda. M romSi sazogadoeba uflebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT patriciebad da plebeebad iyofoda, patriciebi miekuTvnebodnen sagvareulo aristokratias anu did kacobas es iyo sazogadoebis zeda fena, romlebic sruli politikuri da samoqalaqo uf-lebebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. saxalxo krebebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba mxo-lod patriciebs SeeZloT mxolod isini iTvlebodnen romis ATavisufal da sru-luflebian moqalaqeebad. rac Seexeebad plebeebs isini sazogadoebis dabal fe-nebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen politikur uflebebs, maT ar hqondaT ufleba da ar SeeZloT monawileoba mieRoT saxalxo krebebSi da daeka-vebinaT maRali Tanamdebobebi. aseTi uflebrivi gansxvaveba plebeebsa da patri-ciebs Soris ganpirobebuli iyo, imiT rom plebeebi ar warmoadgendnen romis mkvid mosaxleobas es iyo xalxi, romlebic romis mier dapyrobili teritoriebidan gadmosaxldnen. plebeebsa da patriciebs Soris uflebrivi gansxvavebis gamo brZola orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareoda ramac safuZveli gamoiRo kidec, kerZod Zv.w me 3 saukunidan plebeebsa da patriciebs Soris uflebrivi gansxaveba ispoba. romis samarTlis mixedviT adamiani SeiZleba yofiliyo Tavisufali an mo-na Zveli romis samarTali icavda da aRiarebda mxolod Tavisufali da srul

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uflebiani adamianis uflebebs. romaelis sruluflebianoba niSnavda, rom romis moqalaqe unda yofiliyo Tavisufali rogorc ojaxSi, ise mis gareT da ar iyo aravis xel qveiTi. sazogadoebis uuflebo fenas, iseve rogorc sxva antikur sax-emwifoebSi monebi warmoadgendnen. samarTalTan mimarTebaSi mona iyo ara samar-Tlis subieqti aramed igi samarTlis obieqtad iTvleboda da gaTanabrebuli iyo nivTTan. romSi monas iseTive adgili ekava, rogorc nebismier nivTs ojaxSi. mo-naTmflobels ufleba hqonda monda eyida an gaeyida, gaecvala an gaeCuqebina, gae-qiravebina an mziTevSi gaetanebina da bolos fizikuradac gaenadgurebina. plu-tarqe gadmogvcems rom Zvel romSi arsebobda memkvidreobis aseTi wesi: romaelebi qorwindebdnen imisTvis, rom memkvidreebi gamxdariyvnen da ara imisTvis, rom memk-vidreebi hyolodaT. samemkvidreo wili, romelic qmars an cols SeeZlo erTmane-Tisagan mieRo, kanoniT SezRuduli iyo, maT ufleba hqondaT erTmaneTisaTvis mie-caT yvelaferi, Tu qorwinebis Sedegad Svilebi hyavdaT. xolo Tu Svilebi ar hyavdaT qorwineba memkvidreobis uflebiT mxolod qonebis meaTedi nawilis miRe-bis uflebas iZleoda. Tu qmari cols Tavs daanebebda, raime sxva mizeziT da ara respublikis saqmeebisaTvis, igi kargavda memkvidreobis uflebas. erT-erTi meuR-lis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi kanoni xelaxali qorwinebis nebas iZleoda ori wlis Semdeg, xolo ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi weliwad naxevris Semdeg.niSnoba dauSve-beli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar moxdeboda ori wlis manZilze, vinaidan ar SeiZ-leboda qaliSvilis colad SerTva Tormeti wlis asakamde, niSnoba xdeboda mxolod maSin, roca qaliSvils aTi weli Seusruldeboda. kanoni winaaRmdegi iyo rom moqalaqeebs esargeblaT daqorwinebulTa privilegiebiT niSnobis motiviT. Zvel CineTSi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi misaRebad Semdgomi dawinaurebisaTvis saWi-ro iyo konfucisa da misi mowafeebis naSromTaA safuZvliani Seswavla. konfucia-nelebis gavlena SeimCneoda sisxlis samarTlis da samarTlis sxva dargebSi, ker-Zod, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis simZime damokidebuli iyo ara marto damna-Savis motivze da Cadenili danaSaulis garegnul formaze, aramed agreTve damna-Savisa da msxverplis socialur mdgomareobaze, konfucis moZRvrebis Sesabamisad qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli iyo davaTa sxvadasxva formebiT gadawyveta. ojaxur uTanxmoebas Zvel CineTSi ojaxis ufrosi wyvetda agreTve Soreuli naTesavebi an sulac gareSe piri, romelic mocemul TemSi sapatio sazogadoebrivi mdgomareo-bis gamo an raime sxva mizeziT, didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. is, vinc uaryof-da Semrigeblur winadadebas da surda saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacema, naTlad un-da warmoedgina, rom mis amgavr qcevas gakicxavda is viwro sazogadoeba, romel-Sic igi cxovrobda. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Zvel CineTSi sasa-marTloebSi sarCelTa ganxilvis procesi metad xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli saqme iyo.

zemoT Cven ganvixileT antikuri samyaros monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoebSi

arsebuli adamianTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, sadac sazogadoebis umciresoba ganusazRvrel Zalauflebas flobda, xolo sazogadoebis umravlesoba mokle-bul iyvnen politikur samoqalaqo da socialur uflebebs. me veTanxmebi mon-teskies mosazrebebs rom: monoba aris adamianis bunebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Seuracxyofa, misi adamianuri Rirsebis gamTelavi da gamauqmebeli, monoba Tavisi bunebiTaa cudi, wers monteskie. monebi is adamianebi iyvnen, romlebsac cecxlsa-sroli iaraRiT aRWurvili evropelebi afrikis tye-velebSi iWerdnen nadirebiviT da axal kontinentze plantaciebis dasamuSaveblad mihyavdaT. dauSvebelia ada-mianTa uflebrivi gansxvaveba rasis, kanis, feris, socialuri Tu ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamo, rasac adgili hqonda antikuri samyaros monaTmflobelur sax-emwifoebSi. roca respublikaSi umaRlesi Zalaufleba xalxs ekuTvnis, maSin saqme gvaqvs demokratiasTan, xolo demokratia ki niSnavs, rom xalxi Tavisufalia da ufleba aqvs gaakeTos is, risi gakeTeba surs. xalxs, romelsac aqvs suverenuli xelisufleba, TviTonve unda akeTebdes yvelafers, risi gakeTebac mas kargad SeuZlia, xolo imas risi gakeTebac mas Tavad ar SeuZlia, xelmZRvanlis meSveo-biT unda anxorcielebdes. xalxs, romelsac aqvs suverenuli xelisufleba, Cine-

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bulad SeuZlia im adamianebis arCeva visac unda andon Tavis Zalauflebis gark-veuli nawili. adamianebma Tavisuflebebis dacva da ganxorcieleba unda miandon im adamianebs romlebsac endobian da darwmunebulni arian maT inteleqtsa da pa-tiosnebaSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. giorgi nadareisvilis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria 2. roin metreveli romis saxelmwifo da samarTali 3. mariam cacanaSvili saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria 4. monteskie kanonTa goni 5. konard cvaigerti hain kotci SedarebiT samarTal mcodneobis Sesavali kerZo

samarTlis sferoSi 6. givi inwkirveli saxelmwifo da samarTlis Teoria

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roman jaxiaSvili

adamianis uflebrivi mdgomareoba Sua saukuneebSi TiToeul sazogadoebriv wyobilebas (monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri) gaaCnia adamianis uflebrivi mdgomareobis sakuTari sistema, romelic warmoadgens wina sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis aseTive sistemis logikur gagrZelebas. feodaluri sazogadoeba ori dapirispirebuli klasisagan: feodalebisa da yma _ glexebisagan Sedgeboda. feodalebi warmoadgendnen gabatonebul klass, romelsac monopoliurad ekuTvnoda warmoebis mTavari saSualeba _ miwa. yma, romelic sazogadoebis udides nawils Seadgenda, eqspluatirebuli klasi iyo. ymebi valdebulni iyvnen ufasod daemuSavebinaT batonis nakveTi, aseve miecaT feodalisaTvis Tavis sargeblobaSi arsebuli mcire nakveTidan mosavlis udidesi nawili. feodals ar hqonda ufleba moekla yma, Tumca Seelo misi yidva/gayidva/gaCuqeba/gacvla, Careuliyo mis pirad cxovrebaSi. feodals gaaCnda arasruli sakuTrebis ufleba ymaze. Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba: “feodals gaaCnia mxolod uflebebi, xolo ymas mxolod _ valdebulebi.”. feodali sargeblobda pirad, politikur, socialur-ekonomikur uflebaTa sruli speqtriT, xolo ymebi mniSnelovnad moklebulni iyvnen qmedunarianobas: maT ar SeeZloT samoqalaqo garigebis dadeba, sarCelis wardgena, mowmed sasamarTloSi gamosvla da a.S. yvela kategoriis glexebi senioris (batonis) administraciuli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis qveS imyofebobdnen, Sesabamisad maT ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba jerovnad daecvaT Tavisi, isedac mcire, ufleblebi. garda amisa, seniors SeeZlo glexis dasja sasamarTlos gareSe. ymebi sazogadoebis uuflebo nawils warmoadgendnen. adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb ideis formirebaSi mniSnelovani roli Seasrula qristianobam. saRvTo werilma jer kidev 2000 wlis win moiTxova, is rac dadgenilia 1946 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT: yvela adamiani erTmaneTs unda moeqces Zmobis suliskvTebiT (SeadareT deklaraciis 1 muxli da iakobi 2:8). saRvTo werilma 3500 wlis win daadgina adamianTa Tanasworoba (saRvTo) kanonisa da (saRvTo) sasamarTlos winaSe (gamosvla 22:21-23). “Tu pirferobT (konteqstSi: anu adamianis diskriminacias akeTebT raime niSnis mixedviT), codvas CadixarT, rjuli gamxilebT rogorc damnaSaveebs” (iakobi 2:9). ase rom, saRvTo werili naTlad miuTiTebs adamianTa Tanasworobaze, da moicavs adamianis uflebebebis farTo speqtrs, romelic adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove debulebebisagan gansxvavebiT: moiTxovs colebisagan qmrebisadmi damorCilebas _ efeselebs 5:22 (iqve aRniS-

nulia, rom mamakacebs ise unda uyvardeT Tavisi colebi, rogorc sakuTari sxeulebi _ efeselebs 5:28;

uaryofilia rwmenis Tavisufleba (gamosvla 20:3). marTalia, saRvTo werili miuTiTebs adamianTa uflebrivi Tanasworobis auci-leblobaze, qristianulma eklesiam gabatonebuli klasis mxare daikava. igi qada-gebda xalxis morCilebas batonebisadmi. amisTvis, eklesia Rebulobda saukeTeso miwebs da Zvirfaseulobas. ase Camoyalibda feodalebis axali, da ara naklebad Zlevamosili, nairsaxeoba _ s a s u l i e r o f e o d a l e b i. religiis meS-veobiT arabTa saxelmwifos Seqmna SeZlo muxamedmac. aq ukve korani uaryofs ada-mianis uflebriv Tanasworobis moTxovnis marTebulobas. feodaluri samarTali gamoxatavda gabatonebuli klasis interesebs. mis nor- mebSi aSkarad iyo gamoxatuli u f l e b r i v i u T a n a s w o r o b a. kano-ni privilegias aniWebda feodals: erTi da imave danaSaulisTvis dabali fenis warmomadgeneli ufro mkacrad isjeboda, vidre feodali. ufro mkacri sasjeli iyo dawesebuli maRali wris adamianis winaamRdeg Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, vi-

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dre dabali fenis warmomadgenlis (miT umetes ymis) winaaRmdeg Cadenili dana-SaulisaTvis. (SeadareT Lex Salica da “ruskaia pravda”). swored amitom uwodeben feodalur samarTals privilegiebis samarTals. Tumca feodalis statusic ar iZleoda uflebaTa jerovnad gamoyenebis garantias: kanoni iTvaliswinebda feo-dalTa klasis wevrebs Soris uflebaTa moculobis gansazRvras Zlierebis mixed-viT. samarTali uflebaTa da interesTa uzrunvelyofis savsebiT kanonier saSua-lebad Tvlida Zalas. Sesabamisad feodali, romelsac gaaCnda meti SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Cagravda ufro susts. didi briTaneTis feodaluri sazogadoeba (XI _ XVII ss.) iyofoda Semdeg katego-riebad: feodalebi

didebuli baronebi _ miwaTmoqmedi aristokratia, romelic mniSnelovan rols asrulebda qveynis marTvaSi; am fenis ganaxleba SeiZleboda omebis dros TviTgamoTxoviT an mefisgan wyalobis miRebis gziT;

raindebi adgilze mmarTveloba maT xelSi iyo. am fenis Semadgenloba mudmivad izrdeboda Tavisufali mosaxleobis xarjze

sasuliero pirebi. maT saxelmwifoSi ekavaT umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi.maTi roli daeca absolutizmis dros.

qalaqis mosaxleoba _ is pirebi, romlebic qalaqis uflebis gamosyidvaSi iRebdnen monawileobas (qalaqi inglisSi arasodes ar sargeblobda iseTi damoukideblobiT politikur da sameurneo nawilSi, rogorc kontinenturi qveynebis qalaqebi);

vaWarTa da xelosanTa gildiebi (vaWarTa gildia miznad isaxavda yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebisagan vaWarTa dacvis organizacias,agreTve sxva vaWarTa konkurenciis daTrgunvas _ xSirad Zaladobrivi meTodebiT. vaWarTa gildiis klasikuri magaliTia: ganza; xelosanTa gildia xels uwyobda keTilsindisier konkurencias saamqros SigniT, aseve produqciis xarisxis zrdas);

vilanebi (anu glexebi) _ mTlianad glexoba arasodes iyo daymevebuli. absolutizmis periodSi daiyo:

friholderebi _ Tavisufali mesakuTre glexebi;

kopiholderebi _ maTi ufleba miwaze dafuZnebuli iyo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebze.

absolutizmis epoqaSi, kapitalisturi urTierTobebis damkvidrebisas, Tavadaz-naurTa wodebas gamoeyo jentri, anu mewarmeTa fena. mwvave dapirispirebas sazogadoebis fenebs Soris mohyva “drakonuli” kanonebis miReba: mawanwalebs amaTraxebdnen manam, sanam sisxli mTel sxeuls ar dafaravda, ganmeorebiTi dakavebis SemTxvevaSi _ sikvdiliT sjidnen. mefis tiraniis dasaZlevad, sakuTar klasSi garkveuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad pirvelad ingliselma feodalebma daiwyes brZola: 1215w.ingliseli baronebi aja-nydnen mefe jon umiwawylos winaamRdeg. mefem Tavisi xelisuflebis gadarCenis mizniT miiRo maT mier warmodgenili “TavisuflebaTa didi qartia”. qartia Sedge-boda 63 muxlisgan. mis SesavalSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom mefem, uboZa Tavis qve-Semrdomebs Tavisufleba. dadginda, rom gardacvlili feodalis mamuls miiReben misi Svilebi (anu jer kidev XIII saukunis inglisSi dadginda qonebis memkvidreo-biT gadacemis ufleba). dadginda vaWarTa Tavisufali uSiSari da ubaJo mimos-vla qveynis mTel teritoriaze. marTlmsajulebis uflebaze, agreTve pirad da qonebriv xelSeuxeblobaze miuTiTebs qartiis 39 muxli: “arc erTi Tavisufali kaci ar iqneba dapatimrebuli, an samflobelo warTmeuli an kanongareSed gamoc-xadebuli an raime gziT daubedurebuli... Tu ara mis TanasworTa kanonieri ganaCe-niT da qveynis kanoniT”. TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis, rogorc demokratiisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis mniSnevlovani samarTlebrivi safuZvlis, sulis- kve-

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Teba Cans mis me-40-e muxlSi: “aravis ar mivyidiT uflebasa da samarTlianobas, aravis veTyviT uars masze”. farTo masebs 1265 wels mieca saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba, roca did britaneTSi Seiqmna parlamenti (parle frangulad laparaks niSnavs) man SezRuda mefis funqciebi sakanonmdeblo sferoSi. pirvelad Seqmnili parlamenti sami wodebis _ Tavadaznaurobis, burJuaziis da samRvdeloebisagan Sedgeboda. XIV saukunis II naxevridan parlamenti or palatiani gaxda: zeda _ lordTa (memkvi-dreobiTi) da qveda _ TemTa (arCeviTi). 1628w. parlamentma mefes warudgina “peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb” (etition of rights). mefe xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT iZulebuli iyo mieRo igi. am do-kumentma ganamtkica samoqalaqo uflebebi: araviTari gadasaxadebi ar SeiZleba dawesdes parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe.

(amiT xalxis garkveulma nawilma, visac hqonda rogorc aqtiuri ise pasiuri saarCevno ufleba, SesZlo monawileobis miReba qveynis ekonomikur politikaSi);

aravis dapatimreba ar SeiZleboda, aravin ar SeiZleboda gaZevebuliyo da aravis SeiZleboda CamorTmeoda qoneba kanonis gareSe (piradi da qonebis xelSeuxebloba).

safrangeTis mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis uflebrivi mdgomareoba saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTanave ganmtkicda iuridiuli normebiT. feodaluri safrangeTis (XI _XVII s.s.) sazogadoebis kategoriebia: feodalebi:

didi senioruli mamulebis mepatroneni _ episkoposebi, abatebi, hercogebi, grafebi isini Tavs mefis Tanasworad miCnevdnen da perebad iwodebodnen (pair _ Tanaswori);

did feodalebTan vasalur mdgomareobaSi myofni _ baronebi, vicegrafebi; mxedrebi vasali valdebuli iyo erTguli yofiliyo seniorisa, emsaxura misTvis. seniori ki valdebuli iyo daxmareboda mas gasaWirSi. Tu seniori Tavis valdebulebas ar Seasrulebda vasali ficisagan Tavusufldeboda da feods inarCunebda. glexi

vilanebi _ uxdidnen seniors Cins (miwis rentas) da Sampars (mosavlis nawils);

servebi _ mniSnelovnad iyvnen moklebulni qmedunarianobas. isini miwaze iyvnen mimagrebuli, maTi gayidva SeiZleboda miwasTan erTad (magram aucileblad ojaxTan erTad). daqorwinebis nebarTvis misaRebad saWiro iyo formariaJis gadaxda. gardacvlili servis qonebis mis memkvidreebze gadacema xdeboda seniorisaTvis saTanado anazRaurebis micemis SemTxvevaSi (“mkvdari xelis” ufleba).

sasaxlis msaxurebi _ feodalebi maT TavianTi miwebis dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen. isini statusiT monas uTanabrdebodnen da amitom sakuTrebis obieqtebad ganixilebodnen.

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc rig sxva qveynebSi, feodaluri wyobilebis warmoSo-bas xeli Seuwyo Temis rRvevam da miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis warmoSobam. Temis yo-fil wevrTa mcire nawilma SeZlo simdidris da xelisuflebis xelSi koncentra-cia, igdes ra xelSi Temis sxva wevrTa miwebi.

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ase saqarTveloSi, Camoyalibda: mdidari da privilegirebuli miwaTmflobelebis wre _ aznaurebi (‘azna’

Zvelpersulad gamoCenils, warCinebuls niSnavs, xolo ‘uri’ _ Cveulebrivi qarTuli daboloebaa, romelic niSnavs ama Tu im jgufTan kavSirs);

Rarib da uuflebo glexTa wre (glexi Zvel qarTulad arafris mqones, glaxas niSnavs).

glexi iZulebuli iyo wasuliyo aznaurTan, raTa mieRo misgan miwa garkveuli aldebulebebis sanacvlod. aseTi glexi aznaurTan damokidebulebaSi xvdeboda _ ymad gadaiqceoda (‘yma’ warmosdgeba sityvidan ‘yrma’, rac axalgazrda kacs niSnavs. ‘yrma’ valdebuli iyo damorCileboda Tavis mamas. aqedan gamomdinare, ‘ymoba’ gu-lisxmobda sxvisi Zalauflebis qveS yofnas).' mTavar sameurneo erTeuls, sadac cxovrobda da muSaobda glexi, ‘glexis saxli’ erqva. miwa feodalis sakuTreba iyo, magram saxli glexis mflobelobaSi memk-vidreobiT gadadioda, risTvisac feodals uxdida gadasaxads. es uflebrivi uTa-nasworobis kidev erTi naTeli magaliTia: feodalebi feodis memkvidreobiT ga-dacemis uflebas savsebiT kanonier da misaRebad Tvlidnen,xolo glexebs msgavsi uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis damatebiTi barierebi eqmneboda. SeadareT ‘mkvdari xelis uflebas’ safrangeTSi (ix.zemoT). gadasaxadebs glexi ixdida naturiT da fuliT. kviris gansazRvrul dReebSi glexebi muSaobdnen Tavisi batonis meur-neobaSi an msaxurobdnen mis saxlSi.' nel-nela saqarTvelos sazogadoeba Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: aznaurTa saerTo masidan gamoiyo ufro Zlevamosili nawili _ mTavrebi,

romlebic samefo dinastiis warmomadgenlebTan erTad xelSi moaqcies umaRlesi politikuri uflebebi. aqve unda moviazroT kaTalikosebi, episkoposebi, msxvili samonastro kompleqsebis xelmZRvanelebi;

Tavadebi _ calkeuli saTavadoebis (igive rac sagrafoebi dasavleT evropaSi) xelmZRvanelebi. Tavadebi sargeblobdnen yvela im ufleba _ TavisuflebebiT rac moqmedebda im dros. agreTve erTpirovnulad axorcielebdnen srul administraciul da sasamarTlo funqciebs adgilze;

glexebi:

msaxurni _ emsaxurebodnen batonebs, iRebdnen monawileobas laSqrobebSi, da asrulebdnen SedarebiT msubuq samuSaoebs;

mebegre _ sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal da uuflebo fenas warmoadgenda. im samarTlebrivi aqtebisagan, romlebic Seiqmna feodalur saqarTveloSi daGgaaCniaT garkveuli kavSiri adamianis uflebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gamovyofdi „ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweras“. samarTlis es Zegli asaxavs daviT aRmaSeneblis Sexedulebebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia bunebiTi samarTlis ideebTan. ‘Zeglisweris’ mixedviT RmerTma misca adamians sjuli (bunebiTi samarTali), romelic dairRva. Semdeg RmerTma moses da qristes meSveobiT misca adamianebs dawerili sjuli. Tu bunebiTi samarTali zogad moTxovnebs adgens, dawerili samarTali _ konkretulad miuTiTebs, Tu ras niSnavs esa Tu is zogadi debuleba. miCneul iyo, rom feodaluri wyobileba dadgenilia da aRiarebulia bunebiTi samarTlis mier, Tumca man mkacrad daadgina feodalis uflebebi ymaze. TviTon daviT aRmaSenebeli aRiarebda adamianis uflebas marTlmsajulebaze misi socialuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, misi azriT, mefes, romelic umaRlesi mosamarTlea, evaleba ”moCivarTa marTali gamoZiebani”. mefe adamianebs Tanasworad miiCnevda maTi rasis Tu sarwmunoebis miuxedavad. yovelive es Sesabamisad aisaxa ZeglisweraSi. indoeTi, feodaluri sazogadoebis (V _ XVII s.s) calkeul kategoriebad dayofis TvalsazrisiT, Tavisebur istoriul saxelmwifos warmoadgens. sazogadoebis

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fenebad (varnebad anu kastebad) dayofa Sromis danawilebasa da profesiul-religiur wes-Cveulebebs ukavSirdeba. ZiriTadad oTx varnas gamoyofen, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: e.w. orjerdabadebulni anu privilegirebulni: brahmanebi (RvTismetyvelebi da qurumebi). sazogadoebis yvelaze maRal fenas

Seadgendnen. maT uflebamosilebas Seadgenda wminda wignebis (vedebis) da RvTaebriv moZRvrebaTa sxvebisaTvis swavla. maT ekrZalebodaT vaWroba, xelosnoba, mevaxSeoba, sxvasTan samsaxuri. “cocxal arsebaTa Soris yvelaze ukeTesia sulieri, sulierTa Soris _ gonierni, gonierTa Soris _ adamianebi adamianTa Soris _ brahmanebi”1;

qSatriebi (mxedrebi da mmarTvelebi). maTi uflebamosileba iyo qveSevrdomTa dacva, mowyalebis gaReba, msxverplTSewirva. saxelmwifoSi maT mmarTvelobis funqcia ekisra.;

vaiSiebi (miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi) _ yvelaze mravalricxovani kasta iyo. saxelwodeba ‘vaiSi’ warmoiSva sityvidan ‘vaS ’ rac xalxs, Tems, dasaxlebas niSnavs.

e.w. erTjerdabadebulni anu ekspluatirebulebi:

Sudrebi _ sazogadoebis dabali fena iyo. Sudra mosaxleobis Tavisufal kategoriaSi Sedioda, magram politikuri uflebebiT ar sargeblobda. “Sudras mxoled erTi saqme daakisra ufalma, danarCeni kastebisaTvis moTminebiT samsaxuri”2

monebi. (sakuTrebis obieqtebad ganixilebodnen). Sua saukuneebis indoeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebis araTanabari da Se-nelebuli ganviTareba, rac gulisxmobs feodaluri wyobilebisaTvis damax-asiaTebeli NniSnebTan erTad monaTmflobelobis arsebobasac. V _ VI s.s CrdiloeT indoeTSi Tetri hunebis da gujarTa tomebis Semosevis Se-degad da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan maTi Serwymis Sedegad warmoiqmna samxedro miwaTmosargebleTa axali kasta _ rajputebi, romlebic SeuerTndnen indoeTis sazogadoebis priveligirebulTa jgufs. CineTis feodaluri sazogadoebis (III _ XVIII s.s.) Semdeg socialur fenebad daiyo: privilegirebulTa fenas mmarTveli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi

miekuTvnebodnen _ mefe da misi naTesavebi, adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi da maTi naTesavebi, gvarebis da klanebis Tavkacebi.

Tavisufali meTemeebi. maT evalebodaT batonebis da saxelmwifos sasargeblod gadasaxadebis gadaxda. meTemeebs politikuri uflebebi saerTod ar hqondaT, xolo piradi da ekonomikuri uflebebi Sekvecili hqondaT.

monebi _ ganixilebodnen rogorc nivTebi da Sesabamisad uflebebi saerTod ar gaaCndaT.

sainteresoa agreTve Sua saukunebriv mecnierTa Sexedulebebi adamianis uflebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxebze. Toma akvineli (Suasaukuneebrivi RvTis- metyvelebisa da sqolastikis udidesi warmomadgeneli) momxrea da damcveli adamianTa uTanaswo-robisa. igi amarTlebs feodalur ierarqias. igi sazogadoebis Semdegnair dayofas axorcielebda: miwaTmoqmedni, glexoba, wvril xelosanTa klasi _ yvelaze CamorCenili

xalxia da ar SeiZleba monawileobdnen saxelmwifo marTvaSi;

1 manus kanonebi VIII, 32 2 manus kanonebi X, 35

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saSualo klasi _ meomrebi, mosamarTleebi, mdidrebi, aznaurebi unda miiRon monawileoba saxelmwifo saqmeebSi.

marsilio paduelis (Sua saukuneebis iuristi) azriT sakanonmdeblo xelisuleba unda iyos xalxis xelSi, monarqic ki unda iyos arCeuli xalxis mier. padueli aRiarebs rwmenis da sindisis Tavisuflebas. igi Tvlis, rom saxelmwifoSi Senar-Cunebuli unda iyos Semdegi wodebebi: miwaTmoqmedTa; xelosanTa; vaWarTa; sasuliero pirTa; administratorTa; samxedroTa. mxiTar goSi (somexi saeklesio moRvawe da kanonTmcodne) aRiarebda bunebiT samarTals da Tvlida, rom bunebiT adamiani Tavisufalia,m agram radganac miwa da wyali mefes ekuTvnis warmoiSoba feodaliri damokidebuleba. misi azriT feodaluri wyobileba bunebiTi samarTliT aRiarebulia, xolo feodalis uflebebi ymaze mkacrad reglamintirebuli.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. IIIt. i doliZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi. 1970w4. nodar

asaTiani. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi. 1999w.; 2. agibalova,donskoi. Sua saukuneebis istoria. moskovi. 1989 w. (rusul enaze); 3. mariam cacanaSvili. saxelmwifos da samarTlis zogadi istoria. nawili I

(Tbilisi. 1995w.) da II (Tbilisi. 2000w.); 4. valerian metreveli, giorgi daviTaSvili. politikur da samarTlebriv

moZRvrebaTa istoria (leqciebis kursi). Tbilisi. 1997 w.; 5. ivane surgulaZe. narkvevebi saqarTvelos politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan.

Tbilisi. 2001w.;

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sofiko sayvareliZe

adamianis uflebaTa dacva sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis mdgomareobis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxs warmoadgens sakiTxi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis iuridiuli meqanizmis Sesaxeb. aseTi meqanizmis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia samarTleblivi saxelmwifos bunebiT, romelSic demokratiuli institutis ganviTarebas emsaxureba adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis prioriteti da saxelmwifos valdebuleba, am uflebis upirobod dasacavad. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi warmoadgens umaRles Rirebulebas. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflelbebi ganzogadebuli xasiaTisaa, igi moicavs rogorc Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso normebis daxasiaTebas adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb, ise im humanitaruli normebis daxasiaTebas, romlebic exeba adamianTa uflebebis dacvas, calkeuli situaciebis dros, magaliTad: SeiaraRebuli kompliqtebisas. arsebobs wina istoriis arsebiTi etapi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis CamoyalibebaSi, ramac ganapiroba bunebiTi samarTlis skolis Seqmna (XVII-XVIIIss), romlis aSkara warmomadgenelbi iyvnen jon loki, Tomas hobsi, Jan-Jak ruso, isini gamomdinareobdnen iqidan, rom adamianis uflebaTa bunebrivi arsebobidan kanonis winaSe prioriteti hqonda. am Sexedulebam gamoxatuleba hpova or ZiriTad mniSvnelovan dokumentSi damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi, romelic miRebuli iqna 1776 wels Crdilo amerika, 13 inglisuri koloniis kontinetalur kongresze. deklaraciaSi Caiwera, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia da gaaCniaT ucilobeli uflebebi, xolo meore dokumentSi aris uflebaTa bili, romelic miRebuli iqna 1791 wels aSS-Si, (1787 wlis) konstituciaSi 10 Sesworebis Setanis saxiT. saubari iyo xalxis uflebaze, pirovnebis dacvisaTvis, misi saxcovreblis qaRalebis da qonebis dacvaze, dausabuTebeli Cxrekis Casatareblad an patimrobis asacileblad (sisxlis samarTlis saqmisas). Aaravis ar akisria valdebuleba misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg, braldebuls aqvs ufleba hyavdes swrafi sajaro da miukerZoebeli msajulebi sasamarTloSi. adamianis uflebaTa dacvas sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsic ganixilavs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi mocemulia principepi, esenia: pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba, misi pativis da Rirsebis dacva, aseve braldebulis, eWvmitanilis da gansasjelis dacvis uflebis uzrunvelofa. sasamarTlo da Tananmdebobis pirni, romlebic sisxlis samarTlis process axorcieleben, valdebulni arian eWvmitanili, braldebuli, gansasjeli uzrunvelyon dacvis uflebiT, ganumarton uflebebi, miscen SesaZlebloba daicvan Tavi kakoniT nebadarTuli yvela saSualebiT, uzrunvelyon maTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva. yvela adamians aqvs Tavisuflebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis, pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis ufleba. dauSvebelia Tavisuflebis SezRudva kanonieri safuZvlisa da wesis gareSe. Oorgano, romelic process awarmoebs valdebulia eWvmitanils, braldebuls da gansasjels maTi TanxmobiT saxelmwifos xarjze dauniSnos dam-cvelad advokati. Ddamcveli aris piri, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT icavs eWvmitanilisa da braldebulis kanonier interesebs, gauwevs maT maRal kvalifi-cirebul iuridiul daxmarebas. saqarTvelos moqalaqes Tavisi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad SeeZlo saCivriTa da gancxadebiT miemarTa, rogorc policiisaTvis, aseve uSualod pro-kuraturisaTvisac, romelic saqarTvelos 1995 wlis kinstituciis 91-e muxlis

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Sesabamisad, warmoadgenda ,,sasamarTlo xelisuflebis dawesebelebas”, romelic axorcielebda sisxlis samarTlebliv devnas, zedamxedvelobis mokvlevas, sas-jelis moxdas, mxars uWerda saxelmwifo braldebas. sasamarTloSo xSirad mo-samarTle da prokurori, (anu sasamarTlo da misi dawesebuleba) erTian tandebSi gamodiodnen, rac SeuZlebels xdida WeSmarit SejibrebiTobas da mxareTa Tanas-worobis uzrunvelyofas, rac sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi samarTleblivi dacvis saSualebaTa efeqturobas mniSvnelovnad aferxebda, amJamad prokuratura gamoeyo sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sistemas. samwuxarod dacvis saSualeba sadReisod uaRresad araefeqturia, xSir SemTxvevaSi,moqalaqeTa saCivrebi upasuxod an sruli reagirebis gareSe rCeba, ma-galiTad: 1997 wlidan moqalaqe qurdianis interesebis damcvelma advokatma, vladimer qiriam prokuraturis organoSi 121 saCivari Seitana, romlebSic ga-momZiebelTa da mosamarTleTa mxridan Cadenil kanondarRvevebze miuTiTebda. rogorc Tavad acxadebs dRemde arcerT saCivarze pasuxi ar miuRia (gazeTi ,,alia” 6-7 maisi 2000 weli). rig SemTxvevebSi prokuraturis mxridan reagirebis gareSe rCeboda aramarto moqalaqeebis, aramed xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlo-biTi organodan Semosuli cnobebi. magaliTad: prokuratura weliwadze metia ,,Seiswavlis” saqarTvelos parlamentis antikorufciuli komisiidan miRebul ma-salebs, kavSirgabmulobis yofili ministrisa da q. Tbilisis mTawmindis raionis yofili gamgeblis mier Cadenili aramarTlzomieri qmedebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac sazogadoebaSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. samarTleblivi dacvis efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT metad sadaoa damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgom wlebSi damkvidrebuli praqtika, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa kolegiurad ganxilvis ufleba administraciul mosamarTleebsac miecaT. 1990 wlis 28 dekembris kanonma ,,saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasamarTlo wyo-bilebis Sesaxeb” Semoitana ra administraciuli mosamarTlis mier gadacdomaTa erTpirovnulad ganxilvis wesi, igi ukve aRar warmoadgens marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. fizikur pirebs saSualeba aqvT adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad mimarTon e.w arasamTavrobo organizaciebsac, romlebmac saqarTveloSi myarad moikides fexi da damoukidebel masmediasTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols asrule-ben dacvis saSualebaTa efeqturobis amaRlebaSi. saqarTveloSi gaCnda precedentebi, rodesac masmediasa da adamianis uflebebis damcveli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiuri daintereseba saxelmwifos an misi uflebamosil warmomadgenelTa mxridan adamianis uflebebis darRvevebis konkretuli faqtebiT, aiZulebs Sesabamis organoebs meti efeqturobiT gamoiyenon is samarTleblivi meqanizmebi, romelTa realizaciisaTvis jer kidev arasaTanado garantiebia Seqmnili, magaliTad: ukanono patimrobidan gaTavisuflebuli iqna ruseTis moqalaqe SamaTava, romelsac brali edeboda kontrabandaSi. Jurnalist aliko cqitiSvilis faqtze sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra policiis specdaniSnulebis razmis meTauris mier, xolo Jurnalist giorgi kapanaZis cemi-saTvis, sagzao policieli wardga sasamarTlos winaSe. amdenad, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad garkeuli dadebiTi tendenciebisa da saqarTveloSi mimdinare samarTleblivi re-formis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa, evropis kon-venciis me-13 muxliT aRiarebuli uflebebis realizaciis efeaqturobisaTvis gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevria. amisTvis saqarTvelo evrosabWoSi gawevrianebiT da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis ratifi-kaciiT ikisra valdebuleba, aRiaros da uzrunvelyos kanonis uzenaesoba, demok-ratia da adamianis uflebaTa ganuxreli dacva. saqarTvelos kontiticiis Tanax-mad, saqarTvelo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da

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Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs da maT uSu-alod moqmed samarTlad aRiarebs. konvenciam, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, Seqmna adamianis uflebaTa sa-samarTlo da mianiWa kerZo pirs saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi ganacxadiT mimarT-vis ufleba, risTvisac konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoebs daekisra movaleoba uzrun-velyon konvenciiT aRiarebuli samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis ganuxreli dacva, xeli ar SeuSalos maTi iurisdiqciis qveS myof nebismier pirs ganacxadiT mimarTos strasburgis sasamarTlos saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad. Aadamianis uflebaTa ada TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia Sedgeba 3 nawilisagan da icavs adamianis ZiriTad samoqalaqo da politikuri ufleba-Tavisuflebebs. kerZod konvencia aRiarebs sicocxlis xel-Seuxeblobas, krZalavs wamebas, araadamianur da damamcirebel mopyrobas, krZalavs monobasa da iZulebiT Sromas, uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da usa-frTxoebis garantiebs, dapatimrebulTa da Tavisufleba aRkveTil pirTa uflebe-bis dacvas. samarTalwarmoebis gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebas, ukanonod dakave-buli an dapatimrebuli pirisTvis kompetenciis uflebas, uflebas samarTlian sa-samarTloze, gansasjelis uflebas misi saqmis Ria mosmenaze miukerZoebeli da damoukidebeli sasamarTlos mier udanaSaulobis prezumfciis da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi braldebuli piris minimalur uflebas. xelmokle pirTaTvis ufaso iuridiul daxmarebas uflebas, kanonis gareSe sasjelis arsebo-bas, piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis, saxelis da mimoweris saidumloebas. Qqmnis ga-rantiebs iseTi mniSvnelovani uflebebis dacvisTvis rogoricaa azris, sindisis, religiis da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas konvencia uTmobs demokratiuli xelisuflebisTvis aucilebeli iseTi uflebebis dacvas, rogoricaa azris gamoTqmis, Sekrebis da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba. 1995 wlis konstituciiT Cven istoriaSi pirvelad ganisazRvra saqarTvelos teri-toriaze adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvaze zedamxedvelobis gan-maxorcielebeli saxalxo damcvelis - ombudsmenis instituti, romelic 5 wlis vadiT airCeva parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT. samwuxarod, sax-alxo damcvelis instituti saqarTveloSi dafuZnebisTanave araefeqturad gamoi-yeneba. aqedan daskvna, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo aRiarebs evro konvenciis me-13 muxlSi mocemul yvela uflebas adamianis uflebebis dacvis xaziT, mainc dRes-ReobiT saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba bevri darRveva am dargSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia,Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. aSS-s konstitucia -1787 weli 3. damoukideblobis deklaracia – 1776 weli 4. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasamarTlo wyobilebis Ses-

axeb –Tbilisi 28 dekemberi 1990 weli 5. saerTaSoriso bili: II wigni 1999w. 6. lali fafiaSvili: ,,rogor mivmarToT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul sa-

samarTlos”. E,,vropis sayovelTao uflebaTa dacva evrosabWis egidiT”. 7. oTar melqaZe da misi jgufi ,,msoflio wveynebis samarTleblivi sistemebi”. 8. adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia. 2003 weli

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Sio kapanaZe

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba Tanamedrove sxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT pretenzia demokratiasa da ganviTare-baze, cdiloben fexi auwyon sxva ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs an TviTon Seqmnan iseTi sistema romelic uzrunvelyofs qveynis ganviTarebas an Camoyalibebuli si-temis daxvewas. globalizaciam, rac moicavs sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, sxvadasxva qveynebis mier urTierT kontrols, dRis wesrigSi daayena samarTlebrivi saxelm-wifos Seqmnis prblema ara marto konkretulad romelime saxelmwifoSi aramed mTel msoflioSi. Tanamedrove periodSi zogierTi saxelmwifo aRiarebs samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifos principebs, iReben iseT kanonebs romlebic pasuxoben sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebs, magram es kanonebi xSir SemTxvevaSi pirda-pir gadmowerilia sxva qveynebis kanonebidan da ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kon-kretuli qveynis specifikuri niSnebi rogoricaa: adaT-wesebi, samarTlebrivi TviTSegneba saxogadoebaSi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da a.S. zogierT saxelmwofoSi ki aris kanonebi romlebic pasuxoben samarTlebrivi sax-elmwifos principebs, magram es kanonebi xdeba erTgvari fari imisa rom damalos xelisuflebam qveyanaSi gabatonebuli korufcia da mxardaWera moipovos dasav-leTidan rac gulisxmobs dasavleTidan didZal finansur grantebs, romelic xe-lisuflebis erT-erTi Semosavlis wyaroa. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea kacobriobis ocnebaa. gamoCenili frangi moa-zrovne monteskie saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebis safuZvlad miiCnevda mis dayofas sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo niSnavs iseT saxelmwofos, romlis xelisufleba da-myarebulia samarTalze, SeizRudeba samarTliT da xorcieldeba samarTlis meS-veobiT. saxelmwifos demokratiuli wyobileba avtomaturad ar niSnavs imas, rom es sax-elmwofo samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoa, SeiZleba misi gadawyvetilebebi ewinaaRmde-gebodes samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebs. saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi miuTiTebs rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uryevi nebaa daamkvidron samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo. konstituciaSi preambulis garda, sadac weria rom ,,saqarTvelos moqalaqeni romelTa uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazo-gadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavi-suflebani, ganamtkicon saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba, eyrdnobian ra qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani saxelm-wifoebriobis tradiciebsa da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis ZiriTad principebs, saqveynod acxadeben am konstitucias.’’ arsad ar aris moxsenebuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, magram konstituciis Zi-riTadi nawili iziarebs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTad principebs. Taname-drove iurisprudenciaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semde-gi saxis niSnebi: kanonis uzenaesoba saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfe-roSi__yvela organo, organizacia, Tanamdebobis piri Tu organizacia unda moqme-debdes kanonis farglebSi, es principi erT-erTi fundameturia saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu es ase ar aris saxelmwifo gamoifiteba da ver SeZlebs Tavisi funqciis Se-rulebas.

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samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi unda gaemijnos sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis funqciebi__ TiToeuli saxelmwifo organo unda funqcionirebdes Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, am principis fuZemdebeli iyo aristotele, aseve monteskiec am ideas emxroboda. es idea pirvelad ganxorciel-da a.S.S.-Si pensilvaniis StatSi. es principi miznad ar isaxavs mxolod xelisuf-lebis organizaciul danawilebas, aramed is mimarTulia imisken rom ar moxdes qveyanaSi diqtaturis damkvidreba da saxelmwifo organoebma gaakontrolon erT-maneTi. dauSvebelia pirs ekavos sxva SeuTavsebeli saqmianoba, mag: dauSvebelia piri iyos mosamarTle da amavdroulad ministri. magram es sulac ar niSnavs or-ganoebis erTmaneTTan absolitur gaTiSvas, isini unda akontrolebdnen erTmaneTs da unda daicvan balansi xelisuflebis gaanawilebaSi. aseve arian iseTi organoe-bi, romlebic damoukidebelni arian TavianT saqmianobaSi esenia: erobnuli banki, kontrolis palata da saxalxo damcvelis aparatebi. samarTlebriv saxelmwifo gulisxmobs ormxriv pasuxismgeblobas saxlmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris ___ saxelmwifom unda daicvas pirovnebis sicocxlis ufleba, ganaTlebis, aqtiuri cxovrebis ufleba, politikuri cxovrebis, Tavisuflebis ufleba, interesebi, pativi, Rirseba da a.S. aseve moqalaqeebic valdebulni arian Seasrulon dakisrebuli movaleba saxelmwifos winaSe rogoricaa gadasaxavebis gadaxda, kanonebis Sesruleba, marTlwesrigis dacva, savaldebulo samxedro sam-saxuris gavla da sxv. kanonebis zustad da ganuxrelad dacva ___ Tu saxelmwifoSi dairRva kanoni sax-elmwifos unda SeeZlos myisieri reagireba moaxdinos kanondarRvevaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba saxelmwifos uunarobiT isargeblon sxva elementebma da sa-valalo Sedagebamde mivides. kanonierebis ganmtkicebaSi mniSvneloba aqvs sakons-titucio sasamarTlos, romelic uzrunvelyofs parlamentis mier gamicemuli ka-nonebis konstituciasTan Semowmebas. adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacva ___ am principis dacva xSir SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia saxelmwifosTvis, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba metnakle-bad erc erT saxelmwifos ar patiobs adamianis uflebebis Selaxvas rogoricaa sicocxlis ufleba, ganviTarebis ufleba, Sromis Tavisufleba, azris, sindisis, religiis, politikuri mrwamsis, arCevnebSi referendumebSi monawileobis, erTi danaSaulisaTvis orjer argasamarTlebis ufleba, prezumciis ufleba, sacxovre-beli, piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis dacvis ufkeba da sxv. nebismieri prestiJu-li saerTaSoriso organizacia masSi gaerTianebis msurvel saxelmwfos akisrebs jer garkveul donemde aiyvanos adamianis uflebebis dacva da Semdeg ganixileba gawevrianebis sakiTxi. Cemi azriT samarTlebriv saxelmwifos sruli versia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dar-Ceba kidev kacobliobis ocnebis sagnad. samarTlebriv saxelmwifos problema iq-neba manam sanam TiToeuli adamiani ar gaaTvicnobierebs mis mniSvnelobas. me mje-ra rom dadgeba dro Cven mivaRwevT, metnaklebad, am mizans. es damokidebulia mo-mavali Taobebis aRzrdaze da maTi TviTSegnebis ganviTarebaze. mwams rom iberia gabrwyindeba.

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. g. lobJaniZe__saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria. 2. g. inwkirveli__ saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria. 3. saqarTvelos konstitucia

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qeTevan maRlaferiZe

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo yvela civilizebuli sazogadoebis idealuri politikuri organizaciaa samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifo. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo kacobriobis progresul moazrovneTa mravalsaukuno-vani ocnebaa. aseTi saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea jer kidev antikur periodSi Seimu-Saves aristotelem, sokratem, platovma da sxvebma. am ideis arsi saxelmwifos sa-marTliT SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs. samarTliT saxelmwifos SezRudvis problema pirvelad Camoayaliba TxzulebaSi ,,kanonebi’’. igi werda ,,me vxedav im saxelmwifos sikvdils sadac kanons Zala aqvs da imyofeba SeuzRudveli xelisuflebis qveS, xolo iq sadac kanoni mmarTvelTa gamgebelia, xolo es ukanaskneli kanonis monebi arian, vxedav saxlmwifos gadar-Cenas’’. aristotele werda ,,is vinc moiTxovs kanoni batonobdes, moiTxovs rom bato-nobdes RmerTi da goni, xolo is vinc moiTxovs batonobdes adamiani, mas moTxov-naSi Seaqvs cxoveluri sawyisi, kanoni aris gawonasworebuli goneba’’.kanti sax-elmwifos ganmartavda rogorc adamianTa gaerTianebas, romelic eqvemdebareba sa-marTlebriv kanonebs. ingliseli jon lokis azriT saxelmwifo aris samarTkis gamogoneba. mas miaCnda rom ,,Tavisufleba aris SesaZlebloba vimoqmedo Cemi survilis Sesabamisad rode-sac ar krZalavs kanoni. gamoCenili frangi moazrovne monteskie sazogedoebis normaluri funqcionirebis safuZvlad miiCnevda xelisuflebis dayofas asRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad, romelic damyarebuli iqneba urTierTSezRudvis privcipze. yoveldRiur cnobierebaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo niSnavs iseT saxelmwifos romlis xelisufleba dafuZnebulia amarTalze, SeiZRudeba samarTliT da xor-cieldeba samarTlis meSveobiT. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefciam Tavisi gamovlineba hpova germaniis, avstriis, aSS-is da zogierTi sxva civilizebuli qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi da saxelmwifo struqturebis funqcionirebaSi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove saxelmwifoe-bis kanonmdeblobaSi da oficialur politikur ideologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTa politikur sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebis damkvidrebis, dacvisa da srulyofisken miswrafeba. swored am safuZvliT aris gansazRvruli Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifoe-briobis arsi misi 1995 wlis konstituciis preambulaSi ,, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni romelTa uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunve-lyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganamtki-con saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierTo-ba, eyrdnobian ra qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis tradi-ciebsa da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis ZiriTad principebs, saqveynod ac-xadeben am konstitucias.’’ cneba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo upirveles yovlisa gamoxatavs saxelmwifos saq-mianobas samarTlis farglebSi. saxelmwifos erTgvarad SeboWvas samarTliT, ami-tomac amboben samarTlebrivia iseTi saxelmwifo sadac zeimobs kanoni, sadac uzrunvelyofilia kanonis uzenaesoba. marTlalia kanonebs saxelmwifo qmnis sa-

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zogadoebrivi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad, magram ukve miRebuli ka-nonebis dacva pirvel rigSi saxelmwifos ekisreba. moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da ka-nonieri interesebis dacva, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa samarTlebri-vi saxelmwifos mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSania. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoSi mo-qalaqeebsa da saxelmwifos gaaCniaT erTmaneTis mimarT uflebebi da amave dros ekisrebaT urTierTpasuxismgebloba. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo romlis Camoyalibebis procesi metnaklebad xangrZliv dros saWiroebs gulisxmobs, gulisxmobs qveyanaSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri urTierTobis regulirebas drois moTxovnaTa gamomxatveli normebis saTanado kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, dapirovnebis uflebaTa dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. amitom erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanad iqceva samarTaldarRvevaTa Tavidan acile-ba da aseTi darRvevebisaTvis iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis dadgena. saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebasTan, maT Teoriul gaa-zrebasTan erTad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mTavari sakiTxi gaxda xelisuflebs da pirobnebis urTierTobis problema. am sakiTxis gadawyveta warmoqmnis saxalxo suverenitetis ideas. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos niSania kanonis uzenaesoba saxelmwifo da sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. yvela organo, organizacia, Tanamdebobis piri Tu moqalaqe unda moqmedebdes kanonis farglebSi. yvela sazogadoebrivi urTier-Toba romelic moiTxovs saxelmwifoebriv zemoqmedebas unda regulirdebodes sa-marTliT da ara TviTneburad. amasTanave samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoSi unda arse-bobdes iuridiulad da socialurad samarTliani kanonebi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoSi erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos sakanonmdeblo, aRma-srulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. TiToeuli saxelmwifo organo unda funqcionirebdes Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani niSania pirovnebis uflebebi-sa da Tavisuflebebis realuri dacva. cnobilma sofistma piTagoram Camoayaliba Semdgomi etepebisaTvis nmiSvnelovani formula ,,adamiani sazomia yvela sagnisa’’. droTa ganmavlobaSi Semovida imis gageba rom adamianis uflebebis saukeTeso ga-rantia SeiZleba iyos kanoni, romelic icavs pirovnebis interesebs. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos niSania udanaSaulobis prezumcia, braldebuli udanaSaulod iT-vleba manam sanam mis mier danaSaulis Cadena ar damtkicdeba kanoniT gaTvaliswi-nebuli wesiT da ar dadgindeba kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyune-beli ganaCeniT. aravin ar aris valdebuli amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba, bral-debis mtkiceba ekisreba bralmdebels. bralmdebels ufleba aqvs uari Tqva bral-debaze. dadgenileba braldebulad sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemis Se-saxeb, sabraldebo daskvna, gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni da yvela sxva saproceso gada-wyvetileba unda emyarebodes utyuar mtkicebulebebs. yovelgvari eWvi romelic ar dasturdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT unda gada-wydes eWvmitanilis, braldebulis sasargeblod. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo gulisxmobs ormxriv pasuxismgeblobas saxelmwifos da pirovnebas Soris. saxelmwifo unda efuZnebodes im amosaval princips romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo ki ar ,,uwyalobebs’’ adamians Ziritad uflebebs, aramed ada-mianis Tandayolili fundametaluri uflebebis aRiareba da uzrunvelyofa sax-elmwifos iuridiuli valdeulebaa. samarTlebrivma saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri garantiebi pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, in-teresebis, pativisa da Rirsebis dacvisaTvis. Tavis mxriv moqalaqeebmac unda Sea-srulon dakisrebuli movaleoba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe.

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samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo mkacri kanonebis saxelmwifoa, mas unda gaaCndes kano-nebis zust da ganuxrel Sesrulebaze kontrolis efeqturi formebi. agreTve unda ganxorcieldes sakonstitucio kontroli da konstituciuri kanoniereba sakons-titucio sasamarTlos mier, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa parlamentis mier ga-mocemuli kanonebis konstituciurobis Semowmeba. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo demokratiuli saxelmwifoa, igi Tanmimdevrulad avi-Tarebs da srulyofs demokratiul institutebs, uzrunvelyofs xalxis farTo masebis monawileobas saxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobaSi. samarTlebriv saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi aseTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: a) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnis pirveli safuZvlebi gaCnda platonisa da aristoteles naSromebSi, b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea mecnierulad daamu-Sava S.Dd. monteskiem. g) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos filosofiuri dasabuTeba mogvces kantma da hegelma. d) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefciis praqtikuli gamoyeneba moxda germaniaSi, avstriaSi, amerikaSi, inglisSi da rig sxva qveynebSi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romlebic katego-riulobiT ar xasiaTdeba da mkvlevarTa mier sxvadasxva interpretaciiT ganix-ileba. samarTlebrivia saxelmwifo, romlis suvereniteti absoliturad daculia, aRia-rebuli da garantirebulia kanonis uzenaesoba, xelisuflebis danawileba, pirov-nebis bunebiTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis realuri dacva, samoqalaqo sazo-gadoebis, demokratiuli, politikuri da religiuri institutebis arseboba, gan-viTarebuli da zustad gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi sistema.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. g. lobJaniZe__saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria. 2. g. inwkirveli__ saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria.

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Teona beruaSvili

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo saTaves jer kidev uZvelesi droidan iRebs, anu im droidan, rodesac saxelmwifo iwyebs samarTlebrivi normebis Camoyalibebas da xdeba Suamavali individsa da sazogadoebas Soris. kacobrioba iZulebuli gaxda Tavidan daewyo SeTanxmebis optimaluri formebis Zieba, amjerad ukve pirovnebis, saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris _ epovna maTi gonivruli SeTanxmebis, moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis dakmayofilebis gzebi da amisaTvis samarTali gamoeyenebina. termini `samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo~ pirvelad gvxvdeba germaneli mecnierebis k.velkeris (1813w.) da i.fraixer fon aretinis (1824w.) naSromebSi, magram aRniSnuli termini iuridiulad pirvelma gaanaliza robert fon molem (1832w.). igi ganixilavda samarTlebriv saxelmwifos, rogorc mudmivad ganviTarebadi moZRvrebis kategorias saxelmwifoze da miakuTvna mas mexuTe adgili patriarqaluri, Teokratiuli, despotiri da liberaluri saxelmwifoebis Semdeg.13

yvelaze martivi ganmartebiT samarTlebrivia saxelmwifo, romelSic saxelmwifo xelisufleba SezRudulia samarTliT, ufro konkretulad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba gadmoscems konstituciis Sesabamisad miRebuli kanonebiT saxelmwifos (aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis) SezRudvis, xolo konstituciiT mTeli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SezRudvis ideas.4 dasavleTis mTel rig ganviTarebul qveynebSi Camoyalibda samarTlebrivi da politikuri sistemebis iseTi tipi, romelTa mowyobis principi mraval sakiTxSi Seesabameba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideebs. germaniis, aSS-s, safrangeTis, inglisis, avstriis, saqarTvelosa da mTeli rigi sxva qveynebis konstituciebsa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi pirdapir Tu gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT dafiqsirebulia, rom saxelmwifoebi samarTlebrivni arian.saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganamtkicon sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba ......... saqveynod acxadeben am konstitucias.~5

`kanonis uzenaesobis~ principma SeaRwia saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis samarTlebriv doqtrinebSi da xeli Seuwyo sayovelTaod aRiarebul `samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos~ doqtrinis Camoyalibebas. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoze moZRvrebis winapirobad swored kanonis uzenaesobis ideas miiCneven. samarTlisa da kanonis WeSmariti pativiscemis magaliTs iZleva jer kidev sokrate, rodesac sikvdilmisjili uars ityvis gascloda sasamarTlo ganaCens. igi ambobda: `nuTu sazogadoebas SeeZleba arseboba, Tu masSi sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebebs ar eqneba araviTari Zala?~ saxelmwifos normaluri ganviTarebis samarTlebrivi kanonebis mniSvnelobisa da mmarTvelobis TviTnebobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb platoni werda: `me vxedav im sax-

3 g.lobJaniZe `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria~, Tbilisi, 2003 w. gv. 238 4 k.kublaSvili `adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi~, Tbilisi, 2003 w. gv. 17 5 ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula, Tbilisi, 1995 w., 2007 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT

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elmwifos daRupvas uaxloes droSi, romelSic kanons Zala ar gaaCnia da imyofeba viRacis Zalauflebis qveS. iq ki sadac kanoni mmarTvelobis mbrZanebelia, xolo isini ki misi monebi, me vWvret saxelmwifos gadarCenas da yvela im sikeTes, ro-melic ki ZaluZT RmerTebs mianiWon saxelmwifos~.6 analogiur Sexedulebebs mis-devs aristotelec: `iq, sadac ar arsebobs kanonis Zala, ara aqvs adgili saxelm-wifoebrivi wyobis aranair formas~. platonis mixedviT, `roca kanoni raRac sxva Zalauflebas eqvemdebareba da Tvi-Ton araviTari Zala ar gaaCnia, saxelmwifos dacemas win aRaraferi udgas. magram Tu kanoni batonia da mTavroba misi mona, aseTi mdgomareoba bevr sikeTes gvpir-deba.~ kanonis uzenaesoba SeiZleba niSnavdes erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul, magram mainc or gansxvavebul movlenas: erTia kanons daqvemdebarebuli mmarTveloba, xolo meore mmarTveloba kanonebis meSveobiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, marTva zogadi, ganyenebuli normebis SemoRebiT da xalxSi gavrcelebiT. kanons daqvemde-barebuli mmarTvelobis mTavari Rirseba is aris, rom igi aRkveTs, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, xels uSlis Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas. kanonis meSveobiT mmarTvelobis Rirsebani gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa. faqtobrivad mizezTa umravle-soba, ris gamoc adamianTa uzenaesobasTan SedarebiT kanonis uzenaesobas arCeven, dakavSirebulia Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan zogadi da ganyenebuli normebis meS-veobiT. kanonis uzenaesobis damcvelebi yvela epoqaSi iTxovdnen Zireuli princi-pis _ Tanasworobis, usafrTxoebisa da Tavisuflebis damkvidrebas, amis garantias ki ufro kanonis Sinagani buneba iZleva, vidre Zalauflebis marTebulad gamoyene-ba. Tanasworobis damyarebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis unari kanonis, rogorc zogadi normis bunebidan momdinareobs. aseTi norma mxolod calkeul individs ki ar mie-sadageba, aramed individebis mTel klassac. isic SesaZlebelia, rom mis dadgenaSi mocemuli socialuri jgufis yvela wevri monawileobdes. swored imitom, rom zogad mimarTebebs asaxavs, kanoni, misi xasiaTisa da sfecifikuri muxlebisagan damoukideblad, arc raime saxis privilegiebs uSvebs (anu iseTi muxlebis arsebo-bas, romlebic konkretuli individis upiratesobas amkvidrebs), da arc diskrimi-nacias (anu im muxlebs, romlebic SeiZleba zianis momtani iyos konkretuli indi-vidisaTvis), yovel SemTxvevaSi im parametrebSi, romlebic moqalaqeTa kategorias moicavs.5 kanonis unari, uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba, damokidebulia mis formalur maxasia-Tebelze, kerZod, mis ganyenebulobaze. es maxasiaaTebeli saSualebas iZleva, gark-veuli Sedegi garkveul qmedebasTan davakavSiroT, iseTTan, romlebic tipiuria da Sesabamisad, savaraudo da ganmeorebadi. am SemTxvevaSi mocemuli ganyenebuli norma gansxavebulia brZanebulebisagan, romelic calkeul adamians an adamianTa jgufs aiZulebs ganaxorcielos konkretuli miznis Sesatyvisi specifikuri qmede-ba. brZanebulebis efeqturoba erTxel da samudamod amiT amoiwureba. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben mTavrobis im funqcias, rac zogadi normebis dadgenas gulisxmobs. aseTi normebis arseboba imis garantiaa, rom Se-saZlebeli gaxdeba xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaTaA Sedegebis wi-naswari ganWvreta da aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebac.7 kanonisa da Tavisuflebis urTierToba gacilebiT problematuria. aq SeiZleba mo-viyvanoY ciceronis cnobili fraza: `Cven, yvela, kanonTa monebi varT, rom Sev-ZloT viyoT Tavisufalni~.7 erTi SexedviT, es TiTqos brma morCilebisadmi mowo-debas hgavs da xSirad gamoTqvamen azrs, rom kanoni mTlianad akrZalvebisagan

6 norberto bobio `demokratiis momavali~, Tbilisi, 2003 w. gv. 210-211. 7 ix. iqve, gv. 212.

26

Sedgeba, magram kanoni ara marto is meqanizmia, romelic moqalaqeebs raimes ukr-Zalavs, aramed is instrumentic, romelic maT moqmedebisa da ganviTarebis raode-nobrivad metsa da xarisxobrivad ufro Rirebul Tavisuflebas aniWebs. amerikeli iuristis da mosamarTlis, lernd pendis mixedviT: `Tavisufleba kacTa da qalTa gulebSi cocxlobs, da rodesac igi iq kvdomas daiwyebs, araviTar konstitucias, araviTar kanonsa Tu sasamarTlos ar ZaluZT misi gadarCena~. meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxia `saidan modis kanonebi?~ SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kar-gi kanoni ki ar qmnis karg mmarTvelobas, aramed brZeni kanonmdebeli, romelic karg mmarTvelobas mis mier Semotanili kargi kanonebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs. `Tu ar arsebobs Zlieri saxlmwifo, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes kargi kanonebi~. kargi kanoni ki Tavis mxriv Zlieri saxelmwifos winapirobaa. ase rom, samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos mTavari maxasiaTebeli swored kanonis uzenaesobaa. Cezare bekaria Tavis naSromSi `traqtati danaSaulsa da sasjelze~ ambobs: `gsurT, sazogadoebas aaciloT damnaSaveoba? maSin izruneT, rom kanonebi iyvnen martivi da gasagebi; uzrunvelyaviT, rom eris mTliani Zliereba maTi dacvis sa-darajoze idges; da rom kanonT arc erTi nawili ar iqnes 6 7 ix. iqve, gv. 208. gamoyenebuli kanonisve sazianid. izruneT, rom kanonebi ara adamianTa garkveul klasebs, aramed TviT adamianebs msaxurobdnen. izruneT, rom moqalaqeebs mxolod kanonisa eSinodeT, da meti arafrisa, imdenad, ramdenadac kanonis SiSi misasalme-belia, magram erTi kacis meoris mimarT SiSi damRupveli movlenaa da danaSauli-saTvis noyieri niadagi. damonebuli xalxi Zlier gulgrili, metad Jiniani, da ufro umowyaloa, vidre Tavisufali xalxi. . . . gsurT, sazogadoebas aaciloT danaSauli? maSin izruneT, rom Tavisuflebas Tan sdevdes ganaTleba.~8 samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani principia adamianis uflebebisa da Ta-visuflebebis realuri uzrunvelyofa. adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis aRiareba da dacva aris swored is Zireuli principi, rac warmoadgens samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos Senebis garants. iq, sadac ar arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantiebi, mmarTveloba ar aris orientirebuli individze, ese igi, iq arc demokratia da arc samarTlebrivi wyoba arsebobs. mxolod konvenciebsa Tu konstituciebSi Camoyalibebuli uflebebi arafers niS-navs, Tu mas Tan ar axlavs mTeli rigi sxva principebis aRiareba da realurad ganxorcielebac, magram, unda iTqvas, rom yoveli sxva garantiebi mainc individs emsaxureba. amitomac mniSvnelovania ganxilva adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisa, da imis analizi, Tu ramdenad ganuxrelad aris daculi es uf-lebebi qveyanaSi. amgvari analizis Semdeg SevZlebT vimsjeloT qveyanaSi demokra-tiulobis xarisxsa da mis samarTlebriobaze. nebismieri qveynis, romelic acxadebs rom aris samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Ziri-Tadi amocana aris swored adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyo-fa da garantireba. adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs warmoadgens sicocxlis ufleba, sityvis, rwmenis, sindisis Tavisufleba, mSvidobiani Sekrebebis, manifestaciebis, gaerTianebebis da kanononis winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba da sva mravali ufleba, romlebic Camoyalibebulia yvela qveynis konstituciaSi.

8 nikoloz rurua `Tavisuflebis kanoni~, Targmani, Cezare bekaria `traqtati danaSaulsa da sasjelze~, Tbilisi, 2003w. gv. 318.

27

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos niSans warmoadgens aseve moqalaqisa da saxelmwifos urTierTvaldebulebebi. TiToeul moqalaqes garda garantirebuli uflebebisa aqvs garkveuli valdebulebebic qveynis winaSe, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos maT wi-naSe. rogorc cnobilia, TiToeul uflebas Seesabameba sxvisi valdebuleba. Tu vambobT, rom yvela adamians aqvs sitvis, azris, ganaTlebis, jansaR garemoSi cxo-vrebis da sxva mravali ufleba, am uflebebis dacvis valdebuleba TavisTavad warmoeSoba saxelmwifos. moqalaqeTa valdebulebebic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gamomdinareobs qveynis uzenaesi, Tu mimdiare kanonebidan. mag. saqarTvelos kons-tituciis 34 muxlis me-2 punqti gansazRvravs.: `saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe valdebulia zrunavdes kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva-SenarCunebaze~. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos niSans warmoadgens aseve udanaSaulobis prezumpcia. es principi aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT da saqarTvelos kons-tituciis 40-e muxliT: 1. adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba kano-

niT dadgenili wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT.

2. aravin ar aris valdebuli amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba. braldebis mtkice-bis movaleoba ekisreba bralmdebels.

3. dadgenileba braldebulis saxiT piris pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb, sabral-debo daskvna da gagamtyunebeli ganaCeni unda emyarebodes mxolod utyuar mtkicebulebebs. yovelgvari eWvi, romelic ver dasturdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, unda gadawydes braldebulis sasargeblod.9

aRniSnuli proncipis dacva sakmaod mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom visaubroT qveynis samarTlebriobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi garkveviT da pirdapir aris Camoyalibebuli udanaSaulobis prezumpcia, rogorc erT-erTi mTavari principi qveynis cxovrebaSi, mainc yvelaze rTulad dasacavi swored is principi aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos magaliTze Tu visaubrebT, romlis kanonmdebloba da uzenaesi kanonic mis samarTlebriobaze miuTiTebs da romlis moxseniebac sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifos CarCoebSi realobidan gamomdinare sakmaod Wirs, aSka-rad TvalSi sacemia, rom es fundamenturi principi xelisuflebis, sazogadebis Tu mediis mxridan sakmaod xSirad irRveva, ufro metic, TiTqmis ar aris daculi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo orientirebulia individis avtonomiurobasa da poli-tikur Tavisuflebaze, sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi prioritets aniWebs pirovnebis socialur miznebs. saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoiSva xelisuflebis da pirovnebis urTierTobis problema. am sakiTxis gadawyveta Tavis mxriv warmoqmnis saxalxo suverenitetis ideas, romelic Tavisi arsiT samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos mTavar niSans warmoadgens. saxalxo suvereniteti niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis wyaro aris mxolod xalxi. sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis aucilebelia saxalxo suvereniteti _ rogorc sax-elmwifoebrivi suverenitetis wyaro da safuZveli. saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti niSnavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uzenaesobas, damoukideblobas, sisrules, sayovelTaobas da gansakuTrebulobas. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos niSania aseve xelisuflebis danawileba sxvadasxva Stod, romlis fuZemdebladac iTvleba monteskie, manamde loki msjelobda amaze, kidev ufro adre polibi, ufro Sors ki romis imperiamde mivdivarT. saqarTvelos konstituciac, iseve rogorc yvela demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi qveynis kons-tituciebi, aRiarebs am princips:

9 ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis 40-e muxli,Tbilisi,19954w.2007 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT

28

`saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT~.10 samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Semadgeneli nawilia ganviTarebuli samoqalaqo sa-zogadoebis arsebobac. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo gulisxmobs ara mxolod xeli-suflebis mier moqalaqeTa kontrols, aramed moqalaqeTa mier xelisuflebis sa-TaveSi myofi pirebis maqsimalur zedamxedvelobas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ar-seboba xels uwyobs qveynis stabilurobas da simyares. misi roli sazogadoebis mTlian sistemaSi sakmaod didia. igi emyareba adamianis Tavisuflebas da kerZo iniciativas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba adamianis TviTdamkvidrebis da realizaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic moicavs adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis kerZo interesebis sferos, zRudavs xelisuflebis Zalauflebas, axorcielebs mis kontrols. swored erTaderTi garantia imisa, rom moqalaqeTa uflebebs pativs scemen da angariSs gauweven, aris TviT uflebebis mimniWebelTa kontroli. igi aucilebelia raTa dafiqsirdes da aRmoifxvras kanonierebis darRvevis faqtebi, rasac xSirad adgili aqvs xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi. sabolood unda iTqvas, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo ar aris mxolod qa-Raldze dawerili da damtkicebuli principebis erToblioba, aramed es aris maTi realurad ganxorcilebis Sedegi. Tu saxelmwifo ar icavs im principebs, rasac kanonmdeblobaSi ayalibebs, e.i. mas ar Semdgari samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo SeiZ-leba ewodos mxolod. qveynis da sazogadoebis Rirseulad cxovrebis saSualebas swored samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo iZleva.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 1995 weli, 2007 wlis ivlisis mdgomareo-

biT. 2. givi lobJaniZe `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria~, Tbilisi, 2003

weli. 3. konstantine kublaSvili `adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi~, Tbilisi, 2007 weli. 4. v.metreveli, g.daviTaSvili `politikur da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria~,

Tbilisi, 1997 w. 5. norberto bobio `demokratiis momavali~, Tbilisi, 2003 w. 6. nikoloz rurua `Tavisuflebis kanoni~, Targmani, Cezare bekaria `traqtati da-

naSaulsa da sasjelze~, Tbilisi, 2003w.

10 ix. saqarTvelos konstutucii me-5 muxli, 1995 weli, 2007 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT.

29

zurab SariaSvili

bavSvTa uflebebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gzaze umZimesi peri-

odebi hqonda. Cvenma qveyanam gaiara SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa da samoqalaqo da-

pirispirebebis periodi. Amisi Sedegi iyo is, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikur da po-

litikur-socialur krizisTan erTad dadga samarTlebrivi krizisic.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo axorcielebs Zalian Tamam demokratiul sistemur

cvlilebebs. 1995 wlis agvistoSi ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos parlamentis mier mi-

Rebuli saqarTvelos konstitucia. Amis Semdeg qveyanaSi dadga demokratiuli gan-

viTarebis etapi, ganisazRvra adamianis uflebebis primati saxelmwifoSi da man

daavaldebula saxelmwifo pasuximgeblobiT TiToeuli moqalaqis winaSe. aseve ga-

nisazRvra moqalaqeobisa da apatridebis pasuxismgeblobac saxelmwifos winaSe.

konstituciis miReba gaxda udidesi samarTlebrivi reformis dawyebis sawindari,

reformisa, romlis mTavari mizanic saxelmwifo sistemis adamianisaken mobruneba

gaxda.

nebismieri sazogadoeba imiT fasdeba, Tu rogor epyroba is adamianebs, romelTac

ar ZaluZT sakuTari ZalebiT mouaron Tavs. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba ar

iSurebs SesaZleblobebs moxucTa da bavSvTa socialuri dacvis uzrunvelsayofad.

iseTi mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sakiTxis mosagvareblad, rogoricaa bavSvTa

uflebebi, saqarTvelom gadadga sakmaod qmediTi nabijebi. saqarTvelos parlamen-

tis 1994 wlis 21 aprilis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo SeuerTda gaeros

bavSvTa uflebebis konvencias. saqarTvelos am konvenciasTan mierTebiT, qarTul

samarTlebriv sistemaSi moxda Zalzed mniSvnelovani winsvla bavSvTa uflebebis

dacvis mimarTulebiT.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad “saqarTvelos kanonm-

debloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs

da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar

ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sida-

saxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.” Aamgvari Canaweri konstituciaSi

qmnis Zalian xelsayrel pirobas konvenciis moTxovnaTa cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis.

30

maSasadame, parlamentis mier ratificirebuli konvencia xdeba erovnuli kanonm-

deblobis nawili, rac vfiqrob, rom Cveni qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis

da bavSvTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovani da fasdaudebelia.

bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis me-4 da 42-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi moq-

medi saxelmwifo struqturebi erTgvarad inawileben saxelmwifos mier bavSvTa mi-

marT Tavis Tavze aRebul pasuxismgeblobas da movaleni arian konvenciis principe-

bisa da debulebebis implementaciasa da popularizaciaze. esenia: ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministro, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da

Sromis saministro, Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebis saministro, ltolvilTa da gan-

saxlebis saministro, axalgazrdul saqmeTa saxelmwifo departamenti da a.S.

swored saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos saqarTveloSi bavSvTa uflebebis dacva,

maTi Rirseuli aRzrda da maTi mSvidobian qveyanaSi cxovreba. jansaRi axalgazrda

Taobis arseboba xom Cveni qveynis warmatebis damadasturebelia.

bavSvTa ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia aRiarebs iseT uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,

rogoricaa:

1.samoqalaqo uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

aq gaerTianebulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:

saxeli, gvari, moqalaqeoba _ es niSnavs, rom bavSvs dabadebisTanave gaaCnia uf-

leba hqondes saxeli da SeiZinos moqalaqeoba, agreTve uflebamosilia icnobdes

Tavis mSoblebs da garemosili iyos maTi mzrunvelobiT.

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba _ bavSvs ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad gamoTqvas Tavisi azri,

mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia moiZios, miiRos an gadasces misTvis sasurveli nebismieri

saxis informacia an idea zepiri, werilobiTi Tu beWdviTi saxiT, bavSvis arCevani-

samebr.

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba _ saxelmwifom pativi unda sces bavS-

vis uflebas azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebas. Aaseve saxelmwifom pati-

vi unda sces mSobelTa da kanonier meurveTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs,

uxelmZRvanelo bavSvs misi uflebebis im meTodiT ganxorcielebaSi, romelic See-

satyviseba bavSvis ganviTarebad unarebs.

31

asociaciebisa da TavSeyris Tavisufleba _ amiT garantirebulia bavSvis ufleba

sargeblobdes asociaciebisa da mSvidobiani Sekrebis TavisuflebiT.

piradulobis dacva _ saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad yoveli

adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, sacxovrebeli bina, piradi

Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT, agreTve

teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. ra Tqma unda, igive

uflebebiT sargeblobs bavSvic, Tumca konstituciiT aris daSvebuli kanoniT gaT-

valiswinebul SemTxvevaSi am uflebis SezRudva sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an

mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas.

Sesabamisi informaciis miReba _ aq igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunve-

lyos sxvadasxva wyaroebiT gavrcelebuli informaciisa da masalebis misawvdomoba,

gansakuTrebiT iseTebisa, romlebic mimarTulia bavSvis socialuri, sulieri da

moraluri keTildReobisaken, agreTve jansaRi fizikuri da fsiqikuri ganviTarebis

xelSewyobisaken. saxelmwifom masobrivi informaciebis saSualebebiT unda moaxdi-

nos iseTi informaciisa da masalebis gavrcelebis waxaliseba, romlebic sasargeb-

loa bavSvisaTvis socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. axdens sabavSvo li-

teraturis gamocemisa da gavrcelebis waxalisebas. Aaseve dauSvebelia im saxis in-

formaciisa da masalebis gavrceleba, romlebic sazianoa bavSvis keTildReobisaT-

vis.

bavSvze wamebis an sxva saxis sastiki araadamianuri da Seuracxmyofeli mopy-

robis an dasjis dauSveblobis ufleba _ vfiqrob es ufleba erTerTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani uflebaa, radgan araferi SeiZleba iyos imaze uaresi, vidre es bavS-

vis wamebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi bavSvi ver gaizrdeba fsiqikurad jansaRi da Semdgom-

Si Tavad igi SeiZleba gaxdes sxvisTvis safrTxis momtani. Ees ufleba gulisxmobs

rom saxelmwifom mkacrad unda gaakontrolos, rom arcerTi bavSvi ar iyos wamebis,

sastiki araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an sasjelis msxverpli.

Aarc sikvdiliT dasja, arc mudmivi patimroba, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs ganTavi-

suflebis SesaZleblobas, ar SeiZleba Seefardos 18 wlamde asakis pirebs. saqarT-

veloSi bavSvad iTvleba swored 18 wels miuRweveli Ppiri.

2. ojaxuri garemo da alternatiuli zrunva.

mSoblebis mzrunveloba _ bavSvisa da misi mSoblebis, an masze mzrunveli sxva

pirebis uflebebi an movaleobebi mkafiod aris daregulirebuli saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, romelic gulisxmobs Semdegs: Svilebis mimarT mSoblebs

32

Tanabari ufleba-movaleobebi aqvT da TiToeul bavSvs ufleba aqvs cxovrobdes da

izrdebodes ojaxSi, sadac mSoblebi uflebamosilni da movaleni arian aRzardon

TavianTi Svilebi, izrunon maTi fizikuri, gonebrivi da sulieri ganviTarebisaTvis,

aRzardon isini sazogadoebis Rirseul wevrebad, maTi interesebis upiratesi

gaTvaliswinebiT. mSoblebis ufleba ar SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli Svilebis

interesebis sawinaaRmdegod. im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac mSoblebi ganqorwinebulebi

arian, maT Svilebis mimarT aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da movaleobebi da Svilebis

aRzrdis yvela sakiTxs wyveten urTierTSeTanxmebiT. mSobels, romelic SvilTan

erTad ar cxovrobs, ufleba aqvs urTierToba hqondes SvilTan da valdebulia

monawileoba miiRos mis aRzrdaSi.

kanonis es moTxovnebi uzrunvelyofen, rom bavSvi izrdebodes ojaxSi misi

mSoblebis mier. swored mSoblebma unda aswavlon Svilebs Cveni qveynis siyvaruli,

gadascen maT qarTuli tradiciebi da adaT-wesebi da uzrunvelyon maTi Rirseulad

aRzrda.

mSoblebisagan mocileba _ rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, bavSvi unda izrdebodes

ojaxSi, mSoblebis mier, magram aris gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

aucilebelia bavSvis mSoblebisagan daSoreba misi interesebidan gamomdinare.

magaliTad, roca mSoblebi sastikad eqcevian bavSvs da ar zrunaven masze, an roca

mSoblebi cxovroben cal-calke da aucilebelia bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis

Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miReba. bavSvis mSoblisagan daSoreba dasaSvebia mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kompetenturi organoebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

Tanaxmad, saTanado kanonisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad gansazRvraven, rom aseTi

daSoreba aucilebelia da ukeT emsaxureba bavSvis interesebs. amasTan

mSobeldacilebul bavSvs ufleba aqvs regularuli piradi urTierTobebi da

pirdapiri kontaqtebi hqondes dacilebul mSobelTan, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba

bavSvis yvelaze WeSmarit interesebs. Aaqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsiT maqsimaluradaa gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis interesi da

ufleba, ar daSordes sakuTar mSoblebs da am uflebas xels uwyobs

ganqorwinebis sawinaaRmdego prevenciuli RonisZiebebiT. magaliTad, Tu meuRleebs

hyavT arasrulwlovani Svilebi, ganqorwinebis saqmes ganixilavs sasamarTlo,

romelic iRebs zomebs meuRleTa Sesarigeblad da aZlevs maT eqvsTvian vadas

Sesarigeblad da a.S.

ukanono gadacema da daubrunebloba _ saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi bavSvTa

ukanonod gadaadgilebis an sazRvargareT maTi ukanonod datovebis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. es gulisxmobs, rom ar SeiZleba mSoblebis (an bavSvis sxva

33

kanonieri warmomadgenlebis) erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebis gareSe erT-erTi mSoblis (an

bavSvis sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis) mier bavSvis gadayvana sazRvargareT.

amgvari SemTxvevebi ZiriTadad Tavs iCenen erTi da imave, an sxvadasxva

saxelmwifoebSi mcxovrebi mSoblebis ganqorwinebis, an sxva formiT daSorebis

Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba bavSvis mikuTvnebis da maszed

zrunvis uflebamosilebis ganawilebis sakiTxze didxans Wianurdeba.

ojaxur garemos moklebuli bavSvebi _ saxelmwifos aseT bavSvTa zrunvaze

gaaCnia specialuri valdebulebebi. bavSvs, romelic droebiT an mudmivad

moklebulia ojaxur garemos, an misive yvelaze WeSmariti interesebidan

gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba darCes aseT garemoSi, ufleba aqvs sargeblobdes

saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobiTa da daxmarebiT. aseTi mzrunveloba

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes bavSvis aRsazrdelad gadacemiT, Svilad ayvaniT, an

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvis movla-patronobisaTvis mowodebul Sesabamis

dawesebulebaSi misi moTavsebiT. Mmzrunvelobis formis Secvlis variantebis

ganxilvisas aucilebelia saTanadod iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis aRzrdis

memkvidreobiTobis sasurveloba da misi eTnikuri warmomavloba, religiuri da

kulturuli kuTvnileba da mSobliuri ena. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom bavSvTa moTavseba

Sesabamisi movla-patronobis dawesebulebebSi warmoadgens ukidures aucileblobas

da upiratesoba eniWeba bavSvisaTvis ojaxuri atmosferos aRdgenas misi Svilad

ayvaniT an sxva formebiT.

gaSvileba _ bavSvis gaSvileba SesaZlebelia, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise sxva

qveyanaSi. am metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze nebarTvas unda gascemdes mxolod qveynis

kompetenturi xelisufleba, romelmac kanonebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad da

saqmesTan dakavSirebuli sarwmuno informaciis safuZvelze unda gansazRvros, Tu

ramdenad dasaSvebia ama Tu im bavSvis gaSvileba. Svileba dasaSvebia mxolod

bavSvis keTildReobisa da interesebisaTvis, amasTan unda iyos imis realuri

SesaZlebloba, rom mSvilebelsa da naSvilebs Soris warmoiSoba iseTive

urTierToba, rogoricaa mSobelsa da Svilebs Soris, xolo rac Seexeba bavSvis

sxva qveyanaSi gaSvilebas, es ganixileba, rogorc bavSvis movlis alternatiuli

saSualeba. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi bavSvi ar SeiZleba

aRsazrdelad gadaeces an SeuerTdes ojaxs, romelic SeZlebda uzrunveleyo misi

aRzrda an Svilad ayvana da Tu SeuZlebelia misi Sesaferisi ramenairi movla-

patronobis uzrunvelyofa. sxva qveyanaSi bavSvis gaSvilebis SemTxvevaSi unda

arsebobdes iseTive garantiebi da normebi, rogoric arsebobs saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifom unda gaakontrolos es procesi, raTa am saqmesTan

34

dakavSirebul pirebs ar mieceT gaumarTlebeli finansuri mogebis miRebis

saSualeba.

uxeSad mopyroba da ignorireba _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo yvela aucilebel

sakanonmdeblo, administraciul, socialur da saganmanaTleblo zomebs Rebulobs

im mizniT, raTa bavSvi daicvan mSoblebis, kanonieri meurveebisa an bavSvze

mzrunveli nebismieri sxva piris mxridan yvela formis fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri

Zaladobisagan, Seuracxyofisa Tu borotad gamoyenebisagan, mzrunvelobis

moklebisa Tu daudevari mopyrobisagan, uxeSi moqcevisa Tu eqspluataciisagan,

seqsualuri Zaladobis CaTvliT. unda SemuSavdes socialuri programebi im mizniT,

raTa aucilebeli mxardaWera aRmouCndes bavSvsa da im pirebs, vinc masze zrunavs,

agreTve xeli Seuwyon bavSvTa mimarT sastiki damokidebulebis Tavidan acilebas,

winaswari gamovlenis, Setyobinebis, gansaxilvelad gadacemis, gamoZiebis,

mkurnalobis da sxva procedurebis aRZvras. es aris gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis

konvenciis me-19 muxli.

samwuxarod, qarTul samarTalSi, kerZod ki, samoqalaqo da samoqalaqo-saproceso

kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs norma, romelic gansazRvravda bavSvis uflebas,

Tavad daicvas sakuTari interesebi mis mimarT mSoblebis Tu maszed mzrunveli

sxva pirebis mxridan gamovlenili Zaladobis, borotad mopyrobis an Seuracxyofis

SemTxvevaSi, rasac samwuxarod bavSvis ojaxur garemoSi aqvs adgili. Ees erT-erTi

yvelaze faqizi da mtkivneuli problemaa bavSvis Rirsebisa da uflebebis dacvis

msoflio praqtikaSi. gansakuTrebiT rTulia misi sakanonmdeblo implementacia

saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac Cveni sazogadoebrivi mentaliteti da tradiciebi,

TiTqos da, imTaviTve gamoricxavs, vTqvaT, bavSvis seqsualur an sxva saxis

eqspluatacias mSoblebis mxridan da SesaZloa, am sakiTxis maregulirebeli

pirdapiri samarTlebrivi normis gamoCenam sazogadoebis araerTgvarovani reaqciac

gamoiwvios. Mmagram samwuxarod, bavSvis damcirebis, abuCad agdebis, fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri Zaladobis sxva gamovlinebebis faqtebi, Tavad ojaxSic ki, arsebuli

realobaa da mkacr samarTlebriv reglamentacias saWiroebs (ojaxSi bavSvze

fsiqologiuri Zaladobis sxva formebad unda miviCnioT misi dasjis mizniT

izolacia, mudmivi sityvieri Seuracxyofa, mavne tradiciuli ritualebis

Sesrulebisadmi bavSvis iZuleba da a.S. fizikuri Zaladobaa _ bavSvis cema,

gawkepvla, dasjis mizniT muxlebze an kuTxeSi dayeneba da sxva).

35

3. aucilebeli jandacva da keTikdReoba.

invalidi bavSvebi _ gaeros bavSvTa dacvis konvencia am sakiTxsac farTod

moicavs da gulisxmobs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos Semdegi:

gonebrivad an fizikurad arasrulfasovani bavSvi srulfasovnad da Rirseulad

unda cxovrobdes imgvar pirobebSi, romlebic uZliereben mas Rirsebis GgrZnobas,

sakuTari Tavis rwmenas da uadvileben sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiur

monawileobas. Aarasrulfasovan bavSvs ufleba aqvs sargeblobdes gansakuTrebuli

mzrunvelobiT da saxelmwifo saTanado resursebis arsebobis pirobebSi unda

axalisebdes da uzrunvelyofdes am uflebis mqone bavSvisaTvis da mis mimarT

mzrunvelobaze pasuxismgebeli pirebisaTvis iseTi daxmarebis gawevas, rogorsac

iTxoven da romelic Seesabameba bavSvisa da misi mSoblebis, an im sxva pirTa

mdgomareobas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen bavSvze mzrunvelobas. Ddaxmareba

SeZlebisdagvarad ufasoa mSoblebisa da bavSvze mzrunvelobis uzrunvelmyofi

sxva pirebis finansuri resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT da miznad isaxavs

arasrulfasovan bavSvs misces imis efeqturi SesaZlebloba, rom man isargeblos

saganmanaTleblo, samedicino, janmrTelobis aRmdgeni, profesiuli da SromiTi

saqmianobis mosamzadeblad saWiro momsaxurebiT da dasvenebis saSualebebiT, rac

bavSvs ramdenadac SesaZloa srulad CarTavs socialur cxovrebaSi da xels

Seuwyobs misi pirovnebis ganviTarebas, rac kulturuli da sulieri TvalsazrisiT

mis zrdasac moicavs.

jandacva da samedicino momsaxureba _ es metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi

gulisxmobs, rom bavSvis uflebaa isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvisa da aRdgenis

sistemis srulyofili momsaxurebiT da daavadebaTa mkurnalobis saukeTeso

saSualebebiT. Aam uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saxelmwifo iRebs aucilebel

zomebs CvilTa da mozardTa sikvdilianobis donis SemcirebisaTvis, yvela

bavSvisaTvis aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom upiratesi yuradReba daeTmos pirveladi

samedicino sanitaruli daxmarebis gawevas. saxelmwifo aseve ibrZvis daavadebebisa

da SimSilis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris pirveladi samedicino sanitaruli daxmarebis

farglebSi, advilad xelmisawvdomi teqnologiiTa da sakmao sursaTiTa da sasmeli

wyliT momaragebis gziT, garemos dabinZurebis saSiSroebisa da riskis

gaTvaliswinebiT. Aaseve mniSvnelovania dedebisaTvis mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis

Semdeg periodSi janmrTelobis dacvis saTanado momsaxurebis gaweva. swored am

zomebis gatarebam unda uzrunvelyos bavSvTa janmrTelobis dacva da samedicino

momsaxureba. Ees ki xels Seuwyobs bavSvTa janmrTel ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva

36

ubedurebebis Tavidan acilebas, romlebic, samwuxarod dRes, Cvens qveyanaSi, xSirad

xdeba.

socialuri dacva _ es aris bavSvis ufleba, isargeblos socialuri

uzrunvelyofis yvela sikeTiT, socialuri dazRvevis CaTvliT da saxelmwifom

unda miiRos yvela aucilebeli zoma am uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. Ees

SeRavaTebi bavSvs eZleva aucileblobisamebr, misi da mis rCenaze pasuxismgebel

pirTa resursebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmwifo aseve iRebs

yvela aucilebel zomas imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs, romelTa mSoblebic muSaoben,

ufleba hqondeT isargeblon maTTvis gankuTvnili samsaxurebiTa da

dawesebulebebiT, romelTac bavSvTa movla-patronoba ekisrebaT. Aaq igulisxmeba

skolamdeli asakisa da dawyebiT klasebSi myofi bavSvis ufleba sargeblobdes

sabavSvo baga-baRebiT, gaxangrZlivebuli swavlebiT da sxva dawesebulebebiT.

saqarTvelos kanonis “ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” me-10 muxlSi _ “skolamdeli aRzrda”,

gansazRvrulia, rom skolamdeli aRzrda xdeba ojaxSi an skolamdeli aRzrdis

dawesebulebebSi, ramac safuZveli unda Cauyaros bavSvis azrovnebis, emociuri

samyarosa da nebisyofis formirebas.

cxovrebis done _ kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia bavSvis cxovrebis done,

romelSic igulisxmeba, rom yoveli bavSvi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis

iseTi doniT, romelic aucilebelia misi fizikuri, gonebrivi, sulieri, zneobrivi

da socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT mSoblebs,

raTa maT Tavisi unarisa da finansuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi uzrunvelyon

bavSvis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro cxovrebis pirobebi. amasTan saxelmwifoc, Tavisi

SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, aucilebel zomebs iRebs imisaTvis, rom daxmareba

gauwios mSoblebsa da bavSvTa aRmzrdelebs. Aam uflebis ganxorcielebaSi,

aucilebel SemTxvevaSi materialur daxmarebas uwevs da mxars uWers programebs,

romlebic uwinares yovlisa gulisxmoben bavSvTa sakvebiT, tansacmliTa da

sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofas.

4. ganaTleba, dasveneba da kulturuli saqmianobebi.

ganaTleba _ ganaTlebas adamianis ganviTarebasa da CamoyalibebaSi Zalzed

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. swored ganaTlebisas yalibdeba adamianis cnobiereba,

misi msoflmxedveloba, azrovneba da keTilgoniereba. Aamdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom

bavSvs adreuli asakidanve Seeqmnas ganaTlebis normaluri pirobebi. amisaTvis

saxelmwifo axorcielebs Semdegs:

awesebs ufaso da savaldebulo dawyebiT ganaTlebas;

37

xels uwyobs rogorc zogadi, ise profesiuli saSualo ganaTlebis sxvadasxva

formebis ganviTarebas, uzrunvelyofs yvela bavSvisaTvis mis xelmisawvdomobas

da Rebulobs iseT aucilebel zomebs, rogoricaa ufaso ganaTlebis SemoReba

da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi finansuri daxmarebis gaweva.

yvela aucilebeli saSualebis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofs umaRlesi ganaTlebis

xelmisawvdomobas yvelasaTvis TiToeulis unaris mixedviT.

uzrunvelyofs ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzdebis sferoSi informaciisa da

masalebis xelmisawvdomobas yvela bavSvisaTvis.

Rebulobs zomebs skolebSi regularuli daswrebis xelSesawyobad da

skolebidan ganTesil moswavleTa ricxvis Sesamcireblad. unda aRiniSnos, rom

es normebi adamianTa Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare Tanabrad unda

vrceldebodes yvela bavSvze. Ee.i. yvela bavSvs unda hqondes ganaTlebis ufleba

Tanabari SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze.

dasveneba, garToba da kulturuli saqmianoba. bavSvs gaaCnia dasvenebisa da

Tavisufali drois qonis ufleba, misi asakisaTvis Sesaferis TamaSobebsa da

gasarTob RonisZiebebSi monawileobis ufleba, agreTve ufleba, Tavisuflad

monawileobdes kulturul cxovrebaSi da eziaros xelovnebas. saxelmwifom pativi

unda sces da waaxalisos bavSvis ufleba, yovelmxrivi monawileoba miiRos

kulturul da SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi, xeli unda Seuwyos misTvis saTanado da

Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas kulturuli da SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisaTvis,

Tavisufali droiT sargeblobisa da dasvenebisaTvis.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bavSvis ganviTarebaSi sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad didi adgili

ukavia dasvenebas, garTobasa da kulturul saqmianobas. bavSvis CarTva kulturul

saqmianobaSi mas aZlevs im niWisa da swrafvis ganxorcielebis saSualebas,

romelic mas Tan dahyva bunebrivad, xolo garToba da dasveneba aucilebelia misi

gonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis. amdenad, aucilebelia, rom qveyanaSi xorcieldebodes

kulturuli, SemecnebiT-SemoqmedebiTi da gasarTobi programebi.

es aris bavSvTa is ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebic aRiarebulia

gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciiT da warmoadgens saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis

nawils. rogorc vxedavT, konvencia moicavs iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, romlebic

aucilebelia bavSvTa srulfasovani ganviTarebisaTvis, maTi sworad aRzrdisaTvis,

socialuri dacvisaTvis, janmrTel adamianebad CamoyalibebisaTvis da sxvadasxva

mavne zegavlenebisagan dacvisaTvis. Mmagram, sawuxarod, aqve unda iTqvas, rom

saqarTveloSi bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, dRes arsebuli realoba

38

sakmaod mZimea. amaSi ra Tqma unda ar igulisxmeba bavSvTa wameba, sicocxlis

mospoba, diskriminacia, ignorireba an sxva araadamianuri mopyroba. sabednierod,

saqarTvelos realoba amaze ar miuTiTebs. bavSvTa uflebebi ZiriTadad irRveva

mZime socialuri fonis arsebobis pirobebSi. mogexsenebaT, rom dReisaTvis

saqarTveloSi mravali ojaxi ukiduresi siRatakis zRvarze imyofeba da maT

gadarCenisaTvis uwevsT brZola. Bbevr mSobels ara aqvs Tavisi Svilis gamokvebis

elementaruli saSualeba da swored es aris imis mizezi, rom bavSvebSi xSirad

aRiniSneba sxvadasxva saxis daavadebebi da anomaliebi. samwuxarod xSiria iseTi

SemTxvevebic, rodesac bavSvi skolaSi ver midis tansacmlis uqonlobis gamo.

gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa bolo dros saqarTveloSi momxdari faqtebi, rodesac

dedebma TavianTi axalSobili Svilebi sanagveze gadayares. Ees, ra Tqma unda

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia da yvela aseTi “deda” mkacrad unda daisajos,

magram vfiqrob, rom aqac mZime socialuri fonis faqtori did rols asrulebs.

aseTi dedebi danaSaulis Cadenis mizezad swored materialur siduxWires da

bavSvis gazrdis SeuZleblobas asaxeleben.

gadasaWrelia arasrulwlovanTa Tavisufali drois Sevsebis problemac. vfiqrob,

es droc bavSvis aRmzrdelobiTi samuSaoebiT da sxvadasxva kulturuli da

saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebiT unda Seivsos.

aseve gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs arasrulwlovanTa Soris fexmokidebuli

narkomania da toqsikomania, maTi uzedamxedvelobis, mawanwalobisa da maTxovrobis

faqtebi. jer kidev maRalia arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis xvedriTi wili (maT

Soris moswavle-axalgazrdebs Soris).

es suraTi gacilebiT mZime iqneboda, rom ara ukeTesobis imedi da is pozitiuri

nabijebi, romlebic bolo dros saqarTveloSi gadaidga. am pozitiur molenaTagan

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom mTeli qveynis masStabiT Sendeba

gasarTobi parkebi da moednebi, remontdeba skolebi da moswavleebs eqmnebaT

swavlis nirmaluri pirobebi, saxelmwifo programebis meSveobiT bavSvebs

saSualeba eZlevaT daisvenon saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kurortebze. swored msgavsi

programebis ganxorcieleba Seuwyobs xels bavSvis ganviTarebas da mis

sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad Camoyalibebas. Mmagram, arsebuli realoba gvax-

senebs, rom am mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli jer kidev Zalian bevria.

39

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi,1995 w

2. l.izoria, k.korkelia, k.kublaSvili, g.xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis

komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi meridiani,

2005 w.

3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Tbilisi 1997 w

4. gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia

40

cira Wanturia

bavSvTa uflebebi - sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebebi

(sakanonmdeblo regulacia) 1999 wlamde sisxlis samarTlis sruli pasuxismgeblobis asaki saqarTveloSi iyo 16 weli, amasTan, 14-16 wlis mozardebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeboda SedarebiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. 1999 wels sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis Sedegad, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis asaki saqarTveloSi yvela saxis danaSaulisaTvis iyo 14 weli.11 2006 wlis dekemberSi parlamentSi Sesuli sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT, romlis Sedegadac axlaxan Sevida cvlilebebi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, ganisazRvra garkveuli kategoriis danaSaulebze, rogoricaa ssk-s 108-e, 109-e, 117-e, 137-e, 178-e (garda pirveli nawilisa), 179-e da 2381 sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba 12 wels miRweul pirTaTvis.12 cvlileba amoqmeddeba 2008 wlis 1 ivlisidan. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XVI TavSi mocemulia arasrulwlovanTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani, arasrulwlovanTa mimarT gamosayenebeli sasjelis calkeuli saxeebi da maTi daniSvnis wesi, xolo XVII TavSi - arasrulwlovanTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebis calkeuli safuZvlebi, aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis saxeebi da daniSvnis wesi. dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT arasrulwlovnad iTvleba is, visac danaSaulis Cadenamde Seusrulda 14 weli, magram ar Sesrulebia 18 weli13. arasrulwlovan damnaSaves SeiZleba daeniSnos sasjeli an aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZieba. moqmedi kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs arasrulwlovani damnaSavisaTvis sasjelis Semdeg saxeebs: a) jarima; b)saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva; g) sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma; d)gamasworebeli samuSao; e) Tavisuflebis SezRudva; v) vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ar eniSneba arasrulwlovan pirs. arasrulwlovanTa dasjadobis Tavisebureba gamoixateba ara marto srulwlovanTaTvis gankuTvnil sasjelTa raodenobriv SemcirebaSi, aramed imaSic, rom kanonmdebeli erTi da imave sasjelis sxva zomas adgens srulwlovani pirisaTvis da arasrulwlovanisaTvis – arsebiTad Semcirebuls. es exeba arasrulwlovanTaTvis gankuTvnil eqvsive sasjels14. a) jarima arasrulwlovans jarima eniSneba mxolod maSin, rodesac mas aqvs damoukidebeli xelfasi an qoneba, romelzedac SeiZleba miqceuli iqnes gadaxdevineba. jarimis minimaluri odenobaa xuTi dRiuri anazRaureba, xolo maqsimaluri – orasi dRiuri anazRaureba. sasjelTa Sekrebisas jarimis odenoba ar unda aRematebodes oTxas dRiur anazRaurebas.

11 ‘sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi’ Tbilisi 1999 wlis 22 ivlisi, muxli 80 2006 wlis mdgomareobiT 16 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 80, muxli 33, Tbilisi 1999w., 2007 wlis mdgomareobiT 13 vidre amoqmeddeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 80-e muxlSi Setanili cvlileba. ,,saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne”, #19, 01.06.2007, gv. 2 14 goTua z. Tbilisi 2001 w. ,,sisxlis samarTali”, zogadi nawili, sasjeli, gv. 116

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b) saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva arasrulwlovans saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva eniSneba erTidan sam wlamde vadiT (ssk 84-e muxli). saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva SeiZleba dainiSnos rogorc ZiriTad, aseve damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT. g) sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma arasrulwlovans sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma eniSneba ocidan assamoc saaTamde vadiT, romelsac is moixdis swavlisagan an ZiriTadi samuSaosagan Tavisufal dros. es sasjeli gulisxmobs iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebas, romelic ZaluZs arasrulwlovans. am sasjelis vada TxuTmet wlamde arasrulwlovnisaTvis ar unda aRematebodes dReSi or saaTs, xolo TxuTmetidan Tvramet wlamde arasrulwlovnisTvis – dReSi sam saaTs.

Tu msjavrdebuli arasrulwlovani uars ganacxadebs aRniSnuli sasjelis moxdaze an Seecdeba jiutad aaridos Tavi mas, maSin imoqmedebs analogiur SemTxvevaSi srulwlovani pirebisaTvis dadgenili saerTo wesi, kerZod sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma Seicvleba Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT.

d) gamasworebeli samuSao arasrulwlovans gamasworebeli samuSao eniSneba ori Tvidan erT wlamde vadiT (ssk 86-e muxli). amasTan, saerTo wesisamebr, msjavrdebulis xelfasidan saxelmwifos SemosavalSi daiqviTeba Tanxa ganaCeniT dadgenili odenobiT, aranakleb xuTi da ara umetes oci procentisa. aRniSnuli sasjelis gamoyeneba SeiZleba im arasrulwlovanis mimarT, romelsac mudmivi samuSao gaaCnia, magram praqtikulad, misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis mozardebis mimarT, radgan am asakis pirTa samsaxurSi miReba kanoniT SezRudulia. Tu arasrulwlovani msjavrdebuli jiutad Tavs aaridebs gamasworebel samuSaos, es sasjeli Seicvleba Tavisuflebis SezRudviT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. e) Tavisuflebis SezRudva saerTo wesisamebr, Tavisuflebis SezRudva niSnavs msjavrdebulis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis gareSe moTavsebas specialur dawesebulebaSi – gamasworebel centrSi, masze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebiT. arasrulwlovans Tavisuflebis SezRudva eniSneba oTx wlamde vadiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom faqtobrivad ar xdeba aRniSnuli sasjelis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. v) vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa arasrulwlovans Tavisuflebis aRkveTa eniSneba ara umetes aTi wlis vadiT. gamonaklisia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac Tavisuflebis aRkveTa eniSneba gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Camden, Teqvsmetidan Tvramet wlamde asakis arasrulwlovans. aseT dros dasaSvebia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa aT welze meti vadiT, magram ara umetes TxuTmeti wlisa (ssk 88-e muxli). arasrulwlovanisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebTan erTad (ssk 53-e muxli), sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos arasrulwlovnis cxovrebisa da aRzrdis pirobebi, fsiqikuri ganviTarebis done, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, sxva pirovnuli Taviseburebani, agreTve masze asakiT ufrosi piris zegavlena (ssk 89-e muxli). arasrulwlovanisTvis sasjelis daniSvnisas, sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos ara marto is garemoebebi, rac saerToa yvelasaTvis ganurCevlad asakisa, aramed agreTve is, rac msjavrdebulis arasrulwlovnobis gamo damatebiT warmoiqmna.

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kanonis Tanaxmad, arasrulwlovani Tavisuflebis aRkveTas moixdis ara sasjelaRsrulebis, aramed aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi, vidre ar miaRwevs Tvrameti wlis asaks. arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulisaTvis daniSnuli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis minimaluri vada, saerTo wesisamebr ar SeiZleba iyos eqvs Tveze naklebi, garda iseTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma, gamasworebeli samuSao an Tavisuflebis SezRudva icvleba vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. arasrulwlovanis gaTavisufleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa da

sasjelisagan

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT arasrulwlovani sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-bisa da sasjelisagan SeiZleba gaTavisufldes rogorc saerTo, ise specialuri safuZvliT15. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis saerTo safuZvlebia: 1. qmediTi monaniebis gamo (68-e muxli); 2. dazaralebulTan Serigebis gamo; 3. viTarebis Secvlis gamo (70-e muxli); 4. braldebulis sagamoZiebo organoebTan TanamSromlobis gamo (70, I); 5. xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis gamo (ssk 71-e muxli); 6. amnistiis aqtis gamo. arasrulwlovanis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 99-e muxlis mixedviT, moqmedebs kodeqsis 71-e muxlisagan gansxvavebuli wesiT, kerZod is, rom arasrulwlovnis sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebisas am ori muxliT gaTvali-swinebuli vadebi naxevrdeba. Sesabamisad, arasrulwlovani Tavisufldeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu gavida: a) erTi weli im danaSaulis Cadenidan, romlisTvisac kodeqsis kerZo mawilis muxliT an muxlis nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli ar aRemateba ori wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas; b) sami weli sxva, naklebad mZime danaSaulis Cadenidan; g)

xuTi weli mZime danaSaulis Cadenidan; g1) Svidnaxevari weli sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis 332 – 3421 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebisaTvis, Tu isini ar

miekuTvneba gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauls; (25.07.2006 N 3530); d) Tormetnaxevari weli gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenidan. arasrulwlovani sasjelisagan SeiZleba gaTavisufldes nebismieri asakis msjavrdebulisaTvis saerTo safuZvliT, esenia: sasjelis moxdisagan pirobiT vadamde gaTavisufleba (72-e muxli); sasjelis mouxdeli nawilis Secvla ufro msubuqi saxis sasjeliT (73-e muxliT); sasjelisagan gaTavisufleba avadmyofobis gamo (74-e muxli); sasjelis moxdisagan gaTavisufleba gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis xandazmulobis gamo (76-e muxli); amnistiis an Sewyalebis aqtebis safuZvelze (77-e, 78-e muxlebi). amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom saerTo wesisgan gansxvavebiT, arasrulwlovnis sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis ori SemTxveva, kerZod, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisufleba da sasjelis moxdisagan gaTavisufleba gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis xandazmulobis gamo, arsebiTi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rac Sesabamisi specialuri normiT regulirdeba da arasrulwlovnisTvis SeRavaTian pirobebs awesebs. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 98-e muxlis mixedviT, gamasworebeli samuSaoTi an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT msjavrdebuli arasrulwlo-vani sasamarTlom SeiZleba pirobiT vadamde gaaTavisuflos sasjelis moxdisagan, Tu man faqtobrivad moixada: a) naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis daniSnuli sasjelis vadis aranakleb erTi mesamedi; b) mZime danaSaulisaTvis daniSnuli

15 goTua z. Tbilisi 2001 w. ,,sisxlis samarTali”, zogadi nawili, sasjeli, gv. 120

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sasjelis vadis aranakleb naxevari; g) gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis daniSnuli sasjelis vadis aranakleb ori mesamedi.

aseve, sisxlis samarTlis 99-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis xandazmulobis motiviT arasrulwlovnis sasjelisagan gaTavisufleba moxdeba, Tu kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ar aRsrulebula Semdeg vadebSi: a) erT weliwadSi im danaSaulis Cadenidan, romlisTvisac kodeqsis kerZo

nawilis muxliT an muxlis nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli ar aRemateba ori wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas;

b) sam welSi sxva, naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebis dros; g) xuT welSi mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebis dros; d) Svidnaxevar welSi gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebis dros. humanizmis principis realizacias warmoadgens aseve kanonmdeblis mier, saerTo wesisgan (79-e muxli) gansxvavebiT, arasrulwlovnisTvis nasamarTlobis gaqar-wylebis Semcirebuli vadebis dadgena, kerZod, me-100 muxlis Tanaxmad, imas vinc danaSauli Tvramet wlamde Caidina, nasamarTloba gauqarwyldeba, Tu gavida: a) erTi weli naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTis moxdidan; b) sami weli mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTis moxdidan16. kanonmdebeli arasrulwlovanis mimarT pirobiTi msjavris institutis gamoyenebi-saTvis ar awesebs raime gansakuTrebul pirobebs an SeRavaTebs, ris gamoc arasrulwlovnis mimarT pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebisas moqmedebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 63-e – 67-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saerTo wesebi. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis sae-rTo saxeebis paralelurad, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Seicavs aseve specialur saxeebs, romlebic mxolod arasrulwlovnebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, ssk-is 90-e muxlis mixedviT arasrulwlovani, romelmac pirvelad Caidina naklebad mZime danaSauli sasamarTlom SeiZleba gaaTavisuflos sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu miiCnevs, rom misi gamosworeba mizanSewonilia aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT. rac Seexeba arasrulwlovanis sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis specialur saxes, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 97-e muxlis Tanaxmad, naklebad mZime danaSauli-saTvis msjavrdebuli arasrulwlovani sasamarTlom SeiZleba gaaTavisuflos sasjelisagan zemoTnaxsenebi aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT. ssk-s 91-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arasrulwlovans, romelmac pirvelad Caidina naklebad mZime danaSauli, sasamarTlom SeiZleba dauniSnos Semdegi saxis aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi: 1. gafrTxileba. 2. sazedamxedvelod gadacema. 3. zianis anazRaurebis movaleobis dakisreba. 4. qcevis SezRudva. 5. specialur aRmzrdelobiT an samkurnalo-aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi moTavseba. arasruwlovans erTdroulad SeiZleba daeniSnos aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis ramdenime iZulebiTi RonisZieba. Tu igi sistematurad arRvevs am RonisZiebebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs, maSin es RonisZieba specializebuli saxelmwifo

16 goTua z. Tbilisi 2001 w. ,,sisxlis samarTali”, zogadi nawili, sasjeli, gv. 123

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organos wardginebiT uqmdeba da masalebi gadaigzavneba arasrulwlovnis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi misacemad (ssk 93-e muxli). dasaxelebuli RonisZiebebi Tavisi SinaarsiT aRmzrdelobiT xasiaTs atareben. maTi gamoyenebisas arasrulwlovanze zemoqmedeba xdeba darwmunebis meTodiT da gamosworebis miznis misaRwevad sasamarTlos, konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad miaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis an sasjelis moxdis nacvlad aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa gamoyeneba. amave dros, aRmzrdelobiTi Sinaarsis mqone RonisZiebebs iZulebiTi xasiaTi aqvs, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom maTi daniSvna da aRsruleba ar aris damokidebuli arasrulwlovnis an sxva piris nebaze. igi gansxvavdeba sasjelisagan, radgan masSi ar aris represiis elementebi, ar iwvevs nasamarTlobas da ar iyofa ZiriTad da damatebiTi saxis RonisZiebebad. a) gafrTxileba – niSnavs arasrulwlovnisTvis imis ganmartebas, Tu ra ziani

gamoiwvia misma qmedebam da ra Sedegi mohyveba danaSaulis ganmeorebiT Cadenas. garda amisa, arasrulwlovans ganemarteba mis mimarT gamoyenebuli aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZiebis Seusruleblobis Sedegi, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos am RonisZiebis gauqmebasa da arasrulwlovnis msjavrdebaSi.

b) sazedamxedvelod gadacema – niSnavs mSoblisTvis an misi Semcvleli pirisaTvis, an specializebuli saxelmwifo organosaTvis im movaleobis dakisrebas, rom man aRmzrdelobiTi zegavlena moaxdinos arasrulwlovanze da kontroli gauwios mis yofaqcevas (93-e muxli). aseTi RonisZieba ar gulisxmobs arasrulwlovnis mimarT mSoblebis an maTi Semcvleli pirebis raime gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebiT aRWurvas, aramed imisa, rom maT ufro aqtiurad warmarTon aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianoba mozardTan da gacilebiT meti dro dauTmon mas. arasrulwlovnis gadacema specializebuli saxelmwifo organosTvis xdeba maSin, roca sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, mSoblebs an maT Semcvlel pirebs unari ar SeswevT dadebiTi zemoqmedeba moaxdinon gzasamcdar mozardze da xeli Seuwyon mis swor ganviTarebas. sazedamxedvelod gadacemis drois xangrZlivobas gansazRvravs sasamarTlo.

g) zianis anazRaurebis movaleobis dakisreba – arasrulwlovnisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis movaleobis dakisrebisas, sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs mis qonebriv mdgomareobasa da Sesabamis SromiT Cvevebs (94-e muxli).

d) qcevis SezRudva – arasrulwlovans SeiZleba aekrZalos: gansazRvruli

adgilis monaxuleba, drois garkveul monakveTSi Sinidan gasvla, specializebuli saxelmwifo organos nebarTvis gareSe sadme wasvla, Tavisufali drois gansazRvruli formiT gamoyeneba da sxva. amave dros, sasamarTlom arasrulwlovans SeiZleba daavalos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi swavlis ganaxleba, specializebuli saxelmwifo organos daxmarebiT muSaobis dawyeba da sxva (95-e muxli). aq dasaxelebuli SezRudvebis garda, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia sxvagvarad SezRudos arasrulwlovnis qceva (95-e muxlis me-3 nawili) da aseve gansazRvros nebismieri formis SezRudvis xangrZlioba.

e) specialur-aRmzrdelobiT an samkurnalo-aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi

moTavseba – es RonisZieba warmoadgens arasrulwlovnis sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis specialur saxes da igi ar gamoiyeneba arasrulwlovnis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebisas. am RonisZiebis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia msjavrdebuli arasrulwlovnis mier naklebad mZime danaSaulis CadenisaTvis, Tuki sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom sasjelis miznebi miiRweva arasrulwlovnis specialur-aRmzrdelobiT an samkurnalo-aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi moTavsebiT. kanoni adgens, rom mocemul dawesebulebebSi arasrulwlovnis yofnis vada ar unda aRematebodes mis mier

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Cadenili danaSaulisTvis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis maqsimalur vadas da ara sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli sasjelis vadas.

ssk-s 96-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia arasrulwlovnis specialur-aRmzrdelobiT an samkurnalo-aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi moTavsebis vadis droze adre Sewyveta, Tu specializebuli saxelmwifo organo daaskvnis, rom arasrulwlovani gamosworda da saWiro aRar aris am RonisZiebis Semdgomi gamoyeneba. sasamarTlos mier arasrulwlovanis specialur-aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi yofnis gagrZeleba gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg dasaSvebia mxolod zogadsaganmanaTleblo an profesiuli momzadebis dasamTavreblad.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 w., 2007 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT. 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi 1999 w., 2007 wlis

mdgomareobiT. 3. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, Tbilisi 1998 w., 2007 wlis

mdgomareobiT. 4. ,,saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne”, #19 01.06.2007, gv. 1-2 5. ‘bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia’, gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia #44/25,

1989 wlis 20 noemberi 6. arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis administrirebis minimaluri wesebi,

gaeros rezol. 40/33-pekinis wesebi 1985 7. gaeros wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanTa dacvasTan

dakavSirebiT, gaeros rezol. 45/112-JDLs 1990

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ia svanaZe

moqalaqeobis ufleba saqarTveloSi

rogorc viciT, saxelmwifo rTuli organizaciaa, romelic Sedgeba mravali in-stitutisagan, maT Soris erT-erTi aris moqalaqeobis instituti. moqalaqeoba aris piris samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, romelic asaxavs mis myar kavSirs ama Tu im saxelmwifosTan, rac gamoixateba urTierTsanacvlo ufleba-movaleobaTa er-TianobiT. es ufleba - movaleobani dadgenilia konstituciiT da sxva kanonebiT. TiToeul saxelmwifos imisaTvis sWirdeba moqalaqeobis instituti, rom ufro kargad uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi mcxovreb individTa uflebebi da isini daicvas ro-gorc Tavis qveyanaSi, ise mis farglebs gareTac. moqalaqeoba aris rTuli samarTlebrivi instituti, romelsac iseve, rogorc sxva samarTlebriv institutebs aqvs Tavis ganviTarebis da warmoSobis istoria. moqa-laqeoba warmoiSva antikur respublikaSi, rogorc monobisagan Tavisufali piris privilegiuri mdgomareoba. moqalaqeobis cneba yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo qalaqSi cxovrebasTan, qalaq-Tan, romelic xSirad Tavisi kanonebiTa da adaT-wesebiT cxovrobda. sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi ,, moqalaqe” ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: ,, qalaqSi myofi vieTnime ityvian moqalaqeobiTi yofaqceviTaca ars da saxelis sjulobiTaca”, anu sulxan-sabas moqalaqeoba warmoudgenia, rogorc qalaqSi myofi iseTi piri, romelsac ojaxis zne-Cveulebebi Seguebuli aqvs qalaqis yofaqcevasTan, adaT-wesebTan. la-Tinurad moqalaqes ewodeba ,, civis”, xolo moqalaqeobas ,,civitas”. moqalaqeobis cne-ba uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba, konketulad im periodidan, rodesac gaCdnen qalaq-saxelmwifoebi. moqalaqeobis instituti sakmaod gamokveTili iyo romisa da aTe-nis kanonmdeblobebSi. aTenSi yvela uflebiT da privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen is mamakacebi, romlebic dediTac da mamiTac aTenis mkvidrni iyvnen. isini moqalaqeobas iZendnen Tvrameti wlis asakidan. aTenSi cxovrobdnen ucxoeli Tavisufali adamianebi, romelTac metekebi ewodebodaT. rac Seexeba romis magaliTs, aq moqalaqeobis instituti upro daxvewili iyo. romis moqalaqe SeiZleba gamxdariyo Tavisufali monac., ma-gram mas sxvadasxva Tanamdebobisa da jarSi monawileobis ufleba ar hqonda, ase-Ti pirebi mxolod Tavisi tribis krebaSi aZlevdnen xmas. romSi iyvnen peregrinebi, romlebsac arc moqalaqeobis da arc laTinTa uflebebi ar hqondaT miRebuli. maTTvis calke samarTali Camoyalibda. moqalaqeoba, rogorc saqarTvelos kons-tituciuri samarTlis erT-erTi instituti, warmoadgens samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic ganamtkiceben saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis principebs da aregulireben moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs. moqalaqeoba warmoadgens rogorc droSi, ise sivrceSi ganmtkicebul urTierT-kavSirs, es niSnavs, rom yovel moqalaqeze, sadac ar unda imyofebodes igi, sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze Tu mis farglebs gareT, vrceldeba saqarTvelos kanone-bisa da sxva aqtebis moqmedeba. saqarTvlos farglebs gareT myof saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze dacva xorcieldeba sagareo saqmeTa saministros da mis sistemaSi Semavali saqarTvelos diplomatiuri sakonsulo dawesebulebebis mier. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis instituti ganisazRvreba 1995 wlis kons-tituciiT da 1993 wlis 25 martis kanoniT ,, moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb”. saqarTveloSi moqalaqeobis instituti sakmaod garTulebulia, rac albaT imiTaa ganpirobebu-li, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqe gaxdes Rirseuli piri.

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kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos pi-ri, romelic mudmivad cxovrobda saqarTveloSi aranakleb 5 wlisa da cxovrobs 1993 wlis 25 martis kanonis samoqmedod SemoRebis dRisaTvis, Tu 6 Tvis vadaSi werilobiT ar ganacxadebs uars saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze. saqarTveloSi moqalaqeobis mopoveba xdeba dabadebiT-romelic cnobilia filia-ciis saxeliT da saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebiT naturalizaciiT. dabadebiT moqalaqeobis miReba niSnavs, rom pirs moqalaqeoba eniWeba dabadebis momentidan, xolo naturalizaciiT miReba ki niSnavs, rom ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqe, an mo-qalaqeobis armqone piri xdeba saqarTvelos moqalaqe. naturalizaciis gziT mo-qalaqeobis misaRebad piri unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: a. mudmivad cxovrobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanaskneli 10 wlis ganmavlo-

baSi; b. dadgenil farglebSi icis saxelmwifo ena; g. dadgenil farglebSi icis saqarTvelos istoria da kanonmdebloba; c. saqarTveloSi aqvs samuSao adgili an raime uZravi qoneba. saqarTvelos sapatio moqalaqeoba misi TanxmobiT SeiZleba mieniWos ucxo saxelm-wifos moqalaqes an moqalaqeobis ar mqone pirs, romelsac saqarTvelos da kaco-briobis winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba Tavisi samecniero, sazogadoe-brivi saqmianobiT, an aqvs profesia da kvalifikacia, romliTac dainteresebulia saqarTvelo, anda misTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWeba gamomdinareobs sax-elmwifo interesebidan. piri, romelmac saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba moipova natu-ralizaciiT, an saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis aRdgeniT qarTul enaze debs saqarT-velosadmi erTgulebis fics. saqarTveloSi saqorwino-saojaxo urTierTobebis aRmoceneba an Sewyveta saqarT-velos moqalaqeebsa da ucxoel moqalaqeebs Soros ar iwvevs erT-erTi meuRlis moqalaqeobis Secvlas da orives SeuZlia SeinarCunos Tavisi moqalaqeoba. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli icvlis moqalaqeobas, es ar iwvevs bavSvebis moqalaqeobis av-tomatur Secvlas, xolo roca moqalaqeobas icvlis orove mSobeli, Sesabamisad icvleba maTi arasrulwlovani Svilebis moqalaqeobac. 14-dan 18 wlamde bavSvis moqalaqeobis Secvla mxolod misi TanxmobiT SeiZleba. aRsaniSnavia optaciis wesi, rac gulisxmobs, rom srulwlovan pirs SesaZlebloba aqvs airCios erT-erTi mSoblis moqalaqeoba, roca maT sxvadasxva moqalaqeoba aqvT. moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanoni aRiarebs moqalaqeobas, rogorc saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi yvela adamianis uflebas. maSasadame SeiZleba Ta-visuflad gaviazrod profesor a.mickeviCis azri, principi ,,yvela adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba” niSnavs erTis mxriv imas, rom aravis ar SeiZleba TviTne-burad CamoirTvas moqalaqeoba an ufleba Secvalos Tavisi moqalaqeoba, xolo meores mxriv es niSnavs, rom TiToeuli saxelmwifo unda Rebulobdes zomebs mo-qalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis SemcirebisaTvis. moqalaqeobis armqone piri gulisxmobs adamians, romelic ar warmoadgens saqarT-velos moqalaqes da aseve ar gaaCnia sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs Tanabari uf-leba-movaleobani aqvT, garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamo-naklisebisa. saqarTvelo TavSesafars aZlevs ucxoel moqalaqeebs da moqalaqeo-bis armqone pirebs. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar awesebs SezRudvebs SromiTi dasaqmebis sferoSi da ucxoelebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba miRebul iqnen iseT ad-gilebze, romlis dasakavebladac saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaSi yofna aucilebeli ar aris. mag. ucxoeli saqarTveloSi SeiZleba muSaobdes nebismier sawarmoSi koo-peraciul an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis daqvemdebarebul organoSi da sxva. rac Seexeba ucxoelis gasaxlebas saqarTvelodan SromiTi resursebis naklebobis

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an dasaqmebis bazris mdgomareobis gamo, am sababiT ucxoelis saqarTvelodan ga-saxleba ar xdeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sewyvetis safuZvlebia: a) saqarTvelos moqalaqeobidan gasvla; b) saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis dakargva. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobidan gava piri Tu saqarTvelos winaSe ara aqvs Seusru-lebeli valdebuleba, rogorc samxedro, aseve qonebrivi. piri ver gava saqarTve-los moqalaqeobidan Tu igi micemulia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi an mis mimarT arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, romelic aRsrulebas eqvemdebareba. piri saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas dakargavs, Tu saqarTvelos kompetenturi orga-noebis unebarTvod Seva ucxo saxelmwifos samxedro samsaxurSi, policiaSi, ius-ticiis organoebsa da xelisuflebis sxva organoebSi, agreTve Tu arasapatio mi-zeziT ar dadgeba sakonsulo aRricxvaze 2wlis ganmavlobaSi. imigrantebs gaaCniaT TiTqmis yvela is ufleba da Tavisufleba, rac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT. ,, migrantTa inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos 1998 wlis 28 ivnisis kanoniT saqarTveloSi SemoRebulia imigrantTa inspeqtireba, kerZod mi-grantTa baraTis gacema, romliTac xdeba ucxoelTa saqarTveloSi Semosvlis, yofnisa da gasvlis kontroli. migrantTa inspeqtirebas axorcielebs saqarTve-los ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro. yovel migrants SeuZlia Tavisuflad datovos nebismieri saxelmwifo, maT Soris Tavisi warmoSobis saxelmwifoc. saqartvelos teritoriaze imigrantis gadaadgi-lebis SezRudva xdeba prezidentis mier ama Tu im teritoriaze sagangebo mdgoma-reobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi, rasac amtkicebs parlamenti. ase iyo 2002 wlis Semodgomaze, rodesac pankisis xeobaSi gamocxadda sagangebo mdgomareoba, roca ucxoelebs iq Sesvla aekrZalaT. saqarTveloSi gamkacrebulia administraciuli pasuxismgebloba imigrantTa aralegalurad saqarTveloSi yofnis, cxovrebis Tu tranzitiT mgzavrobisaTvis. kanonmdebeli aq ar sargeblobs termini ,, migrantiT “, aramed miuTiTebs ucxoel moqalaqeze an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze, romleb-ic aralegalurad Semovidnen saqarTveloSi. aseTi pirebi swored migrantebi arian, xolo moqalaqeobis armqone piri maSinaa migranti, Tu igi dadgenili wesiT mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTveloSi da damtkicda misi aralegalurad Semosvlis fakti. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar cnobs ormagi moqalaqeobis princips, saqarTvelos prezidents SeuZlia gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi mianiWos saqarTvelos moqala-qeoba sxva qveynis moqalaqes, romelsac saqarTvelos winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba, an misTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWeba gamomdinareobs sax-elmwifo interesebidan. ormag moqalaqeobaze (bipatridebze) rodesac vsaubrobT unda aRvniSnoT ruseTis magaliTi. ruseTis konstitucia gansazRvravs, rom ruse-Tis moqalaqe erTdroulad SeiZleba flobdes ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, magram es dasaSvebia mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswi-nebulia federaluri kanoniT, an ruseTis federaciis saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-biT. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba pirdapir unda iTvaliswinebdes SemTanxmebeli qveynebis moqalaqeTa uflebas erTdroulad flobdnen ori saxelmwifos moqala-qeobas. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi dadgenilia erTmagi moqalaqeoba, es erTis mxriv kargia, radgan moqalaqe Tavis codnas, energias iyenebs Tavisi qveynis aRmSe-neblobisaTvis, rom pirovneba aris Tavis qveyanaSi da amravlebs ers, riTac demo-grafiuli sakiTxo mogvarebulia. mosaxleobis nawili sazRvargareT midis sas-

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wavleblad da Tavisi codnis yovelmxriv gamosayeneblad. amas isic ganapirobebs, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris iseTi teqnikuri danadgarebi, romlebic xelsayrelia studentis codnis praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis. yovelive es ganapirobebs mosax-leobis klebas. ormag moqalaqeobas rac Seexeba igi xelsayrelia, radgan is gauadvilebs pirovne-bebs qveynidan Tavisuflad gavidnen da dabrkolebis gareSe ukan dabrundnen, rac vizis gareSe ganxorcieldeba. moqalaqeobis sakiTxis momzadebaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba ius-ticiis saministros. iusticiis saministro ganixilavs moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ganc-xadebebs, Suamdgomlobebs, wardginebebs, amzadebs masalebs am sakiTxebTan dakav-SirebiT. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli dokumentebia moqalaqis pi-radobis damadasturebeli piradobis mowmoba an saqarTvelos moqalaqis pasporti. aRniSnuli dokumentebi pirs miecema 16 wlis asakidan. 16 wlamde bavSvis moqala-qeoba dasturdeba dabadebis mowmobiT, an mSoblebis pasportit. saqarTvelos im moqalaqeebze, romlebic mudmivad an droebiT sxva saxelmwifoSi cxovroben sa-qarTvelos piradobis mowmobas, registraciis mowmobas da pasports gascems sa-qarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro. diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba an sakon-sulo dawesebuleba. didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia sakiTxma imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa Tu ara moqalaqis piradobis mowmobaSi Caiweros erovneba. Cemis azriT, am mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba metad aCqarebulad moxda. nebismieri adamiani, marTalia Tavs konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqed unda grZnobdes da kidec unda amayobdes amiT, magram srulfasovani pirovnebis Rirse-bis aucilebeli nawilia erovnuli niSani, romlis ar aRniSvna, mimalva Tu ugu-lebelyofa Seuracxmyofeli unda iyos konkretuli subieqtis mimarT. saqarTvelo mravalerovani uZvelesi internacionaluri tradiciebis qveyanaa. odiTganve modiodnen Cvens qveyanaSi sxvadasxva eris Svilebi da moxibluli iyvnen saqarTvelos bunebiT da mdebareobiT da rCebodnen kidec aq. mravali maTganisaT-vis qarTuli enac TiTqmis mSobliuri gaxda. arsebobs asimilirebis calkeuli SemTxvevebic, magram vinc kargad icnobs saqarTvelos nacionalur speqtrs, kargad moexseneba, rom Tavisi erovnuli TviTmyofdoba metnaklebad yvelas aqvs SerCeni-li da es Zalian kargia, radgan sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlis aRqma, pirvel rig-Si misi TviTmyofadi erovnuli niSan-TvisebebiT iwyeba. rac Seexeba am saWoWmano sakiTxis iuridiul saxes, misi mowesrigeba rTuli ar unda iyos, radgan kanoni sazogadoebis jansaRi umravlesobis wiaRidan modis. ase rom am detals qarTul sazogadoebaSi erebs Soris disonansi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar mohyveba. dRes gamwvavebuli materialuri problemebisa da Siga Tu gare politikuri konfliqte-bis fonze, Cveni mravalerovani qveynis arcerTma Svilma ar unda igrZnos Tavi erTgvar meokosmopolitad da unda mieces saSualeba Rirseulad da siamayiT ata-ros sakuTari erovnuli niSani, Tundac im patara grafiT, romelic piradobis mowmobaSia. amrigad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba warmoadgens saqarTvelos konstituciuri sa-marTlis erT-erT wamyvan instituts, romelic Tavisi didi saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis gamo sakmaod safuZvlianadaa damuSavebuli da Ses-wavlili, magram mainc aris sakiTxebi, romlebic gadawyvetas moiTxovs, radganac moqalaqeobis sakiTxi da saerTod moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, war-moadgens saxelmwifos, rogorc demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi qveynis erT-erT aucilebel atributs.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

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1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb’’ Tbilisi, 1997 wlis

11 noemberi 3. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb’’ Tbilisi 1993 wlis 25 marti 4. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,imigrantTa inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb’’ Tbilisi 1998 wlis 28

ivnisi 5. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi.adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavi-

suflebani. avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, meridiani,2004 w 6. paata cnobilaZe-saqarTvelos konstituciuri smarTali

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giorgi giorgaZe moqalaqis ufleba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb

moqalaqis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis uflebaze saubrisas, ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT saxelmwifos politikur reJims, radgan maszea damokidebuli am uflebis ganxorcieleba. politikuri reJimi aris erT-erTi maCvenebeli imisa Tu rogori saSualebiTa da meTodebiT xorcieldeba xelisuflebisa da moqalaqis urTierTqmedeba da ramdenad demokratiulia saxelmwifo. konkretulad ar vapireb TiToeuli reJimi davaxasiaTo, magram minda xasi gavusva imas, rom demokratiuli reJimis arsebobisas, gansxvavebiT despoturi, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli reJimisagan, meti garantia arsebobs imisa, rom moqalaqem monawileoba miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi, xolo sxva reJimebis dros xdeba xalxis interesebisa da ufelebebis ignorireba. moqalaqeebis monawileoba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi uSualod aris im qveynebSi, romelic demokratiulia. demokratia berZnuli sityvaa da xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavs, romelic dafuZnebulia adamianTa Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis principze, Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeTa farTo uflebebis aRiarebiT. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xalxi warmoadgens xelisuflebis wyaros. warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, rogorc wesi airCevian, Tumca ki arCevis kriteriumebi sxvadasxvagvaria, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, gaerTianebebi, kavSirebi, politikuri partiebi. aseTi mmarTvelobis atributebad gvevlineba referendumebi, plebiscitebi, saxalxo iniciativebi, demonstraciebi, mitingebi, manifestaciebi, romlebic yovelTvis mimarTulia mosaxleobis mier mmarTvelobis organoebisadmi garkveuli samarTleblivi, socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri uflebebis gaumjobesebis moTxovnisaken. saxelmwifoebSi mmarTveloba xorcieldeba umravlesobis nebiT, magram cxadia umciresobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. moqalaqis saxelmwifo marTvaSi monawileobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisas, saWirod miviCnie gamekeTebina mokle Sesavali demokratiuli saxelmwifisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze. minda ganvixilo, Tu ra uflebebiT arian Cvens saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis miRebiT aRWurvilni da dRes moqmedi konstituciiT da organuli kanonebiT ramdenad SeuZliaT maT adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 21-e muxliT aRiarebuli uflebis realizacia. saqarTvelos konstituciis muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom xelisuflebis wyaros warmoadgens xalxi. es niSnavs Semdegs rom moqalaqeebi arCevnebis gziT Rebuloben monawileobas qveynis marTvaSi, magram es ar aris erTaderTi gza. dReisaTvis moqmedi saarCevno kodeqsiT arCevnebi tardeba maJoritaruli da proporciuli sistemiT. mmarTvelobis organoebi aris rogorc arCeviTi, ise daniSvniTi. mmarTvelobis organoebs warmoadgenen mTavroba, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebi, saministroebi. konstituciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs referendumis, uSualo demokratiisa da Tavisi warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT. aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipovos xelisufleba, rac migvaniSnebs moqalaqis uflebis dacvaze. kanonmdebeli sityva “demokratos” sxva formebSi aRiarebs uSualod moqalaqis saarCevno uflebis ganxorcielebisas. moqalaqis saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileoba minda ganvixilo saarCevni uflebiT.

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arCevnebi - es aris saarCevno uflebis mqone pirTa mier xmis micemis da am pirTa umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa Camoyalibebis saSauleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi saarCevno uflebiT yvela adamiani rodi sargeblobs. am garemoebam SeiZleba kiTxva warmoSvas, rom Tuki konstituciis me-4 muxli yvela adamianis Tanasworobas aRiarebs kanonis winaSe, ratom xdeba am uflebis individualizacia? es garemoeba uSualod dakavSirebulia moqalaqeobis cenzTan. konstituciis 27-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia daawesos ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa politikuri saqmianobis SezRudva. kerZod, amgvari SezRudva gaTvaliswinebulia TviT saarCevno kodeqsiT, kerZod me-5 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom arCevnebi sayovelTaoa. aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqes, romelsac arCevnebis dRes Seusrulda an arCevnebamde Seusrulda 18 weli, xolo pasiuri saarCevno ufleba moqalaqes aqvs 25 wlis asakidan anu ufleba Tavad iqnes arCeuli sakanonmdeblo organoSi. arCevnebSi da referendumSi monawileobis ufleba yvela moqalaqes rodi gaaCnia, kerZod maT ricxvs miekuTvnebian pirebi, romlebic sasamarTlos mier cnobilni arian qmeduunarod an imyofebian sasamarTlos ganaCeniT sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi, rac, Cemis azriT, arasworia. aq pirovnebas SezRuduli aqvs Tavisufleba da ara konstituciiT aRiarebuli politikuri ufleba, rom Tavisi neba gamoxatos xelisuflebis organoebis formirebaSi. rac Seexeba TviT moqalaqeobis cenzs, romelsac konstituciac da organuli kanonic xazs usvams saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, mimaCnia, rom swored pirvel rigSi moqalaqe am uflebiT monawileobas Rebulobs saxelmwifo organoebis formirebaSi, romelic garkveulwilad mmarTvelobaSi monawileobaSic gamoixateba da Semdeg meore, moqalaqea dainteresebuli, rom gaumjobesdes qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri, piradi Tu samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da ara ucxo qveynis moqalaqe an moqalaqeobis armqone piri, Tundac igi mudmivad cxovrobdes saqarTveloSi. aqve Cemi pozicia moqalaqeobis cenzTan dakavSirebiT minda davasabuTo saqarTvelos kanoniT moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul iqna parlamentis mier 1996 wlis 15 oqtombers. am kanonSi aRniSnulia, rom moqalaqeoba niSnavs piris politikur-samarTlebriv kavSirs saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan, rac gamoixateba maTi urTierTsanacvlo uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT da emyareba adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemas, misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebas. amave kanonis me-5 muxliT aRniSnulia , rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli politikuri, socialur - ekonomikuri, agreTve piradi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. arCevnebis gziT saxelmwifo organoebis marTvaSi monawileobis uflebas aRiarebs ara marto Cveni konstitucia, aramed adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 21-e muxli: yovel adamians ufleba aqvs monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTva - gamgeobaSi uSualod an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sajaro samsaxurSi. saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebiT minda ramdenime Sedareba gavakeTo cenzebTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelosa da sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze. avstraliaSi, kolumbiaSi, axal zelandiaSi, meqsikaSi moqmedebs e.w. qonebrivi cenzi, rac imas niSnavs, rom flobde garkveul qonebas an ixdide gansazRvrul Tanxas, raTa moipovo aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba, rom araferi vTqvaT pasiur saarCevno uflebaze. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi moqmedebs agreTve rasobrivi cenzi, mag: kanadaSi arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba ara aqvT qveynis aborigen da indiel mosaxleobas. rac warmoadgens adamianis da TviT am qveynebis moqalaqeTa uflebebis darRvevas.

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saqarTveloSi arsebobs mxolod moqalaqeobis cenzi, rac marTebulad mimamCnia da aRniSnulic maqvs am SezRudvis dadebiTi mxarec. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs registrirebul moqalaqeTa politikur partiebs, romelTa iniciativac dadasturebulia aranakleb 50000 amomrCevlis xelmoweriT, an romelsac hyavs warmomadgeneli parlamentSi arCevnebis daniSvnis droisaTvis. maJoritaruli sistemiT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba ki pirs, romlis wardgenis iniciativa dadasturebulia 1000 xelmoweriT mainc an bolo arCevnebiT iyo parlamentis wevri. konstituciis 28-e muxliT saqarTvelos yvela qmedunarian da srulwlovan moqalaqes aqvs referendumSi monawileobis ufleba. referendumi demokratiis instituts warmoadgens. ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani referendumsa da arCevnebs Soris amomrCevelTa nebis gamoxatvis obieqtia. referendumi es aris sayovelTao saxalxo gamokiTxva faruli kenWisyriT, romelic gulisxmobs amomrCevelTa korpusisadmi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mimarTvas ZiriTadad konstituciuri an sxva sakanonmdeblo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. es mimarTva SeiZleba modiodes parlamentisagan an saxelmwifo meTaurisagan. saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT aSS-Si, safrangeTSi da sxva qveynebSi moqmedebs e.w. plebisciti, rac niSnavs mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas im politikuri sakiTxis gamosarkvevad, romelzec isini saxloben, faqtiurad esec referendumis saxesxvaobaa. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi arsebobs aucilebeli da fakultaturi referendumi. fakultaturi referendumis Catareba aucilebelisagan gansxvavebiT damokidebulia amomrCevelTa korpusis nebaze. moqalaqis saxelmwifo marTvaSi monawileoba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e muxliT, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs daikavos nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba Tu igi akmayofilebs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs. sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT. sajaro samsaxurSi Sesvlis uflebiT aRWurvilni arian saqarTvelos qmedunariani moqalaqeni, romelTac aqvT saTanado codna da gamocdileba da miaRwies 21 wlis asaks da floben saxelmwifo enas. Cven saxelmwifoSi sajaro samsaxuri iyofa saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebad. moxeled SeiZleba miRebul iqnas saqarTvelos qmedunariani da srulwlovani moqalaqe, romelsac aqvs saSualo ganaTleba mainc da flobs saxelmwifo enas, sajaro samsaxurSi ar miiRebian pirebi, romlebic arian nasamarTlevi ganzrax Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis da moxsnili ara aqvT nasamarTloba; imyofeba winaswari gamoZiebis qveS an patimrobaSi; sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cnobilni arian qmeduunarod an SezRudul qmedunarianad; sasamarTlos mier CamorTmeuli aqvs Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba; samedicino daskvnis Tanaxmad, misi janmrTeloba ar akmayofilebs mocemuli Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad aucilebel pirobebs; Tanamdebobis dakavebis Sedegad uSualod samsaxurebrivi zedamxedvelobiT ukavSirdeba mSoblebs, meuRles, das, Zmas, Svils, an meuRlis das an Zmas; aris ucxo qveynis moqalaqeobis pretendenti kanoniT an saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebiT gaTvaliswinebul gamonaklisis garda. rac Seexeba sajaro samsaxuris Tanamdebobis dakavebis wess xdeba konkursiT, da-niSvniT an arCeviT. daniSvna xdeba zemdgomi Tanamdebobis piris mier erTpirovnu-lad, daniSvnasTan SedarebiT ufro demokratiulia Tanamdebobaze arCeva, igi xde-ba kolegialuri organos mier faruli an Ria kenWisyriT, yvelaze metad demokra-tuli gzaa konkursi. konkursis dros administraciis mier wamoyenebulia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi da yvela, vinc am pirobebs akmayofilebs ufleba eZ-leva monawileoba miiRos konkursSi. iqmneba specialuri sakonurso komisia, ro-melic ganixilavs konkursis Sedegebs da akeTebs daskvnas. konkursi aris yvelaze ufro demokratiuli gza, imdenad, ramdenadac gamoricxulia subieqtivizmi komi-

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siis wevris mier da moxelis Sefaseba xdeba mis mier dawerili testirebis Sede-gebiT.

... da bolos minda aRvniSno, rom Cveni konstitucia aRiarebs adamianis uflebas saxelmwifo marTvaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb. es gulisxmobs umuSevrobis aR-mofxvras saxelmwifoSi. garkveulwilad saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqeTa ufleba mainc ar aris realizebuli, radgan dRes, Cven saxelmwifoSi, droebiT umuSevarTa kategoria ufro metia, vidre dasaqmebulTa, rac gamowveulia Cveni qveynis isto-riul-politikuri viTarebiT. saqarTvelo sul raRac 15 welia, rac damoukidebe-li qveyana gaxda, romelmac TandaTan unda ganicados, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri, aseve politikur - samarTlebrivi progresi. gza demokratiuli sax-elmwifos aRmSeneblobisaken metad rTuli da xangZlivi procesia, romelsac mow-mobs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifos magaliTi romelsac 1787 wlidan dRemde, TiTqmis 200 welze meti dasWirda am miznis misaRwevad.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia mimRebi parlamenti 1995w. 24 agvisto; 2. saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqebis Sesaxeb mimRebi parlamenti 1996w.

15 oqtomberi; 3. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali avt: paata cnobilaZe; 4. sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali avt: oTar melqaZe; 5. adamianis uflebaTa sayoovelTao deklaracia miRebuli 1948w. 10 dekemberi; 6. saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb mimRebi parlamen-

ti 1997w. . . . oqtomberi

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Tamuna zurabiSvili

adamianis uflebebis dacva ombudsmenis mier sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze arsebobda gansazRvruli normebi, rom-lebic Seexeboda sazogadoebis calkeul fenaTa uflebriv mdgomareobas, Tavda-pirvelad, iseve, rogorc samarTlis yvela norma adamianis uflebebis gamomxatve-li normebic sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli fenis mier iyo dadgenili da misive in-teresebs Seesabameboda. am normebiT sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi absoluturad uufleboni iyvnen. gadis dro, viTardeba saxelmwifo da samarTali. icvleba saxelmwifo da sazo-gadoebrivi wyobiloba, samarTlis normebi ufro civilur xasiaTs iReben da ada-mianis uflebaTa wrec farTovdeba. Cvens droSi moqalaqeni sakmaod farTo ufle-bebiT sargebloben, maT rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtebi, aseve maTi qveynis konstu-ticiebi Tu sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebi, aniWeben yvelaferis uflebas, rac ar av-nebs sxvas, maTTvis akrZalulia mxolod iseTi qmedebis Cadena, romlebic sxve-bisTvis sazianoa. adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebze saubrisas, saWiroa met-naklebi sizustiT ganvsazRvroT TviT es cnebebi. ufleba, Tavisufleba. erTi SexedviT es ubralo da gasagebi terminebi erTbaSad rTuli da bundovani xdeba, roca saqme maT gan-martebas exeba. `uflebis~ raime yvelasaTvis gasagebi kanonikuri ganmarteba ar arsebobs. CavTva-loT, rom es aris pirovnebis Segnebuli moqmedebebis SesaZlebloba kanoniT gan-sazRvrul socialur sivrceSi. ufro rTuladaa saqme `Tavisuflebis~ ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT. xSirad ada-mianebi Tavisuflebas ganixilaven yvelafris keTebis TviTnebobis SesaZleblobad, ra Tqma unda Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba niSnavdes arc usazRvro TviTnebobas da arc kanonieri uflebebis Zaladobriv an nebayoflobiT SezRudvas. miuxedavad imisa rom arsebobs, mravalricxovani uflebebi xSirad uflebaTa umravlesobis darRvevac xdeba, gasnakuTrebiT ki iseT qveynebSi sadac aris poli-tikuri arastabilurobi situacia. amis mizezad ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT is rom adamianis ufleba moicavs individisa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebs, xolo adamianis uflebebis xelSewyoba da dacva, upirveles yovlisa saxelmwifoebrivi amocanaa da Sesabamisad, masze pau-sixmgebelia mTavroba. swored amitom, dReisTvis, Zalze mniSvenlovania rom ada-mianis uflebebis dacva gaTvaliswinebul iqnes demokratiuli saxis xelisufle-bis saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtsa da kerZo sazogadoebis cxovrebis mraval sferoSi. swored am mizniT saxelmwifoebi axdenen adamianis uflebebis dokumentebis rati-ficirebas da TavianTi Sidasaxemwifoebrivi samarTlis normebi mohyavT saerTaSo-riso normebTan SesabamisobaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianis uflebebis univer-saluri standartebi da normebi gamoxatulebas pouloben qveynis Sida kanomdeb-lobaSi, Tumca konkretuli uflebebis dasacavad, xSirad, mxolod kanoniT arse-buli faqti ar aris sakmarisi. aseTi kanoni ar uzrunvelyofs kanonis ganxorcie-lebisTvis saWiro Zalauflebas da institutebs. cxadia, rom adamianis uflebebis xelSewyobis da dacvisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebaTa dacvis institutebis arseboba, risi SemoRebac mraval qveyanaSi ganapiroba demokrati-uli reJimis SemoRebam an aRdgenam. aqve unda aRiniSnos rom am institutebis amo-cana sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa, magram mizani yvelgan erTia.

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am institutebdan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania `ombudsmenis~ instituti. ro-melic amJamad mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs, maT Soris saqarTveloSic da CvenTan igi moixsenieba `saxalxo damcvelis~ saxelwodebiT. ombudsmenis ZiriTadi funq-ciaa im pirTa uflebebis dacva romlebic acxadeben, rom arian saxelmwifo admi-nistraciis arakanonieri moqmedebis msxverplni. Sesabamisad ombudsmeni xSirad gvevlineba individsa da saxelmwifos Soris mediatorad. ombudsmenis instituti sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansxvavdeba, magram TavianTi ufleba-mosilebis Sesrulebisas yvela emorCileba Semdeg procedurebs. ombudsmeni iRebs sarCels sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisagan da ganixilavs maT im SemTxevaSi, Tu maTi ganxilva mis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. gamoZiebisas ki om-budsmens SeuZlia gaecnos sajaro organoSi arsebul yvela saTanado dokuments da SeimuSavebs rekomendacias Sesabamisi pirisaTvis an organosaTvis gadasacemad. Tuki rekomendaciis Sesrulebas Tavi aarides, ombudsmens SeuZlia moxseneba wa-rudginos parlaments. rogorc calke, aseve rogorc yovelwliuri moxsenebis na-wili. aqedan gamomdinare, ombudsmeni aris moTxovnis dakmayofilebis da ara negatiuri Sedegebis prevenciis saSualeba. mas SeuZlia mxolod ufleba darRveuli piris iniciatividan gamomdinare moxseneba gaakeTos Sesabamis struqturaSi da moiTxo-vos saTanado moqmedebebis Catareba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ombudsmens, garkveulwilad, aqvs specialuri bralmdeblis funqciac. nebismieri saxelmwifo moxele mxilebul iqneba ukanono qmedebis Cade-naSi, maSinve aqvs samarTlebrivi procesis inicirebis an gafrTxilebis ufleba, swored amaSi poulobs gamoxatulebas misi bralmdeblis funqcia. ombudsmenis in-stitutis arsebobis dadebiTi mxare gamoixateba imaSic, rom igi aZlierebs indi-vidualur Tavisuflebas, xels uSlis Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas da em-saxureba sajaro admnistraciis saqmianobis gamosworebas da imavdroulad icavs pirovnebas mmarTvelobiTi organoebis araswori zemoqmedebisgan. bevri qveyana pirdapiri gagebiT moeqca ombudsmenis institutis gavlenis qveS, magram zogan igi gadmoRebul iqna cvlilebebiT, am cvlilebebis Setanis aucilebloba ki ganpiro-bebuli iyo imiT, rom ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi SesabamisobaSi yofiliyo. maTi qveynis socialur struqturasa da politikur sistemasTan swored aseTi Sec-vlili saxiT arsebobs did britanetSi saparlamento rwmunebuli, romelic ar warmoadgens ombudsmenis zust analogs, maT Soris SeimCneva rogorc msgavseba, aseve gansxvavvebac. msgavseba imaSia, rom saparlamento rwmunebuli aqac gvevli-neba adamianis uflebaTa damcvelad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aramarTlzo-mieri moqmedebisgan, xolo gansxvaveba ki imaSia, rom saparlamento rwmunebuli moklebulia moqalaqeebTan uSualo kontaqts. imisTvis, rom darRvevis faqtma sa-parlamento rwmunebulamde miaRwios, saWiroa mimarTvos parlamentis TemTa pala-tis wevrs da Tu igi upirvelesad CaTvlis, rom saqme namdvilad saWiroebs gamok-vlevas, gadascems mas rwmunebuls. Sveduri ombudsmenis bumma saqarTveloSi sakmaod gvian SemoaRwia, 1995 wlis konstituciiT Cveni qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad ganisazRvra saqarTvelos teri-toriaze adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebis dacvaze zedamxedvelobis meqaniz-mi. am institutma saqarTveloSi swored maSin moikida fexi, rodesac adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanimzmis arseboba qveynis demokratiuli institutis gamom-xatveli gaxda. 1996 wlis 16 maiss saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb kanonSi aRniSnulia, rom saxalxo damcvelad irCeva saqarTvelos moqalaqe 5 wlis vadiT. es muxli saWiroebs gada-sinjvas, radgan saxalxo damcvelisTvis ar aris sakmarisi mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis qona, iqidan gamomdinare, rom es metad sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebo-

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baa, kanoniT gansazRvruli unda iyos asakobrivi da ganaTlebis cenzi. imdenad, ramdenadac misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi amocanaa uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTa uflebe-bisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva, miiRos yvela kanoniT gansazRvuli zoma moqalaqe-Ta darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis mizniT, saWiroa saxalxo damcveli iyos pirov-neba, romelsac eqneba umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba, muSaobis gamocdileba am sferoSi. igi kargad unda icnobdes kanonmdeblobas, rac aucilebelia misi saq-mianobis ganxorcielebisTvis. am moTxovnis logikurobas isic amtkicebs, rom Sve-deTis 1809 wlis konstituciiT, romliTac ombudsmenis instituts Caeyara safuZ-veli, xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli rom pirovnebas, romelic am Tanamdebobaze iniSne-boda, unda hqonoda samarTlebrivi codna da gamorCeuli yofiliyo patiosnebiT da samarTlianobiT. magram, samwuxarod, qarTvelma kanonmdeblebma am institutis fuZemdeblis azri ar gaiTvaliswines da es norma sakmaod Semoklebuli saxiT gadmoitanes Cvens konstituciaSi, ramac gamoiRo uaryofiTi Sedegi, SeiZleba iTqvas rom swored am moTxovnis gauTvaliswinebloba gaxda Cvens qveyanaSi ombudsmenis araefeqturad muSaobis mizezi, uaryofiTad imoqmeda agreTve kanonebis araefeqturad SerCevam. swored amitom, mimaCnia, rom am institutis efeqturi muSaobisa da mosaxleobaSi ndobis mopovebisTvis aucilebelia swori sakadro politikis gatareba. saxalxo damcvelad unda dainiSnos iseTi piri, romelic sazogadoebaSi ndobiT sargeb-lobs da aqvs sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba Tavisi ufleba-movaleobaTa gan-xorcielebisTvis da Sesabamisad, adamianTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantiadac mogvevlineba.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso samarTali. Tbilisi 2001 w. 2. avTandil kaxniaSvili – saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisaoba evrokonv-

venciasTan 3. oTar melqaZe – sazRvargareT qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali 4. gaerTianebuli erebis adaminaTa uflebaTa dokumentebi.

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Teona beruaSvili konstitucia da demokratia

Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli konstituciuri demokratia. konstitucia, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni, demokratiis stabilu-robisa da kanonierebis safuZvelia, Tumca konstituciis arseboba saxelmwifoSi, jer kidev ar niSnavs mis demokratiulobas. demokratiis arsebobisaTvis aucile-belia mTeli rigi principebis dacva. romelTa Sorisac SeiZleba gamoiyos yve-laze ufro Zireuli da mniSvnelovani: 1. xelisuflebis legitimuroba _ konstituciiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wya-

roa xalxi, anu xelisuflebas irCeven moqalaqeebi kanoniT dadgenili wesebisa da normebis dacviT. `aravis ar aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipoves xelisufleba~.17

2. xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT _ `saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi~.18

3. xelisuflebis danawileba _ `saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xeli-suflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT~.19 xelisuflebis uflebamo-silebaa gamosces kanonebi, aRasrulos isini da ganaxorcielos marTlmsaju-leba. Sesabamisad mas aqvs sami funqcia _ sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebiTi. es funqciebi Tavmoyrilia ara erTi organos an piris xelSi, aramed gadanawilebulia xelisuflebis sam sxvadasxva Stos Soris: sa-kanonmdeblo funqcia ekuTvnis parlaments, aRmasrulebeli-mTavrobas, xolo marTlmsajulebiTi - sasamarTlos. isini erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia. arc erTi maTgani ar ereva meoris saqmianobaSi, magram erTmaneTs SemosazRvraven da akontroleben.

4. Tavisufleba da pluralizmi _ pirovnebis Tavisufleba aRiarebuli da garan-tirebulia. adamianebs ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad gamoTqvan TavianTi Sexedule-bebi, airCion religia, Seikribon da gadaadgildnen qveynis nebismier kuTxeSi da mis farglebs gareT. amis gamo arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da rwmenis gansxavebuloba. opozicia da disidentoba legitimuria. kanonierad iTvleba ara marto xelisuflebis mier oficialurad miRebuli azri, aramed maTgan gansxvavebulic. ar arsebobs WeSmaritebis erTi instancia. xelisuflebis kri-tika daSvebulia da ar isjeba kanoniT. pluralizmi batonobs cxovrebisa da azrovnebis yvela sferoSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxlSi vkiTxu-lobT: `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul ufle-bebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~.

5. adamianis uflebaTa xelSeuvaloba _ xelisufleba movalea daicvas adamianis uflebebi, romelTagan ZiriTadia sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis ufleba. maTi xelyofa dauSvebelia. konstituciis ZaliT: `sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni~.20 `yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisu-falia da kanonis winaSeE Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareo-bisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~.21 `yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba~.22 `adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia, dauSvebelia

17 ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxli, Tbilisi, 1995 w., 2007 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT. 18 ix. iqve, muxli 5 19 ix. iqve, muxli 5 20 ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-15 muxli, Tbilisi, 1995 w., 2007 wlis Tebervlis mdgomareobiT. 21 ix. iqve, muxli 14 22 ix. iqve, muxli 16

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adamianis wameba, arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopy-roba da sasjelis gamoyeneba~.23 `adamianis Tvisufleba xelSeuvalia~.24 konsti-tuciiT aseve aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia sakuTrebisa da memkvidreobis ufleba. samoqalaqo uflebebs adamiani xelisuflebisagan swored kanonis Za-liT Rebulobs. moqalaqeTa uflebebi legitimuria da mas icavs kanoni.

6. umciresobaTa uflebebis garantireba _ umciresobas miekuTvneba rogorc po-litikuri opozicia, agreTve eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva jgufebi, romlebic mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seadgenen. miuxedavad imisa, rom demokratia umrav-lesobis nebas emyareba, man ar unda SezRudos da daTrgunos umciresoba. igi qmnis garantiebs, romlebic umciresobas saSualebas aZlevs Tavisuflad da srulad gamoavlinos Tavisi neba, amave dros `saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, umciresobaTa uf-lebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas, teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur damoukideb-lobas~.25

konstitucionalizmi, viwro gagebiT, SezRuduli mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebaa, romelsac konstitucia udevs safuZvlad. konstitucionalizmi, am gagebiT, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, arsebobs iq, sadac konstituciuri kanonebi Zalauflebriv institu-tebsa da politikur procesebs akontrolebs. ufro farTo gagebiT, konstitucio-nalizmi aris politikur RirebulebaTa da miswrafebaTa garkveuli sistema, ro-melic gamoxatavs nebas, daicvas Tavisufleba xelisuflebisaTvis Sinagani da ga-regani SezRudvebis dawesebiT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia konstituciur debuleba-Ta mxardaWera, romlebic konstitucionalizmis mizans ganamtkicebs. esenia: siste-maSi moyvanili konstitucia, uflebaTa bili, ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, decentra-lizacia. ase rom, konstitucionalizmi politikuri liberalizmis saxeobaa.26 konstitucia im wesTa erTobliobaa, romelTa mizanic mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva institutebs Soris movaleobebis, Zalauflebebisa da funqciebis danawilebaa. Se-sabamisad, is warmoadgens wesebs, romlebic Tavad xelisuflebas marTaven. pirve-li konstitucia miRebul iqna 1787 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. XIX-XX saukuneebSi werilobiTi konstituciebi miiRo yvela liberalur-demokratiulma saxelmwifom, gaerTianebuli samefos, israelisa da axali zelandiis gamoklebiT. mraval saxelmwifoSi arsebobs agreTve uflebaTa bilebi, romlebic samarTle-brivad ganmartaven pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobas da amiT pi-rovnul uflebebs icaven. aSS-s konstituciis pirveli aTi Sesworeba, magaliTad, individualur uflebaTa CamonaTvalia, romlebsac krebsiTi saxelwodeba aqvT _ `uflebaTa bili~. amis msgavsi `adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia~ miiRes 1789 wels safrangeTis revoluciis drosac. iq ki, sadac arc konstitucia arsebobs da arc uflebaTa bilebi, magaliTad, gaerTianebul samefoSi, liberalebi kanonis uzenae-sobis principis gatarebiT xelisuflebaze kontrolisaTvis statuturi samar-Tlis mniSvnelobas gamokveTen. XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa Soris Tavisi mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeva 1995 wlis konstituciis miReba, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara axal qarTul saxelmwifos, gansazRvra misi politikuri wyobilebis for-ma, aRiara adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, daadgina qveynis umaR-lesi saxelmwifo organoebis uflebamosilebebi, struqtura da saqmianobis wesi, agreTve sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa erTmaneT-Tan urTierTobis forma da procedurebi. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis sis-xlismRvreli samoqalaqo omis, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa da mTel qveyanaSi

23 ix. iqve, muxli 18 24 ix. iqve, muxli 21 25 ix. iqve, muxli 38 26 endriu heivudi `politikuri ideologiebi~, Tbilisi, 2004w. gv. 47.

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gamefebuli qaosis miuxedavad, qveynisaTvis urTules gardamaval periodSi SeZlo axali konstituciis miReba, romelmac axalgazrda demokratiisa da samarTlebri-vi saxelmwifos principebze dafuZnebul saxelmwifos stabiluroba Semata. arCevnebis roli demokratiul saxelmwifoSi demokratia ibrZvis imisTvis, rom xalxma ufro intesiuri monawileoba miiRos ga-dawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi da ierarqiuli Zalaufleba qveda safexurebidan momdinare Zalauflebam Secvalos. demokratizaciis procesi TavisTavad gulisx-mobs arCevnebSi monawileTa ricxis stabilur zrdas. es uzrunvelyofs gadawyve-tilebaTa miRebis demokratiulobasa da kanonierebas. demokratiul princips war-moadgens koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileoba da sabo-loo daskvnis gamotana umravlesobis wesiT. im adamianebs, romlebic raimes wyve-ten an TviT gadawyvetilebis mimRebs irCeven, unda SesTavazon realuri alterna-tivebi an Sesaferisi pirobebi Seuqmnan maT Soris erT-erTis arCevisaTvis. aseTi pirobebis Seqmna niSnavs imas, rom arCevnebSi monawileebs ZiriTadi uflebebi da moqmedebis Tavisufleba unda hqondeT garantirebuli. aseTi uflebebia azris, si-tyvis, arCevanis, Sekrebebis Tavisuflebis ufleba da sxva. swored am Zireul uf-lebebze iyo dafuZnebuli yoveli libelaruli saxelwifo. swored man misca da-sabami samarTlebriv saxelmwifos, romelic ara mxolod axorcielebs kanonier mmarTvelobas, aramed cnobs da aRiarebs yoveli moqalaqis konstituciurad ga-myarebul da Seuval uflebebs, romelTa arseboba aucilebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli meqanizmis swori funqcionirebisaTvis. aqedan gamom-dinare, SeiZleba iTqvas rom liberalizmi im uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs gvTa-vazobs, romelic demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sworad ganxorcielebisaTvis aris saWiro. demokratia ki maTi myari da mudmivi arsebobis garantiaa. Tanamedrove demokratia aris is meTodi, romelic aregulirebs da legitimurs xdis politikur gadawyvetilebebs. qmnis iseT mmarTvelobas, sadac individebi mo-qalaqeebad ganixilebian da ara qveSevrdomebad. Tu sayovelTao saarCevno ufle-bis mopovebas ganvixilavT iseT movlenad, romelic saSualebas mogvcems vilapa-rakoT demokratizaciis gafarToebaze, yuradReba unda mieqces kidev erT sakiTxs, kerZod Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes gafarToeba. miiCneven, rom es procesi warmomadgenlobidan uSualo demokratiaze gadasvlis mimarTulebiT unda wari-marTos, ufro realuria politikuri demokratiis socialurSi gadasvlis pers-peqtiva. kamaTis sagania ara is, YTu `vin irCevs~, aramed `sad irCevs~, anu rodesac xalxs surs gaigos, aris Tu ara raime winsvla demokratiis gafarToebisaken mo-cemul qveyanaSi, maT unda Sexedon ara marto amomrCevelTa raodenobrivad zrdas, aramed pirvel rigSi imas, Tu ramden gansxvavebul konteqstSi an sivrceSi SeuZ-liaT amomrCevlebs xmis uflebiT sargebloba. 27 swored xmis uflebaa adamianis erT erTi ZiriTadi ufleba, anu ufleba monawi-leobdes Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi da TanamoqalaqeebTan erTad gansazRvravdes sax-elmwifo xelisuflebasa da politikur kurss. `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTo deklaraciis~ 21-e muxli swored saarCevno uflebas exeba: yovel adamians aqvs ufleba monawileobdes Tavis qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi an

uSualod an Tavisuflad arCeul warmomadgenelTa meSveobiT. yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tanabar safuZvelze Sevides Tavisi qveynis sax-

elmwifo samsaxurSi. xalxis neba unda iyos safuZveli mTavrobis Zalauflebisa; es neba unda ga-

moixatebodes periodul da gauyalbebel arCevnebSi, romlebic unda tarde-bodes sayovelTao da Tanaswori saarCevno uflebis pirobebSi, faruli kenWi-syriT, anda sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani formebis meSveobiT, romlebic uzrun-velyofen xmis micemis Tavisuflebas.28

27 norberto bobio `demokratiis momavali~, Tbilisi, 2003 w. gv. 63. 28 ix. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 21. 1948 wlis 10 dekemberi.

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arCevnebi rom demokratiuli iyos, xolo misi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa nebas gamox-atavdes, unda sruldebodes mravali piroba, romlebic mkafiod da moxerxebuli formiT Camoayaliba amerikelma mecnierma da politikurma moRvawem j. kirkpatrik-ma. mis mixedviT demokratiuli arCevnebi unda iyos konkurentuli, perioduli, warmomadgenlobiTi da saboloo. konkurentuloba gulisxmobs, rom demokratiul arCevnebSi unda arsebobdes xmis micemis sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, raTa amomrCeveli realurad marTlac arCevanis winaSe idges. arCevnebis dros yovel kandidats, romelsac uWers mxars oficia-luri xelisufleba, unda hyavdes konkurenti. opoziciis kandidatebs unda hqon-deT sityvis, Sekrebebis, organizebisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, saeTero dro oficialuri kandidatebis Tanabrad radioTi da televiziiT gamosvlebisaT-vis, raTa hqondeT TavianTi programebis da Sexedulebebis gamocxadebis, gavrce-lebisa da amomrCevlebamde mitanis SesaZlebloba. winasaarCevni brZolaSi araTa-nabari SesaZleblobebi arCevnebs arTmevs konkurentul xasiaTs. arCevnebis perioduloba damokidebulia sazogadoebrivi azris mudmiv cvlilebas-Tan. xelisuflebis wyaro _ xalxi, ar aris ucvleli, piriqiT mudmivad icvleba maTi Sexedulebebi, survilebi, icvlebian misi Semadgeneli individebi da amis ga-mo politikuri kursi da saerTod xelisuflebac mudmivad saWiroebs ganaxlebas. yoveli oficialuri piri angariSvaldebulia xalxis winaSeE da Tanamdebobaze yofnis garkveuli drois Semdeg man amomrCevlebisagan unda iTxovos axali manda-ti Tanamdebobaze dasarCenad. demokratiuli arCevnebi unda iyos agreTve warmomadgenlobiTi. arCevnebis Sede-gebi gamoxatavs imaT nebas, visac aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, demokra-tiuli arCevnebi swored xalxis nebas unda gamoxatavdes. amitom aucilebelia ka-nonSi saarCevno xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa gansazRvra imgvarad, rom igi moicavdes qveynis mozrdili mosaxleobis sakmaod did nawils. demokratiulobis da kanonierebis dacvis mizniT dawesebulia saarCevni cenzebis sistema, romlis mixedviT garkveuli niSnis mqone mosaxleobas erTmeva xmis ufleba da es qmnis safuZvels, rom arCevnebi demokratiulad da xalxis realuri nebis gamomxatve-lad iqnes miCneuli. arCevnebis saboloo xasiaTi moicavs or moments: demokratiuli arCevnebi arCeul pirebs aZlevs realuri da ara simboluri xelisuflebis sadaveebs. maT sazoga-doeba unda marTon arsebuli konstituciisa da sxva kanonebis dacviT da meore, es aris arCevnebSi monawile mxareTa urTierT-loialoba. demokratiul saxelmwi-foSi arCevnebSi monawile yoveli mxarisaTvis saerTo unda iyos demokratiuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis dacva. aqedan gamomdinare, arCvenebSi damarcxebulma mxarem, anu ukve opoziciam, arCevnebis Sedegebi unda miiRos rogorc amomrCevelTa kanonieri gadawyvetileba da mzad iyos icxovros im pirobebSi, romlebic iqmneba arCevnebis SedegebiT. xelisuflebisaTvis brZola amjerad damTavrebulia da igi ganaxldeba Semdgom arCevnebze. gamarjvebuli mxare, Tavis mxriv, valdebulia Ta-visi moqmedebiT ar Seaviwrovos damarcxebuli mxare da ar mouspos mas sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis pirobebi. imisaTvis rom arCevnebi iyos namdvili, rom is akmayofilebdes zemoT ganxilul kriteriumebs, rom misi Sedegebi marTlac xalxis nebas gamoxatavdes, aucilebe-lia qveyanaSi moqmedebdes demokratiuli saarCevno sistema da saarCevno procesi mis yovel etapze iyos sazogadoebrivi meTvalyureobis obieqti. arCevnebi uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis legitimurobas, Tavis mxriv xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTa uflebebis dacva rogorc saxelmwifos szRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT; magram ara mxolod sakuTari moqalaqeebis uf-

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lebebis dacva evaleba mas, aramed TiToeuli adamianis, romelic ki mis terito-riaze imyofeba. dRes sayovelTao zrunvis sagans, swored adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva warmoadgens

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 1995 w., 2007 wlis Tebervlis mdgomareobiT. 2. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 1948 wlis 10 dekemberi, Tbilisi,

gamomcemloba `bona kauza~, 2005 weli. 3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli samarTali, ganCinebaTa mimoxilva. saqarTvelos

uzenaesi sasamarTlo, adamianis uflebaTa centri, Tbilisi, 2002 w. 4. avtorTa koleqtivi: gia JorJoliani, Tamar berekaSvili, marina musxeliSvili

`demokratizacia~, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo~, socialur mecniere-baTa seria, mT.red: marine CitaSvili, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba. `mecniereba~, 2001 w.

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lika goginava

ltolvilTa uflebebi

saqarTvelos kanoniT ltolvilTa Sesaxeb ltolvilad iTvleba saqarTvelos mo-qalaqeobis armqone piri, romlisTvisac saqarTvelo ar aris misi warmoSobis qveyana da romelic iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi moqalaqeobis an mudmi-vad sacxovrebeli qveyana, radganac idevneboda rasis, religiis, erovnuli kuTv-nilebis, romelime socialuri jgufis wevrobis an politikuri Sexedulebis gamo da ar SeiZleba an ar surs isargeblos im qveynis mfarvelobiT aseTi saSiSroe-bis gamo. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gansazRvrebiT termini _ "ltolvili" gamoiyeneba im pirebis mimarT; romlebic sagareo agresiis, okupaciis, ucxoelTa batonobis, warmoSobis an moqalaqeobis qveynis mTlian teritoriaze an mis nawilSi sajaro wesrigis seriozuli darRvevis faqtebis gamo iZulebulia datovos Tavisi Cveu-lebrivi sacxovrebeli adgili imisaTvis, rom ipovos TavSesafari sxva adgilas, misi warmoSobis an moqalaqeobis qveynis gareT. magram migvaCnia, rom arc erTi am ganmartebaTagani ar aris srulyofili, radganac saxelmwifoTa saSinao da saga-reo mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuloba xSirad warmoqmnis pirTa iseT kategorias, romlebic zust iuridiul kriteriumebze dafuZnebuli ltol-vilTa mkacri klasifikaciis miRma rCebian. eseni adgilnacvali pirebia, romelTa mdgomareobac mraval aspeqtSi ltolvilTa analogiuria. yvela SemTxveveSi ltolvilis statusze miRebisaTvis devna unda ukavSirdebodes erT an met qvemoT CamoTvlil mizezs: rasa religia erovneba calkeuli socialuri jgufis wevroba politikuri mrwamsi rasa, mocemul konteqstSi, unda ganvixiloT misi yvelaze farTo gagebiT, romel-ic moicavs yvela saxis eTnikur jgufs, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gulisx-mobdes calkeuli socialuri jgufis wevrobasac, romelic farTo mosaxleobis umciresobas warmoadgens. amitom rasobrivi diskriminacia mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens devnis faqtis arsebobis dadgenisaTvis. religiis Tavisufleba adamianis aRiarebuli uflebaa da gulisxmobs religii-sadmi mikuTvnebas an mis arqonas, religiuri wesebis dacvisa da religiis Sec-vlis uflebas. ubralod calkeuli religiuri sazogadoebis wevrobis faqti Ta-visTavad ar aris sakmarisi ltolvilis statusis mosapoveblad. Tumca SeiZleba arsebobdes gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, rodesac wevroba CaiTvleba sakmaris sa-fuZvlad. erovneba ,am SemTxvevaSi, gulisxmobs ara mxolod moqalaqeobis, aramed eTnikuri an enobrivi jgufis wevrobas da rig SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gadafaros termini "rasa". erovnebis niSniT devna SeiZleba gamoixatos mtruli ganwyobiT, erovnuli umciresobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebebiT da SesaZloa, garkveul garemoe-baSi, aseTi umciresobis jgufis wevrobis faqtma gamoiwvios devnis safuZvliani SiSi. Tumca sxvadasxva kontinentebze arsebobs mravali dadasturebuli faqti, rodesac umravlesobis jgufis wevrebs hqondaT devnis SiSi umciresobisagan.

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calkeuli socialuri jgufi Cveulebriv gulisxmobs erTi da imave warmoSobis, Cvevebis an socialuri statusis mqone adamianebs. am safuZvliT devnis SiSis Se-saxeb gancxadebis gakeTeba xSirad gadafaravs sxva safuZvlebis (rasis, religiis, erovnebis an sx. gamo devnis SiSs. politikuri mrwamsi anu mTavrobisagan gansxvavebuli politikuri mosazrebebi, TavisTavad ar warmoadgens ltolvilis statusis moTxovnis safuZvels da amitom ganmcxadebelma unda daamtkicos, rom mas aqvs am mosazrebaTa gamodevnis SiSi. adamianis uflebebis universalur deklaraciaSi aRniSnulia, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba, devnisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT sxva qveynebSi eZebos da miiRos TavSe-safari. TavSesafris micema saxelmwifo suverenitetis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa da amis gamo sxva saxelmwifos mier mis mimarT raime iuridiuli braldebebis wayene-ba ar SeiZleba, radganac es mSvidobiani da humanitaruli aqciaa da meore, sax-elmwifos mier ar unda ganixilebodes aramegobrul qmedebad. ltolvilTa uflebebis dacvas yvelaze aqtualurad axorcielebs gaeros ltol-vilTa umaRlesi komisariati, romelic Seiqmna 1949 wels. da organizebas uwevda milionobiT adamianis dabrunebas, romlebmac konfliqtis Sedegad sacxovrebeli adgili Seicvales. ltolvilebi Tanasworobis safuZvelze unda sargeblobdnen igive uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, riTac sargebloben sxva pirebi TavianT qveyanaSi. maT ar unda ganicadon raime diskriminacia im mizeziT, rom isini arian ltolvilebi. saxelm-wifoebi, romlebSic arin ltolvilebi, valdebulni arian uzrunvelyon isini Se-sabamisi dacviTa da humanitaruli daxmarebiT. yovel adamians aqvs Rirsebis ufleba, amitom ltolvilebi daculni unda iyvnen iseTi qmedebebisagan, rogoricaa gaupatiureba, tanjva, garyvniloba, wameba; sasti-ki, araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobaan sasjeli da pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi sxva moqmedebebi. seqsualuri eqspluatacia, bavSvis iZulebiTi Sroma, prostituciis iZuleba da monobis sxva Tanamedrove formebi. araviTar SemTxvevea-Si ar SeiZleba ltolvili bavSvebis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi gawveva. ltolvilTa samsaxuri nebismier viTarebaSi unda iyos daculi, raTa maT axloblebs hqondeT gardacvlil naTesavTa samarxebis monaxulebis ufleba. saxelmwifom, sadac ltolvilebi cxovroben, unda uzrunvelyos isini aucilebeli sakvebiT, TavSesa-friT, tanisamosiT, gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis da sanitaruli momsaxure-bis usafrTxod uzrunvelyofa. ltolvilebi daculni unda iyvnen iseTi moqmede-bebisagan, rogoricaa Zarcva, Tavdasxmebi da Zaladobis sxva aqtebi. ltolvilebi ar unda iqnen diskriminirebulni iseTi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi, rogoricaa azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis, sityvis Tavisufleba, ufleba, mona-wileoba miiRon ekonomikur saqmianobaSi da moiZion Tavisufali SesaZlebloba samsaxurisaTvis. nebismieri humanitaruli daxmareba unda miewodoT yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, humanizmisa da miukerZoeblobis principidan gamomdinare. gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos ltolvilTa TavianT qveyanaSi mSvidobianad dabrunebaze da saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, rac SeiZleba swra-fad da Seuferxeblad unda ganaxorcielon ltolvilTa dabruneba da reintegra-cia. ltolvilebi TavianT sacxovrebel adgilze dabrunebisas usafrTxoebis ga-rantiebs saWiroeben. dacvas iZulebiTi dabrunebisa da iseT adgilebSi gadayvani-sagan, sadac maT sicocxles, an janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba. ltolvilTa dabrunebis ufleba gamomdinareobs pirovnebis gadaadgilebis Tavi-suflebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis uflebidan. es ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paq-

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tis me-12 muxli ar iZleva uflebas "raime SezRudvisa, garda imisa, rac kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli da aucilebelia erovnuli usafrTxoebis, sazogado we-srigis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da moralis, an sxvaTa uflebebisa da Ta-visuflebis dasacavad da Seesabameba warmodgenili xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswine-bul sxva uflebebs". amgvari moTxovna saxelmwifoTa mxridan xsenebuli uflebe-bis SezRudvis konturul dasabuTebas moiTxovs. adamianis uflebaTa kanonmdebloba cnobs erovnuli teritoriis gareT mcxovrebi individis uflebas dabrundes Tavis qveyanaSi, magram arc erTma saxelmwifom ar unda gaaZevos, daabrunos an gadasces piri sxva saxelmwifos, sadac misi wamebis saSiSroebis realuri safuZveli arsebobs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ltolvilis statusis mqone pirebs SeuZliaT miiRon nebismieri qveynis moqalaqeoba da am SemTxvevaSi isini dakargaven ltolvilis statuss da gaxdebian im qveynis sru-luflebiani moqalaqeebi, romlebSic imyofebian. migvaCnia, rom nebismieri ufleba da Tavisufleba, romelic adamians gaaCnia ar unda darCes mxolod rogorc formaluri mxare da man ganxorcieleba H realu-rad unda hpovos. am uflebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realoba-Si, romlis teritoriazec dReisaTvis mravali ltolvili cxovrobs. 1. saqarTvelos kontitucia Tbilisi 1995w 2. gaeros konvenciebi 3. masmediis saSualebebi

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mariam papuaSvili

sicocxlis uflebis xelyofa – genocidi termin genocidis warmoSoba: termini “genocidi” warmoSobilia, 1943 wels rafael limkinis (1900-1959) mier. igi samarTlismcodne poloneli germaneli iyo. sityva genocids berZnul-laTinuri fesvebi aqvs (genos berZ. niSnavs ojaxs, toms, jiSs, modgmas. cide laT. niSnavs xocva-Jletis mowyobas). Jenevis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze limkinma genocidis Semdegnairi gansazRvreba moaxdina: genocidi ar aris aucilebeli, aRniSnavdes eris uSualo ganadgurebas, eris masobrivi ganadgurebis SemTxvevebis garda. termini genocidi moicavs Camoyalibebul gegmas, im mizniT, rom ganadgurebuli iqnas esa, Tu is gansazRvruli jgufi. Aamgvari gegmis amocanebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, erovnuli jgufebis kulturuli, enobrivi, nacionaluri, religiuri da ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri institutebis aRmofxvra, es aseve exeba, jgufis individualuri wevris piradi usafrTxoebis, Tavisuflebis, janmrTelobis da sicocxlis xelyofas. limkinis mier genocidis pirveladi gansazRvreba iyo Zalian viwro, radgan igi mimarTuli iyo mxolod “erovnuli jgufebis” danaSaulebebis winaaRmdeg da iSviaTad zogadad “jgufebis” winaaRmdeg. sainteresoa is, rom amave dros es gansazRvreba farTo mniSvnelobisac iyo, radgan Seicavda ara marto fizikur genocids, aramed qmedebebsac, romlis mizani iyo kulturisa da sicocxlisunarianobis ganadgureba. genocidi, rogorc danaSauli saerTaSoriso samarTalSi nacizmis gamofxizlebis periodSi, limkinma warmatebuli kampania Caatara, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi genocidis akrZalvis universalurad miRebisaTvis. genocidis danaSaulis prevenciisa da dasjis konvencia gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo 1948 wlis 9 dekembers, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 1951 wlis 12 ianvars. igi saerTaSoriso genocidis aRiarebis definicias Seicavs da bevri qveynis kriminalur kanonmdeblobaSi iyo miRebuli. es aris xelSekruleba, romelmac saerTaSoriso kriminaluri sasamarTlo daaarsa. SeTanxmeba gansazRvravs genocids, rogorc nebismier qvemoT CamoTvlil qmedebas, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv anadgurebs erovnul, eTnikur, rasobriv an religiur jgufebs, rogoric aris: a) jgufis (erovnebis) wevrebis (mokvla) ganadgureba. b) sxeulis an gonebis seriozuli dazianeba jgufis (erovnebis) wevrebisaTvis. c) jgufis arsebobis, mdgomareobis ganzrax Secvla misi nawilobriv an mTlianad

fizikuri ganadgurebisaTvis. d) zomebis miReba jgufSi bavSvTa Sobadobis Sesamcireblad. e) bavSvebis iZulebiTi gadayvana erTi erovnebidan meoreze. am SeTanxmebis pirveladi versia, Seicavda politikur mkvlelobebs, sabW. kavSirma ar miiRo qmedebebi im jgufebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic iziareben msgavs politikur Sexedulebas da soc. statuss, rac adasturebda genocids ganxorcielebuls, eTnikuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg. amiT isini wavidnen politikur da diplomatiur kompromisze (daTmobaze). mas Semdeg rac, minimum 20 qveyana gaerTianda da gaxda am SeTanxmebis nawili, ZalaSi Sevida, rogorc saerTaSoriso kanoni 1951 wlis 12 ianvars, Tumca amave dros mxolod ori qveyana - gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevri

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qveynidan - Rebulobda monawileobas, eseni iyvnen: safrangeTi da CineTis saxalxo respublika. sabolood sabWoTa kavSirma 1954 wels moaxdina misi ratificireba, gaerTianebulma samefom - 1970 wels, CineTis saxalxo respublikam - 1983 wels da aSS.-m - 1988 wels. Ggenocidis kocvenciis ratifirebis xangrZlivma Seyovnebam (gadadebam) aseTi Zlevamosili qveynebis mier gamoiwvia am konvenciis Sesusteba TiTqmis oTxi dekadiT. Mmxolod 90 _ ian wlebSi daiwyo kanonma genocidis danaSaulis Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sesvla. genocidis devna yvela zemoT CamoTvlil konvenciis xelmomwerTagan moiTxoveba, rom xeli SeuSalon da dasajon genocidis qmedebebi, rogorc mSvidobis, ise saomari moqmedebebis dros. Tumca zogierTi siZneleebi arTulebs am faqts. kerZod zogierTi xelmomwerni: bahraeni, bangladeSi, indoeTi, malaizia, filipinebi, singapuri, SeerTebuli Statebi, vietnami, iemeni da iugoslavia daTanxmdnen xelis moweraze im pirobiT, rom maTi Tanxmobis gareSe saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi aranairi saxis gancxadeba maT winaaRmdeg ar Sevidoda. miuxedavad xelmomwerTa oficialuri protestisa, (kerZod, kviprosi da norvegia) rac Seexeboda eTnikur da samarTlebriv mxareebs, kerZod im faqts rom, maT miiRes imuniteti sasamarTlo wesiT devnisagan dro da dro wamoiWreboda ise, rogorc aSS.-m uari ganacxada neba daerTo genocidisaTvis, awarmoebda iugoslavia kosovos omSi 1999 wels. niurnbergis procesi niurnbergis procesi Catarda, germaniis qalaq niurnbergSi 1945 wlidan 1949 wlamde niurnbergis sasamarTloSi. Nniurnbergis procesi aris sayovelTao saxeli im procesisa, romelic meore msoflio omis dros ganxorcielebul nacizms Seexeboda. genocidsa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulSi mxilebulni arian :

ante gotovina _ xorvatiis generali, romelmac gasca brZaneba operacia Stor-mis, igi iZebneba.

milan babiki, jraJina serb _ serbeTis respublikis premier-ministri, romelsac misjili aqvs 13 weli eTnikur gasufTavebaSi.

vidoJe blagoJeviCi _ bosnieli serbi, bosnia serbeTis jaris oficeri, misji-li aqvs 18 weli srebrenikaSi momxdari xocva-JletaSi monawileobis miRebisaT-vis.

dragan joki _ bosnieli serbi, misjili aqvs 9 weli serbeTis xocva-jletaSi monawileobisaTvis.

radislav krstiki _ bosnieli serbi, misjili aqvs 35 weli, bosnieli serbebis armiis ZiriTad genocidSi, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulisa da omis kano-nebis uxeSad darRvevisaTvis.

milan milutinovi _ serbiis prezidenti brali aqvs wayenebuli uflebamosile-bis borotad gamoyenebis gamo kosovos omSi.

radko mladiki _ bosnieli serbeTis armiis ZiriTadi nawilis komandori, braldebulia genocidSi monawileobisaTvis kacobriobis winaaRmdeg dana-SaulSi da omis kanonis uxeSad gamoyenebisaTvis.

ruanda ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo Seqmnilia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT, 1994 wlis aprilSi ruandaSi Seqmnili genocidis faqtTan dakavSirebiT. gaerTianebuli erebis uSiSroebis sabWom gasca brZaneba genocidSi dadanaSaulebuli pirebis pasuxisgebaSi micemaze. ruandis sisxlis sa-marTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo Seiqmna 1994 wlis 8 noembers. am dromde, ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom 19 eWvmitanilze daasru-

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la sasamarTlo procesebi da msjavrdebulebad scno isini. 25 eWvmitanilze saqme kvlav ZiebaSia, 19 braldebuli elodeba sasamarTlo ganaCens. 10 eWvmitanili kvlav ZiebaSia. pirveli sasamarTlo procesi daiwyo 1997w. es exeba jin-miSel akaesius. jin kambandam, im drois premier ministrma, aRiara danaSauli. GPPGG _sa da sxva ganmcxadeblebis kritika umetesi nawili kamaTisa genocidTan dakavSirebiT mimdinareobs genocidis, rogorc sityvis definiciis garSemo. socialuri da politikuri jgufebis, rogorc genocidis samiznis ugulebelyofa oficialur ganmartebaSi kritikis qveS mohyva. istorikosebisa da sociologebis Nnawili genocidis ganxilvisas, ixilavs zemoT naxsenebi jgufebis winaaRmdeg genocidis saSiSroebis arsebobas. ufro zogadad, genocidi aris socialuri jgufebis winaswar gansazRvruli ganadgureba. genocidis istoriuli faqtebi genocidi aris regularuli da farTod gavrcelebuli nawili civilizaciis istoriaSi. imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli istoriuli faqtebi esadageba genocids da romeli faqtebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ubralo kriminalur da arahumanur qmedebad, ar aris naTlad warmoCenili, TiTqmis yoveli gamoZieba, romelic exeba genocids, misi ganxilvis dros sxvadasxvaa; sxvadasxva partizanuli dajgufebebi warmoadgenen TviTnebur interpretacias aseT faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. genocidSi dadanaSauleba ar aris naTlad argumentirebuli da am sakiTxze diskusia, SeiZleba kidev didxans gagrZeldes. wina saukuneSi sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis farTo maStabiani ganzrax mkvlelobebis mravali faqti arsebobs sxvadasxva qveynis istoriaSi, magaliTad, otomanebis istoriaSi, namibiaSi, kongos demokratiul respublikaSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi, (mag: ukraineli fermerebis ganzrax SimSili stalinis dros), maos mier 20-dan 60 milionamde Cineli, kambodieli, ruandeli da sudaneli xalxis gaJleta. genocidis faqtorebi naTlad Cans zogadi istoriuli kuTxiTac. erTiani jgufebis mTliani ganadgureba, romelic pirdapir, Tu iribad SeuZlebels xdis eris dacvas an gadarCenas, ganixileboda rogorc genocidi. kanadis aborigenuli mosaxleobis genocidma miipyro saerTaSoriso yuradReba, kerZod adamianis uflebaTa dacvis organizaciebis yuradReba, romlebic asocirebulni arian aborigenuli mosaxleobis Cvenebebis safuZvelze. wminda kevin anetma da misma komisiam didi wvlili Seitana kanadaSi genocidis aRiarebaSi. klasifikacia yvela qveynis kulturas aqvs kategoriebi, romelic ganasxvavebs xalxs eTnikur, religiur, Tu nacionalur safuZvelze: germanelebi da ebraelebi, hutu da tutsi. bipolarul sazogadoebaSi, sadac aris kategoriebis narevi, rogorc ruanda da burundia, aris yvelaze xSiri genocidis msxverpli. umTavresi damcavi saSualeba sawyis safuZvelze aris ganaviTaros universaluri institutebi, romlebic daZleven eTnikur da rasobriv dayofas da aqtiurad daexmarebian tolerantobis ganviTarebas. kaTolikur eklesias SeeZlo es roli eTamaSa ruandis sakiTxSi, rom ara is faqti, rom TviTon kaTolikuri eklesia imyofeboda ganxeTqilebaSi, imave eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobis gamo, rogorc ruandis sazogadoeba. simbolizacia klasifikacias vaZlevT sxvadasxva sxeulebsa da simboloebs, veZaxiT xalxs ebraelebs an boSebs, ganvasxvavebT maT kanis feris an Cacmulobis mixedviT da vakuTvnebT sxvadasxva jgufis wevrebs. klasifikacia an simbolizacia sazogadod aris humanuri da aucilebeli ar aris damTavrdes genocidiT. garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac isini TviTon miuZRvebian Semdegi safexurisaken, kerZod

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humanizaciisaken. Serwymuli siZulviliT simboloebi iZulebulni arian sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebul iqnan dabali fenis, kerZod parias (indoeTSi erT-erTi umdablesi kastis adamiani, yovelgvar uflebas moklebuli) jgufebSi magaliTad: yviTeli varskvlavi ebraelebisaTvis nacisturi reJimis dros, cisferi Sarfi aRmosavleTis xalxisaTvis kambojaSi simbolizaciis aRsadgenad. agresiuli simboloebi SeiZleba ikrZalebodes kanoniT (svastika) iseve, rogorc agresiuli sityviT gamosvla. Pproblema imaSia, rom samarTlebrivma akrZalvam, SeiZleba ar gaamarTlos, Tu mas mxari ar dauWira popularulma kulturulma Zaldatanebam. miuxedavad imisa, rom tutsi da hutu iyo akrZaluli sityvebi burundiaSi 1980 wlamde, cvlileba ganicada kodurma sityvebma. simbolizacia SeiZleba iyos mZlavrad uaryofili, miuxedavad misi mxardaWerisa, iseve, rogorc es moxda bulgareTSi, rodesac ara ebraelma bulgarelma, gadawyvita etarebina yviTeli varskvlavi, rom waerTmiaT misTis ebraelebis nacisturi simbolo. legendis Tanaxmad nacistebma ar gaavrceles yviTeli varskvlavi daniaSi. imitom, rom maT icodnen is faqti, rom mefec atarebda. dehumanizacia erTi jgufi uars ambobs meore jgufis adamianur bunebaze. isini gaigivebulni arian cxovelebTan, qvewarmavlebTan an avadmyofebTan. dehumanizacia aRemateba normaluri adamianis (pirovnebis) mkveTr Secvlas mkvlelobis winaaRmdeg. am safuZvelze siZulvilis propaganda xorcieldeba radioTi, msxverpli jgufebis lanZRviT. is sazogadoeba, romelmac ganicada genocidi, ganicdis konstituciuri uflebis naklebobas. siZulvilis propaganda unda iqnes aRkveTili da damnaSaveebi dasjili. organizeba genocidi yovelTvis organizebulia xSirad saxelmwifos an teroristebis mier. umetes SemTxvevaSi, specialuri armia da policia kargad aris gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli. maT kargad aqvT dagegmili masobrivi genociduri mkvlelobebi. Aam faqtis win aRsadgomad aucilebelia, rom es policia an SeiaraRebuli struqtura, gamocxaddes ukanonod. maT liderebs uari eTqvaT sazRvargareT samogzauro vizebze. gaerTianebulma erebma unda Camoayalibos komisia Zaladobis gamosarkvevad, iseve, rogorc moxda ruandaSi genocidis Semdeg. polarizacia eqstremistebi yofen jgufebs orad. isini axorcieleben polarizaciis propagandas. samarTalama SeiZleba akrZalos erTmaneTSi qorwineba da socialuri valdebuleba. gafrTxileba SeiZleba niSnavdes usafrTxoebis dacvas TavSekavebuli liderebisaTvis, an adamianis uflebebis jgufis mxardaWera. eqstremistTa didi nawili SeiZleba daWeril iqnen da maT saerTaSoriso vizebze uari eTqvaT. momzadeba msxverplni identificirebulni da erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulni arian maTi eTnikuri, Tu religiuri msgavsebiT. sasikvdilo siebi ukve Sedgenilia, aseTi jgufis wevrebi valdebulni arian ataron erTnairi simboloebi. isini xSirad moTavsebulni arian sakoncentracio banakebSi. Aam SemTxvevaSi unda atydes gangaSi. Ppolitikuri neba aSS-si, natosi da uSiSroebis sabWosi, iqneba mobilizebuli, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da mxardaWera dazaralebuli jgufebisaTvis Tavdacvis mosamzadeblad iqneba mzadyofnaSi. Hhumanitaruli mxardaWera unda iyos gaeros an kerZo sammarTvelos jgufebis mier ltolvilebisaTvis.

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ganadgureba ganadgureba iwyeba da maSinve gadadis masobriv mkvlelobebSi _ samarTlebrivad “genocidSi”. Ees aris mkvlelobis mizniT ganadgureba, radgan isini ar ijereben, rom maTi msxverpli bolomde adamiania. rodesac es yvelaferi finansirdeba sax-elmwifos mier, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xSirad muSaoben adgilobriv policiur Za-lebTan erTad. umetes SemTxvevaSi, genocidi Sedegia SurisZiebiT gamoZiebuli mkvlelobebisa jgufebs Soris, romlebic qmnian morevisebur cikls ormxrivi ge-nocidisa, (rogorc burundiaSi). Aam safexurze SeiaraRebuli Zalebis swrafma da masobrivma Carevam, SeiZleba SeaCeros genocidi. daculi adgilebi an ltolvile-bis gaqcevis koridori Seqmnili unda iyos saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli Tavdac-viT. gaeros esaWiroeba moqmedi maRali mzadyofnis xidi, an mudmivadmoqmedi swra-fi reaqciis Zalebi, romelic swrafad Caereva, imoqmedebs, rodesac gaeros uSi-Sroebis sabWo maT gamoiZaxebs. Uufro farTod CarevisaTvis militaristuli Zale-bi gaeros avtorobiT maSinaa, roca maT win uZRviss nato an regionaluri samxe-dro Zalebi. Tu ki gaero ar Caereva, im SemTxvevaSi, samxedro Zlierma naciam, un-da warmoadginos, (daexmaros) sahaero gadayvana aRWurvilobiT da finansurad. DraTa gavrcelebul iqnas faqti, rom samarTali, humanitaruli Carevisa unda ga-davides sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs. uaryofa uaryofa aris, meoTxe stadia, romelic mosdevs genocids, es aris gansazRvreba, Semdgomi genociduri xocva _ Jletisa. Ggenocidis momzadeba aris masobrivi sa-saflaos amoTxra, sxeulebis dawvisa, mtkicebulebis ganadgurebisa da mowmeebis daSinebisa. isini uaryofen raime danaSaulis Cadenas da xSirad abraleben daza-ralebulebs, blokirebas axdenen danaSaulis gamoZiebis da agrZeleben marTvas manamde, sanam ZaliT ar iqnebian gadayenebulni. isini arian dausjelni, rogorc polo poti an idi amini, im SemTxvevis garda, rodesac isini dapatimrebulni arian da tribunali asamarTlebs. saukeTeso gamoxmaureba iqneba saerTaSoriso tribu-nalis mier maTi dasja. iq SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas saqme da misi momzadebelni dasjilni. tribunali, iseTi, rogorc iugoslaviis, ruandis an sierra leonisa da gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebi unda iqnes Seqmnili. maT SeiZ-leba ver gaanadguron genocidi, magram maTi gasamarTlebiT, dapatimrebiT, poli-tikuri nebis gamovleniT, bevri masobrivi mkvleli SeiZleba mieces samarTalwar-moebaSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. gaeros saerTaSoriso konvencia ,, genocidis danaSaulis winaaRmdeg miRebuli

zomebi da genocidisaTvis dasjis Sesaxeb’’-1992 weli 3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia 4. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi,1999 weli

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nino arCvaZe

sicocxlis uflebis problemebi _ aborti "aborti" orsulobis xelovnuri Sewyveta _ ra dgas am sityvebis ukan? Taname-drove adamianebma iswavles es saSineli, Tavisi arsiT usastikesi cnebis Serbile-buli, mikibul _ mokibuli frazebis gamosaxva, riTac cdiloben TviT sakuTar Tavsac ki ar gamoutydnen da daumalon maTi gulSemzaravi arsi. warmoidgineT Semdegi saxis samedicino termini "gulis moqmedebis xelovnuri Se-Cereba" _ ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gamoTqma? davuSvaT, romelime banditma sa-sikvdilod daWra adamiani _ dana gauyara gulSi, zis axla sabraldebo skamze _ mas eubnebian; "es ra Caidine? Sen xom adamiani mokali? mkvleli pasuxobs: "me is ar momiklavs, me mxolod xelovnurad SevaCere misi gulis moqmedeba". ki magram rom, mokvda. mkvleli pasuxobs: _ "diax mokvda, me sxva gamosavals aq ver vxedavdi, mas rom ecocxla, igi xels SemiSlida me cxovrebaSi" es mxolod dReisaTvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli mizezia, romelic, TiTqosda, amar-Tlebs qalebis am saqciels _ bavSvebi xels uSlian maT cxovrebaSi. "xels SeuS-lian", ai yvelaze Semazrzeni da qalebisaTvis gasasamarTlebeli sabuTi am saSi-nelebis anu sakuTari Svilis mkvlelobisa. zogjer xdeba, Cvenive Secdomebze gviwevs pasuxisgeba, magram am faqts gavurbi-varT da sakuTari SvilisTvis sastiki ganaCeni gamogvaqvs, rac SeiZleba sabedis-wero aRmoCndes, radgan didi albaTobaa, rom qals, abortis Semdeg, meti Svili aRarc gauCndes. es sasjelia yvela im mSobelisaTvis, romelmac umowyalod, Seu-braleblad mohkla sakuTari pirmSo. Tumca isic marTalia, rom zogierTi qali am codvas sCadis ise, rom "ar uwyis rasa iqms". is ki ar gauazrebiaT, rom is patara arseba nawilia misi sxeulisa da abortis gasakeTeblad ise uproblemod midian, TiTqos stomatologTan midiodnen kbilis amosaRebad. magram es gaxlavT tragikuli Secdoma, adre Tu gvian Cadeni-li danaSaulisTvis pasuxi moeTxovebaT da bunebrivia, daisjebian. logikuria, rom Cndeba kiTxva: romeli asakidan iwyeba adamianis Camoyalibeba? sa-frangeTSi saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT bavSvis sicocxle daculia Casaxvi-dan 10 kviris Semdeg, daniaSi 12 kviris Semdeg, SvedeTSi 20 kviris, xolo sxva mraval qveyanaSi sicocxle daculia mxolod dabadebis Semdeg. nobelis premiis laureati doqtor jeims uitsonis winadadebiT, bavSvis sicoc-xle daculi unda iyos dabadebidan 3 dRis Semdeg, magram sainteresoa sinamdvi-leSi saidan iwyeba adamianis sicocxlis sawyisis aTvla? vis davujeroT fran-gebs, danielebs, Svedebs Tu jeims uitsons? aq mxolod or avtoritetul wyaros unda vendoT: xmas uflisa da mecnierTa daskvnebs. RmerTic da mecnierebic gvi-dastureben erTsa da imaves _ adamianis sicocxle iwyeba CasaxvisTanave. saeklesio kanonebiT adamiani daculia dediseul organizmSi. wminda basili didi werda: "Ca-saxuli nayofis ganzrax mokvdinebisTvis adamiani imsaxurebs iseTive sasjels, rogoric mkvlelobisTvisaa". eklesia aseve gveubneba "adamianis cxovreba arc dabadebiT iwyeba da arc sikvdi-liT mTavrdeba. am ori TariRiT mxolod adamianis cxovrebis erTi etapi Semoi-sazRvreba. am etaps win uswrebs dediseul organizmSi arseboba mucladyofnis Jams, xolo meores mosdevs imqveyniuri cxovreba. erTi amerikuli Jurnali ityobineba, MmSobiare qalis Sesaxeb, romelmac 5 Tvis bavSvi Sva. igi emudareboda eqimebs bavSvis gadarCenas, gamoiyo didZali Tanxa, im-

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ave dRes, imave saavadmyofoSi sxva qali abortiT icilebda Tavis 5 Tvis BbavSvs. gamodis, rom erT palataSi 5 Tvis bavSvi aRiqmeba adamianad, xolo meoreSi xor-cis - naWrad aris Sefasebuli. es xom gaumarTlebeli da gulsaklavi faqtia. ra SeiZleba vuwodoT amas? rodesac qali am saSinel Secdomas sCadis, icis, rom amqveyniur cxovrebaSi pa-suxs aravin agebinebs, sasjeli ar moeTxoveba, darCenil sicocxles tyveobaSi ar gaatarebs da misTvis es ase ajobebs, Tavidan aicilebs bevr problemas. aqedan naTelia, rom deda, romelic klavs Tavis Svils, zrunavs mxolod sakuTari Tavi-saTvis, imisaTvis, rom ukeT icxovros, hqondes naklebi problema da amas yvela-fers akeTebs ususuri arsebis xarjze. am saSinel gaumarTlebel saqciels Cavdi-varT, roca garTobis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, xSirad imis gamo, rom aviciloT im bavSvis dabadeba, romelic ar gvsurs, anda gvekrZaleba misi gaCena an kidev gvai-Zuleben ar gavaCinoT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom eqimebs, romelTac hipokrates fici aqvT dadebuli, evale-baT adamiani sikvdils gadaarCinon, Tundac es adamiani iyos misi mteri, maTi mo-wodebaa mxolod sicocxlis gadarCena. rogor moxda, rom es mowodeba sapirispi-ro aRmoCnda da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT sapirispiros Cadian, Rupaven sicocxles, Tanac iseTi formiT, hitlerisa da rkinis feliqsis jalaTsac ki ar daesizmre-boda. am dros eqimebi mSvidad asruleben amas. ician, rom pasuxs aravin mosTxovs, piriqiT, madlobasac ki etyvian da gasamrjelosac aiReben. magram dafiqrdiT eqimebo, Tqven xom mkvlelebad warsdgebiT saiqioSi, pasuxs marto daxocili Svilebis dedebi ki ar ageben, aramed Tqvenc mogeTxovebaT pasuxi am mkvlelobisaTvis. dedebi Tavs imarTleben, imitom gavikeTe aborti, rom ar mindoda Cems Svils si-RaribeSi ecxovra, an jer instituti ar maqvs damTavrebuli, ar vicodi, rom mSo-biarobiT Cems sicocxles safrTxe emuqreboda. eqimebo! aba gaeciT im moklul patarebs pasuxi, im samsjavroze rom warsdgebiT, roca gkiTxavs "ra dagiSave, ratom momiswrafe sicocxle?" Sen etyvi, rom avad-myofi daibadebodi, etyvi, Sen rom gaCeniliyavi, deda dageRupeboda! magram Sen ara xar eqimo marTali. maS, modiT davxocoT yvela, vinc avadmyofia. es xom araswo-ria. mieci mas ufleba daibados iseTi, rogoric aris. amerikelma eqimma bernard naTansonma gadaiRo filmi, sadac naCvenebia imis ul-trabgeriTi gamosaxuleba, rac xdeba qalis saSvilosnoSi abortis gakeTebis dros Tormetkvirian nayofze "vakuum _ aspiraciis" meTodiT. ekranze naTlad Cans, rogor cdilobs patara arseba vakuumgamomwovisaTvis Tavis aridebas, swrafi da RelviT aRsavsea misi moqmedebebi, guli ucems Zalumad da aCqarebulad, xolo roca borotebis aparatis sacecebSi momwyvdeuli bavSvis sxeulis danawevreba iwyeba, igi farTod aRebs pirs uxmo ZaxiliT, tkivilis SegrZneba kulminacias aR-wevs, rodesac abortis meTodad gamoyenebulia "mariliani aminocenTezi". es ineq-ciis saxiT Sedis dedis organizmSi da bavSvis organizmze moqmedebas iwyebs, ris Sedegadac meore dRes deda Sobs mkvdar Svils. aris kidev abortis saxelwodeba "histerotomia". es meTodi orsulobis bolo pe-riodSi gamoiyeneba, anu mas "sakeisro kveTas" uwodeben. am dros eqimi uWris dedas muclis fars, Semdeg saSvilosnos da amohyavs cocxali bavSvi, xolo bavSvis sikvdili damokidebulia im meTodze, rasac eqimi amoirCevs. Cvens mier yvela saxis aborti rodia aRwerili, magram vfiqrobT es saSinelebac sakmarisia problemis gaanalizebisa da gansjisaTvis.

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mitropoliti meleti am saSinelebaze wers: "adamianebi, romlebic klaven bavSvebs sakuTari sxeulis wiaRSi, hgvanan Hherodes, romelmac Sehmusra 14 000 yrma, raTa aravis SesZleboda misTvis xelis SeSla cxovrebaSi". magram es adamianebi hero-deze uaresni arian, radgan es yrmebi, herodes Svilebi ar yofilan. magram is, rasac grZnobs qali abortis Semdeg, yvelaze Rrma fsiqikur doneze me-tismetad gansxvavdeba kiTxvaze misi gacemuli pasuxisagan TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac qali, gansjis doneze, aborts miiCnevs, rogorc erTaderT gamosavals Seqmnili mdgomareobidan da Tavisi cnobieri azrovnebiT amarTlebs mas. es yove-live SeiZleba Tavsdebodes srul uaryofasTan qvecnobier azrovnebaSi. rogorc ar unda mxneobdes da SemouZaxebdes Tavs, rom es aucilebelia da sxva gamosavali ar aris. aborti yovelTvis qalSi iwvevs Rrma gancdebs, sulier tkivils, sircxvils da aunazRaurebeli danaklisis SegrZnebas. yovelive amas zogi qali ver SeZlebs, es xom stresul mdgomareobaSi agdebs mas. qalebi yvelgan qalebad rCebian. qalis sevdisa da tkivilis zemoaRniSnuli suraTi gvxvdeba yvelgan, sadac daSvebulia abortebi. marTlmadidebeli mRvdelmsaxurisaTvis es suraTi tkivilamde axlobelia. TiTqmis yovel qalur aRsarebaSi (ymawvilqalobidan xnier mandilosnobamde) igi momswrea am Seuxorcebeli Wrilobisa aRmsareblis sulSi, xedavs maT sulieri tkiviliT aRsavse Tvalebs da am Tvalebidan momdinare mware, nagvianeb cremlebs, da yvelaferi amis macqerali uneburad krTebi da survili gZalavs mTeli xmiT SesZaxo: "qalebo, Zvirfasebo! ras SvrebiT! gons modiT! gamofxizldiT! vis imetebT satanjvelad?! upirveles yovlisa da yvelaze metad maT, vinc yvelaze metad unda gyvarebodaT da dagecvaT – Tqvens sakuTar Svilebsa da Tqven sakuTar Tavs! qalma, romelmac Caidina es saSineli codva, eqimma, romelmac umowyalod jalaTi-viT mokla Cvili, qmarma, ojaxis wevrebma, naTesavebma Tu axloblebma, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves am codvis CadenaSi qals. mokled yvelam, vinc pirdapiri Tu ara-pirdapiri gziT, TavianTi aqtiurobiTa Tu piriqiT - pasiurobiT, udardelobiTa da gulgrilobiT monawileoba miiRes bavSvis mkvlelobaSi, gulwrfelad unda Seinanon da yovelive aRsarebaSi unda uTxran wminda marTmadidebluri eklesiis mRvdels. yovelive am Seunanebeli codvis Semdeg eklesiis wminda mamebi yvela marTlmorw-mune qristians da miTumetes, aseTi mZime codvebis mqone adamianebs gansakuTrebiT urCeven iesos locvas; "ufalo, ieso qristeo, Zeo RmrTisao, Semiwyale me codvi-li". am Semzaravi da problemuri sakiTxis irgvlv dameTanxmebiT, rom saubari usa-srulod SeiZleba gavagrZeloT, rasac kontrargumenti aranairad ar moeZebneba. radgan es exeba mxolod da mxolod imas, rasac miwieri cxovreba da yofa qvia, es xom uzenaesis uflebaa, vis miscems sicocxles, Cven ki miwiero arsebano anu ada-mianebo, ar gvaqvs neba avukrZaloT sicocxle da CamovarTvaT sicocxlis ufleba imas, visac RmerTma es ufleba uboZa.

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am Temis werisas xSirad maxsendeboda da vfiqrobT masTan uSualo kavSirSia So-Ta niSnianiZis leqsi; "ra fermixdils da nawamebs gxedav Cemo pawia codvilo "deda" vaime roca Sen gulTan mWridnen, raime xom ar gatkine neta?! ra iqneboda mec movswrebode, mec gamexara am samzeoTi, mec dameZaxa SenTvis dediko da mamas yelze Semovxveodi. Cawnuli viyav momavlis fiqrSi rogorc pepela yvavilis gulSi dabadebamde ramdeni maklda iTvlida Cemi pawia guli".

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. sicocxlis ufleba – saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi. adamianis Ziri-

Tadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, meridiani 2004 weli

3. biblia 4. hipokrates fici

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sofo CxeiZe

evTanazia - ufleba sikvdilisa Tu TviTmkvlelobis xelSewyoba?! "evTanazia" _ berZnuli sityvaa da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT uSfoTvel sikvdils niSnavs anu sikvdili wesiT, rodesac sicocxlesTan Widili gausaZlisi xdeba. am fenomens msoflios sazogadoebaSi hyavs rogorc mowinaaRmdegeebi, aseve momxreebi. pirvelTa mixedviT, sicocxlesTan Widili mTavari argumentiT moraluri da re-ligiuri Sexedulebebia, romelTac aramc Tu raime saerTo aqvT evTanaziasTan, aramed sastikad emijnebian mas. meoreTa SexedulebiT _ evTanazias sruli gamar-Tleba aqvs, radganac isini miiCneven, rom cxovrebis ufleba yovelTvis gulisx-mobs sikvdilis uflebasac. pirvelad termini "evTanazia" gamoiyena rekonma XIII-Si, raTa ganesazRvra, `msubuqi sikvdili~ da ukve XIX s-dan es termini moiazreboda Semdegnairad - `gamoasalmo vinme sicocxles Secodebis gamo~. evTanaziasTan dakavSirebiT, jerac araferia bolomde garkveuli. ar aris dadgenili, statistikis es tipi _ mkvlelobas mia-kuTvnon, Tu TviTmkvlelobas. kaciobrioba ar aris mzad am problemis gadasaWre-lad, arc iuridiulad, arc moralurad da arc msoflmxedvelurad. arada prob-lema aqtualur xasiaTs iZens da dRiTidRe swrafi tempiT iWreba adamianTa yo-veldRiur cxovrebaSi. evTanazia _ winaswargansazRvruli mkvlelobaa, romelic sikvdils iTvaliswinebs da miznad isaxavs tkivilisa da unayofo `araadamianuri tanjvis~ Tavidan acile-bas, magram masSi ar moiazreba TviTmkvleloba da sikvdili tkivilgamayuCebeli Terapiis Sedegad Tu is Tavdapirvelad miznad ar isaxavs dagegmil sikvdils. ase ganmartavs am fenomens `deklaracia evTanaziis Sesaxeb~, romelSic pirvelad 1980 w 5 maiss sarwmunoebis Semswavleli kongresis mier iqna gamoyenebuli termini `uSfoTveli sikvdili~. holandiuri kanonmdeblobis gansazRvrebiT ki evTanaziad iTvleba nebismieri qme-deba, romelic mimarTulia imisken, rom bolo moeRos ama Tu im pirovnebis sicoc-xles misive survilis gaTvaliswinebiT da Sesrulebulia aradainteresebuli pi-ris mier. evTanaziis fenomenis istoriuli ganviTareba, odiTganve iwvevda urTierTsawi-naaRmdego reaqciebs. jer kidev antikur-tolerantul epoqaSi sicocxlis formebi `romlebmac dakarges yovelgvari faseuloba~. (rac gulisxmobs: xeibar, mZime da ganukurnebel avadmyofebs da wina planze iwevs maTi sikvdilis logikuri auci-lebloba) sokrate, Sua saukunebSi tomas mori, frensis bekoni exebodnen am feno-mens. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored frensis bekoni iyo pirveli vinc ganacxada, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi eqimma unda mimarTos evTanazias29 fridrix nicSec erT-erTi maTgania, vinc emxroba evTanazias. igi werda, nuTu ar aris mimzidveli datovo wuTisofeli gaazrebulad da nebayoflobiT, sakuTar problemebze dayrdnobiT arCio sikvdili Tavisufali da gacnobierebuli SemTxve-viTobisa da moulodnelobis gareSe? sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba aqvs alber kamius, misi azriT, ra sjobs - mokvde nebayoflobiT, Tu yvelafris miuxedavad, bolomde gqondes imedi nebayoflobiT sikvdili sakmaod Tamami ganacxadia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani aZlevs sakuTar Tavs uflebas daasrulos an Sewyvitos sicocxle da aq laparakia ara mxolod uflebaze, aramed Tavisuflebaze arCevanSi _ sikvdili Tu sicoc-xle?

29 (Instrauration Magna"1623).

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SesaZlebelia, am poziciidan gamomdinare, vivaraudoT, rom adamiani Tavisufalia! ki magram im SemTxvevaSi Tu is akeTebs arCevans _ sikvdili e.i. mas surs Tavisuf-leba, romelic mas ar gaaCnia da mxolod nebayoflobiTi sikvdiliT miiRweva, ma-gram Tuki is akeTebs arCevans _ sicocxle, gausaZlisi pirobebis miuxedavad, maSin is Seguebulia beds da rac mTavaria, mas gaaCnia imedi. Cvenis azriT, msjelobis Sedegi naTelia _ uimedo adamiani imitom xom araa ganwiruli, rom is realistia? 1983w. 11 ianvars nensi kruinlenis manqana gadatrialda moyinul gzatkecilze. 25 wlis nensi gadmovarda manqanidan da TaviT Cavarda TxrilSi. samedicino daxmare-ba movida sakmaod swrafadimisaTvis rom gadaerCinaT misi sicocxle, magram ara imdenad swrafad, rom gadaerCinaT misi tvini. nensi kruinleni am SemTxvevis Sem-deg arasodes mosula gons. 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi igi imyofeboda iseT mdgomareo-baSi, romelsac uwodeben `mudmivi zrdis~ (vegetaciis) mdgomareobas, igi sruliad ugonod iyo. misi momvleli zogierTi medda acxadebs, rom nensis SeeZlo Sebruneba im pirovne-bisken, romelic mas esaubreboda, aseve acxadebdnen, rom man ramdenjerme itira kidec. eqimebi ki amtkiceben, rom es mxolod da mxolod refleqsuri xasiaTis pa-suxi iyo. mis mkurnalobis safasurs 130,000 wliurad saxelmwifo ixdida. eqimebis varaudiT, mis gulsa da filtvebs kidev 30 weli SeeZloT muSaoba, magram nensis mSoblebs surdaT misi aparatidan gamorTva, raTa mas mSvidad ganesvena. am Txov-niT maT Seitanes TavianTi gancxadeba uzenaes sasamarTloSi. 1976w. karen en kruinlenis mSoblebs niu jersis uzenaesma sasamarTlom neba darTo gamoerToT igi respiratoridan. sazogadoebaSi bevri Relavs, rom evTanazia da TviTmkvleloba SesaZloa legali-zebuli gaxdes, aseve maTi azriT, evTanazia garkveulwilad aufasurebs sicoc-xles, gansakuTrebiT ki moxucis sicocxles, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom evTana-ziis problema uxsovari droidan awuxebs kacobriobas, msjeloba mis dakanonebasa Tu ardakanonebaze SedarebiT ufro bolo xanebSi daiwyo. 1935 wels inglisSi pirvelad Camoyalibda saxalxo moZraoba, romelic miznad isaxavda evTanaziis legalizacias. Semdeg 1994 wlis 14 aprils holandiis parla-mentma daakanona evTanazia. mas mibaZa agreTve sxvadasxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebma. ( magaliTad aSS - ZiriTadad origanis Stati 1994w) avstraliis Crdi-loeTma provinciam 1995 wlis 25 maiss; 1993 wels _ niderlandis parlamentma da a.S., magram dResac mravladaa iseTi qveyana, magaliTad Svecia, germania, italia, belgia da sxva mravali, sadac evTanazia dRemde sastikad akrZalulia. misi ga-moyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki damnaSave - sikvdiliT isjeba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 110-e muxlis Tanaxmad evTanazia kanonis mixedviT saqarTveloSic dauSvebelia da mas arc mimarTaven. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, eqims CamoerTmeva samsaxuris ufleba Tavisi profesiiT. miuxedavad mkacri sasjelisa da akrZalvisa, evTanazias samedicino praqtikaSi mainc aqvs adgili. arsebobs medikosTa kategoria, romelic Tvlis, rom eqimis valia ara marto yvela Rone ixmaros pacientis sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad, aramed gaakeTos is, rac umjobesia pacientisaTvis. Tu misTvis umjobesia sikvdili, eqimi amaSic unda daex-maros pacients. magaliTad cnobilma amerikelma eqimma jek gegorjinma zedmetsax-elad `eqimi sikvdili~ Riad ganacxada, rom 1991 wlidan daexmara 50-ze met avad-myofs sicocxlesTan gamosalmebaSi da rac yvelaze saocaria, amis gamo, is arc erTxel ar iyo wardgenili sasamarTlos winaSe. jer kidev 1958 w-dan eqimi gevor-kiani aqveynebda mTel rig statiebs, romlebSic mouwodebda sikvdilmisjilTa umtkivneulod sikvdilisken da maTi organoebis samecniero kvlevebSi gamoyene-

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bisken. odnav mogvianebiT, rodesac eqimi sastiki da umizezo TviTmkvlelobebis mowme gaxda, mivida im daskvnamde, rom xeli unda Seewyo da daedga wveTovani pa-cientisTvis, romlis saSualebiTac igi gaanTavisuflebda mas amqveyniuri proble-mebisagan. es xelsawyo Jurnalistebma `sikvdilis manqanad~ Seracxes! mravali miTqma-moTqmis Semdeg erT-erT, ase vTqvaT, `yviTel~ gazeTSi gamoqveynda jek gevorkianis gancxadeba: `Tu Tqven gadawyviteT sikvdili da gindaT es gaake-ToT umtkivnelod, me gaCuqebT Tqven `uSfoTvel sikvdils~. 1976 w. kaliforniis umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom avad-myofs ufleba hqonda Tavisi nebiT Seewyvita uSedego mkurnaloba. didi mniSvne-loba am SemTxvevaSi eniWeboda imas Tu ra saxis evTanaziasTan _ pasiurTan Tu aq-tiurTan gvqonda saubari. pasiuri evTanazia - gulisxmobs `reanimaciis uaryofas~. aqtiuri evTanazia _ maSinaa, roca gamoiyeneba saSualebebi, romlebic aCqareben sikvdils, TviT pacientis an misi naTesavebis moTxovniT. aSS-Si aRiarebulia evTa-naziis mxolod uaryofiTi anu pasiuri forma. aqtiuri forma ki _ iuridiulad akrZalulia yvela StatSi. frangi eqimebis daaxloebiT 2/3 amarTlebs nebayoflobiT sikvdils mZime da ganu-kurnebeli avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, magram samedicino eTikis TvalsazrisiT ev-Tanazia nakleb moraluria. me vfiqrob samedicino eTika, rogorc aseTi, ar arse-bobs, aris mxolod zogadad adamianuri eTika, romelic gamoiyeneba gansakuTre-bul adamianur situaciebSi. xolo eqimi sukolovis mixedviT: `evTanazia warmoad-gens _ mkvlelobas medikosis mxridan, xolo mkvleloba ganukurnebeli avadmyofi-sa, Tundac misi Txovnidan gamomdinare, ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad eqimis da medperso-nalis arss. saqmianoba, romelsac maT miuZRvnes TavianTi sicocxle warmoadgens _ brZolas sikvdilTan da ara sikvdilis xelSewyobas. Tu eqims SeuZlia gamoamSvidobos adamiani sicocxles, mas unda CamoarTvan dip-lomi, radgan is gaxda mkvleli da Tu mas SeuZlia Caidinos mkvleloba pacientis interesebidan gamomdinare, maSin sruliad SesaZlebelia gaimeoros igive Tavisi interesebidan gamomdinarec, miT umetes, rom mas gaaCnia mkvlelobis ufleba kano-nierad. adre Tu gvian adamianebi ver miandoben sakuTar sicocxles eqims mkvle-lobis uflebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, arc erTma humanurma sazogadoebam ar unda darTos neba evTanaziaze, radgan humanuri mkvleloba ar arsebobs~. marTlac SeuTavsebeli didebaa humanuri mkvleloba, humanuri mkvleloba mar-Tlac ar arsebobs, radganac humanizmi gulisxmobs gadarCenas da ara sikvdils, magram iqneb es mosazreba abstraqtuli dogmaa da ara adamianuri TanagrZnoba. am maRalfardovani sityvis avtorebs ar ganucdiaT is autaneli, araadamianuri, da-mamcirebeli, fizikuri da sulieri tanjva, romelsac Tavad albaT verc aitanen. ufleba sicocxlisa da ufleba sikvdilis. es gaxlavT is mniSvnelovani mosazre-ba, romlis irgvliv uxsovari droidan mimdinareobs gacxarebuli diskusiebi, Tu sicocxle kargavs adamianur saxes maSin umjobesia adamianuri sikvdili, magram rogor moiazreba sicocxle,. romelmac dakarga adamianuri saxe? es aris `wminda biologiuri arseboba~. anu uRirsi sicocxle an nacistebis terminologiis mixed-viT Lebensunwerbing beben-us sicocxlis is formebi, romlebic ar imsaxureben si-cocxles). raSic nacistebi gulisxmoben xeibar axalSobilebs, sulier da enilur avadmyofebs, ganukurnebel suliskveTebas, encipalitikosebs da a.S. rogorc cnobilia 1939 wlis oqtomberSi adolf hitlerma xeli moawera saidum-lo dadgenilebas, romlis mixedviTac, evTanazia gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo Lenebsuwerbige beben-us mimarT. evTanaziis amgvari negatiuri gamoyenebis Sedegs warmoadgens is, rom 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi wyaros mixedviT ganadgurda 100 000, xolo meore wyaros mixedviT -275 000 adamiani. es faqti migviTiTebs evTa-

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naziis deformirebul gamoyenebaze, romlis gameorebas, vimedovnebT, adgili ara-sodes ar eqneba. davubrundeT evTanaziis momxreebs, am warmomadgenlebis arguments warmoadgens mosazreba moyvanili `deklaraciaSi evTanaziis Sesaxeb~, romelic gulisxmobs: ~uazro tanjva _ borotebaa~. uazro araadamianuri tanjva, marTlac _ aborotebs adamians da anadgurebs ada-mianurs masSi da Tu RmerTma Seqmna adamiani Tavisi xatisa da msgavsebis mixedviT, is manam unda wavides am qveynidan, sanam jer kidev adamiania, magram isev da isev qristianuli moralis mixedviT, umjobesia adamians tkivilsa da tanjvaSi aR-moxdes suli, radgan nebayoflobiTi sikvdili codvaa. xarze da oveli werda, rom adamians principSi gaaCnia erTi saboloo arCevani _`iaraRi Tu jvarcma~, anu `ni-hilizmi Tu qristianoba~, `evTanazia Tu TviTganwirva?!~. samyaro Tavisi urTulesi movlenebiTa da faqtebiT ise srulyofilad Seqmna yovlisSemZle ufalma, rom masSi Carevisa da raimes Secvlis uflebas qristianu-li religia sastikad krZalavs. cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi sfero, sadac adamia-nebs erTmaneTis mimarT aqvs gegma, dauwereli kanoni da Tu adamiani ereva masSi, es imas niSnavs, rom mas surs uzenaesis adgili daikavos da amiT gautoldes mas. amitomac qristianuli SexedulebebiT evTanazia arRvevs RvTiur wessa da kano-nebs, sicocxle adamians swored RmerTma uboZa da arc erT mokvdavs ufleba ara aqvs waarTvas is vinmes, Tundac es saTanado mizezebiT iyos ganpirobebuli, ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi da viTareba, romelic amarTlebs mkvlevobasa Tu TviTmkvlelobas. TanagrZnoba ar iZleva codvis Cadenis uflebas. es aris is dogma, romliTac Ti-Toeuli qristiani xelmZRvanelobs. aqve moviyvanT im magaliTs, roca zerdaTaevic adasturebs: `nebayoflobiTi sikvdiliT adamiani ayenebs Wrilobas samyaros, ro-gorc erTians da xels uSlis RvTis sasufevlis ganxorcielebas; aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Tavad bibliaSi moipoveba nebayoflobiTi sikvdilis 7 SemTxveva, romliTac ar mohyeva gankicxva (dawvrilebiT ixileT g. CxartiSvili). qristianuli religiis Sexedulebebs, nebayoflobiT sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, met-naklebad iziarebs islamica da iudaizmic, Tumca ki isini aRiareben garkveul Semabrkolebel garemoebebs. rac Seexeba aRmosavlur religiebs _ indiuzmsa da budizms, isini nakleb mniSv-nelobas aniWeben nebayoflobiTi sikvdilis eTikurobas. am problemasTan dakavSi-rebiT aseTi gulgriloba aixsneba imiT, rom budizms da induizms sul sxvagvarad esmis sikvdilis fenomeni, mocemuli religiebi aRiareben miwieri arsebobis gan-meoreblobas anu gardacvalebas, adamians mouwevs mravaljer dabadeba da mra-valjer sikvdili. yovelive axali sicocxle ganixileba, rogorc mZime gamocda, romelic unda Rirseulad Caabaro, raTa sulma miaRwios siwmindes, gamoeyofa daxSul cikls da mas ar mouwevs kvlav dabadeba da kvlav sikvdili. reinkarna-ciis ideis mixedviT nebayoflobiTi sikvdili _ uazrobaa, radgan bediswera gai-meorebs analogiur situacias da garemoebas. evTanaziis fenomenis mravalmxrivi garCeva_gaanalizeba `vfiqrob maZlevs uflebas Camovayalibo sakuTari azri, romelic wminda subieqturia da eyrdnoba mxolod da mxolod samyaros Cemeul aRqmas. evTanazia _ es Cemi didi SiSi da didi imedia. `me meSinia evTanaziis, radgan is moiazrebs, rogorc TviTmkvlelobas, aseve mkvlelobas. aRniSnuli orive cneba religiurad didi codvaa _ me vaRiareb, rom var brmad religiuri da es garemoeba krZalavs CemTvis evTanaziis Sesrulebas, rogorc sa-

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kuTar Tavze, ise Cems axloblebisa da naTesavebis mimarT, magram amasTanave, evTa-nazia CemTvis didi imedia, imedi imisa, rom maqvs Sansi movkvde jer kidev adamia-nad da rogorc ambobs moris blanSo: `Cven ar viklavT Tavs, magram Cven SegviZlia moviklaT Tavi, es saocari saSualebaa, rom ara Jangbadis es baloni, Cven davixr-CobodiT, ver SevZlebdiT cxovrebas maSin, rodesac sikvdili gverdiTaa ase mor-Cili, SesaZlebeli xdeba sicocxle, radgan zustad sikvdili gvaZlevs sicocxlis haers! piradad me Zalian miZneldeba gadavwyvito da gamovTqva kategoriuli mosazrebani evTanaziis marTebulobasa da aucileblobaze anda gadaWriT visaubro mis mi-uReblobasa Tu akrZalvaze, radgan yoveli calkeuli SemTxveva moiTxovs mis Rrmad da detalurad Seswavlasa da ganxilvas, mravali aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. is rac misaRebi da TavisTavadia garkveuli rasis, kulturis, rwmenis adamianisaT-vis, SeiZleba sruliad miuRebeli iyos meoresaTvis. ar arsebobs erTaderTi pa-suxi, erTaderTi recepti am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrob mas momavalSic ux-vad eyoleba rogorc momxreebi, aseve mowinaaRmdegeebi, iseve, rogorc uamrav sxva, rTul, zogadsakacobrio fenomens da aravin icis rogor gadawyveten am problemas Teoretikosi Tu praqtikulad moRvawe adamianebi - momxreebi Tu mowinaaRmdegeni, rogor moiqcevian maZin, roca (RmerTma nu qnas) Tavad aRmoCndebian evTanaziasTan pirispir da radgan me am SemTxvevaSi Teoretikosi var, gulaxdilad vaRiareb, rom arc me vici ras gadavwyvetdi realurad arsebul situaciaSi...

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 w 2. holandiuri kanonmdebloba Instration Magna -1623 3. niderlandebis 1993 wlis kanoni ,,evTanaziis Sesaxeb’’ 4. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Tbilisi 1999 w

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Tamuna nazRaiZe

TviTmkvleloba anu sicocxlis uflebis mospoba sakuTari xeliT

TviTmkvlelobis problema folosofiisTvis arsodes ar yofila meorexarixovani, vinaidan misi gadawyvetiT bevr iseT mniSvnelovan kiTxvas SegviZlia gavceT pasux-i; rogoricaa: aris Tu ara adamiani pirovnulad Tavisufali Tavis qmedebaSi da ramdenad maRalia am Tavisuflebis xarisxi? Tavisufalia Tu ara adamiani Tavis cxovrebaSi da Tavisufalia Tu ara Tavisi sikvdilis arCevanSi? Tu TviTmkvelobas mivcemT mokle ganmartebas, es aris gaazrebulad da damouki-deblad sakuTari sicocxlis uflebis mospoba. swored am ori elementiT gansxvavdeba is mkvlelobisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebisagan. mkvlelobisas, CvenTvis misaRebi mizezebis gamo, gamoricxulia damoukidebloba, xolo ubedur SemTxve-vebSi gaazrebulad Cadenili mkvlelobisas, dominirebs SemTxveviTobis elementi. WeSmariti TviTmkvleloba gvTavazobs, mkacr arCevans sicocxlesa da sikvdils Soris, sadac damarcxebulia yvelaferi is, rac akavebda adamians amqveyniur cxo-vrebaSi. adamiani midis TviTmkvlelobaze, rodesac garkveuli mizezebis gamo misi arsebo-ba kargavs yevlanair azrs, magram esec sakmarisi ar aris TviTmkvlelobisaTvis. rogorc n. berdiaevi wers: ,,TviTmkvleloba aris fsiqologiuri gamovlineba da imisaTvis, rom is avxsnaT, aucilebelia gavigoT im adamianis sulieri mdgomareo-ba, romelmac gadawyvita Tavis mokvla. TviTmkvlelobis fsiqologia, upirveles yovlisa, aris uimedobis fsiqologia, xolo uimedoba aris cnobierebis SezRudva, rodesac adamianis cnobierebaSi xdeba Rirebulebebis gaufasureba”. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovrebiseuli problemebi mravalgvaria. maTi eTikuri as-peqti saerToa. moraluri Segnebis cnobierebis doneze, isini apelirebas ukeTeben iseT maRalRirebul faseulobebs, rogoricaa: warmodgena bednierebaze, sikeTeze, samarTlianobaze, movaleobaze, patiosnebaze, Rirsebaze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es suicidiogenuri movlenebi Zlier dartymas ayeneben pirovnebis mora-lur faseulobebs. TviT suiciduri gadawyvetileba aris moraluri arCevanis aqti. adamiani, aZlevs ra upiratesobas TviTmkvlelobas, is akavSirebs mizezsa da Se-degs, iRebs pasuxismgeblobas TviTganadgurebaze, an gadaaqvs es pasuxismgebloba sxvaze, rodesac dgams am nabijs, is TviTmkvlelobaSi xedavs ara marto sasikv-dilo moqmedebas, aramed gansazRvrul qmedebas, romelsac aqcs dadebiTi an ua-ryofiTi moraluri azri, romelic iwvevs adamianTa gansazRvrul damokidebule-bas, maT Sefasebebsa da Sexedulebebs. aqedan gamomdinare rogori Caflulic ar unda iyos adamiani Tavis saqmeebSi, mas surs ara mxolod cxovreba, aramed surs SeigrZnos cxovrebis fasi, rom mis cxovrebasa da arsebobas, Semoqmedebas, wi-naaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas da momavlisadmi swrafvas hqondes raRac azri. Cveu-lebriv, adamianebi cxovrebas rogorc, dadebiTs aRiqvamen stiqiurad, xolo sikv-dilis mimarT ki piriqiT, adamianis damokidebuleba aris negatiuri _ is masSi xe-davs raRac tragikuls, saSiSs. adamiani, romelic cxovrebaSi raime dadebiTs ver xedavs da mis mier yvelaferi aRiqmeba uaryofiTad, iwyebs TviTmkvlelobis formis dagegmvas. fsiqiatriaSi gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom TviTmkvleloba aris fsiqiatriuli daavadebis Sedegi da TviTmkvleli aris Seuracxad mdgomareobaSi. mogvianebiT, statistikam aCvena, rom TviTmkvlelTa mxolod 25 - 30% iyo fsiqikurad daavade-buli. cnobili suicidologi gordoni amtkicebda, rom garkveul pirobebSi, yo-

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vel adamians SeuZlia Caidinos TviTmkvleloba, miuxedavad misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisa. amave azrisani arian cnobili rusi fsiqiatrebi: karsakovi, sikorski, baJenovi, suxanovi da sxvani. zigmund freidis fsiqoanalitikuri koncefciis Tanaxmad, suicidi warmoadgens pirovnebis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis da rRvevis. mozardebSi ki TviTmkvle-loba gamowveulia autoerotizmiT, romlis daukmayofileblobac xdeba onanistu-ri eqscesebiT, isini ganixilebian damamcirebul aqtebad, yalibdeba kompleqsi, romelsac mihyavs adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde.

durkgeimis mier SemuSavda TviTmkvlelobis Semdegi klasifikacia: maniakalu-ri TviTmkvleloba _ romlic xdeba ZiriTadad halucinaciuri ideebis fonze.

TviTmkvleloba melanqolikebisa _ xdeba didi mwuxarebis da absoluturi ui-medoobis dros.

TviTmkvleloba akviatebuli azrebis safuZvelze _ romelic xdeba ara realu-ri, aramed warmosaxviTi, akviatebuli azrebis Sedegad.

avtomaturi da impulsuri, TviTmkvleloba _ iseTi saxeobaa, romelic xdeba uecari impulsis Sedegad.

amgvarad, TviTmkvlelobis faqtebisas ar aris konkretuli motivebi an isini mTlianad xdeba warmosaxviTi motivebis safuZvelze. individis normaluri cxovrebis mTavar xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens fsi-qiatriuli daavadeba, romelic xels uSlis mas socialuri sferos mimarT adap-taciaSi. TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba zogjer iwvevs ubedur SemTxvevebs e.i. fsevdosuici-debs (avadmyofs eCveneba, rom mas SeuZlia frena da sxva). ganxiluli SemTxvevebis safuZvelze gamoikveTa umotivo TviTmkvlelobis saxeobebi:

egoisturi suicidi _ “ar SemiZlia sicocxle, radgan ar var kargad”.

altroistikuri seicidi _ “me ar unda vicicxlo, radgan cudi var”. TviTmkvleloba Tavisavad atarebs socialur xasiaTs. amitom, unda ganvixiloT, Tu ara is moraliT daSvebuli an akrZaluli? aris Tu ara TviTmkvleloba dana-Sauli? saukuneebis manZilze TviTmkvleloba ganixileboda, rogorc eSmakeuli siborotis Sedegi. adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa ekrZaleba ara mxolod dainte-resebul subieqts, aramed sazogadoebasac. TviTmkvleloba ganixileba, rogorc danaSauli, miuxedavad imisa, vin aris misi monawile. progresis ganviTarebasTan erTad, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ara Tu qreba, aramed xdeba ufro da ufro ra-dikaluri. dReisaTvis ganxilvis sagania: aqvs Tu ara moraluri gamarTleba TviTmkvlelo-bas, miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, sakiTxi rCeba Riad. TviTmkvleloba anu sicocxlis uflebis mospoba sakuTari xeliT danaSaulia, magram am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis monawile erTi adamiania. TviTmkvleloba mkvlelobisagan imiT gansxvavdeba rom TviTmkvleli Tavis qmedebaSi damoukidebelia. sikvdilianoba, gansakuTrebiT naadrevi, gaxda aqtiuri socialuri regulirebis sagani, romelic mimarTulia misi minimumamde dayvanisaken. fsiqiatriaSi pasuxi gasacemia ramdenime sakiTxze: iTvleba Tu ara TviTmkvleloba fsiqiatriul moSlilobad da SesaZlebelia Tu ara igi Caidinos fsiqikurad sruliad janmrTelma adamianma? Seesabameba Tu ara es im saxes, rom adamianma Seg-nebulad daasrulis cxovreba TviTmkvlelobiT. rogor ikurneba, an ra meTodebi da formebi aqvs TviTmkvlelobis profilaqtikas? _ dominirebs erT-erTi azri,

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rom TviTmkvleloba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi fsiqikuri moSlilobis ga-movlenaa. am fsiqopaTologiur koncefcias hyavda momxreebi, romlebic erTmniSv-nelovnad gamoxatavdnen TviTmkvlelobas, rogorc fsiqikur avadmyofobas, Tumca raRac TvalsazrisiT, TviTmkvlelobis Teoria aris, memkvidreibiT anatomiuri ge-netikis Sedegi. es niSnavs, rom TiTqos arsebobs imis damowmeba, rom Tavis mkvlels dabadebidan aqvs iseTi niSani, rogoricaa naadrevi dabereba, Tavisqalis wnevis dacema da a.S. adamianis gadawyvetileba sakuTari sicocxlis xelyofaze, rogorc wesi, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli garSemomyofebTan _ ojaxTan, mSoblebTan, megobrebTan da bolos mTavar rgolad sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi “yofna - aryofna” vlindeba TviTon adamianSi, mis pirovnul siZliereSi, Tu rogor iqceva is krizisul, fsiqikur mdgomareobaSi, rogor arCevans akeTebs, egueba Tu ara rTul cxovrebiseul piro-bebs, axdens Tu ara mis fsiqikaze xangrZlivi, rTuli cxovrebiseuli garemoeba gavlenas. aris ukiduresi zRvari, ori saxeoba TviTmkvlelobisa, pirdapiri gamoxatuleba, romelic dakavSirebulia socialur mizezebTan am gansazRvrul situaciaSi sazo-gadoeba, TiTqosda iTxovs Tavis nervebisgan Tavis Tavis cocxlad Sewirvas da es socialuri cda Cadebulia sazogadoebriv normebSi. nebayoflobiT Tavis Sewirva RmerTebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis istoriulad Zveladac arsebobda TiTqmis Yyvela xalxSi. SimSilobis wlebSi moxucebi da bavSvebi gvaris SenarCunebisaTvis eTxovebodnen sicocxles. xSirad msxverpli gauRia jariskacsac, rodesac epidemiebi an stiqi-uri ubedurebebi xdeboda, isini nebayoflobiT eTxovebodnen sicocxles. “mbrZaneblis”_ sikvdilis Semdeg coli an mosamsaxure, aseve sxva Tanamdebobis pirni valdebulni iyvnen gaeziarebinaT batonis xvedri da qveynierebis dasasrul-Sic gahyolodnen mas. TviTmkvleloba istoriaSi aris erT-erTi xerxi, gamoxatvis risxva, protesti Seuracxyofis mimarT saSualeba aRidgino Seni Rirseba. TviTmkvlelobis donis gansazRvrisTvis erT-erTi socialuri faqtorTagania dau-kavSiro sazogadoebriv cxovrebas warsuli da realuri cxovreba, swored amaSi vlindeba religia. magaliTad: islami mkacrad ganixilavs TviTneburad sicocxlis warTmevas, dRemde es SemTxveva SeimCneva muslimur qveynebSi. aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda RmerTisadmi adamianis sicocxlis Rirebulebas iudaizmSic da amitom sicicxlis SesanarCuneblad gamocdil ebraelebs nebas rTavdnen gadaebijebinaT yvela religiuri kanonisTvis, garda: RmerTis uaryofa, mkvlelobisa da sisxlis Rvrisa. pirveli qristian wamebulTa TviTmkvlelobis didi talRis Semdeg qristianobam uaryo moxalise mkvleloba. TviTmkvlelobisT-vis akrZaluli iyo qristianul sasaflaoze dakrZalva da maT marxavdnen gzajva-redinze da tovebdnen saflavis gareSe. aRmosavleTis religia magaliTad, braxmanizmi da budizmi yvelafers, rac akavSi-rebs adamians sicocxlesTan wamebis mizezad miiCneven. isini ver eguebian bavSvis mocilebas. budizmis “monaxebis” TviTmkvlelobas omebisa da barbarosebis wi-naaRmdeg. aseTive RonisZiebebi tardeboda ruseTSi petre pirvelis dros. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma gviCvenes, rom qveyanaSi sadac religiuri zewola nak-lebia, TviTmkvlelobebic naklebadaa gamovlenili. “gaWirveba da umuSevroba”, “brZolebi gadarCenisTvis” da sxva socialuri faqtorebis gamo adamianTa TviTmkvlelobis faqtebi aRwevs 30%-s. aris kidev TviTmkvlelobis aseTi socia-luri mizezi, rogoricaa _ urbanizacia _ ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am faqtebs is-

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toriaSi veranairi statistika ver aRwers erT-erTi mTavari tendencia, CvenTvis aris kavSiri TviTmkvlelobasa da sazogadoebriv - politikuri mdgomareoba qveyanaSi. rogoric cnobilia ufrosi Taoba ufro riskiania suicidisadmi. suicizmi mohyveba avadmyofobas, martoobas, gaWirvebas. saSualo Taobis suicizmi dakavSirebulia stresul faqtorebTan, ganviTarebul fsiqologiur mdgomareobasTan. axalgazrdebs Soris mcdelobebi suicizmisaken dakavSirebulia: 1. arakompetenturi urTierToba mSoblebTan, rac suicizmis 70%-ia; 2. sirTuleebi skolasTan dakavSirebiT; 3. problemebi megobrebTan, ZiriTadad mowinaaRmdege sqesisidmi. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis axsna TviT mozardebisa da fsiqologebis mier, migva-niSneben, rogor mdgomareobaSia adamiani, romelic aris suicizmis Semsrulebeli. aqedan 40% agrZnobinebs adamians, Tu rogori aforiaqebulia. 30% adamianTa mier mis mimarT cudi mopyrobisaTvis midis am gadawyvetilebamde; 25%-s unda agrZno-bino, Tu rogor giyvars. 25% SeiZleba aiZulo Seicvalos azri. 18% _ Txovna daxmarebis gasawevad. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba bevrad ufro met yuradRebas aqcevs ojaxebTan, megobrebTan, skolasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, es problemebi mainc Zalian Sorsaa idealTan. kvlav mwvaved dgas problema mamebisa da Svilebis urTierTobe-bis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT maT Soris dialogis dros, jer-jerobiT, maT Soris urTierTobis damyarebis mcdeloba gamoxatulia or lozungSi: 1. “sruli Tavisufleba axalgazrdebs” (anarqiuli lozungi) 2. “unda sce pativi da usmino ufrosebs” (Zvelmoduri) amgvarad, adamiani, romelic cxovrebas ver xedavs dadebiTi mxridan, ganicdis martoobas, zewolas an metad mZime, daZabul fsiqologiur mdgomareobaSia da yvelafers aRiqvams uaryofiTad, iwyebs TviTmkvlelobis formis dagegmvas. TviTmkvlelobis dros Cven saxeze gvaqvs sicocxlis uflebis mospoba sakuTari xeliT. konstituciis me-15 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni, magram TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, da-naSaulis msxverpli TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebaze da xdeba danaSaulis subieqti. aqvs Tu ara adamians TviTmkvlelobis ufleba? Tu vimsjelebT religiidan gamomdinare, TviTmkvleloba yvelaze mZime codvaTagania, radgan sicocxlis ufleba boZebulia RmerTisagan da TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni uaryofs RmerTis saCuqars da ecema sulierebis yvelaze dabal safexurze.

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi 2005

weli 3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Tbilisi 1999 welis 4. yoveldRiuri presa

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mariam Txinvaleli

sikvdilis SiSi roca Cven varsebobT, sikvdili jer kidev ar aris, roca sikvdili dgeba, Cven aRar varsebobT.

Eepikure sikvdili sxvadaxvagvaria, roca kvdeba qronikuli, ganukurnavi avadmyofi, samedi-cino gamocdilebiT rogorRac Semzadebuli xar aseTi mZime dasasrulisaTvis. gesmis misi garduvaloba, magram es sulac ar aris imuniteti sikvdilis mimarT. Zalze mZimea imis danaxva, rom is, visTanac saubrobdi, xumrobdi, visac gegmebi, imedebi da momavali hqonda, ramdenime wuTSi moulodnelad yovelive amas gamoe-salma.

cxovrebidan wasvla, sikvdili gaiZulebs sxva TvaliT Sexedo cxovrebas. “Me-mento mori!” – “gaxsovdes sikvdili!” es gamoTqma laTinur gamonaTqvamTa yvela krebulSi gvxvdeba. Cven rodis gvaxsendeba igi? sasaflaoze, dakrZalvaze, mZime daavadebisas, moaxloebuli siberis Jams. iqneb, marTlac ar Rirs masze fiqri?! Aakviatebuli fiqrebi sikvdilze avadmyofuri niSania, magram zogjer amgvari fi-qrebi saSualebas gvaZlevs iolad gadavitanoT cxovrebiseuli usiamovnebani, mig-vaniSnebs maT SedarebiT nakleb mniSvnelobasa da masStaburobaze. yvela qveyanis kanonmdebloba sikvdilis cnebas erTnairad ar gansazRvravs. yve-laze ufro sayovelTaod miRebul kriteriumebs Seicavs “sidneis deklaracia” (1969w.) am sakiTxsac didi eTikuri mniSvneloba eniWeba, rogorc transplantacias, aseve evTanaziis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. Uukanasknel wlebSi bevri ucxoeli av-toris rekomendacia iqamde midis, rom uimedo avadmyofebs mieceT ufleba miiRon gadawyvetileba mkurnalobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. Tumca piri, vinc es unda ganaxor-cielos, aris eqimi, rac mZime zneobriv kolizias qmnis, romelsac safuZvlad udevs eqimis movaleoba – ibrZolos adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da gax-angrZlivebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi am sakiTxis Taobaze dRemde ar ar-sebobs. momaval iurists aucileblad mouwevs sikvdilTan Sexvedra. es ki maSin xdeba, roca pirvelad moxvdeba morgSi, magram yvelaferi arc ise saSineli aRmoCndeba, rogorc eloda, nacrisferi, gamxmari xelebi da fexebi, romlebic ar hgvanan ada-mianis sxeulis cocxal nawilebs, suns formalini axSobs. TandaTanobiT eCvevi iq gamefebul mdumarebas da moulodnelad SeamCnev, rom sulac ar geSinia gvamis. Aarada, is xom ar aris saSiSi. mZimea sikvdilis danaxva, miT ufro mZimea imis yu-reba, Tu rogor kvdeba adamiani. jer kidev Zvel romaelebs sityva “sikvdili” avis momaswavebelad eCvenebodaT, upiratesobas aniWebdnen gamoTqmas – “is aRar aris cocxali”. germanelebi am SemTxvevaSi xmaroben sityvas “aResrula”. ingliselebi amboben - “is umravleso-bas SeuerTda”. kacobriobis istorias mravali gamonaTqvami axsovs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianma unda gamoimuSaos unari, ar eSinodes sikvdilis. “sikvdilis SiSi TviT sikvdilze uaresia” – aRniSnavda publisius sirusi; xolo monteni ambob-da,“vinc adamians sikvdils aswavlis, is aswavlis sicocxles”. sazRvargareT pub-likaciebic ki gamoCnda, romelic mouwodebs sikvdilisa da kvdomis sakiTxebis aRqmisaTvis bavSvobidan, skolaSi swavlis procesSi moamzadon adamianebi.

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Mmagram sikvdilis winaSe SiSis uqonloba ewinaaRmdegeba TviT sicocxlis siyva-ruls. Amis Sesaxeb kidev ufro metia dawerili. isedac, sicocxlis siyvaruli, sicocxlis survili gacilebiT bunebrivicaa. reanimaciisa da transplantaciis SesaZleblobebma kvdomisa da sikvdilis prob-lema axal rakursSi dagvanaxa da mkveTrad gazarda Sesabamisi samedicino publi-kaciebis raodenoba, romelTa ricxvma aTasebs gadaaWarba. momakvdavi avadmyofebi gaivlian garduvalisadmi bunebrivi Sinagani “winaaRmdego-bisa” da depresiis yvela stadias da bolosdabolos SedarebiT mSviddebian, amave dros, ufro emorCilebian fsiqoTerapeas da imedismomcem informacias TavianTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Aarsebobs dakvirvebani, romelTa Tanaxmadac, visac xangrZlivi drois manZilze bunebasTan aqvs urTierToba, Cawvda mis ritms, sikv-dils aRiqvams, rogorc arsebobis sxvagvar dones, da mainc, Cemi azriT eqimis Tu medicinis dis upirvelesi valia – yvela SemTxvevaSi daexmaros avadmyofs, raTa man sZlios sikvdilis SiSi, maSinac ki, rodesac pacients asidan mxolod erTi Sansi aqvs gadarCenisa. adamians sikvdili ar unda da ramdenic ar unda ilaparakon, rom sikvdili si-cocxlis dialeqtikuri gagrZelebaa, rom yoveldRiurad dedamiwis zurgze asi aTasi adamiani kvdeba, mainc ar gvinda sakuTar Tavze gavavrceloT igi. sikvdils ufro uSiSrad aRiqvamen morwmuneni, magram yvela ara, k. lamontis wignSi “ukvda-vebi iluzia”-Si mohyavs gamonaTqvamebi, romelTa azri erTia: adamians sikvdilis sjera, magram sakuTari sikvdilis ara. “... yvelaze WeSmariti simarTlec ki uazro xdeba, Tu aRar iarsebebs viRacis mier adamianebSi Canergili tyuili misi ukvdavebis Sesaxeb, da Cven yvelani am mxsnel tyuils varT damorCilebulni. yvelaze utyuar simarTles araviTari mniSvneloba aRar aqvs im diadi cdomilebis winaSe, romelic Tavad xalxis survils gamox-atavs.” – i. bondarevis romani “TamaSi.” TviT sikvdili ki ar zaravs adamians, aramed imis Segneba, rom mis Semdeg isev iq-neba yvelaferi, mxolod is aRar iqneba, ayvavdeba SroSanebi, fiWvebi saamo sur-nels mohfenen are-mares, igalobeben Citebi, adamianebi Sexvdebian axal dRes, datkbebian sayvareli Tvalebis cqeriT. “me ar minda vicode rodis movkvdebi, me minda vicode davibadebi Tu ara kvlav sikvdilis Semdeg.” – Tavisi moTxrobis “gazafxulis ria-ria”-s gmirs aTqmevinebs v. tendriakovi. sikvdilis SiSi sikvdilis mokavSirea.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. l.izoria, k.korkelia, k.kublaSvili, g.xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-

tarebi, adamianis ZiriTAdi uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, meridiani 2005 weli

3. m.cacanaSvili saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, nawili I Tbilisi 2002 we-li

4. sidneis deklaracia – 1969 weli

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beqa qoCiaSvili

sicocxlis ufleba (ekocidi- genocidi-eTnocidi )

adamiani dedamiwis binadaria, misi sruleflebiani mesakuTre. adamianTa megobruli TanamSromloba imdeni materialuri da sulieri dovlaTis momtania, romlis mea-sedic ver SeZlo dapyrobiTma da Zarcva-glejiT gamorCeulma omebma. miuxedavad amisa, saubedurod, adamianijer kidev ver darwmunda, rom kacobriobis ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis da Tanasworobis ganuyofeli ufle-bebis aRiareba warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis da sayovelTao mSvi-dobis safuZvels. adamianis uflebaTa ugulebelyofam gamoiwvia, gaugonari barba-rosuli aqtebi, rac aRaSfoTebs kacobriobas. aucilebelia, adaminis uflebebs icavdes kanonis Zala, imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom adamiani iZulebuli ar gaxdes mimarTos ajanyebas tiraniisa da Cagvris winaaRmdeg, rogorc ukanasknel saSuale-bas. umaRles miswrafebadaa gamocxadebuli iseTi msoflios Seqmna, romelSic adamianebi icxovreben SiSisa da yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe. dReisaTvis ukve Seqmnilia mravali sazogadoebrivi organizacia da saxelmwifoTa kavSiri, romelTa mier SemuSavebul da gamocemul dokumentebSi miznadaa daisax-uli adaminis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemis, maTi sayovelTao da efeqtiani aRiareba-ganxorcilebis uzrunvelyofa. SemuSavda mravali dokumenti, romlebic TvalsaCino wyaro da safuZveli iqneba kacobriobis mowinave nawilis mier aqtiuri brZolis dasawyebad saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSuSroebis dac-vis mizniT, raTa cxovrebaSi realurad gatardes wminda idea-“yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba”. “sicocxlis ufleba” adamianis Tandayolili uflebaa. Aadamianis sicocxlis sa-wyisad iTvleba misi fizikuri dabadeba. igi erT-erTi uzenaesi uflebaa da kano-niTaa daculi, ar SeiZleba sicocxlis TviTneburi aRkveTa an Selaxva, sagangebo mdgomareobis drosac ki, rodesac safrTxe mTel saxelmwifos emuqreba. kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa umZimesi formebidan mocemuli Te-mis mizania, amomwuravad iqnas ganxiluli genocidis, eTnocidisa da ekocidis sa-SiSroeba. 1945 wels, niurnbergis procesze, genocidi ganmartebulia, rogorc “samoqalaqo mosaxleobis rasobrivi an erovnuli jgufebis winaswar gamiznuli da sistematu-ri mospoba, erebis da xalxebis, garkveuli rasebis, an fenebis rasobrivi da re-ligiuri ganadgurebis mizniT”. O omisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTmaneTs organizebuli jarebi ebrZvian, genocidi calmxrivi masobrivi mkvlelobaa, romlis drosac saxelmwifo an sxva Warbi Zala, Segnebulad anadgurebs rasobriv, erovnul, eTnikur an religiur jgufs. igi war-moadgens adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saerTaSoriso danaSauls, romelic ganisazRvreba konvenciiT, “genocidis, danaSaulis winaaRmdeg zomebis winaswar miRebisa da genocidisaTvis dasjis Sesaxeb.” igi gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo 1948 wlis 9 dekembers. saqarTvelo am konvencias SeuerTda 1992 wels. Kkon-venciis wevri qveynebi adastureben, rom miuxedavad imisa rodis aqvs genocidis faqts adgili, mSvidobian Tu saomari mdgomareobis dros, warmoadgens danaSauls da arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, amitom konvenciis wevri qveynebi valdebulni arian winaswar miiRon zomebi da dasajon misi Camdeni pirebi. winamdebare konvenciaSi genocidi gulisxmobs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac Cadian im ganzraxviT, rom mTlianad, an nawilobriv mospon romelime eTnikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri jgufi, miayenon maT seriozuli sxeulis an gonebrivi ziani, ganzrax

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Seuqmnan cxovrebis iseTi mZime pirobebi, romlebic mimarTulia maT mTlian an na-wilobriv ganadgurebisaken, gaataron iseTi RonisZiebani, romelTa mizania, aseTi jgufis wreSi Sobadobis Semcireba, agreTve bavSvTa iZulebiTi gadacema adamianTa erTi jgufidan meoreSi. E erovnul jgufSi igulisxmebian adamianebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian garkveul erovnebas, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel teritoriaze cxovroben isini, maT gaaCniaT gansxvavebuli tradiciebi da kultura. rasobrivi jgufi- aris admianTa is wre, romelsac aqvs Tavisi garegnuli aRweri-loba da individualuri kuTvnileba, agreTve maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxis gansxvavebuli Strixebi. religiuri jgufi- es aris qveynis mosaxleobis nawili, romelTac gaaCniaT Ziri-Tadi mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena. gamravlebis iZulebiTi Sewyvetis dros damnaSave iRebs iZulebiT zomebs, romel-Ta mizania Sobadobis mospoba am jgufSi, rac gamoixateba kanonsawinaaRmdego ka-straciasa da qalis fexmZimobis moSlaSi. cxovrebis mZime pirobebis SeqmnaSi kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs damnaSavis mier garkveuli eris an eTnikuri jgufis mimarT ganzrax iseTi RonisZiebebis gatare-bas, romelic iwvevs maT gardauval daRupvas. (mag. Qqimiuri an biologiuri Sewam-vla sakvebi produqtebis, wylis da a.S.) konvenciis Tanaxmad Semdegi qmedebebi dasjadia: genocidi; SeTqmuleba genocidis Cadenis mizniT; piradi da sajaro waqezeba genocidis Cadenisken; genocidis Cade-nis mcdeloba da genocidSi Tanamonawileoba. is pirebi, romlebsac brali edebaT genocidis an CamoTvlil sxva qmedebaTa Cade-naSi, gasamarTelbul unda iqnan im saxelmwifos kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier, romlis teritoriazec moxda aRniSnuli qmedeba, an iseTi sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier, romelsac SeuZlia hqondes iurisdiqcia zemoaR-niSnuli konvenciis monawile im mxareTa mimarT, romelTac ukve cnes aseTi sasa-marTlos iurisdiqcia. iq, sadac erovnuli, eTnikuri, enobrivi Tu religiuri jgufis mier SemuSavebuli politika miznad isaxavs ama Tu im geografiuli raionidan gandevnos sxva aseTi jgufi, iyeneben termins_eTnikuri wmenda. Bbolo wlebSi igi Camoyalibda, rogorc genocidis axali forma, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebulia adamia-nurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa erT-erT saxeobad. Tu mosaxleobis wmenda gamowveulia politikuri mizezebiT, iyeneben termins- po-liticidi. im dros, rodesac damnaSavis mizani xalxis kulturis ganadgurebaa da ara ada-mianTa fizikuri ganadgureba, iyeneben termins- eTnocidi. Tumca am termins zog-jer genocidis nacvladac iyeneben. demokratiul, suverenul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi mcirericxovani xalxis erov-nul-religiur Tu enobriv umciresobaTa liderebis mier danergili ideologia da praqtika, romelic asabuTebs am saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis aucileblobas, yvela Zalismieri saSualebis, pirvel rigSi ki, SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyenebiT, iyeneben termins –agresiuli separatizmi.

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genocidis gamocxadeba umZimes saerTaSoriso danaSaulad ganapiroba hitleruli reJimis mier milionobiT ebraelis, polonelis, sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa maso-brivi mospobis faqtma. Nniurnbergis procesze (1945-1946 wlebi) saerTaSoriso-samxedro tribunalis ganaCenSi genocidi erT-erT ZiriTad braldebad figurireb-da. ”genocidis danaSaulis winaaRmdeg zomebis winaswar miRebisa da genocidisaT-vis dasjis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gamouyene-beli rCeboda. magram 1990-ian wlebSi igi iqca agresiuli separatizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad Yyofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze aRmocene-bul demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, ( mag. 1992 wels bosniasa da hercegovinaSi serbi separatistebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa gamo). Aaseve aman Tavi iCina afri-kis qveynebSi, 1993 wels rudanSi erTi eTnikuri jgufis mier umciresobaSi myofi meore jgufis mTlianad gaJletis gamo. Aman ganapiroba sisxlis samarTlis saer-TaSoriso tribunalis Seqmna. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan arasodes ar hqonia adgili genocids, an mis romelime formas. Aamas mowmobs misi istoriac, sadac aRniSnulia rom, saqarTve-lo erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac ucxoelebi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, saqarT-velos samefo iyo, romlis mmarTveli wreebi didi lmobierebiTa da mfarvelobiT epyrobodnen ucxoelebs samefos mTel teritoriaze. muslimani istorikosebis cnobiT, muslimanebs arc undodaT mSobliur qveyanaSi dabruneba, radganac maT saqarTveloSi udidesi pativiscemiT epyrobodnen, aseve humanurad epyrobodnen qarTveli mefeebi ebrael da somex vaWrebs. qarTvel mefeTa rjulSemwynarebloba imdenad gansacvifrebeli iyo am droisaTvis, rom me-19 saukunis frangma mecnierma defremerim Tavis naSromebSi gansakuTrebiT gausva xazi daviT aRmaSebneblis rjulSemwynareblobas. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg, afxazeTSi SeiaraRebuli konfliq-tis dawyebisTanave, afxazi separatistebi Seudgnen qarTveli mosaxleobis mimarT winaswar dagegmil genocids da eTnikuri wmendis politikas, romlis dokumentu-rad dadasturebuli masalebi qarTul mxares mravlad moepoveba da saeTaSoriso masStabiT kargad aris cnobili. am faqtebis dafiqsireba gaeros uSiSroebis sab-Wos dRemde ver mouxerxebia, Tumca Tavis araerT dadgenilebaSi ixseniebs euTos gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic gmoben afxazeTSi qarTvelTa mimarT warmoebul eTni-kur wmendas. uSiSroebis sabWos aseT pozicias imiT xsnian rom konfliqtis mog-varebis sakiTxebs es sabWo ganixilavs da gadawyvetilebebi gamoaqvs gaeros wes-debis meeqvse Tavis safuZvelze, (davebis mSvidobiani gadawyveta) xolo genocidis aRiareba da sasamarTlos Seqmna dakavSirebulia meSvide Tavis amoqmedebasTan, risTvisac gaero jer mzad ar aris. qarTuli mxare umarTebulod miiCnevs aseT pozicias, da Tvlis rom qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi, afxazur mxares ruseTi mkveTrad uWerda mxars qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebSi. mas ki dRes erT-erTi wamyvani roli ukavia im qveynebs Soris, romlebic politikur aminds qmnian dRevandel msoflioSi. Ggae-ros uSiSroebis sabWos mier qarTvelTa genocidis aRiareba gulisxmobs, aramar-to afxazuri mxaris, aramed rusuli generalitetis braldebas genocidSi, ris Semdegac isini gasamarTlebul da dasjilni unda iqnan saTanadod. Ees ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs gaeros wevri qveynebis dapirispirebas ruseTTan, rac ra Tqma unda araxelsayrelia maTTvis. saqarTvelo gaerosagan moiTxovs erTiani pirncipiT ixelmZRvanelos yvela konfliqtis mimarT, miuxedavad qveynis masStabisa da daRu-pulTa raodenobisa. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (mux. 407) asaxavs konvenciaSi arsebul debulebebs genocidis da eTnowmendis CadenisaTvis da iT-valiswinebs sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjels. E ekocidi- kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso danaSaulia, romelic saqarTvelos sisxlis saamrTlis kodeqsiT (mux. 409) gaTvaliswinebuli dasjadi qmedebaa, masSi aRniSnulia rom, ekocidi es aris atmosferos, miwis, wylis resur-

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sebis mowamvla, cxovelTa an mcenareuli samyaros masobrivi ganadgureba anda sxva qmedeba, rasac SesaZloa ekologiuri katastrofa gamoewvia. Kkodeqsis mixed-viT, igi iTvleba agreTve kacobriobis mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad. E ekocidis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba mdgomareobs adamianTa sasicocxlo garemos ganadgurebaSi. mcenareuli samyaro aris saqarTvelos miwa, romelic regionebis mixedviTaa gan-lagebuli, da xarobs mcenareTa nairsaxeoba, cxovelTa samyaro aris saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb da ganlagebul organizmTa erToblioba. saqarTvelos sis-xlis samarTlis kodeqsSi naxsenebia cxovelTa samyaro, magram aq nagulisxmevia frinvelTa samyaroc. Aaqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom maT ricxvSi Sedian saqarTve-los teritoriaze droebiT myofi (gadamfreni), cxovelebi da frinvelebi. wylis resursi aris miwiszeda da miwisqveSa wylis moculoba, romelic gamoyene-bulia an gamoyenebul iqneba adamianTa sargeblobisaTvis. Aatmosfero, es aris sa-haero sivrce, romelic gars ertymis dedamiwas da sasicicxlo garemos uqmnis dedamiwis cocxal samyaros. ekologiuri katastrofa gulisxmobs, bunebis wonas-worobis seriozul darRvevas, romelic bunebriv ganlagebas da sicocxlis piro-bebs uspobs atmosferos, miwas da mis binadarT, garkveul geografiul sivrceSi, magaliTad Cernobilis katastrofa. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1995 wels miRebul iqna garemos dacvis kanoni, ro-melic aRniSnavs, rom buneba da misi simdidre warmoadgens xalxis sakuTrebas, riTac maT SeuZliaT miiRon sargebeli. Amave kanonSi aRniSnulia, rom yoveli moqalaqe valdebulia daicvas buneba damazianebeli da gamandgurebeli xelyofi-sagan. M meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, Cveulebriv mecnierul-teqnkuri revoluciis epo-qas rom uwodeben, dedamiwis mosaxleoba ramdenime iseTi globaluri safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda, romelTagan TiToeuli cal-calke daemuqra sicocxlis arsebo-bas dedamiwaze, adamianis azrovnebis ganiTarebis udides miRwevaTagan erT-erTi, romelic kacobriobis tragediad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, aris atomuri iaraRis Seqm-na. amiT adamiani imgvarad daupirispirda Tavis Tavs, rom mospobiT daemuqra mas. birTvuli ganiaraRebisaTvis brZola sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. sazogadoebis is masebi, romelTac am mxriv udidesi roli Seasrules, acnobierebdnen birTvuli katastrofis Sedegebs. birTvuli energetikis erT-erT problemas warmoadgens ra-diaqtiuri narCenebis moSoreba, romlis odenoba dRevandel msoflioSi TandaTa-nobiT izrdeba da xSirad xdeba misi ukontrolo gadineba bunebaSi, romelic ga-mousworebel zians ayenebs sazogadoebis janmrTelobas. Aswored birTvuli iara-Ris kontrolis mizeziT daiwyo uaxlesi istoriis yvelaze masStaburi sabrZolo moqmedebebi amerikasa da erays Soris, raTa igi xelSi ar CavardnodaT sxvadasxva teroristul organizaciebs da ar gamoeyenebinaT udanaSaulo mosaxleobis wi-naaRmdeg. A mas emateba navTobis problema, gavixsenoT ramdeni asobiT aTasi tona navTobiT datvirTuli tankeri CaZirula msoflios okeaneebSi, da ra ziani miuyenebia okea-nis florisa da faunisavis, ramdeni milioni manqanisa Tu qarxnis gamonabolqvi abinZurebs dedamiwis atmosferos, da sul ufro xSiria msoflios samecniero wreebSi mosalodneli globaluri daTbobis davidan acilebisaTvis gzebis Zieba. aseTi seriozuli katastrofebi msoflios sazogadoebriobis SeSfoTebas iwvevs, da kacobrioba mivida im daskvnamde, rom ekologiuri garemos movla da gafrTxi-leba erT-erT ZiriTad prioritetad unda iqces.

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yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, genocidi-ekocidi da eTnocidi warmoad-gens usastikes danaSauls, romelic mimarTulia adamianuri genis winaaRmdeg. ami-tom, saxelmwifoTa xelisuflebebma da msoflios mowinave sazogadoebam unda gaakeTos yvelaferi, miiRos yvelanairi prevenciuli zoma, rom arcerTi zemoT ganxilul "movlenaTagan", ar daemuqros kacobriobas.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia Tbilisi 1995 2. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi 1999 3. 1945 wlis niurnbergis procesis masalebi 4. petre dauTaSvili, sisxlis samarTali zogadi nawili 2000

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mixeil kunelauri

piradi cxovrebis ufleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi uflebiT daculia adamianis kerZo sfero, agreTve adamianTa ufleba erTmaneTTan hqondeT sxva adamianebis kontrolisa da TvalTvalisagan Tavisufali urTierToba. es ZiriTadi ufleba uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas imiT, rom saSualebas aZlevs adamians pirad, kerZo sferoSi sazogadoebis Carevisa da yuradRebisagan Tavisufal pirobebSi moaxdinos informaciebis momzadebisa da STabeWdilebebis gacvla da gaziareba. aRniSnuli ZiriTadi ufleba SeiZleba gamoiyenos yvela adamianma miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisa Tu moqalaqeobis arqonisa, agreTve kerZo samarTlis yvela iuridiulma pirma. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi ver sargebloben am ZiriTadi uflebiT, radgan rogorc am iuridiul pirTa cnebis ganxilvisas aRiniSna, dauSvebeli da SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo erTdroulad iyos ZiriTadi uflebebis mflobelic da adresatic. `piradi cxovrebis~ pativiscemis ufleba warmoadgens uflebas pirad cxovrebaze anu pirovnebis uflebas icxovros ise, rogorc Tavad surs da daculi iyos saWiroebisagan garkveuli zomiT, igi aseve moicavs pirovnebis uflebas daamyaros da ganaviTaros urTierTobebi sxva adamianebTan. gansakuTrebiT emociur sferoSi, pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da TviTSesrulebis mizniT piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis moTxovna avtomaturad mcirdeba imdenad, ramdenadac pirovnebas gamoaqvs Tavisi piradi cxovreba sazogadoebriv cxovrebasTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi an sxva dacul interesebTan axlo kavSirSi. principi, romelic gvauwyebs rom aucilebelia, individs hqondes pirovnuli da sakuTrebrivi dacva iseTive Zvelia, rogorc TviT zogadi samarTali, magram dro da dro aucilebeli xdeba am dacvis xasiaTisa da ganzomilebebis xelaxali gansazRvra. politikur, socialur da ekonomikur cvlilebebs axali uflebebis aRiareba mosdevs da marad axalgazrda zogadi samarTalic sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad izrdeba, amdenad adreul xanaSi kanoni mxolod sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis fizikuri xelyofis xasiaTis darRvevebisaTvis gvTavazobda gamosavals. im droisaTvis `sicocxlis ufleba~ subieqts mxolod fizikuri Seuracxyofis sxvadasxva formisagan icavda; Tavisufleba mxolod fizikuri tyveobisagan Tavisuflebas niSnavda. mogvianebiT ki gaCnda adamianis sulieri xasiaTis samyaros grZnobaTa da inteleqtis aRiareba. Tanmimdevrulad am kanonier uflebaTa sazRvari gafarTovda dReisaTvis `sicocxlis ufleba ~gaigeba rogorc `sicocxliT tkbobis ufleba~, rom nebismierma yovelgvari Carevis gareSe dagvtovos marto bednierebis Cveneul versiasTan pirispir da simyudroveSi Tavisuflebis ufleba uzrunvelyofs nairgvarovan samoqalaqo privilegiebiT sargeblobas, termini `sakuTreba~ ki gadaizarda nebismieri formis mflobelis aRmniSvnel sityvad, iqmneba es xelSesaxebi nivTi Tu ara materialuri ram. adamianad grZnobaTa kanonier aRiarebasTan erTad, sxeulis fizikuri dazianebisagan dacva ganivrco amgvar dazianebaTa mcdelobis akrZalvamdec, rac niSnavs adamianis fizikuri zianis SiSSi Cadgomis mcdelobis akrZalvas Tavdasxmis braldebidan muqaris braldeba warmoiSva.

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didi xnis Semdgom gaCnda iseTi usiamovno xmauris da surnelisagan dacvis garantiebic, rogoricaa mtveri da kvamli, gadametebuli ryevebi da vibracia, amis Semdeg iSva kanoni `Sewuxebis~ (`usiamovnebis~) winaaRmdeg. ase rom male adamianis emociaTa gaTvaliswineba pirovnuli imunitetis sazRvrebma individis sxeuli cxovrebas ganaSora. misi reputacia, misi statusi garSemomyof kacTa Soris agreTve dacvis Rirsad iqna miCneuli. ase daibada kanoni ciliswamebis winaaRmdeg. kanonis aseTi ganviTareba garduvali iyo. intensiuroba inteleqtualurma da emociurma cxovrebam, aseve civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoSobilma axalma grZnobam _ gancdebma Seagnebines adamianebs, rom mxolod da mxolod erTi nawili tkivilisa, siamovnebisa da sargeblobisa Zevs fizikur sagnebSi. azrebma, emociebma da grZnobebma agreTve moiTxoves kanonieri aRiareba, da saerTo samarTlis zrdisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvale unarma mosamsaxureebs kanonmdebelTa Caurevlad mianiWa saSualeba maTTvis Sesaferisi dacvis povnisa. Cveni mizania ganvixiloT, Tu ramdenad arsebobs dRevandel kanonmdeblobaSi is principi, romelic pirovnebis piradi cxovrebis dacvisaTvis gamodgeba da Tu is arsebobs rogoria misi saSualebiT mopovebuli dacvis xasiaTi. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxliT uzrunvelyofilia adamianis piradi cxovrebis mimowerisa da sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi uflebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom am uflebiT adamianis piradi kerZo sferoa daculi, maTi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mainc SeiZleba moxdes adamianis piradi cxovrebisa da mimoweris xelSeuxeblobis da adamianis sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi uflebebis diferencireba. mimoweris xelSeuxeblobis da satelefono saubris saidumloeba sxvebTan kontrolis gareSe komunikaciis uflebaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis I punqtis mixedviT yoveli adamianis piradi cxovrebaa... mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. konstituciis me-20e muxlis I punqti ganasxvavebs ara mxolod mimowerasa da saubars satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebebiT. aramed mimowerasa da teqniuri saSualebebiT miRebul Setyobinebebsac piradi Canaweri da mimowera farTod unda ganimartos. am sityvebSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod piradi wignakebi, Canawerebi da dRiurebi, aramed gamgzavnsa da mimRebs Soris moZravi yvela saxiT werilobiTi informacia da Setyobineba. garda amisa, daculia am informaciisa da Setyobinebis gagzavna rogorc fostis, ise nebismieri sxva saSualebiT. fostis saSualebaTa gamoyenebis gareSe cnobebis gagzavna xdeba werilobiTi gagzavniT Sikrikis an kurieris meSveobiT. miwodebis SemTxvevaSi daculia am werilobiTi Setyobinebebis saidumloeba anu dauSvebelia rom saxelmwifom raime saSualebebiT gaigos maTi Sinaarsi Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia Sekruli gzavnilebis gaxsna , agreTve cnobebis Sekreba imis Sesaxeb Tu vin visgan, rodis da ramdenad iRebs werilebs. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20e muxlis I punqti icavs ara mxolod piradad damwersa da mimoweras, aramed telefoniTa da sxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT saubars da teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebul Setyobinebebs. daculia adamianis, rogorc zepiri ise werilobiTi urTierToba telefonis, faqsis, internetis dasxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT. saxelmwifos mxridan Carevisagan daculia ara mxolod am urTierTobis Sinaarsi, aramed imis gamokvleva Tu vin da ramdenjer isaubra aRniSnul teqnikur saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. gansaxilveli ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi saxelmwifos mxridan Carevas warmoadgens saxelmwifo organoebis mier mimowerisa da

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nebismieri teqnikuri saSualebiT warmoebuli urTierTobis Sinaarsisa da sxva monacemebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba. piradi cxovrebisa da mimoweris xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi ufleba saqarTvelos konstituciiT ar aris absoluturad uzrunvelyofili, igi SeiZleba SeizRudos sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, Tumca es SezRudva (anu saxelmwifos Careva ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi) unda ganxorcieldes mxolod `sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas~. es ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad daadginos ZiriTadi uflebis SebRalvis safuZveli. saxelmwifo, konkretulad ki kanonmdebeli, am kanonis SemuSavebisas Tavad aris SebRaluli ZiriTadi uflebebiT da ufleba ar aqvs sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gansazRvros SezRudvis safuZvlad misTvis saWiro nebismieri SemTxveva. aq aucilebelia Sedareba konstituciis me-20e muxlis I punqtiT daculi samarTleblivi sikeTis (ZiriTadi uflebebis) mniSvnelobisa da im samarTleblivi sikeTisa, romelic daculi unda iqnes ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudviT. Sesabamisad aRniSnuli ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, roca es aucilebelia gacilebiT didi Rirebulebis mqone sazogadoebrivi sikeTis dasacavad, xolo rac Seexeba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis II punqts, am punqtiT uzrunvelyofilia adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobaze, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT am uflebiT daculia adamianis piradi sfero. yvelas aqvs ufleba sakuTar sacxovrebel binaSi mSvidad, saxelmwifos mxridan yovelgvari garegnuli SemoWrisa Tu Carevisagan Tavisufal, wynar pirobebSi cxovrebis ufleba. saxelmwifo Carevisagan individis sacxovreblis dacva uzrunvelyofs misi pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel elementalur sacxovrebel garemoSi. sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobas ZiriTadi uflebis subieqtia nebismieri fizikuri piri, romelic kanonierad cxovrobs sacxovrebelSi. Tu piri qiravnobis an giraos safuZvelze kanonierad flobs da sargeblobs biniT, maSin sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi ufleba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gamoiyenos swored am pirma da ara binis mesakuTrem sacxovreblis xelSeuxebloba ar aris absoluturad SeuzRudavi ZiriTadi ufleba. saxelmwifo SeiZleba Caerios am ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi da mflobelTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod Sevides sacxovrebel binaSi da sxva flobaSi, agreTve Caataros Cxreka. Cxreka warmoadgens yvelaze mZime Carevas dacul sferoSi, Tumca ara nakleb mZimea iseTi Careva, rogoricaa adanianis sacxovreblis TvalTvali teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebiT, magaliTad: eleqtronuli saSualebebiT Tvalyuris devneba. yoveli es moqmedeba warmoadgens piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis, rogorc konstituciurad aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevas. gansaxilvel sakiTxebs mWidrod ukavSirdeba adamianis piradi cxovrebis sferoSi da kerZo saubrebisas gamoyenebuli faruli mosmenebisa da Canawerebis mtkicebulebad aRiarebis problema. zemoT ukve dawvrilebiT aRiwera saxelmwifos mier adamianebis piradi cxovrebisa da kerZo saubrebis mosmenisa da Caweris konstituciuri da sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi. konstituciis me-20e muxli da kanonmdeblobis zemoT dasaxelebuli debulebebi uzrunvelyofs adamianis piradi cxovrebis mimowerisa da sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobas. saxelmwifos am uflebebis darRveva da am sferoSi SeWra SeuZlia mxolod kano-niT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. marTalia saxelmwi-

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fos SeuZlia SezRudos adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisa da sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis uflebebi, magram man TiToeuli aseTi SezRudva unda gaamar-Tlos. saxelmwifom unda Seadaros, awon-dawonos is uflebebi da interesebi, romlebic konkretul garemoebaSi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs da daadginos konkre-tul garemoebaSi romeli mxaris uflebebi da interesebi imsaxurebs ufro met dacvas. daculi ufleba ar SeiZleba SeizRudos imaze metad vidre amas sxva pir-Ta uflebebis dacva moiTxovs. Cemi azriT, ueWvelad sasurveli iqneboda, rom pi-radi cxovrebis uflebas sisxlis samarTlis mxridan damatebiTi proteqcia mieRo, magram amisTvis kanonmdebelTa Careva iqneboda aucilebeli. albaT, marTebulad miCneuli iqneba, Tu sisxlissamarTleblriv devnas piradi cxovrebis uflebis darRvevisaTvis SezRudul SemTxvevaSi davuSvebdiT. magram is, sazogadoebas namdvilad gaaCnia pirad cxovrebaSi SeWris sawinaaRmdegod amgvari prevenciuli zomis aucilebloba, ueWvelia. magram, mainc sazogadoebis dacva met-wilad unda mimdinareobdes pirovnebis uflebaTa aRiarebisagan. yoveli adamiani pasuxismgebeli unda iyos mxolod sakuTari umoqmedobisa Tu moqmedebisaTvis. Tu igi ignorirebas ukeTebs imas, rasac is asustebs im iaraRiT xelSi, romelic misive dacvis tolfasia, igi pasuxismgebelia arsebul rezul-tatze. Tu igi winaaRmdegobas gauwevs, sazogadoebrivi azri mis dasaxmareblad daiZreba. aqvs ki mas aseTi iaraRi? iTvleba, saerTo samarTali aZlevs mas aseT iaraRs, romelic saukuneTa nel cecxlSia gamomwvari da romelic dReisTvis mis xelSi mosaxerxeblad Camjdara. zogadi samarTali yovelTvis aRiarebda kacis saxls mis cixe-simagred, rac mas xSirad kanonis mcvelebisaTvisac ki Seuvals xdida kanonisave brZanebaTa aRsasruleblad. aseve xom ar daketaven sasamarTloe-bi Sesasvlels dasabuTebuli moTxovnisaTvis, da farTod xom ar gauxsnian ukana kars mankiersa da amao cnobismoyvareobas.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. evropis sabWo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mokle megzuri. 3. konstantine kublaSbili `ZiriTadi uflebebi 4. nokoloz rurua `Tavisuflebis kanoni~ 5. levan izoria, konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi xubua.

saqarTvelos konstituciis konmentarebi. Tbilisi meridiani 2004 w

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nino g. arCvaZe

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ukve 21-e saukunea . . . Cven ki, qarTveli sazogadoeba jer kidev vcxovrobT iseT saxelmwifoSi, sadac marTalia moniWibuli gvaqvs uamravi ufleba, Tumca, Cvenda samwuxarod, isini ZiriTadad fiqtiur xasiaTs atareben da maTi realurad gamoye-neba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. konstitucia gvaniWebs da icavs iseT mniSvnelovan uf-lebebs rogoricaa magaliTad, sicocxlis ufleba, Tumca amis sapirispirod aRsa-niSnavia, rom sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi dResac ar aris mTlianad gauqme-buli. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs iseT mTavar princips, rogoric aris udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, Tumca dRes-dReobiT parlamenti apirebs ganixilos kanonproeqti, romliTac damnaSavis adgilze likvidacias akanoneben. vambobT dam-naSavesTqo, magram sad aris aq am “damnaSavis” udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, piri damnaSaved iTvleba mxolod da mxolod mas ASemdeg, rac mis mier Cadenili danaSauli damtkicdeba sasamarTlos mier kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. Aanu am principis Tanaxmad, Cveni mTavroba akanonebs udanaSaulo adamianis likvidacias, riTac igi uaryofs adamianis sicocxlis uf-lebas, romelic daculia konstituciis me_15 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmadac sicoc-xle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni. aRniSnuli problemebi SeiZleba ufro aqtualuri gaxdes da wina planze iqnes dayenebuli Cveni sazoga-doebis mier, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos sxvadasxva Sekrebebis an Tundac manifesta-ciebis mowyobaSi, sadac sazogadoebis yoveli wevri uflebamosili iqneba gamox-atos Tavisi azri. Aazris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis ufleba ki rogorc viciT, moni-Webuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos konstituciis muxliT. konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovnad gamoxatvis Tavi-sufleba mesaxeba, romelSic erTiandeba iseTi mniSvnelovani uflebebi, rogoricaa azris Tavisufleba, presis Tavisufleba, informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis ufleba da a.S. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom zedmetia saubari im qvey-nis demokratiul ganviTarebaze, im qveynis ekonomikuri Tu politikuri xasiaTis warmatebebze, sadac adamianebs ara aqvT TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. sazoga-doebas warmatebisa da ganviTarebis perspeqtiva udavod aqvs, mxolod iq, sadac kargad gaazrebuli da gaTavisebulia gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis WeSmariti Rire-buleba, sadac liberaluri faseulobebi sakanonmdeblo garantiebiTaa uzrunve-lyofili da adamianTa uflebebs icavs damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasa-marTlo. mniSvnelovania isic, rom sazogadoebam, misma yovelma wevrma zustad un-da gaiazros erTi ubralo WeSmariteba: mxolod warmatebuli sazogadoeba SeiZ-leba gaxdes warmatebuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZveli. xolo warmatebul sax-elmwifod SeiZleba CaiTvalos is saxelmwifo, romelic moqalaqezea orientire-buli, emsaxureba mis interesebs da ara piriqiT. iq, sadac darRveulia kavSiri saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis pirovnul intresebs Soris, erTaderTi Sedegi tota-litarizmia. Aam safrTxis utyuari indikatori ki swored gamoxatvis Tavisufle-bis nebismieri saxiT SezRudvaa. xolo iq, sadac xdeba adamianis iseTi fundamen-turi uflebis SezRudva, rogoricaa azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, vfiqrobT mkvidrdeba klanuroba da proteqcionizmi. A tendenciaTa gaRrmaveba ki pirdapir kavSirSia politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mcire jgufebis xelSi kon-centraciasTan. Kklanuri mmarTvelobis “sikeTe” ki post sabWourma sivrcem, ker-Zod ki saqarTvelom ukve bolomde iwvnia. Aamitom es xelaxla rom ar ganmeordes, saWiroa Cvenma sazogadoebam ufro aqtualuri gaxados es sakiTxi, da ufro aqti-urad daicvas, “konstituciiT ukve isedac daculi” gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. rad-gan sasamarTlo praqtikis istoria gvamcnobs, rom wina wlebis periodSi, kerZod 1996-1998 wlebSi sasamarTlo mwiria sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan da-kavSirebuli sasamarTlo davebiT, Tumca aRsaRniSnavia, rom is davebi, rac am wlebSi iyo ganxiluli mniSvnelovan da masobriv xasiaTs atarebda. Ees ki ganapi-

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roba im faqtma, rom am wlebSi xelisufleba Seecada aemoqmedebina sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis is muxli, romelic ciliswamebisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTas iTvaliswinebda. Mmiuxedavad xelisuflebis mcdelobisa, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudad gamoeyenebina sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis formebi, man mainc ver SeZlo sruli datvirTviT aemoqmedebina sabWouri kodeqsis normebi, ra-sac adasturebs, is faqti rom sasamarTlos arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar Causvams braldebuli cixeSi da sasjelis forma pirobiT gamosacdeli vadiT Secvala. vfiqrobT, aRniSnulis mizezi, sazogadoebaSi arsebul damokidebulebaSi unda ve-ZeboT, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebda xelisuflebas, Tavi aeridebina sityvis Tavi-suflebis iseTi formiT SezRudvisaTvis, romelsac sazogadoebaSi mkveTrad ga-moxatuli urayofiTi rezonansi moyveboda. Aam periodSi sasamarTlom ganixila ori sixsxlis samarTlis saqme. Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi Jurnalists brali dasdes deputatis ciliswamebaSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi moqalaqes mitingze Sekrebili sazogadoebis upativcemulobaSi. swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba da saxalxo damcvelis Suamdgomloba gaxda imis safuZveli, rom meore SemTxvevaSi braldebuls Tavisuflebis aRkveTa pirobiT gamosacdeli vadiT Seecvala. Ees ukanaskneli SemTxveva iyo pirveli precedenti, roca braldebulad mogvevlina saxelmwifo, romelmac gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianis dasasjelad sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba gamoiyena. Aam wlebis Semdeg sa-zogadoeba SedarebiT ufro aqtiurad cdilobda azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis dacvas. 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis miRebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aq-tebis ratificirebis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi pirvelad Seiqmna sityvis Tavi-suflebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove dasavlur faseulobebze dafuZnebuli sa-kanonmdeblo CarCos Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba. 1999 wels ki saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWos wevri qveyana da Sesabamisad igi SeuerTda adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebze evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli standartebi vrceldeba, sityvis Tavi-suflebis maregulirebeli qarTuli kanonmdebloba Zalzed winaaRmdegobrivia. Mmiuxedavad mravali mcdelobisa, ver moxerxda axali sakanonmdeblo aqtis miReba, romelic am sferoSi seriozul garantiebs Seqmnida. sityvisa da presis Tavisuf-lebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis ganxilvas, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentma 1999 wels pirveli mosmeniT miiRo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi araviTari progresi ar ga-nucdia. Uufro metic bolo periodSi SeiniSneboda revanSistuli tendenciebic, rasac 2003 wlis ivnisSi pirveli mosmeniT miRebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis cvlilebebic adasturebs, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi ciliswamebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba unda aRdgeniliyo. winaaRmdegoba kanonm-deblobasTan mimarTebaSi situacias arTulebs. sasamarTlo zog SemTxvevaSi evrosasamarTlos mier dawesebul standartebTan SesabamisobaSi iRebs gadawyve-tilebebs, Tumca am gadawyvetilebebis gverdiT, arcTu iSviaTad, xdeba iseTi ga-dawyvetilebebis gamotana, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos moqmed kanonm-deblobas da realur safrTxes uqmnis sityvis Tavisuflebas. M miuxedavad amgvari tendenciebisa, saxelmwifos mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sedegad irkveva, sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi sityvis Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro dacul uflebas warmoadgens. Bmravali miiC-nevs, rom Cvens qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisufleba garantirebulia da mas araviTari safrTxe ar emuqreba. Tu ki am mosazrebaSi WeSmaritebis marcvali devs, vfiqrobT es kanonmdeblobiT an sasamarTlo praqtikiT Seqmnili garantiebiT namdvilad ar aris ganpirobebuli. Aamis mizezi xelisuflebis sisusteSi unda veZeboT, romel-sac ar Seswevs unari efeqturad ebrZolos raime movlenas. Aamave dros xelisuf-leba, romelsac sazogadoebis ndoba ar gaaCnia, verasodes gabedavs ieriSi miita-nos azris, sityvis Tavisuflebaze, Tavisufal mediaze, xolo Tu gabedavs, es SeiZleba misTvis savalalod dasruldes. Aamis saukeTeso magaliTs 2001 wlis Se-modgomaze ganviTarebuli movlenac warmoadgens. kerZod ki, roca telekompania

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“rusTavi 2-is” dasacavad TbilisSi xalxmravali demonstraciebi moewyo, rasac Sedegad mTavrobis gadayeneba mohyva. saqarTveloSi ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqts, romliTac gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaa garantirebuli warmoadgens saqarTvelos konstitucia. Ggamoxatvis Tavisufleba-Si, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, igulisxmeba ara marto sityvis an azris Tavisuf-lad gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba, aramed presis, mediis, informaciis Tavisuflebac. Kkonstituciis me19 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom “yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba”. aqve aRsaniSnavia, konstitu-ciis 24-e muxli, romelic acxadebs rom “yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari saSualebiT.” Ppiris ufleba miiRos da gaavrcelos in-formacia nebismieri saSualebiT gulisxmobs imas, rom aravis ar sWirdeba winas-wari nebarTva informaciis Segrovebis, damuSavebis an gavrcelebisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnulis realizaciisaTvis saqarTvelos konstitucia, saerTaSoriso dokumen-tebis msgavsad, krZalavs saxelmwifos mxridan raime saxis kontrols informaciis gavrcelebis Tanamedrove saSualebebze. jer kidev me19 saukuneSi, abraam linkol-ni acxadebda: “mieciT xalxs SesaZlebloba da qveyana usafrTxo iqneba.” rom ara es WeSmariti sityvebi, vfiqrobT saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv, valdebulia misces xalxs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos informacia, Tundac imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras saq-mianobs saxelmwifos esa Tu is administraciuli organo. es imitom, rom saxelm-wifo moqalaqeTa mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT finansdeba, sazogadoebas aqvs sruli ufleba icodes Tu ras saqmianobs esa Tu is saxelmwifo organo. Aamave dros, xalxi ver miiRebs srulfasovan monawileobas saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Tu igi ar flobs srulyofil informacias xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis Se-saxeb. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, rom sazogadoebas xeli miuwvdebodes xelisuf-lebis organoebSi dacul informaciaze. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni “sityvisa da gamoxat-vis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb”, riTac radikalurad Seicvala is sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic qveyanaSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis reJims awesrigebda. Se-saZlebelia iTqvas, rom am axalma kanonma, romelic sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavi-suflebis erTgvar konstitucias warmoadgens mniSvnelovani koreqtireba Seitana arsebul samarTlebriv sivrceSi da gamoaswora is xarvezebi, romlebic qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi aqamde uxvad moipoveboda da isedac winaaRmdegobriv sasamar-Tlo praqtikaze arasaxarbielod aisaxeboda. Ppirveli da SeiZleba iTqvas, yve-laze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic axalma kanonma Semoitana, aris difama-ciis dekriminalizacia, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo im erTeul qveyanaTa ricxvSi Sevida, sadac ciliswameba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dasjad qmedebas ar warmoadgens. ciliswamebisTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas s.s.k. 148-e muxli iTvaliswinebda. ratom aris kargi difamaciis dekriminalizacia? vfi-qrobT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema saWiro aRar iqneba, Tu kiTxvas Semdegnairad anu marTebulad davsvamT. ratom aris saWiro piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna imis gamo, rom is sityvis Tavisuflebis uflebiT sargeblobs? Tumca zogadi pa-suxisaTvis, vityodiT rom rodesac saxelmwifo kriminalurad acxadebs ama Tu im qmedebas, cxadia is cdilobs aRniSnuli qmedebis gakontrolebas, aRniSnuli qme-debis Tavidan acilebas, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki saxelmwifos daevala yove-li gavrcelebuli Tu gamoTqmuli azris, sityvis kontroli, da darwmuneba imaSi, Tu ramdenad Seesabamebian isini realobas. albaT swored amgvari mosazrebebi daedo safuZvlad difamaciis dekriminalizacias, rac sityvis Tavisuflebis ga-rantiad unda miviCnioT, Tumca sityvis Tavisuflebis dasacavad ra Tqma unda, es saWiro ar aris. marTalia 1999 wels saqarTvelo Seemata im qveynebis ricxvs, romlebic arian evropis konvenciis wevrebi, magram Cveni azriT, saqarTvelo ufro aqtiurad unda gaecnos da gaiziaros is saerTaSoriso normebi, romlebic gamox-atvis Tavisuflebis maregulirebel normebs warmoadgens, da ara imitom, rom yve-lafris gasaRebi Cvengan Sorsaa, aramed imitomac, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

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Tavisi bunebiT universaluri uflebaa, romelic geografiuli sazRvrebiT ar izRudeba da misi regulireba saerTaSoriso samarTals eqvemdebareba.

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia: 1. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba I tomi. 2. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba II tomi. 3. presmediatori. 4. media da kanoni. z. adeiSvili.

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nino ZnelaZe

gaerTianebebisa da politikuri partiebis Seqmnis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos konstituciis 26_e muxliT uzrunvelyofilia sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisa da politikuri partiebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi monawileobis Tavisufleba, aseve Sekrebebisa manifestaciebis uflebac. Ees yvelaferi ki demokratiul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis TviTganviTarebis erT_erT umniSvnelovanes safuZvels warmoadgens. Tavisufali demokratiuli wyobileba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebiT Seqmnil RirebulebaTa sistemas moicavs. swored es uflebebi, rogorc uzenaesi da xelSeuvali Rirebulebebi, warmoadgens Tavisufali demokratiuli wyobilebis safuZvels. totalitaruli saxelmwifo srulad gamoricxavs da uaryofs adamianis Rirsebas, Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas, xolo Tavisufali demokratiuli wyobileba ki totalitaruli saxelmwifos absoluturad sapirispiro wesrigia. Tavisufali demokratiuli weswyobilebis funqcionireba uzrunvelyofilia konstituciiTa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT dadgenili ,,TamaSis wesebis” sistemiT. saqarTvelos konstituciiT uzrunvelyofili azrisa da presis, Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis, politikur da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis Tavisuflebebi ganapirobebs da uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi mravalpartiuli sistemis arsebobas da uflebas organizebul politikur opoziciaze. Saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sxvadasxva, urTierTkontrolirebad da urTierTSemzRudav Stoebze ganawilebis principi gamoricxavs erT xelisuflebaSi Zalauflebis zedmet koncentrirebas. imis gamo, rom Tavisufali demokratiuli weswyobileba, Tavisi sajaroobidan, gaxsnilobidan, mravalmxrivi garantiebidan da zogadad moqalaqeTa da sazogadoebis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, mudmivad safrTxeSia, igi Tavs icavs im Zalebisagan, romlebic sargebloben aseTi TavisuflebiT da mis uzenaes Rirebulebebs, konstituciur safuZvlebs da misi ,,TamaSis wesebs” principulad ewinaaRmdegebian. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstituciiT Seqmnili Tavisufali demokratiuli weswyobileba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc wesrigi, romelic gamoricxavs yovelgvar totalitarul da TviTnebur mmarTvelobas da warmoadgens samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, kanonis uzenaesobis wesrigs. Aam wyobi-lebis fundamenturi principebia: 1. konstituciiT aRiarebuli da konkretizebuli adamianis uflebebis, pirvel

rigSi ki adamianis Rirsebis, sicocxlisa da sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uFlebis pativiscema.

2. xelisuflebis pasuxismgebloba xalxis winaSe. 3. xelisuflebis danawileba. 4. xalxis suvereniteti. 5. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kanonebiT SeboWva. 6. sasamarTlos damoukidebloba. 7. mravalpartiuloba da Sansebis Tanasworoba yvela politikuri partiisaTvis,

raTa konstituciis Sesabamisad Seqmnan da ganaxorcielon opozicia. politikuri partiebidan da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebidan unda gamovyoT ,,sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi”, romelic farTo cnebaa da gulisxmobs zogadad gaerTianebebs, maT Soris, profesiul kavSirebs, romlebic iqmneba Sromis sferoSi da politikur partiebs, romlebic monawileoben xalxis politikuri nebis Ca-moyalibebis procesSi. konstituciis 26_e muxliT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uf-leba e.w. ormagi uflebaa, radgan am uflebiT daculi arian ara marto gaerTiane-bis wevrebi, rogorc calkeuli individebi, aramed aseve, rogorc erTi mTlianoba _ maTi gaerTianeba, anu igi saxelmwifos Carevisagan icavs uSualod gaerTiane-bebs. sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi monawileobis

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ZiriTadi ufleba, rogorc konstituciiT Seqmnili Tavisufali demokratiuli wyobilebis erT _ erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi, warmoadgens agreTve so-cialuri jgufebis Tavisufali Camoyalibebis principis safuZvels. daculi sfero moicavs yoveli gaerTianebis uflebas Seqmnasa da arsebobaze. Dda-culia moqalaqeTa ufleba TviTon, anu damoukideblad da Tavisuflad gan-sazRvron gaerTianebis Seqmnis dro, mizani, organizaciul _ samarTlebrivi for-ma, saxelwodeba da adgilmdebareoba. daculi sferoa aseve iseTi ufleba, rogo-ricaa, magaliTad gaerTianebis ufleba, SeuZliaT Tavad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi sakuTari struqturis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurisa da gaerTianebis saqmianobis warmarTvis Sesaxeb. Aam uflebis gareSe ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tavi-sufali gaerTianebis Seqmna da arseboba. sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis ZiriTadi ufleba ar moicavs sajaro_samarTlebriv gaerTianebebs, amis miuxedavad, am gaerTianebaTa arseboba daculia saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxliT, romlis mixedviTac, yvelas aqvs ufleba sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisa. aseve konstituciis me-16 muxli ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv gaer-TianebaTa Tavisuflebas, radganac me-16 muxliT uzrunvelyofilia profesiuli niSniT Seqmnili ara sazogadoebrivi, aramed sajaro _ samarTlebrivi gaerTiane-bebis Seqmna da arseboba. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba praqtikulad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod Sesaba-misi wesebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic individTa Tavisufali nebis safuZ-velze Seqmnil gaerTianebebs ganusazRvraven adgils arsebul samarTlebriv sis-temaSi, uzrunvelyofen maTi da maTi wevrebis uflebebs, agreTve iTvaliswineben sxva individTa da sazogadoebis wevrTa interesebs. aseTi debulebebis arsebobas Tavidanve gulisxmobs da moiTxovs konstituciiT garantirebuli gaerTianebaTa Tavisufleba, amitom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ara marto uflebamosili, aramed valdebulicaa SeimuSaos iseTi samarTlis normebi, romlebic uzrunve-lyofs gaerTianebaTa Tavisuflebis realur ganxorcielebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba SeiZleba Seiqmnas da arsebobdes kavSiris an fondis organizaciul _ samarTlebrivi formiT. kavSiri da fondi aris kerZo samarTlis arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piri, romlis mizanic ar aris samewarmeo saqmianoba. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos mxolod kanonSi an mis damfuZnebel dokumentebSi aRniSnuli miz-nebis Sesabamisi saqmianoba, kavSirs da fonds, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridi-uli pirs, sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas, ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos kanoniT aukr-Zalavi nebismieri saqmianoba, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara es saqmianoba wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli. sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi mo-nawileobis Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturad SeuzRudavi ZiriTadi ufleba. konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-3 punqti agdens am uflebaSi Carevis safuZvlebs, ro-melTa mixedviTac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saxelmwifos mier dacul sferoSi Ca-reva. nebismieri sxva safuZvliT sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnisa Tu saqmia-nobisaTvis xelis SeSla dacul sferoSi saxelmwifos gaumarTlebeli Careva iq-neboda. xolo Carevis yvelaze mZime formebi ki konstituciis 26-e muxliT gan-sazRvrul safuZvelze gaerTianebis saqmianobis SeCereba da misi akrZalvaa. sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT pozitiuris mxriv daculia individTa iniciativa Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba da monawileoba miiRon mis saqmianobaSi. xolo negatiuris mxriv ki uzrunvelyofilia gaerTianebaSi da mis saqmianobaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqma da gaerTianebidan gamosvla. am gansazRvrebidan naTlad Cans is, rom sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi principia nebayof-lobiToba, anu adamianebs ufleba aqvT Tavad, yovelgvari iZulebisagan damouki-

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deblad miiRon gaerTianebis Seqmnisa da mis saqmianobaSi monawileobis gadawyve-tileba. meores mxriv ki _ aseve nebayoflobiT, sakuTari surviliT uari Tqvan gaerTianebis Seqmnaze an mis saqmianobaSi monawileobaze da gamovidnen gaerTiane-bis Semadgenlobidan. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb” acxa-debs, rom ,,profesiuli kavSirebi aris saqmianobis mixedviT saerTo sawarmo, pro-fesiuli interesebiT dakavSirebul pirTa nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi gaer-Tianeba, romlis mizania misi wevrebis SromiTi, socialur _ ekonomikuri da sa-marTlebrivi uflebebisa da interesebis dacva da warmomadgenloba. saqarTvelos konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT gansazRvrulia SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxelmwifos SeuZlia Caerios sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi monawileobis ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi. aseve 26-e mux-lis aRniSnuli norma saxelmwifos aZlevs konstituciuri wesrigis prevenciuli dacvis SesaZleblobas, radgan aucilebelia saxelmwifos Hhqondes konstituciuri uflebamosileba imisaTvis, raTa Tavidanve, droulad da qmediTad aRkveTos sax-elmwifos, misi arsebobisa da fundamenturi konstituciuri wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli safrTxe, romelic warmoiSoba sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi da an-tikonstituciuri koleqtiuri miswrafebisagan. konstituciis 26-e muxlis, me-6 punqtis debulebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia sazogadoebriv da politikur gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis an maTi akrZal-vis procedura ganisazRvros sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, am SemTxvevaSi organuli kano-niT. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos azriT swored ,,kanonierebis” kriteriumia gadamwyveti elementi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebis SezRudvisas. evropuli sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos konstituciis zemoaRniSnul moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi miRebulia organuli kanoni ,,sazogadoebriv gaerTiane-baTa saqmianobis SeCerebisa da maTi akrZalvis safuZvlebis da wess.” aRniSnul sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis ufleba aqvs mxolod sasamar-Tlos, romelsac SeuZlia akrZalos sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis saqmianoba, ro-melic arsebiTad gadavida samewarmeo saqmianobaze” sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis SeCerebis an akrZalvis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gasaCivrdes zemdgom sasamarTloSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, ,,sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi” farTo cnebaa da zogadad mo-qalaqeTa gaerTianebebis Seqmnas gulisxmobs. moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis erT-erTi saxea politikuri partia, romlis arsebobac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Tavi-sufali demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis da swored amitom gamorCeulad aris miTiTebuli konstituciis 26-e muxlSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis 26-e muxlis Sesabamisad, politikuri partiebis cnebas, maTi Seqmnisa da saqmianobis safuZvlebs, agreTve maTi akrZalvis wess gan-sazRvravs ,,moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organu-li kanoni. organuli kanoni ar miiCnevs partiebs sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebad. aseTi midgoma savsebiT Seesabameba politikuri partiis bunebas, romelic Tavisufali demokratiuli weswyobilebis aucilebeli konstituciuri nawilia, moqalaqeTa politikuri nebis formireba da misi Tavisufali gamoxatva ki ZiriTadad swored partiebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, partia ar warmoiSoba ka-nonis an xelisuflebis sxva normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze. organuli kanoni mxolod partiis Seqmnisa da funcionirebisaTvis aucilebel wesebs, aseve regi-straciis proceduras adgens. politikuri partia ki arsebobs ara imis gamo, rom arsebobs organuli kanoni, aramed imitom, rom konstituciiT Seiqmna Tavisufali

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demokratiuli weswyobileba, romlis ganuyofeli da erT_erTi ZiriTadi Nnawilia politikuri partiebi. partia Sinaarsobrivad sruliad gansxvavdeba yvela sxva iuridiuli pirisagan, maT Soris, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirisagan. dacul sferoSi Careva da Carevis konstituciur _ samarTlebrivi safuZveli po-litikuri partiis Seqmnisa da mis saqmianobaSi monawileobis ZiriTad uflebaSi Careva an partiis akrZalva SeiZleba moxdes mxolod konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, imave muxlis me-6 punqtiT dadgenili proce-duriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am ZiriTad uflebaSi Careva, sxva sazogadoebriv gaer-TianebaTa msgavsad, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes jer kidev registraciis etapze. sami-nistro uflebamosilia uari uTxras partias registraciaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi wesdeba an saregistraciod wardgenili sxva dokumentebi ewinaaRmdegeba sa-qarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebs an organuli kanonis sxva debulebebs. kons-tituciis 26-e mexliT dadgenilia kidev ori SezRudva, amaTgan pirvelis mixedviT, ,,dauSvebelia sazogadoebriv da politikur gaerTianebaTa mier SeiaraRebuli formirebis Seqmna”. xolo 26-e muxlis me-5 punqtiT ki gaerTianebis Tavisufleba ezRudeba pirTa garkveul kategoriebs. am punqtis mixedviT, ,,piri romelic Cai-ricxeba samxedro Zalebis, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis an Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis pirad SemadgenlobaSi, gamwesdeba mosamarTled an prokurorad, wyvets politiku-ri gaerTianebis wevrobas.” xolo yvela mZime da radikalur Carevas saerTod sa-zogadoebrivi organizaciebis, konkretulad ki politikuri partiis Seqmnisa da mis saqmianobaSi monawileobis ZiriTad uflebaSi warmoadgens maTi akrZalva. organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs akrZalos mxolod is partia, ,,romlis mizania saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis dam-xoba an ZaladobiT Secvla, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa, teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, an romelic eweva omis an Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls, qmnis an Seqmnili aqvs Seiara-Rebuli formireba”.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni ,,saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Se-

saxeb’’ Tbilisi 3. saqarTbelos organuli kanoni ,,partiis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis wesebi’’

Tbilisi 4. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni ,,sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis

SeCerebisa da maTi akrZalvis safuZveli da wesi’’,Tbilisi 5. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da

Tavisuflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi,Tbilisi, meridiani,2004 weli

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giorgi giorgaZe

sakuTrebis ufleba kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba aRiarebuli da daculia demokratiul saelmwifoSi, romelic konstituciiT aris ganmtkicebuli. saqarTvelo sul raRac 15-16 welia, rac damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda da Sesabamisad Tavisi sakanonmdeblo baza Seqmna. 70 wlis manZilze Cveni qveyana sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi arsebobda, amitom sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstitucia sakuTrebis formad aRiarebda saerTo socialistur sakuTrebas jer kidev komunisturi partiis manifestSi proletariatis umniSvnelovanes miznad kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba gamocxadda gansakuTrebiT es exeboda miwaze kerZo sakuTrebas. 1917 wlis 26 oqtombris dekretiT yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe CamoerTvaT miwebi mesakuTreebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi damoukideblobis ganviTarebis etapze 1921 wlis konstituciiT aRairebda, rom `sakuTrebis iZulebiT CamorTmeva an kerZo iniciativis SezRudva SeiZleba mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis cakle kanonSi gansazRvruli wesiT. CamorTmeul qonebaSi miecema saTanado safasuri Tu kanonSi sxvagvarad ar aris gansazRvruli.~ muxli 114. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos meore konstitucia miRebuli iqna 1995 wels, romelic adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan erTad 21-e muxlSi ganamtkicebs sakuTrebis uflebas da miuTiTebs misi warmoSobis gzebze uSualo memkvidreobiT an kanonis farglebSi sxvagvarad SeZenaze. 21 muxlSi moce-muli kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba aris rogorc institutis garantia, ise pirovnebis uflebis garantia. sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebe-lia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis dasaSvebia pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRuda kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi da dage-nili wesiT. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an orga-nuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado ana-zRaurebiT. saxelmwifos mxridan am uflebis ukanonod xelyofis SemTxvevaSi pirs ufleba aqvs sarCeliT mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konstituciis 7-e muxlis safuZvelze da 89-e muxlis v punqtiT. saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayo-velTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifi SezRuduli arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT. kanonmdebels ar SeuZlia iseTi normebis miReba, romelic ukanonod xelyofs an SezRudavs kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas. rogorc konstituciidan Cans sakuTrebis ufleba wminda absoluturi ufleba ar aris, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom mesakuTres Tavisi uflebebis dacvis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia. mas SeuZlia sarCeliT mimarTos sasamarTlos, rogorc kerZo piris ise xelisuflebis sxva organoebis ukanono moqmedebebis aRsakveTad. sakuTreba zogadad pirisaTvis qo-nebrivi sikeTis samarTlebrivi mikuTvnebaa. am zogad gansazRvrebaSi TvalsaCinoa subieqtis, obieqtisa da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis aspeqti. subieqtis e.i. mesa-kuTris damokidebuleba sakuTrebasTan iTxovs samarTlebriv regulirebas, kerZod samrTlebriv mikuTvnebas. amiT SesaZlebeli xdeba pirTa qonebrivi sferos gamijv-na da individualizacia. swored es sami elementi qmnis konstituciuri sakuTre-bis Sinagan struqturas. konstitucia ar icavs sakuTrebas izolirebulad, mesa-

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kuTre sazogadoebis wevria da sakuTrebis SezRudvac sazogadoebriv interesTan aris damokidebuli. yovel konkretul situaciaSi kanonmdebeli gansazRravs sa-kuTrebis Sinaars. am SemTxvevaSi man kerZo da sajaro interesebi unda gaawonas-woros amas ki igi, rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi ise sajaro samarTlebrivi norme-bis Tanabari gamoyenebiT axorcielebs. kanonmdebeli, romelic mesakuTres zRu-davs, ar aris Tavisufali, marto formaluri an kanonieri safuZveli jer kidev ar niSnavs sakuTrebis SezRudavis gamarTlebas. am SezRudvis dros kanonmdebeli garkveuli materialuri farglebiT unda iyos SeboWili winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kanonieri SezRudvis konstituciuroba eWvqveS dadgeboda. kanonmdebeli SeboWi-lia 21-e muxlis, sakuTrebis institutisa da sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis garan-tiiT. meore mxriv mas sajaro interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT valdebuleba akisria. sakuTrebis SezRudvis materialuri siswore kerZo da sajaro interesebis Tana-zomierad SefardebiT ganisazRvreba. sakuTrebis sajaro interesis SezRudvis au-cileloba ki mxolod sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. imisaTvis, rom sakuTreba SezRudvas daeqvemdebaros amas misi socialuri daniSnuleba unda ganapirobebdes. yvela sakuTreba rodia SezRudvas daqvemdebarebuli. mag: Cemi pi-jaki ar eqvemdebareba socialur SezRudvebs. sakuTrebis SezRudvis sferoSi ka-nonmdeblis Carevis funqcia miT ufro didia rac ufro didia misi socialuri funqcia miwis sakuTreba garemos dacvis TvalsazrisiT, exeba sazogadoebriv in-teresebs da Sesabamisad socialuri funqciiTaa datvirTuli. gansxvavebiT wigne-bisa da transportisagan. sakuTrebis SezRudva qonebis socialuri mniSvnelobis tolfasi unda iyos. sakuTrebis SezRudvis dros Tanazomierebis da Tanasworobis principis dacva aucilebelia. es aris kanonmdeblis erT-erTi mboWavi elementi da konstituciuri kontrolis erTaderTi saSualeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanazo-mierebis principis Sinaarsi, samarTlis normisagan gansxvavebiT moklebulia kon-kretul faqtobriv Semadgenlobas SeiZleba misi ZiriTadi struqturuli elemen-tebis gamoyofa – esenia: dasaSvebobis, aucileblobis da Sesabamisobis anu pro-porciulobis elementebi. Tanazomierebis principis uwinaresi moTxovnaa, rom normatiuli aqti garkveuli miznis misaRwevad misaRebi saSualeba iyos. e.i. normatiuli aqti, romelic miznis miRwevas arTulebs an mas SeuZlebels xdis dauSvebeli da arakonstituciuria. meore elementis mixedviT aucilebeli unda iyos dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. au-cilebelia is normatiuli aqti, romelic miznis misaRwevad yvelaze naklebi zia-nis momtania, rogorc sazogadoebis ise TiToeuli adamianisaTvis. proporciulo-bis elementi gansazRvravs damokidebulebas mizansa da saSualebas Soris, kerZod ki adgens aris Tu ara am saSualebiT uflebis SezRudva SezRudvis mizanTan pro-porciuli. am TvalsazrisiT ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs SezRuduli sikeTisa da SezRudvis miznis Sefasebas. sakuTrebis SemzRudavi kanonis konstituciurobis gasarkvevad, saboloo jamSi, dasadgenia, arsebobs Tu ara sakuTrebis SezRudvis safuZveli e.i. aqvs Tu ara sakuTrebas socialuri daniSnuleba. Semdeg emyareba Tu ara sadavo sakiTxi sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebas, kerZo sakuTrebis aRiarebas, amasTan adeqvaturad iTvaliswinebs Tu ara igi sakuTrebis socialuri valdebu-lebis amocanebs. romelime mTganisaTvis arajerovani yuradRebis miqcevis SemTxve-vaSi dRis wesrigSi dgeba kanonis arakompetenturobis sakiTxi. sakuTrebis ufle-bis SezRudvis dros kanonmdebelma unda daicvas Tanasworobis principi rac niSnavs, rom Tanasworad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli kerZo piris da sazoga-doebis interesebi, radgan orive subieqtis interesebi kanoniT dacvas eqvemdebare-ba. SesaZloa sakuTrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis oTxi forma gamoiyos: pirveli sa-kuTrebis CamorTmeva, meore sakuTrebis konstituciis SezRudva, mesame sakuTrebis arakanonieri SezRudva, meoTxe sakuTrebis iseTi SezRudva, romelic zogadad konstituciuria, magram gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Tanazomierebis principTan Seusa-bamobis gamo erTgvar gawonasworebas moiTxovs. amgvari gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis warmoCenis mizniT ganvixiloT magaliTi germaniis sasamarTlos arqividan `sa-valdebulo egzempars cnobil gadawyvetilebaSi~, hesenis kanonis mecxre paragra-fi sakuTrebis konstituciur uflebasTan Seusabamod cno. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad

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gamomcemloba valdebulia gamonaklisis gareSe, biblioTekas gadasces mis mier gamocemuli egzemplari ufasod. aseTi saxiT gamomcemlobis rogorc mesakuTris SezRudva sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifo zogadad konstituci-uria, magram Tu calkeuli naSromis gamocema did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da mcire raodenobiTaa gamocemuli maSin Tanazomiereba irRveva da mesakuTre zo-maze metad izRudeba. germaniis federaciulma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisaTvis sakuTrebis SezRudvis erTgvari gawonasworebis valdebuleba daawesa, romlis mixedviTac sakuTrebis SezRudvis sakanonmdeblo safuZveli konstituciis Sesabamisia, magram gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi unda moxdes sakuTrebis zomaze metad SezRudvis gawonasworeba. am gawonasworebisaTvis fede-ralurma sasamarTlom fuladi anazRaureba daawesa. aseTi SezRudvebi ar SeiZle-ba kompensirebuli iqnes konstituciis 21-e muxlis mesame nawiliT, radgan es exeba kompensaciis sakiTxs sakuTrebis CamorTmevis SemTxvevaSi. xolo rac Seexeba saku-Trebis SezRudvis SemTxvevaSi konstituciis 21-e muxlis meore punqtis mixedviT, sakuTrebis SezRudvisaTvis fuladi anazraurebis moTxovna pirdapir araa gaTva-liswinebuli. SezRuduli sakuTrebis gawonasworebis instituts ar scnobs sa-qarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika sakuTrebis CamorTmevis mizani SeiZleba iyos mxolod sazogadoebrivi interesebi da sakuTrebis CamorTmevis erT-erT pirobad sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas miiCnevs. es debuleba niSnavs Sem-degs, rom konstituciaSi mocemuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba unda gavi-goT, rogorc sakuTrebis CamorTmevisa da CamorTmeuli sakuTrebisaTvis kompensa-ciis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetileba. rac Seexeba TviTon anazRaurebis saxesa da moculobas kanonmdebeli awon-dawonvis moTxovnas eqvemdebareba. kanonmdebeli valdebuli ar aris sabazro Ri-rebulebis mixedviT daawesos sakuTrebis raime nominaluri fasi. man ufro saqmis faqtobrivi Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare da drois Sesabamisad unda gansazRvros sakuTrebis Rirebuleba, Tumca sabazro fasis mixedviTac SeiZleba moxdes kompen-sacia sajaro da kerZo interesebis urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze. sakuTrebis uflebis CamorTmeva yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe dauSvebelia da es miiCneva konfiskaciad, romelic aSkarad usamarTloa. konfisakacia aris saxelmwifos mier sakuTrebis iseTi CamorTmeva, romelic sakuTrebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi da anti-socialuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare anu politikuri motivebiT marTldeba. anti-socialuria iseT qonebaze sakuTrebis aRiarebaÀdapatroneba, romelic qurduli an reketuli gziT aris dauflebuli. aseTi qonebis CamorTmevis Taobaze sarCelis wardgenis ufleba aqvs prokurors, romelic aSkarad kanonieria, magram aqve minda aRvniSno is faqti SeiZleba CavTvaloT Tu ara aseTi gziT mopovebul qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba samarTlianad da kanonier uflebad raTa maT mimarT dadges sakuTrebis uflebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi Sesabamisi kompensaciiT. me vfiqrob aq unda amoqmeddes sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis keTilsindisierebis instituti, ro-melic samarTlianad daaregulirebs am problematur sakiTxs. danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebul qonebaze unda ganxorcieldes nebismier SemTxvevaSi konfiskacia da daubrundes es mis keTilsindisier mflobels an mis mesakuTres. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT sakuTrebis CamorTmeva aucileblad Tanasworobis safuZ-velze unda moxdes, romlisaTvisac konstituciis 21 muxli iTvaliwinebs ana-zRaurebas. Tu sakuTrebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi dadga imaze meti moculobiT vidre imas sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba moiTxovs aq unda dadges ara pirdapiri konstitu-ciis 21-e muxlis mesame punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli anazRaurebis sakiTxi aramed uflebamosilma pirma unda mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da saxelmwifos arakanonier Carevis aqtis gauqmeba moiTxovos. rac Seexeba qonebis konfiskaciis sakiTxs, romelic damatebiT sajelad gamoyeneba 23 da 96-e muxlebSi sadaod miiC-nia konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom. man aRniSna, rom es sasjelis saxiT qonebis konfiskacia ara konstituciuria, rasac daeTanaxmeba radgan konfiskacia unda moxdes danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebul qonebaze, Tumca

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unda aRiniSnos rom dRes moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi sasjelis saxiT konfiskacias ar iTvaliswinebs. gavecnoT sasamarTlos praqtikas uflebis SezRudvis konstituciurobis Taobaze. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi sadao gaxada sabinao kodeqsis 154-e muxli. aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT ganusazRvreli vadiT dadebuli sacxovrebeli saxlis qiravnobis xelSekruleba SeiZleba maTi moSalos mesakuTris moTxovniT Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom sadgomi piradi sargeblobisaTvis sWirdeba TviT saxlisÒmesakuTres da misi ojaxis wevrebs da Tu mesakuTre sami TiT adre gaafrTxilebs damqiravebels xelSekrulebis moSlis Taobaze, aseT SemTxvevaSi damqiravebeli unda gamoasaxlon sxva sacxovrebeli sadgomis miucemlad. mosar-Cele moiTxovda sabinao kodeqsis 154-e muxlis arakonstituciurad cnobas. misi azriT radganac mesakuTre ver gankargavs Tavis qonebas Tu ar damtkicda, rom mas Tavisi sakuTreba sWirdeba. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvisas sakonstitucio sasa-marTlom specialistebis argumentacia moismina. erT-erTi specialistis mosazre-biT kodeqsis 154-e muxli aris socilisturi ideologiis Sedegi, romelic sax-elmwifo interesebs adamianis konstituciur uflebebTan mimarTebaSi wina planze ayenebda. amave dros sadao muxli mesakuTres zRudavs uflebis srul realiza-ciaSi. mesakuTre ver uzrunveyofs sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr sakuTrebis sar-geblobasa da gankargvas. specialistis azriT sabinao kodeqsis 154-e muxlis moT-xovna, rom mesakuTres da misi ojaxis wevrebs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aqvT sadgo-mis sargeblobisa da gankargvis ufleba, ar unda iyos upiratesi piroba mesaku-TrisaTvis konstituciuri uflebis ugulebelyofisaTvis, aqedan gamomdinare 154-e muxli ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 21-e muxls. meore specialistis azriT ar arsebobs absoluturad Tavisufali sanivTo ufle-ba, am SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis ufleba yoveli mesakuTre mxolod kanonis mier da saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSia Tavisufali sargeblobdes da gankargavdes sakuTrebis obieqts 154-e muxli zRudavs mesakuTrsi uflebebs damqiraveblTa in-teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT. meore specialistis argumentaciiT 154-e muxli ar ewi-naaRmdegeba konstituciis 21 muxls. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom kodeqsis 154-e muxli arakonstituciurad scno gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi gansaku-Trebuli yuradReba dauTmo im arguments, rom 154-e muxli zRudavs mesakuTris uflebebs, vinaidan mesakuTres aqvs Tavisi qonebis mflobelobis, sargeblobis da gankargvis ufleba, radgan gankargva gulisxmobs mesakuTris mier Tavisi qonebis bedis gadawyvetas saWiroebisaTvis. am SemTxvevidan gamomdinare orive mxare sax-elSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi moqmedebs da kerZo avtonomia da interesebi aris maTi uflebrivi mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli, aq ki aSarad TvalsaCinoa sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos mier normis kerZod 154-e muxlis inerpretacia konsti-tuciis 21-e muxlis mimarTebaSi. mas muxlis meore punqti sakuTrebiTi urTier-Tobis iseT samarTlian mowesrigebas uzrunvelyofs, sadac rogorc mesakuTris ise sxvisi interesebi Tanazomierad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. qiravnobis xelSe-krulebasTan dakavSirebiT es imas niSnavs rom sakuTrebis mflobelisa da sar-geblobis ufleba ara marto mesakuTris dacvis sferos ganekuTvneba, aramed dam-qiraveblis ineteressac exeba. sakuTrebis obiqtis xasiaTi gansazRvravs zogadad misi SezRudvis moculobas da mis Sinaarss. absoluturi ufleba SeiZleba hqondes pirs iseT nivTze, romelic erTgvari socialuri funqcia aqvs an sxvis interess exeba, kanonmdeblobisagan yovelTvis adeqvatur SezRudvas eqvemdebareba. qiravnobis xelSekrulebis obieqtia iseTi sakuTreba, romlis interesi exeba dam-qiravebels da gamqiravebels erTdroulad Sesabamisad gamqiraveblis rogorc me-sakuTris ufleba garkveul SezRudvas eqvemdebareba da amiT misi sakuTrebis dacvis sfero gansazRvrul farglebSi iqceva. kanonmdebelma kodeqsis 154-e muxl-Si gamqiraveblis da damqiraveblis interesebi Tanazomierad awon-dawona da ga-moxata imisaTvis, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlosac msgavsi gadawyvetileba mie-Ro. mas konstituciois 21 muxlis interpretaciis dros Tanabari mniSvnelobiT unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rogorc 21-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli

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pirovnebis uflebis garantiis ise socialurad samarTliani sakuTrebis moTxovna, radgan es aris kerZo samarTlis erT erTi ZiriTadi principi, rom mxareebi unda moqmedebdnen keTilsindisierebis principebze dayrdnobiT da romelTa safuZ-velze unda ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi da movaleobebi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros es garemoebac unda gaeTvaliswinebina. AAAAAAAAA

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eka qobesaSvili

sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis konstituciuri garantiebi romis samarTlis epoqidan kontinenturi evropis iuridiuli mecniereba samarTals yofs kerZo da sajaro samarTlad.30 kerZo samarTali, romelic awesrigebs calkeul pirTa Soris warmoSobil urTierTobebs, damyarebulia damoukideblobisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principze. kerZo samarTlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan instituts warmoadgens sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic adamianis ZiriTadi, bunebiTi uflebaa. aRiarebuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, kerZo samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia kerZo anatomia, rac naTlad aris gamoxatuli sakuTrebis uflebaSi, sadac nivTis mesakuTres SeuZlia Tavisi survilebisamebr gankargos Tavisi sakuTreba da gamoricxos yvela sxva piris zemoqmedeba am nivTebze. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis uflebis cneba erTiania, Tumca vlindeba gansxvavebul formebSi. kerZod, igi moicavs iseT uflebamosilebebs rogoricaa: mflobeloba, sargebloba, gankargvis ufleba, sanivTo uflebiT datvirTva da sxvisi mflobelobidan ukan gamoTxovis – vindikaciis ufleba.31 swored romis samarTlis gavlenis Sedegia, rom sakuTrebis uflebis definicia TiTqmis erTgvarovnad iqna recefcirebuli romauli samarTlis sistemis qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa mier. sakuTrebis uflebas, rogorc samarTlebriv instituts qveyanaSi mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar ganixilavs, igi naTladaa gansazRvruli da imperatiulad daculi saqarTvelos konstituciiT, amitomac iuridiul mecnierebaSi sakuTrebis ufleba ganxilulia, rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi, ise sakonstitucio samarTlebrivi gagebiT, romelic sajaro samarTlis principebis umTavresi amosavali debulebaa. Tu kerZosamarTlebrivi gageba gulisxmobs urTierTobebis regulirebas mesakuTresa da sxva kerZo pirebs Soris, sakonstitucio samarTlebrivi gageba gulisxmobs urTierTobebis regulirebas mesakuTresa da saxelmwifos Soris. sakuTreba adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa, igi adamians eniWeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze da daculia qveynis konstituciiT. saqarTvelos konstitucia sakuTrebis uflebas aRiarebs da icavs 21-e muxliT, kerZod am muxlis norma ganmartavs, rom: 1. sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebulia da uzrunvelyofilia.

dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.

2. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis dasaSvebia pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRudva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi dadgenili wesiT.

3. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT.

am muxlis pirveli nawiliT sakuTrebis ufleba eqskluziur uflebad aris aRiarebuli. gansakuTrebuloba da eqskluziuroba gulisxmobs marTlwesrigisagan uflebamosili pirisTvis yoveli qonebrivi uflebis imgvarad daqvemdebarebas, rom mas SeeZlos uflebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebamosilebebis Tavisi SexedulebiT

30 lado Wanturias uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba. meore gamocema. Ggv. 17 31 zurab WeWelaSvilis sanivTo samarTali. Ggv. 98.

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individualuri gamoyeneba. sakuTrebis uflebis garantia vlindeba konstituciis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadebis uaryofiT formulirebaSic, sadac sakuTrebis misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis uflebis gauqmebiT, akrZalviT qarTveli kanonmdebeli uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebaSi qonebrivi urTierTobebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas.32 miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTrebis ufleba xelSeuvali uflebaa da igi daculia saqarTvelos konstituciiT da sxva kanonebiT, saqarTvelos konstitucia 21-e muxlSive uSvebs gamonaklisebs da ganmartavs rom: sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos im SemTxvevebSi, roca amis aucileblobas moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba, magram es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis mesame nawili iTvaliswinebs agreTve sakuTrebis uflebis CamorTmevasac, rac SeiZleba moxdes kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi: 1) kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze an 2) organuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas da mxolod

saTanado anazRaurebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTreba aris adamianis xelSeuvali ufleba, saqarTvelos konstitucia mainc iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs da gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba CamoerTvas pirs sakuTreba, rac naTlad aris gamoxatuli zemoT moxsenebul 21-e muxlSi. samoqalaqo samarTlis reformis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani miRweva is aris, rom Camoyalibda sakuTrebis cnebis erTiani struqtura imisda miuxedavad, Tu vin aris am sakuTrebis subieqti. sabWoTa samarTali sakuTrebas yofda calkeul formebad rogoricaa: saxelmwifo sakuTreba, sakolmeurneo sakuTreba, kooperaciuli sakuTreba da a.S. sakuTrebis calkeul formebad dayofa pirvelad uaryofili iqna saqarTvelos konstituciiT da Camoyalibda sakuTrebis cnebis erTiani ganmarteba. amis Semdeg igive mcdeloba iyo kanonSi `sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb” magram kanonSi kvlavac sakuTrebis formebad dayofa aisaxa. samwuxarod, ama Tu im urTierTobis momwesrigebel specialur kanonmdeblobaSi xSirad vxvdebiT sakuTrebis formebze miniSnebas, es ki unda aixsnas rusuli kanonmdeblobis debulebaTa yovelgvari Semowmebis gareSe gadmoRebiT.33 sabolood sakuTrebis cnebis erTianad Camoyalibebis ganxorcieleba moxda saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, romelic uaryofs sakuTrebis formebad dayofa da mis erTian cnebas ganamtkicebs. sakuTrebis uflebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi ganmartavs rogorc uflebaTa erTianobas, rogoricaa nivTis mflobelobis ufleba da amave nivTze sargeblobisa da gankargvis ufleba. mflobelobisa da sargeblobis ufleba SeiZleba cal-calke an erTad uSualod ganaxorcielos nivTis mesakuTrem, an droebiT gadasces igi sxvas. rac Seexeba gankargvas, igi mesakuTris mier Tavisi qonebis iuridiuli da faqtobrivi bedis gansazRvraa da misi sxvisTvis gadacema niSnavs sakuTrebis uflebis rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise faqtobrivad dakargvas.34 amitomac gankargvis ufleba yvelaze arsebiTad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarss da masSi Semaval sxva uflebaTagan gansxvavebiT, gankargvis ufleba mxolod mesakuTris uflebamosilebis farglebSi Semavali uflebaa, risi ganxorcielebac mxolod mesakuTris prerogativaa. miuxedavad

32 zurab WeWelaSvilis sanivTo samarTali. Ggv. 103. 33 Bbesarion zoiZis qarTuli sanivTo samarTali. Ggv. 81.

34 Llela nadibaiZis sakuTrebis SeZenis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. Ggv. 9.

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yvelafrisa sxva uflebebTan erTad gankargvis uflebac jdeba kanonis farglebSi da garkveulwilad eqvemdebareba mesakuTris mier garkveuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, kerZod samoqalaqo kodeqsis 503-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mxare, romelic inaxavs nivTs, SeuZlia garkveuli wesebis dacviT gayidos es nivTi, Tuki meore mxare ayovnebs nivTis miRebas an Senaxvis xarjebis anazRaurebas. msgavs gamonakliss vxvdebiT kodeqsis 787-e muxlSic, roca mimbarebels SeuZlia gayidos mibarebuli saqoneli sasawyobo mowmobis saSualebiT, Tu Sesanaxad mibarebuli saqoneli fuWdeba an imdenad icvleba rom igi SeiZleba gaufasurdes, da Semnaxvels dro aRar rCeba imis Taobaze Seatyobinos an ar SeuZlia Seatyobinos es ambavi uflebamosil pirs. am magaliTebis msgavsad, kodeqsSi ramdenime aseTive gamonakliss vxvdebiT gankargvis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac miuTiTebs mesakuTris mier gansaxorcielebel valdebulebebze rac Seexeba mflobelobis uflebas, igi ganmartebulia aseve saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 155-e muxliT, sadac: 1. mflobeloba warmoiSoba nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis nebiTi mopovebiT. 2. mflobelad ar CaiTvleba is piri, romelic Tumca axircielebs faqtobriv batonobas nivTze, magram sxva piris sasargeblod, da romelsac nivTis flobis uflebamosoleba miRebuli aqvs am pirisgan. mflobelad miiCneva mxolod uflebamosilebis mimniWebeli piri. 3. Tu piri nivTs flobs im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze, romelic gansazRvruli vadiT aniWebs mas nivTis flobis uflebas an avaldebulebs mas flobdes nivTs, maSin es piri iTvleba pirdapir mflobelad, xolo uflebis mimniWebeli an valdebulebis damkisrebeli miiCneva arapirdapir mflobelad. 4. Tu erT nivTs ramdenime piri erTdroulad flobs isini iTvlebian Tanamflo-belebad. 5. Tu erTi nivTis nawilebs ramdenime piri flobs, isini iTvlebian calleuli nawilebis mflobelebad. mflobelobis kodeqsiseuli cneba arsebiTad or niSanze daiyvaneba: pirveli, es aris nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis SesaZlebloba. es batonoba nivTis mimarT iuridiuli batonobaa da ar SeiZleba igi daviyvanoT mis mimarT fizikur Sex-edulebamde. meore niSani razedac iqve iuwyeba samoqalaqo kodeqsi, esaa faqto-brivi batonobis nebiTi mopoveba. aq nebiTi Teoriisagan siaxle imaSia, rom ar aris aucilebeli neba mizanmimarTuli iyos qonebis sakuTrad flobisaken.35 sa-qarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis warmatebad unda CaiTvalos is faqti, rom mWi-drod dakavSirebuli sanivTo ufleba rogoricaa, mflobeloba da sakuTreba erT-maneTisagan gamijnulid aris ganxiluli, radgan nivTis mflobeli SeiZleba imav-droulad ayos amave nivTis mesakuTrec. rogorc rudolf zomi ambobda `sakuTre-ba nivTze iuridiuli batonobaa, mflobeloba ki faqtobrivi”.36 marTalia qonebaze faqtobrivi batonobis ganxorcieleba mflobelobis konstituciuri elementia, magram ara erTaderTi. 155-e muxlis meore nawili ganmartavs, rom mflobelad ar miiCneva piri, romelic nivTze batonobas axorcielebs sxvisTvis. amitom pirovneba unda flobdes nivTs ara sxvisTvis aramed Tavis sasargeblod. samwuxarod, sanqt-peterburgeli civilistebi, romlebic uaRresad pozitiurad afaseben qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqss, ratomRac ver Cawvdnen 155-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaars. maTi azriT, qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi holandiuris msgavsad ver mijnavs erTmaneTisagan mflobelobas da WerasQ (`pyrobas”) da mflobelad miiCneven mxolod imas, vinc sxvas mianiWa nivTis flobis uflebamosileba, xolo pirdapir mflobels ki `haerSi kidebs”. saqmec imaSia, rom `haerSi Camokidebuli” piri 155-e muxlis

35 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsos komentari. wigni meore, sanivTo(qonebrivi) samarTali. Ggv. 43. 36Bbesarion zoiZis qarTuli sanivTo samarTali. Ggv. 57.

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Tanaxmad, sulac araa nivTis mflobeli. igi swored rom nivTis mWeria (mpyrobeli) im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom nivTis mimarT faqtobriv batonobas axorcielebs sxva piris sasargeblod.37 mflobelobas kodeqsi ganmartavs, rogorc nivTze faqtobriv batonobas, swored es iZleva ormagi mflobelobis SesaZleblobas: kerZod, nivTi SeiZleba imyofebodes rogorc pirdapiri mflobelis batonobaSi ise arapirdapiri mflobelis batonobaSi. pirdapiri mflobelobis gamijvna arapirdapiri mflobelobisagan xdeba im faqtiT, rom roca nivTs flobs mesakuTre, igi am nivTis pirdapiri mflobelia, xolo roca es nivTi itvirTeba raime sanivTo an valdebulebiTi uflebiT, mesakuTre gadadis arapirdapiri mflobelis rolSi da momijnave, ipoTekari da a.S._ xdeba am nivTis pirdapiri mflobeli. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri mflobelobis garda kodeqsi ganixilavs aseve mflobelobis meore SemTxvevas, roca erTi nivTi erTdroulad aris ramdenime piris mflobelobaSi, rasac kodeqsi ganmartavs, rogorc Tanamflobelobas (muxli 155-e naw. 4) Tanamflobeloba SeiZleba iyos martivi an kvalificiuri (koleqtiuri). martivi Tanamflobelobis dros yovel Tanamflobels aqvs sanivTo Zalaufleba, rasac sxvebma angariSi unda gauwion, xolo kvalificiuri (koleqtiuri) Tanamflobelobisas ,faqtobrivi SesaZlebloba mxolod koleqtiuradaa SesaZlebeli. da amdenad igi saerTo xelSia.38 martivi da kvalificiuri Tanamflobelobis mdgomareobas kargad Seesabameba sakuTrebis iseT saxe, rogoricaa Tanaziari sakuTreba. 155-e muxlis mexuTe nawili gansazRvravs wilobriv mflobelobas, rac sruliad Seesabameba saerTo wilad sakuTrebas. iseve rogorc yoveli mesakuTre saerTo nivTze Tavisi kuTvnili wilis mesakuTrea, igive azri aris gatarebuli wilobrivi mflobelobis dros, roca erTi da igive nivTi SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime mflobels da isini nivTze faqtobriv mflobelobas axorcielebdnen, nivTis im nawilze, razedac aqvT amis ufleba miniWebuli. muxlis am nawilze vrceldeba aseve azri, rom erTi da igive nivTis nawilebs SeiZleba flobdnen rogorc am nivTis mesakuTreebi, aseve aramesakuTreebic.

37 qaTevan qoCiaSvilis, mflobeloba revoluciamdel rusul samaTalSi.Junali`samarTali” 2002 #11 gv. 66. 38saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsos komentari. wigni meore, sanivTo(qonebrivi) samarTali. Ggv. 49.

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Tavisuflebis xelSeuxebloba

demokratiis erT_erTi mniSvnelovan monapovars, adamianis Tavisuflebis cnebas, Seesabameba saqarTvelos konstituciis me_18 muxli. Tavisufali adamiani, rogorc sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis individi da damoukidebeli pirovneba, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvelia. adamianis Tavisuflebis sferoSi nebismieri Careva daSvebulia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze da sazogadoe-brivi interesebidan gamomdinare ; pirovnebis Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia SeizRu-dos mxolod sasamarTlos kanonieri gadawyvetilebiT. Tavisuflebis sferoSi Ca-reva SesaZlebelia mxolod im SenTxvevaSi Tu mkafiodaa gansazRvruli am Carevis mizani da legitimuroba ; piris dakaveba Tavisuflebis SezRudvis yvelaze mkacri formaa, igi unda ganxorcieldes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul droSi da dakavebis xangrZlivoba unda Seesabamebodes mosalodneli sasjelis simZimes. dakavebulis dapatimrebisaTvis unda ganemartos misi uflebebi, rom aqvs dumilis uflebada aseve ufleba aqvs hyavdes damcveli dakavebis momentidan, xolo Tavad saxelmwifo am muxlSi miTiTebuli moTxovnaTa darRvevasa dasjadad acxdebs. amiT konstitu-cia uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo da TviTmarTvelobis organoTa da maT mosamsaxu-reTagan sazogadoebis mimarT ukanono qmedebis ganxorcielebis akrZalva da iT-valiswinebs aRniSnuli qmedebis dsjadobas. amiT konstitucia axorcielebs gark-veul provenciul zomas, raTa ar moxdes raime procesualuri normis darRveva. es aris ZiriTadi niSani rac miuTiTebs qveynis demokratiulobas da demokratiis principebis ganuxrel dacvas. saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavi exeba or fuZemdeblur Rirebulebas _ ada-mianis Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas. es uflebebi uzenaesi samarTlebrivi Ri-rebulebaa da udidesi faseuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. am muxlebidan gamomdinare adamianis Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifosagan oqtroirebuli, anu saxelmwifo nebaze damokidebuli, amave dros, adamianis Tavisufleba ar unda ga-vigoT mxolod negatiuri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc “Tavisufali saxelmwifosagan”. saxelmwifos ara marto ekrZaleba adamianis Tavisuflebis sferoSi TviTneburi Careva, aramed, aseve, akisria valdebuleba, daicvas individis Tavisufleba sxva, gareSe subieqtebis xelyofisagan. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos “habeas korpusis” aqti (Habeas corpus Ak+e. 1679 weli), adamianis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri cneba arsebiTad moicavs swored zemoT aRniSnuli aqtis moTxovnas, rom aravin ar SeiZleba iyos ukanonod dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli, adamianis Tavisufleba ganusxvisebelia, saxelmwifo xelisufleba ar aris uflebamosili TviTneburad Caerios adamianis Tavisuflebis sferoSi. adamianis Tavisuflebis cnebas Seesabameba saqarTvelis konstituciis me-18 muxli, romelic mas ganixilavs Tavisuflebis aRkveTis an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudvis konteqstSi. rogorc avRniSneT, adamianis Tavisuflebis cneba, isto-riulad, swored am mniSvneloboT damkvidrda demokratiul politikur sistemaSi. adamianis Tavisuflebis sferoSi nebismieri Careva daSvebulia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze da saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare pirovnebis Tavisufleba Sesa-Zlebelia SeiZRudos mxolod sasamarTlos kanonieri gadawyvetilebiT. Tavisu-flebis sferoSi Careva SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mkafiodaa gan-sazRvruli am Carevis mizani da ra Tqma unda Carevis mizani unda iyos legitimu-ri. piradi dakaveba, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis yvelaze mkacri formaa, dakavebis xangrZlivoba unda iTvaliswinebdes mosalodneli sasjelis simZimes; dasaSvebad ar miiCneva, magaliTad, winaswari dakaveba imaze ufro meti vadiT, romelsac pirs savaraudod miusjian. dauSvebelia piris winaswari dakaveba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveulia, rom mas sasjelis saxiT ar daekisreba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. Tu pi-

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ris winaswar patimrobaSi imyofeba, sasamarTlo procesi maqsimalurad daCqare-bulad unda warimarTos, winaswari patimrobis vadaze aseve vrceldeba Tanazomie-rebis principis moqmedeba. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Tavisufali adamiani, rogorc sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis mqone individi da damoukidebeli pirovneba, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvelia, Tumca igic jdeba garkveul CarCoebSi. am Tavis me_18 muxlis pirveli punqtiT konstitucia “xelSeuvalad” acxadebs ada-mianis Tavisuflebas. imave muxlis sxva punqtebSia mocemuli adamianis Tavisuf-lebis garantiebi, romliTac uzrunvelyofilia Tavisuflebis saproceso mxare. imavdroulad, konstitucia kanoniT dasjadad acxadebs am muxlis moTxovnaTa darRvevas, xolo dazaralebul pirs ki aniWebs konpensaciis miRebis uflebas. anu igi qmnis e.w. saproceso ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa bloks. aqedan ga-momdinare saxelmwifo valdebulia Seqmnas iseTi kanonmdebloba, romliTac sa-marTeblivad uzrunvelyofili iqneba adamianis Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba, akr-Zaluli iqneba Tavisuflebis TviTneburi SezRudava da pirTa TviTneburi dakaveba, aseve aRnuSnuli kanoni araorazrovani da advilad gasagebi unda iyos TiToeuli adamianisaTvis. raTa SeZlon misi gamoyeneba, aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifom unda gansazRvros is SemTxvevebi, rodesac igi valdebulia da uflebamosilia Caerios dacul sferoSi legitimuri sajaro miznis misaRwevad. Tu piri sakuTari nebiT Cabardeba xelisuflebis organoebs da Tanxmobas ganacxadebs dakavebasa da dapa-timrebaze, es ar niSnavs, rom masze aRar moqmedebs me_18 muxliT saxelmwifosaken mimarTuli moTxovnebi; adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom adamianis Tavisufleba metad mniSvnelovania konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul “demokratiul sazogadoebaSi” imisaTvis, rom pirma dakargos am uflebiT uzrun-velyofili dacva im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom igi Tavad bardeba xelisuflebis organoebs. adamianis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferoSi Careva iTvleba dana-Saulis Camdeni piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo ganaCenis aRsruleba. aqedan gamomdinare, aseve warmoadgens konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis dawesebuli sasje-lis saxeebi, romelsac aqvs legitimuri sajaro mizani: samarTlianobis aRdgena, axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba da danaSaulis resocializacia. konstituciis me_18 muxlis me_3 punqtiT uzrunvelyofilia e.w. ‘’Habeas corpus’’ um-niSvnelovanesi principi (Habeas corpus ad subjciendum _ sxeuli unda waredginos sasa-marTlos), romlis mixedviTac, adamianis dakavebis dro da vada araviTar SemTxve-vaSi ar unda iqnes gadacilebuli. saxelmwifos mier adamianis dakaveba da dapati-mreba am moTxovnebis darRveviT, iqneba dacul sferoSi konstituciur _ samar-Tlebrivad gaumarTlebeli Careva me-2 punqtiT ki Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradi Tavisuflebis nebismieri sxvagvari SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebis safuZvelze. e.i. dacul sferoSi saxelmwifos Carevis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevaSi kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT moqmedeba. saqarTvelos sisixlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi adgens adamianis dakavebis an sxvagvarad Tavisuflebis SezRudvis konstituciis me_18 muxlis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi procesualur normebs . am normebis mixedviT gansazRvrulia piris da-kavebis konkretuli SemTxvevebi. aseve dakavebis momentidan dakavebul pirs ufle-ba aqvs hyavdes damcveli, misi interesebidan gamomdinare. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacva evropuli konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic ar adgens winaswari dakavebis maqsimalur vadas, xolo sa-qarTvelos konstitucia me_18 muxlis me_6 punqtiT braldebulis winaswari pati-

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mrobis maqsimalur vadad gansazRvravs cxra Tves. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT evropuli konvencia moiTxovs, rom winaswari patimrobis xangrZlivobis vada gonivruli iyos. am vadis xangrZlivobis gonivruloba ki unda Sefasdes konkre-tuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis mixedviT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRsa-niSnavia 2005 wlis 25 marts sisxlis samarTlis saprocento kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi, romliTac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda winaswari patimrobis xangrZli-voba da saerTo vada ganisazRvra araumetes oTxi TviT (muxli 162, naw.1). konstituciis me_18 muxlisa da sisixlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis zemo-TaRniSnuli debulebebidan naTlad Cans, rom dasaSvebia mxolod danaSaulis Ca-denaSi eWvmitanili piris dakaveba, romlis legitimuri sajaro mizania mniSvnelo-vani samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacva _ piris danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis aRkveTa, misi gaqcevis, damalvis an mtkicebulebaTa mospobis Tavidan acileba, aseve mniSv-nelovani sajaro mizania moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis safrTxis Tavidan acileba. adamianis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferioSi gamarTlebuli Carevisa da amit adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis ka-nonierebis sakiTxi unda ganisazRvros da gadawydes yoveli konkretuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sasamarTlo valdebulia rom Seamow-mos im sakanonmdeblo normebis Sesabamisoba ara marto konstituciis 18-e muxlis moTxovnebTan, romelTa safuZvelzec ganxorcielda Careva dacul sferoSi, ara-med agreTve aRniSnuli normebis Sesabamisoba Tanazomierebis principTan. winaswa-ri patimrobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas erT mxares dgas adamianis erT-erTi umniSv-nelovanesi ZiriTadi ufleba_Tavisufleba, meore mxares ki _ konkretuli dana-Saulis gaxsnisaTvis aucilebeli, efeqtiani sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis gan-xorcieleba. miuxedavad imisa rom saxelmwifo yvelanairad cdilobs am uflebis dacvas yvela berketis gamoyenebiT, maSin mainc arsebobs garkveuli xarvezebi, romelic wi-naaRmdegobaSi modian konstituciasTan. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproce-so kodeqsi Seicavs ramdenime arakonstituciur debulebas, rac, bunebrivia war-moadgenda dacul sferoSi gaumarTlebel sakanonmdeblo Carevas, magaliTad : sssk-is 72-e muxli, 141-e muxli da a.S. isini pirdapir ewinaaRmdegebian adamianis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad uflebas. es muxlebi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebiT arakonstituciurad da miuReblad gamocxadda. uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa adamianis TavisuflebaSi umZimesi Careva. igi SeiZle-ba dainiSnos mxolod gansakuTrebiT nZime danaSaulisaTvis. adamianis Rirsebis ZiriTadi uflebis ganxilvisas ukve warmodgenil iqna konkretuli sasamarTlo saqmis analizi, romelSic mosarCeles es sasjeli arakonstituciurad miaCnda da mis gauqmebas moiTxovda. miuxedavad imisa, rom uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ada-mianis TavisuflebiTa da pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul sferosi umZimes, magram, amasTanave, konstituciur_samarTlebrivad gamar-Tlebul Carevas warmoadgens da igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, radgan, jer erTi, Carevas aqvs legitimuri sajaro mizani _ moaxdina mZime danaSaulTa Camdeni piris izolacia sazogadoebisagan da amiT moqalaqeebs aacilos potenciuri safrTxe, da, meore, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aseT damnaSaveebsac utovebs gan-Tavisuflebisa da sazogadoebaSi sruluflebiani wevrad dabrunebis Sanss. am moTxovnas Seesabameba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 72-e muxlis me-7 nawili, romlis mixedviTac , ‘’msjavrdebuli uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTis moxdi-sagan SeiZleba gaTavisufldes, Tu man faqtobrivad moixada Tavisuflebis aRkve-Tis ocdaxuTi weli da Tu sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saWiro aRar aris msjavrde-bulma gaagrZelos am sasjelis moxda’’. me-18 muxlis me-7 punqtiT, kanoniT dasjadad cxaddeba saxelmwifos mier am mu-xlis wina punqtebis moTxovnaTa darRveva. am punqtiT me-2 winadadebis mixedviT ki ‘’ukanonod dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba’’. aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom daadginos kompensaciis moTxovni-

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sa da miRebis uflebis darRveva, man Tavdapirvelad unda daafiqsiros me-18 mu-xlis wina punqtis mier uzrunvelyofili erT an met saproceso ZiriTadi uflebe-bis darRveva. am punqtiT uzrunvelyofili kompensaciis moTxovnisa da miRebis uflebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos valdebuleba _ uzrunvelyos adamianis Ta-visuflebis prevenciuli dacva _ gamoixateba sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis ramdenime muxliT (m-143, 146, 147, 149). reabilitirebuli da dazaralebul pirs unda aRdges is uflebebi, romelic man dakarga pasuxisgebaSi micemasTan dakavSi-rebiT. konstituciis am muxlis gamoyenebiT samarTaldamcav organoTa saqmianoba war-moadgens mTavar rgols qveynis Zalsxmevisa, romelic mimarTulia am uflebis darRvevis aRmofxvrisaken ; dakavebis radikalurad mzardi gamoyenebiT da gamo-Ziebis xarisxis gaumjobesebiT samarTaldamcavi organoebi xels uwyoben sistemas, gadaexados Tavis midgomas da damokidebulebas adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisu-flebebis mimarT. sasamarTloebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT Tvali daxuWon am SemTxve-vaTa kriminalur bunebaze. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva yvela demokratiuli saxelmwifos prioritetia. myari sakanonmdeblo baza samarTaldam-cav organoebs ar aZlevs imis saSualebas rom daarRvion adamianis uflebebi. ijdnen normiT miTiTebul CarCoebSi da darRvevis SemTxvevaSi pasuxi agon Ta-vianT qmedebaze kanonis Sesabamisad.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstutucia. Tbilisi 1995. 2. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi. Tbilisi 2004. 3. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. 4. k. kublaSvili. ZiriTadi uflebebi. Tbilisi 2004.

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rusudan varsimaSvili

qalTa uflebebis dacva - aralegaluri migracia da qalTa trefikingi

trefikingi, anu adamianiT vaWroba, Tavisi SemadgenlobiT sakmaod rTuli dana-Saulia. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 143-e muxlis Sesabamisad, tre-fikingi gulisxmobs ,,adamianis yidvas an gayidvas, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono ga-rigebis ganxorcielebas, agreTve iZulebiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT adamianis ga-dabirebas, gadayvanas gadamalvas anda miRebas eqspluataciis mizniT... eqspluata-ciad CaiTvleba adamianis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi Sromis, danaSaulebriv an sxva an-tisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi an prostituciaSi Cabmis, seqsualuri eqspluataciis an sxva saxis momsaxurebis gawevis, monobis Tanamedrove pirobebSi Cayenebis, agreTve adamianis sxeulis organos, organos nawilis an qsovilis gadanergvis anda sxvagvarad gamoyenebis mizniT. adamianis monobis Tanamedrove pirobebSi Cayeneba gulisxmobs misTvis pirovnebis saidentifikacio dokumentebis CamorTmevas, Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebis SezRudvas, ojaxTan kavSiris, maT Soris, mimowerisa da satelefono kontaqtebis akrZalvas, kulturul izolacias, pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel pirobebSi anda yovelgvari anazRaurebis an araadekvaturi anazRaurebiT muSaobis iZulebas.” trefikingis msxverpli umTavresad qalebi xdebian. amitom qalTa trefikingis problema gansakuTrebiT mwvavea, imdenad mwvavea, rom zogi avtori imasac ki amt-kicebs, rom araqalTa trefikingi saerTod ar arsebobs da nebismieri trefikingi –qalTa trefikingia. aseTi Tvalsazrisi, albaT, gazviadebulia, magaliTad, ra unda ewodos Tu ara trefikingi, inglisSi cotaxnis win momxdar Semzarav SemTx-vevas, roca CineTidan Camosul gemSi aRmoaCines uhaerobiTa da SimSil-wyurviliT daxocili uamravi adamiani - aralegaluri migrantebi. iq mxolod qalebi ar yo-filan. magram faqtia rom qalTa mdgomareoba sxvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro mZimea. 1980 wels gamoqveynebuli gaeros angariSis mixedviT, qalebi warmoadgenen mso-flio mosaxleobis naxevars, magram asruleben mTeli samuSaos or mesameds, xolo Rebuloden msoflio Semosavlis meaTeds da floben msoflio qonebis mxolod erT measeds. araformalur seqtorSi qalTa muSaobis wili Zalian maRalia yvela ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, radgan qalebi iReben ojaxis rCenis ZiriTad pasuxismge-blobas. es erT-erTi wamyvani faqtoria, romelic iwvevs migraciis feminizacias. trefikingi unda gavigoT, rogorc qalTa samuSao migraciis erTi aspeqti ,,qalTa trefikingi efuZneba ara mxolod imas, rom qalebi iZulebulni arian eZion si-cocxlis gadarCenis strategiebi, aramed, agreTveimasac, rom ,,pirveli samyaros’’ mier iafi muSa xelis da egzotikuri seqs-obieqtebis moTxovnilebas ,romelTac epyrobian ise, rogorc saqonels. igi, aseve, efuZneba gamgzavni qveynis ekonomikur interesebs, romelTaTvis es biznesi ucxoeTTan savaWro urTierTobis gaZlie-rebas emsaxureba da amasTanave es umuSevari mosaxleobis nawilis dasaqmebis da qveyanaSi Semotanili TanxiT sakuTari mosaxleobis Semosavlis gazrdis erTg-vari SesaZleblobaa.’’ qalTa trefikings xSirad aigiveben maTi prostituciaSi eqspluataciasTan, ma-gram trefikingi ufro farTo cnebaa. trefikingi gulisxmobs, agreTve, migrant qalTa anazRaurebis gareSe, an iafi muSa xelis saxiT gamoyenebas, maTTvis mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebis Seqmnas da saerTod, maTi uflebebis yvelanair Selax-vas: ,,qalTa trefikingi gulisxmobs muSaobis nebismier tips, rac aqcevs qalebs saku-Trebis obieqtad, daqorwinebisa da seqs-turizmis CaTvliT. aseTi ganmarteba moi-

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cavs migrant qalTa yvelanair eqspluatacias da ara mxolod eqspluatacias prostituciis gziT. trefikingi yovelTvis Seicavs adamianis uflebebis mniSvne-lovan Selaxvas.’’ trefikingi msoflio problemaa da saqarTvelo misgan namdvi-lad ver iqneba dazRveuli. ukve pirveli Sexebisas, problemaSi CaRrmavebamdec cxadia, rom Cvens qveyanaSi trefikingis yvela winapiroba arsebobs. es, aris pir-vel rigSi, mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRaribeba da am safuZvelze gaCenili ekono-mikuri migracia sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sazRvrebis gaxsnis fonze. (rac mniSvnelovnad aiolebs gadaadgilebas da maT Soris, trefikingsac). savaraudoa agreTve, rom migrantTa umravlesoba qalebia, radgan ZiriTadad swored maT ki-serze gadadis ojaxis rCenis problema, rogorc es TvalnaTliv SeiZleba davi-naxoT, magaliTad, bazrobebze, sadac ,, gare movaWreebi’’, anu yvelaze mZime piro-bebSi myofebi ZiriTadad qalebi arian. ,,e.w. ekonomikuri modernizaciis procesma’’, romelic ,,pirveli samyaros ‘’ier aris SemoTavazebuli, Sedegad moitana xisti neolibelaruli ekonomikuri politika... , rac moicavs struqturul Segueba - morgebas, privatizacias da mTeli industriis CaSlas. garduvali Sedegebi aris umuSevrobis gazrda da siRaribe. radgan mxo-lod zogi eri da socialuri klasia morgebuli internacionalur ekonomikas, uTanasworoba kidev ufro vrceldeba. momgebi politikis zewola azaralebs adamianTa umravlesobas, romlebic Raribi da marginalizebuli arian, xolo maT Soris, vinc yvelaze ufro iCagreba, qale-bia. qalebi, agreTve, iReben umTavres pasuxismgeblobas TavianTi ojaxebis gadar-Cenaze. ekonomikuri morgebis politika xels uwyobs ra qalTa gaRaribebas, imav-droulad iwvevs emigraciis mTavar impulss. (boidi 1995) ‘’qalTa trefikingi Zalian Zveli fenomenia. evropaSi misi fesvebi antikurobaSi midis, ZvelberZnul da romaul civilizaciebTan, is agreTve, Sua saukuneebSic arsebobda. istoriis manZilze qalTa trefikingi ikvebeboda sxvadasxva fesvebiT da mravalnairad viTardeboda. mas adgili hqonda laTinur amerikaSi da aziaSi, agreTve arabul qveynebSi,, . am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo araTu vinmes CamorCe-ba, aramed udidesi tradiciiT SeiZleba ‘’daikvexos,, :istoriis manZilze qalTa sistematuri gayvana an gayidva, ZiriTadad, islamur saxelmwifoebSi, Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. trefikingis istoriuli tradiciebis arseboba trefikingis riskis damamZimebel faqtorad unds CaiTvalos. dRevandel saerTaSoriso viTarebis konteqstSi, rodesac, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) qveynebSi, maT Soris amierkavkasiis samive qveyana gamgzavn saxelmwifoebis rigSi iTvleba, saqarTveloSi qalTa trefikingis problema axal aqtualobas iZens. “trefikingis mimarTuleba yovelTvis ar emTxveoda mimarTulebas “mesame samyaro-dan,, - “pirvel samyaroSi,, . es mimarTuleba trefikingma bolo or aTwleulSi SeiZina. dRes trefikingi xSiria ise gamgzavn regionebSi, rogorebicaa azia, afrika, laTinuri amerika da yofili aRmosavleT blokis qveynebi, maSin, rodesac dasavleT evropa warmoadgens ZiriTad mimReb regions. saerTod, mTavari mimRebi qveynebi arian aSS, iaponia da dasavleT evropa,, . amrigad, dsT-s qveynebi aRiare-bulia e.w.”gamgzavn ,, qveynebs Soris. es kidev erTi sabuTia im varaudis sasarge-blod, rom saqarTveloSi qalTa trefikingis problema mwvaved dgas. magram ro-gor unda davadginoT es dazustebiT? rogorc cnobilia, aseTi saxis biznesi ar Cqarobs dRis Suqze gamoCenas da informaciis gacemas. mis Seswavlas aZnelebs TviT trefikingis msxverplTa mier informaciis dafarva, rame Tu msxveplni (trefikiorbisagan gansxvavebiT) Tavs damnaSaveT da daucvelad grZnoben, sazoga-doebisagan gariyvasa da gakicxvas ufrTxian: ...es ...mZime stigmatizacias axdens, radgan asocirebulia prostituciasTan da ara-legalur saqmianobasTan. “datrefikingebuli” qalebi avtomaturad ganixilebian rogorc “cudi” qalebi, romlebic iziareben danaSauls.

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Tumca saqarTveloSi qalTa trefikingis Sesaxeb zusti, pirdapiri, miT umetes statistikuri monacemebi ar mogvepoveba an isini metad mwiria, arapirdapiri mona-cemebiT – trefikingis social – ekonomikuri winapirobebis arsebobs, agreTve ar-sebobs fsiqologiuri winapirobebic, rogoricaa: daucveloba, amasTan, rigi aRwe-rili konkretuli SemTxvevebisa gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi qalTa trefikingis problema mwvaved dgas da sazogadoebis met yuradRebas imsax-urebs. iseve, rogorc uyuradRebod mitovebul miwaze, Tuki niadagi arsebobs, au-cileblad ekliani sarevela amova, an binis migdebul, bnel kunWulSi, Tuki ar gavanaTebT da ar davalagebT aucileblad mtveri, ablabuda da sibinZure daisad-gurebs, aseve darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, sazo-gadoebisagan yuradRebamoklebuli, bneli, ugulebelyofili sferoebi aTasgvar sabinZuresa da Zaladobas Seicavs da ra unda iyos ufro bneli, samarcxvino, vi-dre adamianebiT - qalebiT vaWroba ocdameerTe saukuneSi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis monacemebiT, yovelwliurad, mTels msofli-oSi 4 milionze meti adamiani gadalaxavs saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebs iZulebiTi Sromis gasawevad, rac damnaSave sindikatebs 7 miliardze met yovelwliur ukano-no mogebas aZlevs. erT-erT yvelaze momgebian da swrafad ganviTarebad adamiane-biT vaWrobis formas seqs-vaWroba warmoadgens. faqtebi adasturebs, rom adamiane-biT vaWrobis SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze metad qalebi da gogonebi zaraldebian. sa-qarTveloSi migraciuli nakadebis Sesaxeb sarwmuno statistika ar arsebobs. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis informaciis Tanaxmad 1990 wlidan saqarT-velo 194 600-ma adamianma datova. damoukidebeli eqspertebis gamoTvliT ki, imave periodSi saqarTvelodan 1 638 000 adamiani wavida. amJamad saqarTvelo gardamaval periodSi imyofeba da sxva msgavs situaciaSi myo-fi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebi mTeli simwvaviT dgas Cvens winaSe. sazogadoebriv - politikuri da ekonomikuri wyobis transformaciis procesi mim-dinarobs mdored. gardaqmnebis procesSi yvelaze metad zaraldeba sazogadoebis naklebad daculi fenebi - qalebi, bavSvebi, moxucebi. Tu gavaanalizeT qalTa mdgomareobas Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, davinaxavT yve-la post-totalitaruli qveynebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs. es aris: siRaribis Ffe-minizacia, qalTa diskriminacia dasaqmebis bazarze, maTi mcire warmomadgenloba samTavrobo struqturebSi, sazogadoebaSi qalis da mamakacis socialuri rolebis ganawilebis Camoyalibebuli stereotipebi, qalTa mimarT Zaladobis zrda. amasTan, did rols asrulebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebic. krizisulma mdgomareobam, ro-melSic Cveni Qqveynis moqalaqeebi imyofebian, gmoiwvia Tavdacvis Sesusteba, qalTa fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis gauareseba. principiT “amaze uaresi ar iqneba,, qale-bi eTanxmebian yvelanair avanturul winadadebas da ar fiqroben maT Sedegebze. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi qalTa daaxloebiT 46%- ma dakar-ga samuSao adgili. Bmravali maTgani sazRvargareT gaemgzavra an apirebs gamgza-vrebas droebiT an mudmivi samuSaos saZebnelad. 2000 wels Catarebuli sociolo-giuri kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qalTa 70% gamoTqvams sazRvargareT sa-moSaod wasvlis survils. yvelaze xSirad miemgzavrebian TurqeTSi, saberZneTSi, israelSi, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Zalian xSirad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi sazRvargareT miemgzavrebian saeWvo dokumente-biT da samuSao, romlis Sovnasac axerxeben, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aralegaluria. Sesabamisad arsebobs didi albaToba imisa, rom es adamianebi Trefikingis msxver-pli gaxdnen. saqarTvelodan qalTa ukanono gadayvanis Sesaxeb informaciis mopo-veba sakmaod rTulia. Trefikingi dafaruli danaSaulia. msxverpli iSviaTad asax-elebs damqiravebels da gamodis mis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi. trefikiorebisagan gansxvavebiT, trefikingis msxverpli Tavs damnaSaved da daucvelad grZnobs, mas ar surs Tavis uiRblo Tavgadasavalze saubari, is sazogadoebisagan gariyvasa da

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gakicxvas ufrTxis. es faqtorebi kidev ufro aZneleben am problemis Seswavlas. Ppraqtikulad trefikingi daaxloebiT Semdegnairad xorcieldeba: masmediis saS-valebiT, an nacnobebis qseliT vrceldeba informacia mdidar - ganviTarebul qveyanaSi ama Tu im saxis samuSaosaTvis qalTa an gogonaTa dasaqmebis Sesaxeb. aR-niSnul qveyanaSi Casvlisas “daqiravebuls” arTmeven sabuTebs da aiZuleben Zalian mcire anazRaurebiT an sulac anazRaurebis gareSe imuSaos, xSirad, sul sxva saxis samuSaoze – maT Soris meZavadac. msxverpls ara aqvs saSualeba daukav-Sirdes Tavis axloblebs samSobloSi, Zalian xSirad man ar icis im qveynis ena, sadac imyofeba, ar aqvs sabuTebi da fuli, amis gamo igi eqceva srul izolaciaSi. xSiria SemTxvebi, rodesac ucxo qveyanaSi Casvlis Semdeg damqiravebeli trefi-kingis msxverpls sTxovs damatebiTi Tanxis gadaxdas mgzavrobis, samgzavro doku-mentaciis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, janmrTelobis dacvis da sxva msgavsi xarjebis asanazRaureblad. es Tanxebi, rogorc wesi, xelovnurad gazrdilia da ar Seesaba-meba realur xarjebs. trefikingis msxverpli ar aris bolomde informirebuli Tu ra raodenobis Tanxa aqvs mas valad dadebuli da ramdeni xani mouwevs muSaoba am Taanxis gasastumreblad. man SeiZleba wlebis manZilze imuSaos da mainc valebSi Cafluli aRmoCndes. erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens is, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi “msxverpli” qveyanaSi aralegalurad imyofeba. oficialuri dokumen-tebi, riTac is qveyanaSi Sevida, vadagasulia. mas arwmuneben, rom misi aralega-luri statusis gamJRavnebas negatiuri Sedegi eqneba. Sesabamisad, igi ar mimarTavs samarTaldamcavi an sxva oficialuri organoebis warmomadgenlebs, radgan eSinia – Tavad igi ar scnon damnaSaved.

trefikingi da saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba

saqarTvelo SeuerTda rig konvenciebsa da xelSekrulebebs, romlebic dakavSire-bulia adamianis uflebebis dacvasTan, keZod, adamianTa trefikingTan. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania: adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaracia muxli 4 ,,aravin ar unda iyos damonebuli da eweodes monur Sromas. nebismieri formis monoba da monebiT vaWroba akrZaluli unda iyos’’ konvencia, qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb muxli 6 ,,monawile saxelmwifoebi iReben yvela Sesabamis zomas, sakanonmdeblos CaTvliT, qalebiT yovelgvari vaWrobisa da qalis prostituciis eqspluataciis aRsakveTad’’. saqarTvelom xeli moawera “ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis transnaciona-luri danaSaulis da korufciis nebayoflobiT oqms trefikingis Sesaxeb” da mis or damatebiT protokols – “adamianiT, gansakuTrebiT qalebiT da bavSvebiT vaW-robis winaaRmdeg brZolis da saxmeleTo, sazRvao an sahaero gzebiT migrantebis kontrabandis winaaRmdeg”, mTavrobam SesabamisobaSi unda moiyvanos erovnuli ka-nonmdebloba zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebis moTxovnebTan. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 17 maisis brZanebuleba “saqarTveloSi adamia-nis uflebaTa dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb’’, sadac saqarTvelos ius-ticiis da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebs evalebaT ganaxorcielon efeqturi zome-bi qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da qalebiT vaWrobis faqtebis, aRniSnuli moqmedebe-bis Camden pirTa srulad gamovlenisa da maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadasa-wyvetad da

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2003 wlis ianvris brZanebuleba ,, trefikingTan brZolis samoqmedo gegma (2003-2005 wlebisaTvis) “. sadac saqarTvelos parlaments da mTel rig saministroebsa da departamentebs evalebaT trefikingTan brZolis da msxverplTa dacvisa da daxma-rebis mimarTulebiT mTeli rigi saqmianobebis ganxorcieleba. saqarTveloSi trefikingTan brZolis mniSvnelovan win gadadgmul nabijad SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi trefikingTan brZolis specialuri ganyofilebis Seqmna. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, adamianis pativi, Rirse-ba da Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia, dauSvebelia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudva sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe, Sroma Tavisufalia da saxelmwifo icavs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Sromis uflebebs sazRvargareT. 2003wlis 3 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni ,, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb” , kerZod, ko-deqss daemata 143-e prima muxli: adamianis trefikingi da 143 meore prima muxli: arasrulwlovanTa trefikingi.

adaminis uflebebi, romlebic irRveva trefikingis dros qvemoT moyvanilia adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciiT gansazRvruli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, romlebic trefikingis dros irRveva, esenia: sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba: trefikingis msxverpli qali xSir SemTxvevaSi, aris gaupatiurebis, fizikuri Zaladobis da wa-mebis msxverpli. monobisagan Tavisufleba: monobis formebia iZulebiTi Sroma, anazRaurebis gareSe Sroma, valis dakisreba. Tanasworuflebianoba kanonis winaSe: sasamarTloebi da sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebi xSirad trefikingis msxverpl qalebs usamarTlod eqcevin maTi sqesis, rasis, eTnikurobis, warmomavlobis da aralegaluri statusis gamo. xSirad tre-fikiorebis gasamarTlebis nacvlad, isini trefikingis msxverpls asamarTleben. gadaadgilebis da cxovrebis Tavisufleba. es ufleba irRveva, rodesac trefi-kingis msxverpl qalebs arTmeven piradobis damadasturebel sabuTebs da sxva saxis dokumentebs, an rodesac xdeba maTi datyveveba da datusaReba. Tavisufleba TviTneburi dakavebisagan, datyvevebisagan an samSoblodan gaZevebisa-gan: TviTneburi dakaveba an datyveveba niSnavs am qmedebis ganxorcielebas kano-niT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis dacvis gareSe, rodesac dakavebis xangrZli-voba ar aris gansazRvruli an rodesac Sesabamisi braldebebi ar aris wayenebu-li. trefikingis msxverpli qalebi regularulad imyofebian ukanonod dakave-bulni da datyvevebulni. wamebis, sastiki, arahumanuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa da dasjisagan Tavisu-fleba: trefikingis msxverpli qalebi xSirad fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Zala-dobis msxverplni xdebian. azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisufleba: musulmanur qveynebSi qalebs aiZuleben miiRos islami, radgan Semeg ojaxebSi msaxurebad amuSaon.

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muSaobis, SromiT gaerTianebebSi gawevrianebis Tu maTi Seqmnis ufleba: trefikin-gis msxerpl qalebs ar eZlevaT saSualeba gaerTiandnen an Camoayalibon SromiTi gaerTianebebi, rac miscems maT samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebis saSualebas. cxovrebis normaluri pirobebis ufleba: trefikingis msxverpli qalebi xSirad moklebulni arian normalur kvebas, maT aiZuleben icxovron gausaZlis pirobebSi da ar aZleven saSualebas isargeblon samedicino momsaxurebiT, rodesac komer-ciuli seqsis muSakebs ar eZlevaT ufleba isargeblon prezervativiT, amiT maTi jamrTeloba safrTxis winaSe dgas. dasvenebis ufleba: adamianis es konkretuli ufleba irRveva, rodesac mas aiZu-leben imuSaos dRe-RameSi kanoniT gnsazRvrul saaTebze meti, an rodesac uars eubnebian samuSaosagan dasvenebaze. am TvalsazrisiT xSirad irRveva ojaxis msaxurTa uflebebi. qorwinebis Tavisufleba. qalis, adaminis ufleba irRveva, rodesac is qorwinebis dros ar sargeblobs Tanabari uflebebiT an rodesac mas aiZuleben misTxovdes im adamians, romelTanac daojaxebis survili r aqvs. ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebsac awydebian trefikingis msxverpli qalebi kanonmdebloba: qalebs, romlebic mimReb qveyanaSi gayalbebuli sabuTebiT Sevid-nen, an vadagasuli viza aqvT da aralegalurad muSaoben, emuqrebaT safrTxe mi-graciisa da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis gasamarTlden. msxverpli qalebi acnobiereben am saSiSroebas, iseve rogorc trefikingis mesveurebi, rom-lebic dakavebis da deportaciis safrTxes qalis dasaSineblad da Sesabamisad misi qcevis gasakontroleblad iyeneben. komunikacia: qalebi, romlebic ar floben im qveynis enas, sadac imyofebian , ro-gorc wesi izolaciaSi eqcevian da ar eZlevaT saSualeba daxmarebis TxovniT mi-marTon Sesabamis struqturebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi, maT siaxloves ar imyofebian adamianebi, romlebic maT mSobliuri enaze saubroben. megobrebTan da ojaxTan kontaqti, rogorc wesi, garTulebulia, ufro metic , xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZle-belic kia. janmrTeloba: trefikingis msxverpli qalebi xSirad dgebian janmrTelobis se-riozuli problemebis winaSe, rac gamowveulia cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebiT, arasrulfasovani kvebiT, fizikuri Zaladobis Sedegad miRebuli stresiTa da tramvebiT. aseve xSiria seqsualuri gziT gadamdebi daavadebebi. rogorc wesi msxverplT ar gaaCniaT aranairi saSualeba mimarTon samedicino daxmarebas. finansebi: trefikingis msxverpli qalebi , rogorc wesi, ixdian sakmaod did Tanxas ucxo qveyanaSi gamgzavrebisa da Sesabamisi sabuTebis momzadebisTvis. am Tanxis gasastumreblad isini, an maTi ojaxebi sesxuloben fuls, an yidian sa-kuTrebas. garda amisa, xSirad, mimReb qveyanaSi CasvlisTanave maT sTxoven damate-biTi Tanxis gadaxdas. gaweuli samuSaosaTvis ki uxdian dapirebul Tanxaze na-klebs an saerTod yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe amuSaveben. finansuri proble-mebis gamo trefikingis msxverpli, rogorc wesi, Tavs ver aRwevs im gausaZlis pi-robebs, romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba da muSaoba da verc saxlSi dabrunebas axerxebs.

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia ,Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi,Tbilisi 1999 weli(2002-2003 wlebis

cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT); 3. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia; 4. konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis Sesaxeb 5. saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba 2002 wlis 17 maisis,,saqarTveloSi ada-

mianis uflebaTa dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb’’ 6. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis ianvris brZanebuleba ,,trefikingTan

brZolis 2003-2005 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb’’

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suzana vaSaymaZe

adamianis uflebebis dacva - Tanafardoba Cadenil danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris

adaTebi, tradiciebi da SemdgomSi ki kanonebi istoriulad iseT movlenebs warmoadgenden, romlebic mudmivad omisa da usargeblo Tavisuflebisagan daqancul, manamde damoukidebel da cal-calke mcxovreb adamianebs erT sazogadoebad gaerTianebisken ubiZgebdnen. adrindeli periodisaTvis Tavisufleba usargeblo ram iyo, ramdenadac igi Sesabamisad uzrunvelyofili ar gaxldaT. maT Tavisi Tavisuflebis mxolod raRac nawili gaiRes imisaTvis, rom mSvidad da usafrTxod damtkbariyvnen darCenili nawiliT. Tavisuflebis yvela nawilakis jamidan, romelic sazogado keTildReobas Seewira, eris uzenaesoba Sedga, suvereni ki, misi kanonieri mcveli da mmarTveli gaxlda. magram arasakmarisi iyo TavisuflebaTa aseTi sacavis Seqmna. saWiro gaxda misi dacva datacebisgan, vinaidan TiToeuli ara marto Tavisi nawilis ukan misaRebad, aramed sxvisi wilis xelSi Cagdebisken iswrafoda. saWiro gaxda grZnobiTi ganzraxva, romelsac SeeZlo adamianTa despoturi miswrafebebiT sazogadoebrivi kanonebis damxoba da pirvelyofili qaosis dabrunebisadmi ltolvis SeCereba. swored am grZnobiTa da ganzraxvebiT kanonebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg samoqmedoT dadginda sasjeli. saerTo sargeblianoba moiTxovs, rom danaSauli, gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi, ar xdebodes. amitom winaaRmdegoba, romelic xalxs danaSaulisagan Seakavebs, miT ufro Zlieri unda iyos, rac ufro Zlieria midrekileba danaSaulis Cadenisadmi. Ggamomdinare aqedan, unda arsebobdes Tanafardoba danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris. mivapyroT mzera istorias, davinaxavT rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad izrdeba misi mouwyobloba. amave xarisxiT sustdeba erovnuli grZnobebi, da izrdeba danaSaulisadmi midrekileba, Sesabamisad im mogebisa, romelsac TiToeuli maTgani sazogadoebis mouwyoblobidan iRebs, amitom sasjelis gamkacreba zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebiT, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba. simZimis msgavsi Zala, romelic gvaiZulebs Ppiradi keTildReobisaken swrafvas, ferxdeba mxolod mis win aRmarTuli Semakavebeli dabrkolebebiT. Ees Zala, adamianTa qmedebebis rTul kategoriaSi vlindeba da sasjelebi, romlebsac SeiZleba politikuri dabrkolebebi vuwodoT, Tavidan agvacilebs SesaZlo mosalodnel mavne Sedegebs, am qmedebaTa urTierTSejaxebisagan, maTi warmomqmneli mizezis ganadgurebis gareSe anu adamianisaTvis ucvlelad damaxasiaTebeli mgrZnobiarobiT. Tu vaRiarebT, rom adamianTa gaerTianeba aucilebelia da arsebobs SeTanxmeba, am aucileblobidan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs kerZo interesTa dapirispireba, maSin SeiZleba davadginoT wesrigis damrRvevTa ierarqiuli kibec, romlis umaRles safexurze vxvdebiT im fenas, romelic uSualod TviT sazogadoebas angrevs, xolo qveda safexurze - kerZo piris uflebebis darRvevas. Aam zRvrul safexurebs Soris daRmavali rigiT umaRlesidan umciresisaken ganlagebulia sazogadoebis keTidReobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli yvela is qmedeba, romelsac danaSauli ewodeba. G

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geometria adamianTa saqcielis uTvalav da bundovan SeTavsebebs rom esadagebodes, maSin unda arsebobdes Sesabamis sasjelTa ierarqiac, umZimesidan - yvelaze msubuqamde. Tuki iarsebebda danaSaulTa da sasjelTa Sesabamisobis zusti, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli kibe, saSualeba mogvecemoda sxvadasxva erisaTvis tiraniisa da Tavisuflebis, kacTmoyvareobisa da sisastikis sakmaod zusti sayovelTao sazomis Seqmna. Tu tkboba da tanjva - grZnobebiT dajildoebul arsebaTaA moZravi sawyisia, Tu yvelaze amaRlebuli qmedebisaken adamianTa mimmarTvel wadilTa Soris uxilavma kanonmdebelma daadgina garkveuli wamaxalisebeli jildoebi da sasjelebi, maSin ueWvelia, rom erTisa Tu meoris araswori gadanawilebiT warmoiqmneboda winaaRmdegoba, Tumca naklebad SesamCnevi, magram metad gavrcelebuli, romlis formulac iqneboda ,,TviT sasjeli iwvevs danaSauls.’’ Tu ori danaSaulisaTvis, romlebmac sazogadoeba sxvadasxvagvarad daaziana, erTnairi sasjeli dainiSneba, maSin ar iarsebebs imis winapiroba, rom ufro mZime danaSaulis Cadenas ufro mZime sasjeli Seesabameba. danaSaulis acilebis erT-erTi yvelaze Zliermoqmedi saSualebis arsi mdgomareobs mis garduvalobaSi, maSasadame xelisufalni mudam unda iCendnen sifxizles, rom Seuvalni iyvnen danaSaulis mimarT. amasTan isic unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, rom mosamarTlis simkacre, mxolod maSin gaxdeba sasargeblo saTnoeba, rodesac igi kanons humanurad iyenebs. humanizmi laTinuri sityvaa da adamianiseuls, adamianurs, ganaTlebuls niSnavs. igi farTo gagebiT ZiriTad Rirebulebad Tvlis adamianis pirovnebas, aRiarebs mis uflebas bednierebaze, Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobasa da yovelgvari unaris gamovlenaze. humanurobis motiviT SeiZleba Sewydes sasjelis damokidebulebis sakiTxi. am princips eyrdnoba saqarTvelos Tanamedrove kanonmdebloba.39 D darwmuneba, Tundac zomieri sasjelis garduvalobaSi, yovelTvis ufro met STabeWdilebas moaxdens, vidre SiSi sxva, ufro sastiki sasjelisa, oRond dausjelobis imedis TanxlebiT. garduvali, magram yvelaze umniSvnelo borotebac ki, adamianebs yovelTvis SiSs unergavs, maSin, rodesac imedi, RvTis is saCuqaria, romelic xSirad yvelafers cvlis - yovelTvis iSorebs fiqrebs ufro sastiki sasjelis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT Tu mas xSirad angarebiTa da sisustiT gamowveuli dausjeloba aZlierebs. sasjelis sisastikes mosdevs is, rom rac metia misi acilebis mcdeloba, miT ufro Zlieria borotebis muqara. mas iqamdec ki mivyavarT, rom erTi danaSaulis CadenisaTvis sasjelis Tavidan asacileblad xSirad xdeboda sxva mravali danaSaulis Cadena swored Aim drosa da im qveynebSi, sadac gansakuTrebiT sastiki sasjelebi arsebobda. xSirad xdeboda yvelaze metad sisxliani da araadamianuri qmedebebis Cadena, vinaidan rac ufro sastikia sasjeli, adamianTa sulebi miT ufro daundobelni xdebian. sasjelis sisastike iwvevs or damRupvel Sedegs, romelic danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis ZiriTad mizansac ewinaaRmdegeba. pirveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom advili ar aris davicvaT aucilebeli Tanafardoba danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris. vinaidan sazriani sisastike sasjelTa saxeobas rogorc ar unda amravalferovnebdes, adamianis sxeulis mgrZnobiarobiT dawesebuli zRvari mainc ar SeiZleba gadalaxos. Tu es sazRvari miRweul iqna, maSin kidev ufro sastiki da saSineli danaSaulisaTvis ar moiZebneboda Sesaferisi sasjeli, romelic maTi Tavidan acilebisTvis iqneboda aucilebeli. meore Sedegi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sasjelTa simkacre warmoSobs danaSaulTa dausjelobas. rogorc sikeTeSi, aseve borotebaSi adamianebisaTvis garkveuli sazRvrebia dadgenili. kacobriobisaTvis metismetad sastiki sanaxaoba,

39 manana mosuliSvili. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba.Tbilisi 2002 w gv 122

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SeiZleba gardamavali mZvinvarebis gamovlineba da ara mudmivi sistema iyos. Tu kanoni namdvilad sastikia, isini icvleba an TviT badebs sabediswero dausjelobas. vin ar SeZrwundeba Tavzardamcemi istoriiT, barbarosuli da usargeblo tanjviT, romelTac gulgrilad igonebdnen da iyenebdnen adamianebi, sakuTar Tavs brZens rom uwodebdnen! ramdeni vinme yofila suliT xorcamde aRSfoTebuli imis xilviT, rom viTom Semwynarebluri kanonebiT Segnebulad yofila gamowveuli ubedurebani erTisaTvis da igive kanonebi keTilganwyobilni iyo sxvaTa mimarT, isini mravalT aviwrovebdnen, aTasobiT gaubedurebuls aiZulebdnen imis yurebas, Tu rogor adanaSaulebdnen maT Caudenel danaSaulSi, an mxolod imisaTvis, rom isini erTgulni darCnen Tavisi mrwamsisa. xedaven ra, rom iseTive grZnobebiT dajildovebuli adamianebi da maSasadame, aseTive vnebebiT Sepyrobilni, satanjvelad gadascemen am ubedurebs yvela gamogonili ,,TiTidan gamowovili” wes-Cveulebebis viTomda fanatikuri brbos saameblad. rac ufro swrafad mosdevs sasjeli danaSauls, rac ufro axlosaa masTan, miT samarTliani da sasargebloa igi. vinaidan aTavisuflebs damnaSaves zedmeti gaurkvevlobisagan, warmoSobili sastiki tanjvisagan, romelic warmosaxvis Zalis Sesabamisad, sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebis gamo, ufro izrdeba. kidev ufro samarTliani gaxlavT, vinaidan warmoadgens ra sasjels, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, Tu es aucileblobiT araa gamowveuli, ganaCens win ar unda uZRodes. maSasadame, winaswari patimroba mis braleulad cnobamde, moqalaqis ubralo dakavebaa, magram vinaidan aRniSnuli dakaveba Tavisi arsiT sasjelia, is rac SeiZleba xanmokle da naklebad mkacri unda iyos. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasjeli miT sasargebloa, rac ufro swrafad mosdevs danaSauls, vinaidan rac naklebi dro gava danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris, miT ufro Zlieri da xangrZlivi iqneba adamianis gonebaSi am ori ideis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis kavSiri. ise, rom isini uneblied warmoCindebian xolme - erTi, rogorc mizezi, xolo meore, rogorc aucilebeli da garduvali Sedegi. amitom gansakuTrebiT mnivnelovania, sasjeli swrafad mosdevdes danaSauls, Tu surT, rom raime danaSaulis mimzidveli suraTis kvaldakval, romelic mogebas hpirdeba uxeS da umecar gonebas, masTan dakavSirebuli dasjis idea uSualod warmoiqmnas. dagvianeba ki mxolod imas iwvevs, rom es ori idea sul ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs, ra STabeWdilebasac ar unda axdendes sasjelis aRsruleba – ,,igi ufro sanaxaobiTi STabeWdileba iqneba,” vidre sasjelis STabeWdileba. anu igi aRsrulebuli iqneba maSin, rodesac mayurebelTa sulebSi danaSaulis mimarT SeZrwunebis grZnoba Sesustdeba, Tumca am grZnobas SeeZlo sasjelis aRsrulebis STabeWdileba gaeZlierebina. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sasjelis aRsruleba miznad ar isaxavs fizikuri tanjvis miyenebas an adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas. aseve sasjelis gamoyenebas samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi, gaaCnia tendencia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis vadis SezRudvisaken. saerTod Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi, imaleba mavne Sedegi, is rom: msjavrdebuli izolirebulia Tavisi garemocvisagan, sadac ZiriTadad xdeba danaSauli da romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos mis resocializacias. sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi, msjavrdebuli kargavs yovelgvar kavSirs swrafad ganviTarebad sazogadoebasTan (es exeba mis ojaxs da profesiasac). sasjeli didad moqmedebs pirovnebis TviTSefasebaze. is ganicdis sxvadasxva damcirebasa da dadaRvas, rac seriozulad aZnelebs, gaTavisuflebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi mis normalur dabrunebas. germaneli krimonologi g. velceli ambobs: ,,sasjeli aris boroteba, romelic ganesazRvreba damnaSaves danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis. is damyarebulia samarTliani SurisZiebis postulatze, imisaTvis rom kantis sityvebiT - yvelas unda miezRos is, rac Rirs misi qmedeba.”40

40 ix. omar futkaraZe dasax.naSromi

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70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bogdanovi swavlobda ra Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gareSe gamasworebeli samuSaoebis gamoyenebis efeqturobas, aRniSnavda: ,,sasjelis moxdam ara marto unda gamoricxos recidivi, imavdroulad samarTaldamrRvevi unda gadaaqcios samagaliTo moqalaqed.” pirebi, romlebzec gamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT msjavris dadebamde gamoyenebuli iqna zemoqmedebis sxvadasxva zomebi, Cadenili danaSaulis simZimis mixedviT iZlevian recidivs 58 %- dan 81,5 %-mde. am kategoriis pirebis mier sasjeli, gamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT, aRiqmeboda rogorc morigi datuqsvis mcdeloba. Ppraqtika gviCvenebs, rom zogierTi msjavrdebuli saWiroebs gansakuTrebiT mkacr kontrols sindisis, pativiscemisa da SiSis ,,gamoRviZebisaTvis.” sasjeli, rogorc fizikuri, fsiqologiuri an socialuri zemoqmedeba ar Seicavs gamasworebel elementebs, radgan msgavsi sasjeli damnaSaves gadaaqcevs Zaladobis obieqtad. is ayenebs mas realur zians (damcireba, Selaxva).41 gamasworebeli zemoqmedeba unda exmarebodes damnaSaves daubrundes sazogadoebas, xolo dazaralebuls ki miiRos masze miyenebuli zianis sazRauri, sazogadoebas - aicilos recidivi, miaRwios damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls Soris Serigebas, aRadginos da mxari dauWiros sazogadoebriv wesrigs. gamasworebeli zemoqmedeba saxelmwifos Carevis gziT, aRmofxvris socialurad miuRebel moqmedebas. gamosworebis Teoria gacilebiT adre, jer kidev proTagoram gansazRvra. sasjeli igivea, rogorc iribi xis gasworebis mcdeloba. XIX saukuneSi, ki es mosazreba daasabuTes Stelcerma, krauzem, arensma da rederma. Stelceri ambobda, rom sasjels unda Hhqondes mxolod erTi mizani - damnaSavis gamosworeba sakuTari iniciativiT ise, rom is aRar iyos saSiSi sazogadoebisaTvis. danaSaulis acilebis Teoria ki aRorZinda frangi ganmanaTleblebis monteskiesa da beqqarisis humanur ideebTan erTad. Mman Secvala daSinebisa da Surisgebis ideebi. C.Bbeqqarisis cnobili gamonaTqvami: ,,yvelafers ajobebs danaSaulis acileba,” iqca danaSaulis problemebis humanuri ganxilvis simbolod.42 aqamde aRweril WeSmaritebaTa martivi gadmocema gviCvenebs, rom sasjelis mizans ar warmoadgens adamianis gawameba, tanjva da ukve momxdari danaSaulis ararsebulad aRqma. amrigad, saWiroa, Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis gamoviyenoT mxolod is sasjeli, romelic am danaSaulTan SesabamisobiT yvelaze Zlier da umetes xangrZliv STabeWdilebas moaxdenda adamianTa sulebze da damnaSavisTvisac naklebad satanjveli iqneboda, radganac sasjeli yovelTvis mosdevs darRvevas da misi atana damrRvevisaTvis yovelTvis arasaxarbielo da arasasurvelia, magram damrRvevma igi aucileblad unda aitanos da ganicados. sasjeli ar warmoadgens erTis an mravalTa Zaladobas pirovnebaze, igi aucileblad unda iyos sajaro, garduvali, aucilebeli, mocemul pirobebSi SesaZlebelTagan umciresi da kanoniT dadgenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi.

41 богданов В. Я. «Об эффективности исправительных работ», Вестник московского университета, 1973-№ 3-с. 61

42 ix. fartenaZe omar.

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia,Tbilisi 1995 w, 2007 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT; 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 1999 wlis 22 ivlisi, 2007 wlis

maisis mdgomareobiT; 3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 1998 wlis 20 Tebervali,

2007 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT; 4. ruseTis federaciis 1992 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi; 5. bekaria Cezare. danaSaulisa da sasjelisaTvis. 2003 weli;

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soso Todua

aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba ... saqarTvelos konstitucia muxli 14: yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri kuTvnilebisa, warmo-Sobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa. saxelmwifo Tavad gansazRvravs samarTlebriv damokidebulebas religiebTan. es kavSiri SeiZleba mogvardes calkeuli saxelmwifo aqtebiT Tu kanonebiT, magram rogoric ar unda iyos es kavSiri, is ver gaamarTlebs saxelmwifos sakuTar mo-qalaqeTa religiuri uflebebis Selaxvis an religiur niadagze diskriminaciis faqtebs. religiis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi did mniSvnelobas iZens Cveni qveynis uaxles is-toriaSi. religiuri Semwynareblobis didi istoriuli tradiciebis mqone qveyana sxvadasxva moxsenebebSi, sakmaod xSirad gvevlineba religiis Tavisuflebis darR-vevis amsaxvel qveyanad. yovelive aman ki SeiZleba imoqmedos demokratiisa da sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobaze saqarTveloSi. religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mTavar sakanonmdeblo aqts warmoadgens saqarT-velos konstitucia, kerZod, misi me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas, amasTan erTad aRiarebs saqarT-velos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi da mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosgan. aRsaniS-navia is faqtic, rom amave muxlis meore qvepunqti am urTierTobas konstituciuri urTierTobiTac gansazRvravs. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba konstituciis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi aqtia. es SeTanxmeba ki sruliad unda Seesa-bamebodes saerTaSoriso sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs. saqarTvelo aris wevri ramdenime mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa Tu SeTanxmebisa, romliTac garantirebulia religiis Tavisufleba. adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias saqarTvelo 1999 wels SeuerTda, rac Cvens moqala-qeebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebi, rom-lebic ewinaaRmdegebian adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi mocemul adamia-nis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, gaasaCivron adamianis uflebaTaA evropul sasa-marTloSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi miuxedavad qveynis istoriuli warsulisa, arsebobs sxvadasxva religiis mimdevar xalxTa garkveuli raodenoba, unda arsebobdes samarTlebrivi CarCo am religiebisa da mimdevrebis saxelmwi-fosTan urTierTobis sakiTxTa mogvarebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT yvela religiuri gaerTianeba unda arsebobdes sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusiT; kerZod, kodeqsis 1509-e muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul sajaro samar-Tlis iuridiul pirebad iTvlebian sajaro miznebis misaRwevad, kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnili arasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciebi.

“sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb”saqarTvelos kanoni ki ar iTvalis-winebda religiuri gaerTianebebis sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad Camoyali-bebis proceduras. maSasadame gamodis, rom religiuri organizaciis dafuZneba eW-vis qveS dgeboda. aqedan gamomdinare ki, saqarTveloSi moqmedi arcerTi religi-uri gaerTianeba, maT Soris saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadi-debeli eklesia registrirebuli ar iyo.

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abrkolebda Tu ara es yvelaferi religiur gaerTianebaTa saqmianobas, SeeZloT Tu ara maT mogvlinebodnen samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa srulyofil monawileebad?! miuxedavad amisa, mas Semdeg rac komunisturi reJimis maxasiaTebeli atmosfero ase Tu ise gaqra mniSvnelovani sajaro movlena, TiTqmis ar xdeboda religiuri ritualis gareSe. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom komunisturi reJimis dros ganxor-cielebuli nacionalizaciis safuZvelze religiur gaerTianebaTa kuTvnili qone-ba, maT Soris saeklesio daniSnulebis sagnebi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi aRmoCnda, am reJimis dasrulebis Semdeg TiTqmis ukve TxuTmeti weli gavida, magram Ca-morTmeuli qoneba religiur organizaciebs mxolod sargeblobis uflebiT ga-daecaT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mokle mimoxilvac sakmarisi iyo saimisod, rom gamogvetana dakvna: _ sakanonmdeblo baza araa mzad sakmarisi aran-tiebi Seqmnas religiis TavisuflebisTvis. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi Sesuli cvliliebebi ase Tu ise avsebs xarvezebs Zvel ka-nonmdeblobaSi, magram religiis Tavisuflebis Tema mainc mniSvnelovani proble-maa dRevandel samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, gaTvaliswinebiT imisa, rom ar arsebobs calkeuli kanoni religiuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb. oficialuri statistikiT Tu vimsjelebT, jer_jerobiT aravin ar dasjila religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvi-saTvis saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTali ki gvamcnobs, rom “RvTism-saxurebisaTvis an sxva religiuri wesisa Tu ‘Cveulebebis aRsrulebisaTvis ukano-nod xelis SeSla ZaladobiT an Zaladobis muqariT, an/da Tu mas axlda morwmu-nis an RvmTismsaxuris religiuri grZnobis Seuracxyofa isjeba jarimiT an gamas-worebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlamde an/da Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT or wlamde.”

religiis rTuli problemis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvaria. avstriis konstituciaSi romelic 1867 wliT TariRdeba religiis Tavisufleba garantirebulia, aq samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis realizacia damoukide-beli unda iyos rwmenisagan; amave dros rwmenis arsebobam xeli ar unda SeuSa-los samoqalaqo movaleobaTa Sesrulebas. aravin ar SeiZleba aiZulon Caebas ri-tualebSi, garda kanoniT zustad gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevisa. avstriaSi 1998 wlidan moqmedebs kanoni “religiur sazogadoebaTa iuridiuli statusis Sesaxeb”. am kanonma Secvala religiuri sazogadoebis statusis mopove-bis damkvidrebuli sistema sruliad axali, or safexuriani proceduriT, romlis mixedviTac religiurma dajgufebam pirvel rigSi unda moipovos morwmuneTa sa-zogadoebis statusi, sruli aRiarebisTvis ki saWiroa, rom sazogadoebam es sta-tusi SeinarCunos aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, hyavdes aranakleb 16 aTasi mimdevari da mkacrad icavdes kanonis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs. iuridiuli statusis mosapoveblad saWiroa, rom religiuri sazogadoeba Sedge-bodes avstriis aranakleb samasi rezidentisagan, romlebic ar arian sxva reli-giuri sazogadoebis wevrebi, amave dros, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis aqtebiT gansazRvrul unda iqnes sazogadoebis saxeli da moZRvrebis sagani, rac ar unda emTxveodes qveyanaSi moqmed sxva religiuri gaerTianebis saxels da moZRvrebis sagans. aseve gansazRvruli unda iqnes sazogadoebis miznebi, wevrTa ufleba-movaleobani, finansebi da a.S. dReisaTvis avstria aRiarebs 12 religiur mimdinareobas. sxvadasxva qristianul mimdinareobebTan erTad iudaizms, budizms da islams. safrangeTis kanonmdebloba Seicavs lakonur debulebebs, romlebiTac naTladaa Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis dRes moqmedi koncefcia. sa-frangeTis respublikaSi garantirebulia aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba da religi-

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uri ritualebis Tavisufali Sesrulebis ufleba. am uflebis erTaderTi neba-darTuli SezRudva SeiZleba dawesdes sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. aq saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs, ar afinansebs da mxars ar uWers romelime religias. yo-velive amiT ki ganmtkicebulia saxelmwifos religiuri neitraloba da religiis Tavisufleba. faqti, rom safrangeTis respublika ar aRiarebs romelime religias, ar niSnavs, TiTqos saxelmwifo mTlianad ignorirebas ukeTebs religiur mimdina-reobebs. safrangeTis respublikas surs aRmofxvras gansxvavebuli midgomebi re-ligiebTan mimarTebaSi da yvela maTgani Tanaswori iyos saxelmwifosa da kanonis winaSe. yvela maTgans saxelmwifo erTairad unda moeqces. religia safrangeTis moqalaqis kerZo arCevanis obieqtia da igi aRar iTvleba sajaro sferod. zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom religiis Tavisufleba sasamarTlo praqtikiT daculia da kanonsawinaaRmdegod aris miCneuli religiuri diskriminaciis nebismieri mcdelo-ba. morwmuneebs, romelTa religiuri Tavisufleba dairRveva saxelmwifo organoe-bis mxridan, sakuTari uflebebis dacva SeuZliaT administraciul sasamarTloeb-Si, xolo Tu darRveva kerZo piridan momdinareobs, uflebebis dacva SesaZlebe-lia saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTi araerTxel gamtyunebula adamianis fundamentu-ri uflebebis darRvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi jer-jerobiT arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar aris gamotanili, romliTac safrangeTi gamtyundeboda konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevisTvis; rasac ver vityviT saqmeebze avstriis winaaRmdeg.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia muxli 9: 1. yovel adamians aqvs azris, rwmenis da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. es ufleba

moicavs aseve piris uflebas, sakuTari survilisamebr Seicvalos rwmena an religia; individualurad an sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad, sajarod an damoukideblad gamoavlinos sakuTari religiuri Sexedulebebi qadagebis an religiuri ritualebis gziT.

2. religiis an rwmenis Tavisufali gamovlenis ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, Tu es aucilebelia demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis da ganpirobebulia sajaro usafrTxoebis interesiT. rac unda emsaxurebodes sajaro wesrigs, janmrTelobis an moralis, an sxva pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas.

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis dacva da pativiscema ar niSnavs mxolod imas, rom am princips saxelmwifom pativi unda sces. saxelmwifo valdebulia, rom am principis darRvevisaTvis daadginos garkveugli sanqciebi.

gamoiyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia Tbilisi 1995 w 2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tbilisi 1997 w 3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia 4. avstriis konstitucia -1867 w 5. avstriis kanoni ,,religiur sazogadoebaTa iuridiuli statusis Sesaxeb’’- 1998

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konstituciuri uflebebis gamoxatuleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi da maTi dacvis garantia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miRebul ,,adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi’ Camoyalibebuli da gansazRvruli iqna mTeli rigi normebi da principebi adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa Sesaxeb. ,,adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT” aRiarebulma uflebebma da Tavisuflebebma gamoxatuleba hpoves msoflio qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos kanomdeblobaSic. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo SeuerTda umniSnelovanes saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs da aiRo valdebuleba maTi moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli nakisri valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili qveynis kanonmdebloba da saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli normebi, rac unda ganxorcieldes saxelmwifos mTlian kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis da damatebebis Setanis gziT. pirvel rigSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebma asaxva unda hpovon qveynis konstituciaSi, rogorc saxelmwifos uzenaes kanonSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom: ,,saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias da konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. rac Seexeba ,,adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT” aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom: ,,saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs”. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 TavSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, CamoTvlilia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani. saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani gamoxatulebis da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad: 1. piradi uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, sadac Sedis sicocxlis ufleba, piradi

cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisufali arCevis ufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi pirovnebaze arsebuli informaciis gacnobis ufleba, sityvis, azris, religiis Tavisufleba.

2. me-2 jgufi moicavs politikur uflebebs, rogoricaa: saxelwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba, gaerTianebisa da kavSirebis ufleba, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis ufleba.

3. me-3 blokSi Sesulia socialur – ekonomikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, rogoricaa; sakuTrebis ufleba, janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba, janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba.

rogorc viciT, konstitucia aris qveynis ZiriTadi, uzenaesi da umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone kanoni da amdenad qveyanaSi arsebuli nebismieri kanoni, normatiuli aqti, kanonqvemdebare aqtebi Tu samarTlis normebi unda Seesabamebodes da gamomdinareobdes saqarTvelos konstituciidan, winaaRmdeg

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SemTxvevaSi konstituciasTan SeusabamisobaSi myofi normebi iTvleba arakonstituciurad da maT iuridiuli Zala ara aqvT, rac ganmtkicebulia konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtiT: ,,saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas”. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi da igi absoluturad iziarebs da efuZneba im samarTlebriv norma – principebs, romlebsac ganamtkicebs saqarTvelos konstitucia. rac aRniSnulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis me-2 punqtiT, ,,es kodeqsi Seesabameba saqarTvelos konstituciis saerTaSoriso samarTliT sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs” sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi amocanaa sazogadoiebrivi weswyobilebisa, misi politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis, pirovnebis, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, sakuTrebis yvela formis dacva. am amocanis gansaxorcieleblad sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi gansazRvravs, Tu romeli qmedebaa danaSauli da awesebs sasjels am qmedebisaTvis. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi icavs yvela im uflebas da Tavisuflebas, rac aRiarebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT da saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani gamoxatulebas poulobs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis calkeul muxlebSi, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi icavs adamianis, rogorc pirad, aseve politikur, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs. ganvixiloT konstituciiT aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebic gamoxatulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi da maTi xelyofisaTvis dgeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-15 muxlis pirveli punqti aRiarebs: ,,sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni”. sicocxlis ufleba adamianisaTvis yvelaze umTavresi uflebaa, romelic aris sabazo ufleba sxva yvela danarCeni uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis gansaxorcieleblad. adamiani unda iyos cocxali, raTa man ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos konstituciiT miniWebuli danarCeni uflebebi da amdenad misi dacva erT-erT mniSnelovan prioritets warmoadgens demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis. adamiani yvelaze did samarTlebriv sikeTes warmoadgens, amitom daculi unda iqnes misi sicocxle xelyofisagan, is rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawili yvelaze did samarTlebriv sikeTed miiCnevs adamianis sicocxles, es Cans iqedan, rom sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili iwyeba sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebiT. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobisaTvis cnobilia sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Semdegi danaSaulebebi: ganzrax mkvleloba – 108-e muxli; ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi – 109-e muxli; mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT (evTanazia) – 110-e muxli; ganzrax mkvleloba uecari Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi – 111-e muxli; dedis mier axalSobilis ganzrax mkvleloba – 112-e muxli; mkvleloba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebs gacilebiT – 113-e muxli; mkvleloba damnaSavis SepyrobisaTvis aucilebeli zomis gadacilebiT – 114-e muxli; TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana – 115-e muxli; sicocxlis mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT – 116-e muxli; rodesac saxelmwifo sicocxlis uflebas aRiarebs konstituciiT da am uflebis xelyofis cxra saxes CamoTvlis, is norma romelic weria saqarTvelos konstituciis me-15 muxlis me-2 punqtSi, kerZod, sikvdilis dasjasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin, rodesac saxelmwifoSi sikvdiliT dasja ar gamoiyeneba, rogorc sasjelis gansakuTrebuli forma, igi iuridiulad sabolood ar aris gauqmebuli da amoRebuli saqarTvelos konstituciidan (Tumca 1997 wlis 11 noembers parlamentma miiRo kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb), aseve

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saxelmwifos mxridan sicocxlis uflebis pirdapir xelyofad mimaCnia 2005 wlis saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministros satelevizio gamosvla imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom samarTaldamcavi organos muSaks yovelgvari gamafrTxilebeli gasrolis gareSe SeuZlia damnaSave piris adgilze likvidacia, rac CemTvis rogorc moralurad, aseve samarTlebrivad gaumarTlebelia da mimaCnia saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli sicocxlis uflebis xelyofad. radgan nebismier pirs, aris damnaSave Tu kanonmorCili, keTilsindisieri moqalaqe, aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxliT aRiarebulia sakuTrebis ufleba, rac gulisxmobs, rom nebismier pirs sakuTrebaSi gaaCnia garkveuli qoneba, am qonebis flobis, gankargvis da gamoyenebis ufleba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 25-e TavSi amomwuravad aris CamoTvlili sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulTa saxeebi, romlebic gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiT, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, magram miuxedavad maTi erTgvarovnebisa aRniSnul TavSi CamoTvlil danaSaulTa saxeebi aris konstituciiT aRiarebuli uflebis, kerZod sakuTrebis uflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e TavSi Tavmoyrilia muxlebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben sisxlisamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobis adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danamatisaTvis, am muxlebs sxvanairad konstituciur muxlebsac uwodeben. am TavSi pirdapiraa gamoxatuli adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani, rac aRiarebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 TavSi, ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: - saqarTvelos konstitucis me-14 muxliT aRiarebulia rom yvela adamiani aris dabadebiT Tavisufali da Tanaswori kanonis winaSe ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva muxlebisa, erovnuli eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa. konstituciiT aRiarebuli Tanasworuflebinobis darRveva zemoT CamoTvlili raime niSnis mixedviT iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 142-e muxlis Tanaxmad. konstituciis me-18 muxliT aRiarebulia adamianis Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos movaleobas ar dauSvas iseTi qmedeba, romelic xelyofs pirovnebis Tavisuflebas, amave muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom es ufleba ar aris absoluturi da misi SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod kanonsawinaaRmdego dasjadi qmedebisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT. am muxlSi mocemulia fuZemdebluri debulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec viTardeba sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba. Sesabamisad saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudvis mqone subieqtad miiCnevs mxolod sasamarTlos da dauSveblad aRiarebs misi gadawyvetilebis gareSe msgavsi moqmedebis Cadenas, rac Seexeba adamianis dakavebas, esec dasaSvebia, mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da mxolod kanonis safuZvelze, saamisod sagangebod uflebamosili pirebis mier, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebamde saqarTvelos konstitucia awesebs mTel rig procesualur garantiebis am uflebis uzrunvelsayofad. kerZod, TavisuflebaaRkveTili an sxvagvarad Tavisufleba SezRuduli piri unda waredginos sasamarTlos araugvianes 48 saaTisa, xolo momdevno 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi sasamarTlo ar miiRebs gadawyvetilebas dapatimrebis an Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudvis Sesaxeb, piri dauyovnebliv unda ganTavisufldes aqve aris piris eWvmitanilis saxiT dakavebisa da braldebulis winaswari patimrobis vadebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi eWvmitanilis dakavebis vada ar unda aRematebodes 72 saaTs, xolo braldebulis winaswari patimrobis vada 9 Tves. am muxlis bolo me-7 punqti iZleva ori saxis garantias,

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pirveli, roca piri sasamarTlo organos an Tanamdebobis piris ukanono moqmedebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianisaTvis aqvs kompensaciis miRebis ufleba. konstituciis me-18 muxlis gamoxatuleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gvxvdeba 134-e muxlis – Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa; 144-e muxlis – mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba; 146-e muxlis – udanaSaulo piris ganzrax micema sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi; 147-e muxlis ganzrax ukanono dakaveba an dapatimreba da 149-e muxlis – ukanono moTavseba an dakaveba fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi, saxiT. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: 143-e muxliT danaSaulad aris miCneuli Tavisuflebis ukanonod aRkveTa. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT zustad aris gansazRvruli Tu ra SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. amasTan, pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos. mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba (144-e muxli) miekuTvneba mZime danaSaulTa kategorias. am danaSaulis Cadena yovelTvis xdeba angarebis motiviT, ris Sesaxebac aRniSnulia muxlis dispoziciaSi: ,,mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba im mizniT, rom mZevlis ganTavisuflebis pirobiT aiZulon organizacia an piri, Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos esa Tu is moqmedeba” am danaSaulis Cadenis dros xdeba mZevlisaTvis Tavisuflebis mkveTri SezRudva damnaSave pirisagan, riTac irRveva piris (am SemTxvevaSi konkretuli mZevlis) Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. 146-e muxlis Tanaxmad, udanaSaulo piris ganzrax micema sisxlisamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi aris danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romelic xelyofs piris Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. pirs sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi. Tu man Caidina iseTi qmedeba romelic gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT da misi qmedeba Seicavs danaSaulis Semadgenlobas, amave dros, unda arsebobdes utyuari mtkicebulebani, rom pirma marTla Caidina danaSauli. udanaSaulod iTvleba piri, visac saerTod ar Caudenia danaSauli, da ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli. saqmis masalebidan gamomdinare, Tu piri namdvilad aRmoCndeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdeni, maSin igi sasamarTlos mier micemuli iqneba sisxlisamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi, rac absoluturad kanonieria, xolo Tu Segrovili saqmis misaRebi da mtkicebulebani ar iZleva imis utyuar safuZvels, rom pirma marTla Caidina danaSauli da mainc moxdeba misi pasuxisgebaSi micema, aseTi qmedeba gamoiwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas im piris mimarT, vinc ukanonod ganzrax misca piri sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi. 147-e muxli dasjilad acxadebs piris ganzrax ukanono dakavebas an dapatimrebas. dakaveba an dapatimreba, romelic ganxorcielebulia winaswari ganzraxviT procesualuri normebis ignorirebis safuZvelze iTvleba danaSaulad. dakaveba aris sisxlissamarTlebrivi saproceso RonisZiebebis erT-erTi saxe, rogorc Tavisuflebis aRkveTis garkveul procesualur moklevadian RonisZiebebs, igi gamoiyeneba danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanil pirTa mimarT da xorcieldeba danaSaulis cxel kvalze gaxsnis mizniT, raTa damnaSavem ver SeZlos mimalva, danaSaulis kvalTa waSla an sxva gamoZiebisaTvis xelis SemSleli miznis ganxorcieleba. am RonisZiebis gamoyenebis kanoniereba, SesaZlebloba da safuZvlebi mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli saproceso kanonmdeblobiT. ukanono dakavebad unda miviCnioT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac xdeba piris dakaveba da ar aris gamotanili sasamarTlos dadgenileba piris dakavebis Sesaxeb. dakaveba CaiTvleba ukanonod maSinac, rodesac igi Catarebulia kanonis moTxovnaTa uxeSi darRveviT (ar Sedgenila oqmi, sworad ar Sevsebula oqmis rekvizitebi – dakavebis dro, mizezi da a.S.). dapatimreba aris aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis metad mkacri saSualeba. igi warmoadgens pasuxisgebaSi micemulis Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, romelsac mkacrad aqvs SezRuduli konstituciiT miniWebuli zogierTi ufleba. dapatimreba konkretulad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes danaSaulebrivi

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saqmis gamoZiebis dros. es RonisZieba gamoiyeneba sasamarTlos, gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, xolo piris dapatimreba Tu igi ganxorcielda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe CaiTvleba ukanonod. ukanono patimroba SeiZleba iyos, rogorc piris dapatimreba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe, aseve piris patimrobis vadis gagrZeleba xelovnurad, roca aseTi vada amowurulia. ukanono moTavseba an dakaveba fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi (149-e muxli) warmoadgens moqalaqis piradi Tavisuflebis xelyofis saxesxvaobas. saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, fsiqiatriul stacionarSi iZulebiTi mkurnaloba SeiZleba daeniSnos pirs, Tu misi fsiqikuri moSlilobis xasiaTi da simZime moiTxovs mkurnalobis, movlis, yofacxoverbisa da meTvalyureobis iseT pirobebs, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi. fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi piris iZulebiTi moTavseba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes or SemTxvevaSi: 1) sasamarTlos mier samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebisas da 2) mosamarTlis dadgenilebamde Tu piris gamokvleva an mkurnaloba SeiZleba mxolod stacionalur pirobebSi da Tanac Tu am piris fsiqikuri moSliloba mZimea da igi ganapirobebs: a) mis uSualo saSiSroebas Tavisi TavisaTvis da garSemomyofTaTvis; b) mis umweobas daikmayofilos ZiriTadi (Faucilebeli) sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebi. fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi piri SeiZleba moTavsebuli iqnas misi axloblebis an ojaxis wevrebis gancxadebis safuZvelze. piri, romelic moTavsebulia fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi kanonier safuZvelze aucileblad unda Semowmdes 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi eqim-fsiqiatrTa komisiis mier, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas piris hospitalizaciis dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze uaryofiTi pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi piri dauyovnebliv unda gamoiweros saavadmyofodan, Tu hospitalizacia miCneulia dasabuTebulad, maSin eqimTa daskvna 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadaegzavneba sasamarTlos, raTa am ukanasknelma gadawyvitos sakiTxi, fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi piris Semdgomi yofnis kanonierebis Taobaze. fsiqiatriul savadmyofoSi ukanono moTavsebaSi an dakavebaSi igulisxmeba janmrTeli moqalaqis moTavseba fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi; aseve eqim – fsiqiatrTa daskvnisa da sasamarTlos dadgenilebis gareSe piris dakaveba an moTavseba fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi da agreTve gankurnebuli pirisaTvis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi yofnis vadis xelovnurad gagrZeleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli danaSaulebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian Sinaarsobrivad, aqvT danaSaulis sxvadasxva Semadgenloba da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT miCneulia sxvadasxva damoukidebel danaSaulad, aRniSnuli danaSaulebi xelyofen adamianis konstituciur uflebas, kerZod adamianis Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. konstituciiT TiTeoul pirs aqvs ufleba icxovros da imoqmedos ise, rogorc mas surs, ra Tqma unda kanonis farglebSi anu principiT “daSvebulia yvelaferi, rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli”. sisxlis samarTlis 145-e; 150-e muxlebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos piris Tavisufali nebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebriv qmedebad. 145-e muxliT dasjadia iseTi qmedeba, rodesac erTi piri meores iyoliebs danaSaulis Casadenad, raTa igi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi iqnes micemuli anu damnaSave piri axdens danaSaulis provokacias. 150-e muxliT danaSauladaa miCneuli qmedeba, rodesac xdeba piris fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba, raTa man Sesrulos an ar Seasrulos raime qmedeba, romlisagan Tavis Sekaveba mis uflebas warmoadgens. orive qmedebis dros, danaSaulis Cadena xdeba piris neba – survilis sawinaaRmdegod, es iqneba fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri zemoqmedeba, faqtia is, rom piri sakuTar Tavze ganicdis Tavisi neba-survilis sawinaaRmdego zemoqmedebas. aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos 151-e muxlis dispozicia ,,sicocxlis mospobis an janmrTelobis dazianebis anda qonebis ganadgurebis muqara, rodesac imas visac emuqrebian, gauCndeba muqaris

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ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi”. pirisaTvis sakuTari neba-survilis ignorirebis safuZvelze, raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis an Seusruleblobis saSualebad muqara warmoadgens erT-erT gzas, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba piri aiZulon sakuTari neba-survilis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ganxorcielebaSi. aRniSnuli muxlebi (145-e, 150-e, 151-e) rogorc vxedavT mimarTulia piris Tavisufali nebis dasacavad, rac adamianis konstituciur uflebas warmoadgens. saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxli aRiarebs saqarTveloSi kanonierad myofi pirTaTvis Tavisufali mimosvlisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisufali arCevis uflebas. aRniSnuli ufleba adamians saSualebas aZlevs nebismier dros sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad gadaadgildes saqarTelos mTel teritoriaze, aseve sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT airCios sacxovrebeli adgili qveynis mTel teritoriaze. aRniSnuli muxli, uzrunvelyofs agreTve saqarTveloSi kanonierad myofi pirebisaTvis da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis qveyanaSi Tavisuflad gasvlisa da Semosvlis uflebas. aRniSnuli ufleba, SeiZleba SeizRudos, mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad: qveyanaSi saomari da sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, agreTve Tu pirs CamorTmeuli aqvs gausvlelobis xelwerili saproceso kanonis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxliT aRiarebulia sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobis da rwmenis Tavisufleba da dauSvebelia adamianis devna sityvis, azris, aRmsareleblis, rwmenis gamo, aseve CamoTvlili Tavisuflebebis SezRudva, Tu maTi gamovlineba ar laxavs sxvaTa uflebas. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi konstituciis me-19 muxliT aRiarebuli Tavisuflebani da uflebani gamoxatulia ramdenime muxliT da sxvadasxva danaSaulebs miekuTvnebian. 153-e muxliT sityvis Tavisuflebis xelyofa anu piris ufleba Tqvas is, rac mas surs, Tu mas ukrZalaven an sxvagvarad ar aZleven saSualebas gamoTqvas sakuTari azri, warmoadgens sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels. 154-e muxli – JurnalistisaTvis profesiul saqmianobaSi xelis SeSla – Jurnalisti, aris piri, romlis saqmianoba da profesiuli movaleobac dakavSirebulia informaciis gavrcelebasTan da sazogadoebisaTvis mis miwodebaSi presis, radios, televiziis Tu masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebiT. aRniSnul uflebaTa xelyofa da misi saqmianobaSi xelis SeSla warmoadgens dasjad qmedebas, romelic mimarTulia misi konstituciuri uflebis, kerZod sityvis, azris, aseve informaciis Tavisuflad gavrcelebis uflebis xelyofisaken. 155-e muxli icavs rwmenis arCevis Tavisuflebas, aseve RvTismsaxurebisaTvis an religiuri wesis an Cveulebis aRsrulebas, rac dakavSirebulia im sarwmunoebasTan, religiasTan an aRmsareblobasTan, romelic pirs aqvs arCeuli sakuTari surviliT. xolo, adamianis devna sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobis, rwmenis da mrwamsis gamo warmoadgens dasjad qmedebas, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 159-e muxliT. konstituciis me-20 muxliT yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve teqnikuri saSulebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli uflebis SezRudva daiSveba, mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul gadaudebeli aucileblobisas, magram amis Taobaze Semdgom unda ecnobos sasamarTlos. aRniSnuli konstituciuri ufleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gamoxatulia Semdegi muxlebiT: 157-e – piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa, rac SeiZleba gamoisaxos piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos ukanono mopovebaSi, Senaxvasa da gavrcelebaSi; 158-e muxli – kerZo saubris saidumloebis darRveva, rac gamoixateba sxva piris mier kerZo saubris ukanonod Cawera, miyuradebaSi teqnikuri saSulebebis gamoyenebiT; agreTve 159-e muxliT romelic dasjadad

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acxadebs qmedebas, rodesac xorcieldeba piradi mimoweris, telefoniT saubris, telegrafiT an sxva teqnikuri saSulebiT miRebuli informaciis ukanonod mopoveba, Senaxva an gavrceleba, riTac irRveva maTi saidumloeba. konstituciis me-20 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, aravis aqvs ufleba mivides sacxovrebel binaSi da sxva mflobelobaSi pirTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod, agreTve Caataros Cxreka, Tu ar aris sasamarTlos dadgenileba an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva gadaudebeli aucilebloba, xolo am uflebis xelyofa iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 160-e muxliT. saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes 18 wlis asakidan qmedunarianobis SemTxvevaSi konstituciis 28-e muxlis safuZvelze aqvT ufleba monawileoba miiRon arCevnebSi, referendumSi an plebiscitSi arCevnebis saSulebiT moqalaqeebi gamoxataven sakuTar nebas da irCeven sasurvel xelisuflebas, referendumis da plebiscitis dros moqalaqeebi afiqsireben sakuTar azrs saxelmwifosaTvis mniSnelovan ama Tu im sakiTxze. aRniSnuli nebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla ki warmoadgens danaSauls ssk-is 162-e muxlis Tanaxmad. arCevnebSi, referendumebsa da plebiscitSi monawileobis ufleba kanonis safuZvelze ar aqvT pirebs, romlebic sasamarTlos mier cnobili arian qmeduunarod da sasamarTlos ganaCeniT imyofebian sasjelis – aRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi, arCevnebSi, referendumsa da plebiscitSi monawileobisaTvis xelis SeSla warmoadgens danaSauls. konstituciis 26-e muxli aRiarebs politikuri partiebis an sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnis da saqmianobis Tavisuflebas, ssk-is 166-e muxliT ki am uflebis xelyofa miCneulia danaSaulad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba aRniSnul uflebaTa xelyofisaTvis ar dadgeba Tu es gaerTianeba Seqmnilia saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis dasamxobad, aseve Tu iqmneba SeiaraRebuli formirebani. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi Seqmnis aRkveTa ar aris danaSauli. maTi saqmianobis SeCereba an akrZalva SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, organuli kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi da dadgenili wesiT. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs (33-e) gaficvis uflebas, am uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelis SeSla warmoadgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels 165-e muxlis safuZvelze. konstituciis 41-e muxlis safuZvelze yvela moqalaqes aqvs gaecnos saxelmwifo danaSaulebebSi arsebuli informacias, garda im informaciisa, romelic aris saxelwifo saidumlo informacia. pirisaTvis ukanonod informaciaze uaris Tqma aris danaSauli da pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli 167-e muxlis Tanaxmad. saqarTvelos 30-e muxliT Sroma aris Tavisufali, anu pirs aqvs ufleba TviTon gadawyvitos imuSaos Tu ara, gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kanonmdeblobisagan, romelic Sromas savaldebulod acxadebda da umuSevrobas acxadebda dasjadad. dRevandeli kanonmdeblobiT aseTi daZaleba anu Sromis Tavisuflebis xelyofa 168-e muxliT aris dasjadi qmedeba. konstituciiT aRirebuli yvela ufleba gamoxatulebas poulobs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi da SeiZleba iTqvas sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli rigi danaSaulis bazis swored saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani warmoadgens, magram erTi sakiTxia is, rom saxelmwifo aRiarebs adamianis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs, magram mniSnelovania aseve, Tu ra saxis garantiebia dawesebuli saxelmwifos mier an uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT. erT-erT aseT garantad unda miviCnioT piris ufleba mimarTos sasamarTlos sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad, aseve umniSvnelovanesia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli, romelic pirdapir icavs konstituciiT aRiarebul adamianis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs. adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebis dacvis garantad unda CaiTvalos aseve saxalxo damcvelis instituti. rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa

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dacvis erT-erTi saSualeba, misi roli sakmaod didia, rogorc garantia imisa, rom Tu moxda konstituciiT aRiarebuli uflebebis xelyofa, xelmyofi piri saTanadodo iqneba dasjili. daicva moqalaqis uflebebi da Tavisuflebani niSnavs imas, rom saxelwifom Tavisi organoebis saSualebiT gaataros realuri RonisZiebani, raTa daicvas moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, maTi sicocxle, sakuTreba, janmrTeloba, xolo Tu moxda konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebebis xelyofa, maSin damnaSave piri dasjili iqnas saTanadod.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 w 2. saqarTvelos kanoni ,, sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb’’ Tbilisi 1997 wlia

11 noemberi; 3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi 1999 w; 4. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da

Tavisuflebebi’ avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi meridiani 2004 weli 5. ,,saqarTvelos konstitucia” 6. ,,saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi” 7. zaza ruxaZe – ,,saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali” 8. zaur wulaia – ,,sisxlis samarTali”. kerZo nawili

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kaxa azalaZe

xelovnebis Tavisufleba ZiriTadi uflebebi adamianisTvis uzrunvelyofen saqmianobisa da moqmedebis Tavi-sufal sferos, romelSic saxelmwifo saerTod ver ereva, an ereva mxolod spe-cialuri dasabuTebiT kanonis safuZvelze, iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis umetesoba xelovnebis Tavisufleba swored am kategorias gane-kuTvneba. xelovnebis mTavari arsi aris Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rom-lis drosac, xelovanis STabeWdilebebi, gamocdileba da warmodgenebi uSualo gamoxatulebas hpovebs gamosaxvis konkretuli formis saSualebiT. SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba faqtobrivad warmoadgens gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli gancde-bis naerTs, romelTa racionaluri axsna SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis Tavisuflebas farTo gagebiT daTmobili aqvs konstituciis 23-e muxli: 1. inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofilia. inteleqtua-

luri sakuTrebis ufleba xelSeuvalia. 2. SemoqmedebiT procesSi Careva, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sferoSi cenzura

dauSvebelia. 3. SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebis dayadaReba da gavrcelebis akrZalva dauSvebelia,

Tu misi gavrceleba ar laxavs sxva adamianis kanonier uflebebs.” konstituciis 23-e muxlis Sinaarsidan naTlad Cans, rom xelovnebis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofilia ara mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqis, aramed yvela adamianisaT-vis da Sesabamisad warmoadgens ara samoqalaqo, aramed adamianis uflebas. aRniS-nuli muxlis gacnobisas, upirveles yovlisa, SesamCnevia erTi garemoeba, teqstSi ver vxvdebiT sityvas “xelovneba”, magram ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneba gamoyenebuli iqnas termini “xelovnebis Tavisufleba”. xelovneba zogadi cnebaa igi xorciel-deba adamianis mier da mimarTulia adamianTa sulieri urTierTobsaken. xelovne-bad xSirad moazreba sulieri faseulobebi; zneobrioba, patiosneba, Tumca xelov-neba imdenadaa zneobrivi, ramdenadac ZaluZs Cveni gamofxizleba.

xelovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT ara mxolod xelovnebis qmnilebis avtorebs, anu Semoqmed pirebs, aramed imaTac, vinc monawi-leobs xelovnebis nawarmis gavrcelebaSi. magaliTad, gamomcemels, musikaluri diskebis an filmebis prodiusers da sxva. xelovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi ufleba SeiZleba gamoiyenos ara mxolod cnobilma da aRiarebulma profesional-ma xelovanma, aramed nebismierma TviTnaswavlma da naklebad cnobilma, saxelovne-bo saqmianobiT dakavebulma pirmac. amasTan araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs Tu ramdenad Rirebulia xelovanis mocemuli nawarmi, anu maRalxarisxovnad aris igi Sesrulebuli Tu saSualo an dabali donis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegia.

konstituciis 21-e muxli calsaxad da garkveviT aRiarebs sakuTrebis uflebas, rogorc demokratiuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos moqalaqis umniSvnelovanes uflebas, miuxedavad amisa, konstituciis 23-e muxlSi mainc aris gamoyofili “in-teleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba”, amiT kanonmdebeli xazs usvams mis gansaku-Trebul mniSvnelobas. es niSnavs, rom xelovnebis Tavisufleba icavs inteleqtu-alur sakuTrebas, anu SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebi misi avtoris (xelovanis) saku-Trebaa da es ufleba daculia rogorc konstituciuri, ise Sesabamisi samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebiT. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom farTod gan-marta aRniSnuli debuleba: “inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis xelSeuvaloba vrcel-deba SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegebze literaturis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis, teqnikis, kulturis da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi”. xelovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi ufleba SeiZleba gamoiyenon ara mxolod fi-zikurma pirebma, aramed iuridiulma pirebmac. magaliTad, rogoricaa saxelovnebo, musikaluri saswavleblebi, ansamblebi, orkestrebi, Teatrebi da sxva gaerTianebe-bi. aRniSnuli ZiriTadi uflebis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia ara mxolod kerZo, aramed

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sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mierac. es gamowveulia Semdegi mizeziT: rogorc cnobilia, sajaro xelisufleba afuZnebs da imavdroulad uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva gaerTianebebis arsebobas, romelTa saqmianobac uSualod aris dakav-Sirebuli xelovnebasTan. magaliTad, galereebi, muzeumebi, orkestrebi da Teatre-bi. maTi saSualebiT sazogadoeba ecnoba xelovnebis nimuSebs, imavdroulad es gaerTianebebi iseTive saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi arian saxelmwifos mxridan maTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi Carevis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc fizikuri pirebi. Sesabamisad, isini iseve unda iyvnen daculni xelovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT, rogorc fizikuri pirebi. saxelovnebo da musikalurma umaRlesma sas-wavleblebmac da Teatrebmac (romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc sajaro, ise ker-Zo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba saxelmwifos mxridan maTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi Carevisagan Tavi swored xelovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebis gamoyenebiT daicvan. dacul sferoSi Careva saxelmwifos mxridan xdeba im SemTxvevaSi roca saxelmwi-fo xels uSlis Semoqmeds saxelovnebo saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi da am saqmia-nobis Sedegis (xelovnebis qmnilebis) gavrcelebaSi. saxelmwifom amisTvis SeiZle-ba gamoiyenos akrZalvebi da sisxlis samarTlebrivi an sxva saxis sanqciebi. Tum-ca aseTi Careva SeiZleba kanonieri iyos da eyrdnobodes konstituciis 23-e mux-lis me-3 nawils. konstitucia garkveul SezRudvas awesebs mxolod saxelovnebo saqmianobis Sedegis (SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebis) gavrcelebis mimarT. Semoqmedebi-Ti nawarmoebis gavrceleba SesaZlebelia SeizRudos an aikrZalos sxva adamianis uflebebis darRvevis da ara raime sxva safuZvelze. xelovnebis Tavisufleba pa-tivis dacvis winaaRmdeg, warmoadgens koliziis klasikur sferos. Tavusufl sa-zogadoebaSi. roca xelovani kritikulad warmosaxavs cicxal pirovenbas da amiT ereva mis zogad pirovnul uflebaSi. swored amgvar Smetxvevas hqonda adgili germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. cnobili klasikosis mwerlis Tomas manis Zma - klaus mani, agreTve cnobili mwerali iyo germaniaSi. mas didi popularoba mou-tana erT-erTma nawarmoebma romlis mTavari gmisi warmoCenili iyo uaryofiTad. Semdeg rogorc aRmoCnda am nawarmoebis anti-gmiri Zalian hgavda klaus manis dis yofil qmars. mas iseTive Tvisebebi axasiaTebda, hqonda igive warsuli da a.S. igi nawaroebSi sxva saxeliT da gvariT iyo moxseniebuli avtoris mier. sasamrTlom ganixila arniSnuli saqme da am nawarmoebis gavrcelebis akrZalva moiTxova. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom snamdvilesTan miaxlobulad da amiT gansakuTrebiT in-tensiurad Caeria mis pirad cxovrebaSi. xelovnebisa da sazogadoebis Sexvedra yovelTvis moiTxovda dacvas, xelovnebis safuZveli swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxatruli nawarmoebis aRqmisaTvis isini, visac es eZRvneba garkveulwilad unda gaxdnen am SeTavazebuli nawarmoebis Tanamonawileebi, radgan, xSir SemTxve-vaSi, igi emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmomadgenelTa kritikas.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. konstantine kublaSvili “ZiriTadi uflebebi” Tbilisi 1999. 2. paata cnobilaZe “saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali” 2004.

3. Всеобщая декларация прав человека. 1948.

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naTia batiaSvili

sakuTrebis uflebis elementi - mflobeloba 1. mflobeloba warmoiSoba nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis nebiTi mopovebiT:

ZiriTadad mflobelobis kodeqsiseuli cneba ori niSnisagan Sedgeba. 2. mflobelad ar iTvleba is piri, romelic, Tumca axorcielebs faqtobriv

batobas nivTze, magram sxva piris sasargeblod da romelsac nivTis flobis uflebamosileba miRebuli aqvs am pirisgan mflobelad miiCneva mxolod uflebamosilebis mimniWebeli piri.

3. Tu piri nivTs flobs im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze, romelic

gansazRvruli vadiT aniWebs mas nivTis flobis uflebas an avaldebulebs mas flobdes nivTs, maSin es piri iTvleba pirdapir mflobelad, xolo uflebis mimniWebeli an valdebulebis damkisrebeli miiCneva arapirdapir mlobelad.

4. Tu erTi nivTs ramdenime piri erToblivad flobs, isini iTvlebian Tanamflo-

belebad. 5. Tu erTi nivTis nawilebs ramdeni piri flobs, isini iTvlebian calkeuli

nawilebis mflobelebad.43 ganvixiloT am muxlis nawilebi detalurad: 1. mflobeloba warmoiSoba nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis nebiTi mopovebiT:

ZiriTadad mflobelobis kodeqsiseuli cneba ori niSnisagan Sedgeba. pirveli esaa nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis SesaZlebloba, esaa nivTis mimarT iuridiuli batonoba da ara mis mimarT fizikuri Semxebloba. yvela variantSi, SeuZlebelia nivTis mimaT fizikuri batonobis sruli ganxorcieleba. mflobeloba ar SeiZleba gaizomos nivTTan sivrcobrivi kavSir-urTierTobiT. asec, rom iyos saWiro gaxdeboda mflobelobis Secvla sxva samarTlebrivi regulirebiT, radganac nivTebi, romlebTanac mudam gvaqvs urTierToba, anu sivrcobrivi kavSir-urTierToba, SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseTi nivTebi, romlebsac mudam Tan davatarebT, vxmarobT da saxli, romlidanac es-esaa gamovediT. meore niSani aris faqtobrivi batonobis nebiTi mopoveba. am niSnis sikeTe isaa, rom daicvas adamianebi gaugebrobisagan. ZiriTadaT es exebaT iseT adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT nebis unari (mcirewlovani bavSvebi, suliT avadmyofi pirebi) miuxedavad am nebis arqonisa, maT aqvT ufleba hqondeT mflobelobis ufleba. nebiTi mopoveba niSnavs, rom nebismier adamians hqondes survili, flobdes ama Tu im nivTs. nebis arqonis SemTxvevebi mravlad gvxvdeba cxovrebaSi. magaliTad: adamiani, romelsac sZinavs, da Tu Cumad Caudeb iseT nivTs, romlis flobac mis nebas ar eqvemdebareba, ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT mflobelad, an Tu adamians malulad Caudeb jibeSi nivTs, romelic ar aris mis mflobelobaSi da es gamoaSkaravda, Sesalebelia moxdes aseTi mflobelobis baTilad cnoba. 2. mflobelad ar iTvleba is piri, romelic, Tumca axorcielebs faqtobriv

batonobas nivTze, magram sxva piris sasargeblod da romelsac nivTis flobis uflebamosileba miRebuli aqvs am pirisgan mflobelad miiCneva mxolod uflebamosilebis mimniWebeli piri.

43 ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi. wigni meore. sanivTo samarTali Tbilisi, 1999 w. gv 41

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marTalia, qonebaze faqtobrivi batonobis ganxorcieleba mflobelobis konstituciuri elementia, magram ara erTaderTi. rogorc aRvniSneT, es batonoba unda xorcieldebodes TavisTvis, da ara sxvis sasargeblod. amitomacaa, rom mflobelad ar miiCneva piri, romelic nivTze batonobas axorcielebs sxvisTvis. mflobelia is, romlis sasargeblodac xorcieldeba nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba. nivTis faqtobrivi mebatone SeiZleba CaiTvalos am nivTis mWerad, anu mflobelis mosamsaxured. Aam ukanasknels, anu mWers, ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli, piradi interesebi. misi damokidebuleba nivTisadmi, garegnulad Sesacnobia da emyareba mflobelTa socialur kavSir-urTierTobas, romelic SeiZleba atarebdes rogorc sajaro-samarTlebriv (jariskacis, policielis mier sabrZolo iaraRis floba), ise kerZo samarTlebriv xasiaTs (magaliTad, muSa-mosamsaxureebis mier sawarmoSi arsebuli nivTebis floba, Sinamomsamsaxuris an gamyidvelis mier mepatronis nivTebis floba), mWers ara aqvs mflobelobiTi dacvis ufleba, arc imaT mimarT, vinc faqtobrivi batonobis ufleba mianiWa da arc mesame pirTa mimarT, magram SeuZlia win aRudges mesame pirTa akrZalul TviTnebobas. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesabamisi normebi. uflebamosilebis mimniWebels SeuZlia mWeris meSveobiT SeiZinos axali mflobeloba sxvadasxva nivTze. MmagaliTad: sawarmos TanamSromelma sawarmosTvis SeiZina aucilebeli sagnebi, an Sinamosamsaxurem saxlis patronisTvis produqtebi. Aam SemTxvevaSi, mWeri ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos warmomadgenelia. magram sinamdvileSi, saxezea warmomadgenlobis surogati da Sesabamisad unda vixelmZRvaneloT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 111-e muxlis wesebiT.44 mflobelis SeZenisas mWeris arakeTilsindisiereba aRiqmeba, rogorc uflebamosilebis mimniWebeli piris arakeTilsindisiereba da mosarCelis winaSec TviTon iqneba pasuxismgebeli, Tuki man mWeris SerCevisa da masze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis procesSi ar gamoiCina samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aucilebeli yuradRebianoba. 3. Tu piri nivTs flobs im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze, romelic

gansazRvruli vadiT aniWebs mas nivTis flobis uflebas an avaldebulebs mas flobdes nivTs, maSin es piri iTvleba pirdapir mflobelad, xolo uflebis mimniWebeli an valdebulebis damkisrebeli miiCneva arapirdapir mflobelad.

radgan mflobeloba faqtia, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes 2 sxvadasxva donis mflobeloba. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri. nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba araa fizikuri batonobis identuri, swored amis gamo SeiZleba mflobelobis ormagi gageba: erTi nivTi SeiZleba an marto pirdapiri mflobelis batonobaSi imyofebodes, anda imavdroulad arapirdapiri mflobelis batonobaSic. MmagaliTad: Tu mxolod mesakuTre flobs nivTs aq mxolod pirdapiri mlobeloba SeiZleba iyos, Mmagram Tu nivTis mflobeloba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze xdeba, aq gveqneba rogorc pidapiri, aseve arapirdapiri mflobeloba. samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeiZleba iyos rogorc sanivTo (uzurfruqtis, giravnobis, aRnagobis da a.S), ise valdebulebiTi (qiravnobis, ijaris, Txovebis, mindobili sakuTrebis da a.S). am urTierTobaSi mesakuTre warmoadgens arapirdapir mflobels xolo uzurfruqtuari, moijare da a.S. pirdapir mflobels. e.i. faqtobrivi batonobac am SemTxvevaSi droebiTi, garkveul droSi mocemuli batonobaa, es imazea damokidebuli Tu raze SeTanxmdebian mxareebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi mesakuTris faqtobrivi batonoba naklebi xarisxis batonoba iqneba, vidre moijarisa anu pirdapiri mflobelis. nivTze batonobas moijare axorcielebs xelSekrulebis dadgenil farglebSi da es xdis mas pirdapir mflobelad. xolo namdvili mesakuTre imdenad axorcielebs Tavis Zalauflebas nivTze, ramdenadac is SeizRuda xelSekrulebiT. sakuTrebis ufleba absolutur mflobelobas niSnavs magram garkveuli droiT SeiZleba SeizRudos pirdapiri

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mflobelisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia pirdapiri mflobeli gaxdes arapirdapiri mflobeli, Tu igi gamoiyenebs qveijariT nivTis gadacemis uflebas, am dros vlindeba namdvili mebatonis Zalaufleba da misi nebarTvis gareSe ar SeiZleba am uflebiT sargebloba. yovelive am debulebidan gamomdinare, Sewydeba Tu ara mxareTa Soris xelSekruleba, Seuwydeba meore mxares pirdapiri mflobeloba da pirveli mxaris arapirdapiri mflobeloba Seicvleba pirdapir mflobelobad. mflobelobiTi konfliqtis viTarebaSi ki upiratesoba eniWeba pirdapir mflobelobas. sakuTrebis ufleba, rom meti uflebaa, vidre sxva romelime sanivTo Tu valdebulebiTi uflebani, konkretul samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ver gamodgeba moijaris mflobelobis mimarT TviTnebobisaTvis. pirdapir mflobels SeuZlia damoukideblad daicvas Tavisi mflobeloba mesame pirTa Semotevisagan es iqneba vindikaciaze ufleba Tu negatorul moTxovnebze ufleba. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom arapirdapir mflobels aranairi uflebebi aRar rCeba masac SeuZlia daicvas Tavisi sakuTreba Tu mflobeloba, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirdapiri mflobeli ar gamoiyenebs masze miniWebul dacvis uflebebs an ubralod uZluria, an ar SeuZlia daicvas Tavisi sakuTari mflobeloba. 155 (4) Tu erTi nivTs ramdenime piri erToblivad flobs isini iTvlebian Tanamflobelebad. samoqalaqo kodeqsi mflobelobis samarTlebrivi danawevrebis or SemTxvevas icnobs:

pirvelia mflobelobis gageba da dayofa pirdapir da arapirdapir mflobelobad da

meore SemTxvevaa, roca erT nivTs ramdenime piri flobs erToblivad, anu arian Tanamflobelebi.

155-e muxlis me-4 nawilic am ukanasknels exeba TanamflobelTa faqtobrivi bato-nobis mdgomareoba erTsafexuriania an pirdapiri mflobelebi arian Tanamflobe-lebi, an kidev amave muxlis III nawilisagan gansxvavebiT arapirdapiri mflobele-bi. Tanamflobeloba SeiZleba iyos martivi, roca yovel Tanamflobels aqvs sanivTo Zalaufleba, rasac sxvebma angariSi unda gauwion. magaliTad: saxlis saerTo sa-mrecxaoze faqtobriv batonobas axorcielebs yvela damqiravebeli, igive iTqmis saxlis saerTo sargeblobis obieqtebzec, meuRleTa Soris Tanamflobelobazec, binaSi arsebul sikeTeebis mimarT riTac isini erTad sargebloben kvalificiuri (koleqtiuri) Tanamflobelobisas, faqtobrivi batonobis SesaZlebloba mxolod koleqtiurada SesaZlebeli da amdenad igi saerTo xelSia, magaliTad: roca ara-pirdapiri mflobeli axorcielebs mflobelobas, ramdenime pirdapiri mflobeli-saTvis an kidev mWeri flobs nivTs mravali uflebamosili pirisaTvis erTad. martivi Tanamflobelobis mdgomareobas kargad Seesabameba saerTo Tanaziari sa-kuTreba, xolo kvalificiurisas ki - wiladis sakuTreba. 155 (5) Tu erTi nivTis nawilebs ramdeni piri flobs isini iTvlebian calkeuli nawilebis mflobelebad. yoveli mesakuTre saerTo nivTis maszed kuTvnili nawilis mesakuTrea, Sesabamisad is aris am nawilis mflobeli. faqtobrivi mflobelobis Zalaufleba mxolod am nawilze vrceldeba. erTi nivTis garkveul nawils SeiZleba flobdnen aramesaku-Tre pirebic. erTi da imave saganze SesaZlebelia adgili qondes rogorc Tanam-flobelobas, ise garkveuli nawilebis mflobelobasac. magaliTad: mravalbiniani saxli ganixileba an SeiZleba ganixilebodes iseT obieqtad, romelSic saerTo

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sargeblobis sagnebze Tanamflobelobaa, xolo individualuri sargeblobis sag-nebze mflobeloba am saxlis nawilebze mflobelobaa. nivTis nawilze mflobe-lad CaiTvleba Sps sawesdebo kapitalze wilis mflobeli. mflobelobis cneba da saxeebi, romelic mocemulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-deqsis 155-e muxlSi, gansazRvravs mflobelobis warmoSobas, nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis nebiT mopovebas, adgens, rom mflobeloba SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da arapirdapiri, da SesaZlebelia, rom arapirdapir mflobels pirdapiri mflobeli-sagan gansxvavebiT hqondes meti uflebebi mxolod garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseve mocemulia erToblivi mflobeloba anu Tanamflobeloba da nivTis nawi-lebze mflobeloba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi 1921 w. muxli 114-e 2. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 w. 2007 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT; 3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 1997 w. 4. germaniis moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsi 5. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni meore. sanivTo samarTali,

Tbilisi 1999 w.

OMLOME

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akaki Wanturia informaciis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos konstituciis 24_e muxli Sinaarsobrivad yvela sxva muxlze mdida-ria. igi moicavs sam umniSvnelovanes ZiriTad uflebas. Eesenia: informaciis,azrisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa Tavisuflebebi. aseve 24_e muxliT aRiare-bulia e.w. komunikaciis ZiriTadi uflebebo,romlebsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs Tavisufali demokratiuli weswyobilebis arsebobisa da gamarTuli funqcio-nirebisaTvis.

24_e muxlis pirveli punqtiT, yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas dagaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilo-biT an sxvagvari saSualebiT. Aam debulebiT pirveli winadadebiT, uzrunvelyo-filia informaciis Ravisufleba, xolo meore winadadebiT, mocemulia azris Ta-visuflebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. AaseTi dajgufeba sakmaod logikuria, radgan in-formaciis Tavisufleba azris Tavisuflebisgan sruliad damoukidebeli ZiriTadi uflebaa, magram amave dros, masTan SInaarsobrivi kavSiri aqvs.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 24_e muxlis pirveli piunqtiT: yovel adamians aq ufleba tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia am uflebis ZiriTadi kompetenciaa informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis garantia. ufro konkretulad yvelas aqvs uf-leba, yovelgvari dabrkolebisa da Seferxebis gareSe miiRos informacia sayo-velTaod xelmisawvdomi wyaroebidan. TiTqmis yvela demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, romelTa konstituciebic aRiareben informaciis Tavisuflebas, maT Soris saqarT-veloSic,es ZiriTadi ufleba im periodis Sedegia, roca sxvadasxva totalitaru-li reJimis dros akrZaluli iyo informaciis miReba ucxo qveynebis presidan, radio da satelevizio sadgurebidan.

yoveli moqalaqis, rogorc Tavisufali da damoukidebeli pirovnebis, ganviTare-bisa dademokratiuli weswyobilebis ganmtkicebisaTvis informaciis Tavisufleba aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vodre TviT azrisa da masobrivi informaciis saSuale-baTa Tavisuflebebi.

marTlia, informaciis Tavisufleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli azrisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa TavisuflebebTan, magram mainc maTgan damoukidebeli ZiriTadi uflebaa, Sinaarsobrivad SedarebiT viwro sferos moicavs: informaciis TavisuflebiT daculia piris mier informaciis mopoveba da miReba sayovelTaod xel misawvdomi wyaroebidan.

wyaro sayovelTaod xelmisaevdomia im semTxvevaSi, Tu igi teqnikurad gamosadegia da gankuTvnilia imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebas, anu pirTa ganusazgrel wres mou-povos da miawodos informaciebi. sayoveTaod xelmisawvdom wyarod SeidZleba CaiTvalos, rogoricaa gazeTi, Jurnali, wigni, interneti, radio da televizia.

informaciis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT daculia rogorc informaciis pa-siuri migeba, ise informaciis aqtiuri mopoveba, miuxedavad saamisod gamoyenebuli saSualebebisa.

informaciis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebis subieqtia yvela fizikuri da iuri-diuli piri, romelsac surs informaciis miReba. Ees ufleba vrceldeba gansaku-Trebul samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi myof fizikur pirebze. informaciis Tavi-suflebis ZiriTadi ufleba irRveva saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli iseTi RonisZiebebiT, romelic krZalavs informaciis miRebas an amisTvis awesebs nebarT-vas.erTaderTi sainformacio wyaros Sewyveta da am WyarosTan daSvebis Seferxe-bac informaciis TavisuflebiT dacul sferoSi Carevaa. Fsiqologiuri zegavle-naa, magaliTad informaciis miRebis registrireba, moqmedebas da arRvevs am Ziri-

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Tadi uflebit uzrunvelyopil informaciis Seuferxeblad da daubrkoleblad mopovebis garantias.

24_e muxlis me_2 punqtSi mocemuli termini "masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi" moicavs rogorc presas ise eleqtronul medias.

zrisa da informaciis TavisuflebaTa msgavsad, presis Tavisufleba demokratii-saTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTadi uflebaa. damoukidebeli, saxelmwifo zegavlenisa da cenzurisagan Tavisufali presa demokratiuli wes-wyobilebis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia. Tanamedrove demokratiisaTvis gansaku-TrebiT mniSvnelovania Tavisufali, regularulad moqmedi politikuri presa, radgan Tu moqalaqes surs politikuri gadawyvetilebis migeba, igi aramarto srulyofilad unda iyos informirebuli, aramed aseve unda icnobdes sxvebis mo-sazrebebs, raTa SeeZlos maTi Sefaseba, awondawona da sajaro diskusiebSi aqti-uri monawileoba.

arlamentisa da mTavrobis wevrebs presis saSualebiT maTdami ganxorcielebuli kontroli da sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedeba aiZulebs konkretuli politikuri ga-dawyvtilebebi miiRon mosaxleobis umravlesobiT Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad.

"presis" cneba farTod unda ganimartos.igi moicavs yvela cnobas, informacias da azrs, romlebic ibeWdeba an sxvagvarad vrceldeba. "presaSi" igulisxmeba ara mar-to beWvdiTi saxis gamocemebi, aramed informaciis sajaro gavrcelebisaTvis gan-kuTvnili nebismieri saxis gamocema, maT Soris, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, sainforma-cio furclebi, plakatebi, sareklamo afiSebi.

presis Tavisufleba moicavs or _subieqtur (individualur) da obieqtur (insti-tuciurs)_aspeqts. Ppresis sferoSi dasaqmebul pirebsa da sawarmoebs garantire-buli aqvT subieqturi ZiriTadi ufleba, romelic maTvis uzrunvelyofs saxelm-wifo iZulebisa da zegavlenisagan Tavisuflad samoqmedo sferos da zogert SemTxvevaSi maT gansakuTrebuls samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. Obieqturi mxriv presis TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofilia agreTve "Tavisufali presis" instituti. Aaq igulisxmeba presis instituciuri damokidebuleba da TviT myofadoba, dawye-buli informaciis mopovebiT da damTavrebuli cnobebisa da mosazrebebis gavr-celebiT. Amdenad, presis TavisuplebiT daculia gamomcemlobebis, sainfarmacios saagentoebisa da sxva msgavsi im dawesebulebebis dafuZnebisa da saqmianobis pro-cesi, romlebic awarmoeben da avrceleben informacias.

presis Tavisufleba moicavs agreTve gancxadebebis nawils da mkiTxvelTa gamox-maurebas. Gancxadebebi da mkiTxveTa werilebi daculia Tundac imis gamo, rom yo-veli gancxadebisa da werilebis gamoqveyneba faqtobrivad cnobis, informaciis gavrcelebaa.

presis tavisuflebiT daculia gamocemis politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturu-li tendeciis, mimarTulebis dadgenis uflebac. Sesabamisad, presis Tavisufleba gamomcemlis ZiriTadi uflebaa.

presis TavisuflebiT garantirebul uflebaTa Soris erT erTi mniSvnelovania saredaqcio saidumloebis dacva. Tavisufali presis gamarTulad funqcionirebis aucielebeli pirobaa saredaqcio saqmianobasSi Caurevloba da saidumloebis ab-soluturi dacva. saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba raime saSualebiT Caerios gamoce-mis saredaqcio saqmianobaSi da Seiqmnas warmodgena im meqanizmebze, romelTa Se-degadac warmoisSoba Tavisufali gazeTisa da Jurnalis momdevno nomeri.

saredaqcio saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba kidev ufro naTlad gamoCn-deba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom presis Tavisufleba icavs marTvsa-

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winaaRmdegod mopovebuli informaciis gavrcelebas. rac imas ar niSnavs, rom pre-sas ufleba aq nebismieri kanonsawinaagmdego saSualebiT moipovos informacia, mgaram Tu Jurnalisti miigebs sxvis mier kanonis darRveviT mopovebul informa-ciebs, maTi gavrceleba ukve presis Tavisuflebis nawilia da daculia am ZiriTa-di uflebiT.

presas rom aseTi informaciebis gamoqveynebis ufleba ar hqondes, igi xSir SemTxvevaSi ver SeZlebda Tavisi ZiriTadi funqciebis_ sajaro diskusiisa da de-batebis saSualebiT sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebisa da xelisuflebisadmi sazogadoebrivi kontrolis efeqtian ganxorcielebas.

presis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinareobs presis, rogorc institutis ZiriTadi funqcia da Jurnalistebis, rogorc informaciis saSualebaTa TanamSromlobis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani ufleba_moiZion miiRon da gaavrcelon informacia.

Tavisi uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT Jurnalists SeuZlia Sevides nebismier dawesebulebasa da organizaciaSi, Sexvdes Tanamdebobis pirebs, gaaSuqos masobri-vi RonisZiebebi: Sekrebebi, manifestaciebi, demonstraciebi. Jurnalists ufleba aqvs ar gaamxilos mis mier mopovebuli informaciis wyaros Sesaxeb monacemebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom presis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebulia ara marto uflebebi, aramed garkveuli valdebulebebic. Ppresa valdebulia aris ar gaavrcelos aSka-rad mcdari cnobebi da monacemebi, es valdebuleba niSnavs, rom erTi mxriv dauS-vebelia sinamdvilis dafarva da gayalbeba, meore mxriv ki_aucilebelia im si-namdvilis Sesabamisi informaciis gavrceleba. Jurnalistebi da redaqcia valdebulni arian gaavrcelon mxolod utyuari, namd-vili faqtebi anu mxolod "simarTle". maT yvelaferi unda gaakeTon am "simar-Tlis" dasadgenad, anu yvela saSualebiT ecadon da gadaamowmon sxva wyaroebis daxmarebiT daadasturon mopovebuli informacia. Tu am cdis miuxedavad Jurna-listebi ver daadgenen "simarTles", maT ufleba aqvT gamoaqveynon is informacia da Sesabamisi komentarebi, romlebic maT xelT aqvT da iqve miuTiTon am informa-ciis gadamocmebis mcdelobis Sesaxeb. rogorc aRiniSna, presis Tavisufleba aramarto faqtebisa da cnobebis, aramed mosazrebaTa da SefasebaTa gavrcelebasac moicavs. Mmosazreba da Sefaseba SeiZ-leba kritikulic iyos. Ppresis Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturad uzrunvelyo-fili ZiriTadi ufleba da igi SeiZleba SeizRudos konstituciiT gansazRruli pirobebis safuZvelze, magram demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis yovelTvis umjo-besia,rom adamianebma Riad gamoTqvan TavianTi azrebi da presisa da televiziis saSualebiT gaakritikon yvelaferi, rasac isini gasakritikeblad miiCneven. presis TavisuflebiT dacul sferoSi Carevaa saxelmwifos yvela iseTi RonisZie-ba, romelic presis saSualebis saqmianobis SeCerebas an Secyvetas icvevs. aseTi Seidleba iyos, gazeTebis da saredaqcio dokumetebis CamorTmeva, sasamarTlo sxdomebze daSvebis SezRudva. resis Tavisufleba SeiZleba dairRves saxelmwifos mier konkretuli gazeTisa da Jurnalis dafinansebiT. saxelmwifos mier presis calkeuli dawesebulebebis, or-ganizaciebisa da sawarmoebis dafinanseba da maTvis xelis Sewyoba. eleqtronuli mediis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs radio da satelevizio kompaniaTa Tavisuplebas. el. Mediis Tavisuflrbaze vrceldeba yovelive is, rac zemoT ukve iTqva presis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelobisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT el. ediis Tavisufleba ar gansxavdeba presis Tavisuflebisagan. iseve, rogorc Tavi-sufali presa, damoukidebeli, saxelmwifos zegavlenisa da cenzurisagan Tavi-

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sufali el . media sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvne-lobis mqone elementia. Ppresis Tavisuflebis msgavsad, el.mediis Tavisuplebac moicavs instituciur garantias da mediis calkeul TanamSromelTa ZiriTadi uf-lebis garantias. sazoggadoebrivi azris Camoyalibeba da diskusiebi mimdinareobs eTerSi. miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa,el. Mediis Tavisuflebas axasiaTebs garkveuli Tavi-seburebani, riTac igi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba presis Tavisuplebisagan. el. Mediis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT daculia el.mediis SeqmnasTan dakav-Sirebuli met naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmianoba, dawyebuli gadacemisaTvis pro-duqciisa da informaciis mopoveba da damTavrebuli maTi gavrcelebiT. Eel. me-diis Tavisufleba presis Tavisuflebisagan gansxvavdeba, upirveles yovlisa, in-formaciis mopovebis da gavrcelebis teqnikuri saSualebebiT. el. Mediis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebiT daculia informaciisa da azrebis nebismieri formatiT gavceleba: igi icavs yvela gadacemas, miuxedavad maTi Si-naarsisa da "seriozulobis". mocemul sferosi garkveuli sirTuliT carmoiSoba el.mediis Taviseburebidan, rac am sferoSi presis sferosagan gasxvavebuli viTarebis pirobebiT gamoixateba. es gansakuTrebuli viTareba imiT xasiaTdeba, rom gadamcemi talRebis simcirisa da radio Tu satelevizio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli didi finansuri danax-arjebis gamo am saqmianobis ganxorcielebis msurvelTa raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea. Saxelmwifo ara mxolod ar unda moaxdinos zegavlena eleqtronul mediaze, aramed, imav droulad unda Seqmnas am sferoSi iseTi samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romliTac garantirebul iqneba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mravalferovani Sex-edulebebis SeZlebisdagvarad proporciulad asaxva radiosa da televiziaSi da sazogadoebisTvis srulyofili da yovlismomcvleli informaciis miwodeba. amas-Tan, dauSvebelia, radio da satelevizio kompaniebi ganicdidnen rame gavlenas saxelmwifos an garkveuli sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mxridan. el. Mediis TavisuflebiT dacul sferoSi CarevasTan dakavSirebiT, Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba iTqvas yovelive is, rac ukve aRiniSna presis TavisuflebiT dacul sfe-roSi Carevis ganxilvisas. Ees imas niSnavs, rom dacul sferoSi Careva xdeba yve-la SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo sxvadasxva saxis RonisZIebiT tele_radikompaniebs xels uSlis am ZiriTadi uflebiT daculi saqmianobis gan-xorcielebaSi. gansakuTrebiT seriozuli da mZime careva, roca es exeba saxelmwi-pos gavlenas programebis SerCvaze, Sinaarsa da formirebaze, agretve gadacemis eTerSi gaSvebaze saxelmwifo Tanxmobis aucileblobas. el. Mmediis TavisuflebiT dacul sferoSi gaumarTlebeli Carevis ganssakuTre-buli SemTxvevaa cenzuris daweseba. saqarTveloSi cenzura me_20 saukunis 90_ian wlebamde arsebobda, 1995 wlis konstituciiT igi oficialurad gauqmda. konsti-tuciis 24_e muxlis me_2 punqtis meore@ winadadebiT cenzura akrZalulia. akr-Zalva moqmedebs rogorc masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis, ise azris Tavi-suflebis mimarT. "cenzuris" cnebaSi igulisxmeba mxolod e.w. winaswari cenzura, romelic moicavs yovelgvar SemzRudav RonisZiebas inteleqtualuri nawarmoebis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis procesSi, maT Soris, saxelmwifo organos mier nawar-moebis winaswar Semowmebas da mis gvarcelebaze nebarTvis gacemas.

Gamoyenebuli literatura:

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1. saqarTvelos konstitucia Tbilisi 1995w 2. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi Tbilisi 2004 3. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia 4. yoveldRiuri presa

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anri makaraSvili

ormagi moqalaqeobis ufleba

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis dacvas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, moqalaqeTa uflebe-bisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis saqmeSi. amave dros es dacva xels uwyobs saxelmwifos ganmtkicebas, misi suverenitetis uryeobis, saSinao da sagareo amo-canebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas. moqalaqeoba saxelmwifoebrivi movlenaa. igi gulisxmobs saxelmwifosTan fiziku-ri piris samarTlebriv kavSirs, romelic wesdeba mocemuli saxelmwifos mier, xa-siaTdeba mxareTa urTierTobis simtkiciT da Seicavs saxelmwifosa da piris uf-lebebsa da movaleobebs. moqalaqeobis SeZenis, Secvlis da dakargvis wesi gani-sazRvreba TviT saxlemwifos mier _ konstituciiT, specialuri kanonebiT da sxva normatiuli aqtebiT. yoveli moqalaqe inarCunebs kavSirs Tavis saxelmwifosTan sikvdilamde, miuxedavad imisa, cxovrobs is samSobloSi Tu sazRvargareT. moqalaqeobis SeZenis ramdenime wesi arsebobs: 1. dabadeba, 2. naturalizacia. saqarTvelos konstituciiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba moipoveba dabadebiT da na-turalizaciiT. saqarTvelos konstitucia ar cnobs ormag moqalaqeobas, anu piri imavdroulad ar SeiZleba iyos sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqe. gamonaklis SemTxveva-Si saqarTvelos prezidents SeuZlia moqalaqeoba mianiWos ucxo qveynis moqa-laqes, romelsac saqarTvelos winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba, an misTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWeba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo interesebidan. sa-qarTvelo mfarvelobs Tavis moqalaqes ganurCevlad misi adgilsamyofelisa. mo-qalaqeoba, rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTlis erT-erT instituti, warmoadgens samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic ganamtkiceben sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeobis principebs da aregulireben moqalaqeobasTan dakavSire-bul urTierTobebs. Cveulebriv moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs piris mikuTvnebas konkretuli saxelmwifo-sadmi, romelic xasiaTdeba urTirTsanacvlo ormxrivi politikur-samarTlebrivi kavSiriT. igi mJRavndeba saxelmwifosa da im pirebis urTierTobaSi, romlebic im-yofebian misi xelisuflebis qveS. moqalaqeoba warmoadgens pirovnebis realur, faqtobriv urTierTobas konkretul saxelmwifosTan. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa sazRvargareT dacvisa da mfarvelobis ganxorcielebiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mtkiced emxroba sxva saxelmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis principebs da moqmedebs mxolod saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis CarCoebSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar cnobs ormagi moqalaqeobis princips. saqarTvelom airCia pozicia, romlis mixedviT man dado specialuri saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebebi, ris Sesabamisadac pirebs, romlebic sxvadasxva mizeziT aRmoCndnen ori saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi (bipatridebi), SesaZlebloba aqvT nebayoflobiT airCion erT-erTi saxelwifos moqalaqeoba. amasTan aseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi adgenen wesebs, romelTa mixedviT arcerTi mxare ar miiRebs moqalaqed pirs, ro-melic xelSekrulebis meore mxaris moqalaqea. mSoblebidan, Tu erTi maTgani xelSekrulebis erTi mxaris moqalaqea, meore ki _ meore mxaris, maSin SeiZleba ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT airCion TavianTi bavSvis mo-qalaqeoba xelSekrulebis nebismieri mxaris mixedviT. Tu mSoblebs sxvadasxva mo-

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qalaqeoba aqvT, erT-erTi maTgani saqarTvelos moqalaqea, piri srulwlovanebis miRwevisas, survilisamebr, irCevs erT-erTi mSoblis moqalaqeobas. saqarTvelos moqalaqe dakargavs moqalaqeobas Tu: 1) saqarTvelos kompetenturi organoebis unebarTvod Seva ucxo saxelmwifos

samxedro samsaxurSi, policiaSi, iusticiis organoebSi da mmarTvelobis sxva organoebSi;

2) mudmivad cxovrobs sxva saxelmwifoSi da arasapatio mizeziT ar dadgeba sa-konsulo aRricxvaze 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi;

3) saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas SeiZens yalbi dokumentebis wardgenis gziT; 4) miiRebs sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas. mcire eqskursi movawyoT saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. rogorc cnobilia, moqalaqeobis SeZenis Cveulebriv wesad `dabadebis principi~ gvevlineba. saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba `sisxlis ufleba~-s iyenebs e.i. axalSobils romeli saxelmwifos teritoriazedac ar unda iyos Sobili is, moqalaqeoba eniWeba misi mSoblebis moqalaqeobis gaTvaliswinebiT. arsebobs aseve `niadagis ufleba~ _ axalSobils moqalaqeoba mieniWeba Sobis adgilis mixedviT, miuxedavad mSoblebis moqalaqeobisa. magaliTad braziliis teritoriaze Sobili bavSvi iZens braziliis moqalaqeobas, miuxedavad misi mSoblebis moqalaqeobisa. Aamave dros, sazRvarga-reT myofi brazilielebis mier Sobili bavSvi braziliisaTvis ucxoelia. qveynebis umravlesoba am principebiT sargeblobs (aSS; inglisi; indoeTi). rac mTel rig SemTxvevaSi sirTules qmnis, da TavisTavad, saTanado saerTaSoriso sa-marTlebriv reglementacias moiTxovs. italiis kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTulia ormagi moqalaqeoba. kerZod, kanonis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, italiis moqalaqe, ro-melic iZens an SeiZina kvlav ucxoeTis moqalaqeoba, inarCunebs italiis moqala-qeobas, romelzedac SeuZlia uari Tqvas, Tu cxovrobs an iwyebs cxovrebas sazR-vargareT. kanoni uSvebs avstrieli qalebis ormag moqalaqeobas. kerZod, kanonis me-13 paragrafis Tanaxmad, qali iZens avstriul moqalaqeobas, Tu 1983 wlis 1 seq-tembramde dakarga avstriis moqalaqeoba ucxoelze gaTxovebis gamo, Tavis meuR-lesTan erTad miiRo ucxo qveynis an Tavisi meuRlis moqalaqeoba da warmoadgens ucxoels, aseve iZens avstriul moqalaqeobas, Tu gardaecvala meuRle an ganqor-winda masTan da moiTxovs avstriis moqalaqeobis miniWebas qorwinebis Sewyvetidan 2 wlis manZilze.U ormag moqalaqeobas ruseTis konstitucia gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: ruseTis mo-qalaqe erTdroulad SeiZleba flobdes ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, magram es dasaSvebia mxolod or SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebulia federaluri kanoniT an ruseTis federaciis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT. saer-TaSoriso xelSekruleba pirdapir unda iTvaliswinebdes SeTanxmebuli qveynebis moqalaqeTa uflebas erTdroulad flobdnen ori saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas. sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobis SeZenisa da dakargvis gansxvavebuli wese-bis arsebobis Sedegad gvxvdebian pirebi, romelTac erTis nacvlad ori moqala-qeoba gaaCniaT. ganvixiloT am SemTxvevis iuridiuli Sedegebi, bipatrizmis dros orive saxelmwifo konkretul pirs Tavis moqalaqed Tvlis, yoveli maTgani ufle-bamosilia mosTxovos pirs garkveuli movaleobis Sesruleba (magaliTad, rogo-ricaa samxedro samsaxuri). ar arsebobs ormagi moqalaqeobis (bipatrizmis) momwesrigebeli raime erTiani sa-marTlebrivi norma, magram saxelmwifoTa praqtikam mainc Seqmna garkveuli wesi _ yoveli bipatridi, upirveles yovlisa, pasuxismgebelia im saxelmwifos winaSe, sa-dac is imyofeba, cxovrobs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis statusis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, bipatridi iTvleba im saxelmwifos moqalaqed, sa-

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dac is sargeblobda Tavisi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT. igive principi Setanilia debulebaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, saxelmwifoebi mainc cdiloben konkretulad gadawyvi-ton bipatrizmis problema, risTvisac sul ufro xSirad mimarTaven ormxriv Se-Tanxmebebs. ormagi moqalaqeoba pirovnebas saSualebas aZlevs safuZvlianad gaecnos sxva sax-elmwifos enas; istorias; kanonmdeblobas; kulturas da sazogadoebas. ormagi mo-qalaqeobis ufleba pirs bevrad ufro maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis saSu-alebas aZlevs, exmareba mas socialur-ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, (magaliTisaTvis mo-viyvanT savizo reJims, romelic ormagi moqalaqeobis SemTxvevaSi aRar Seqmnis ekonomikur, Tu sxva saxis problemebs). ormagi moqalaqeoba adamians daexmareba sxva rig sakiTxebSic, romelTa CamoTvlac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. ramdenime mniSv-nelovani magaliTis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT. miuxedavad dadebiTi mxareebisa, arsebobs da aucileblad ganxilul unda iqnas, ormagi moqalaqeobis uaryofiTi mxareebic. CvenTvis kargad cnobilia, rom sxva-dasxva saxelmwifoSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebebi, romlebic SeiZleba garkveulwilad Camohgavdnen erTmaneTs, magram sruliad gansxvavebulnic SeiZleba iyvnen, aseve unda iTqvas gansxvavebaze ori saxelmwifos kanonebisa, tradiciebisa da adaT-wesebs Soris. SeiZleba aseve garkveuli politikuri dapirispireba iyos im or saxelmwifos Soris, romelTa moqalaqec aris piri, aseT SemTxvevaSi es pi-rovneba sazogadoebaSi iwvevs garkveul undoblobasa Tu uaryofiT Sexedulebebs. sasiamovno faqtia, rodesac pirovneba patriotia da Tavis saxelmwifoze, samSob-lozea Seyvarebuli, igi erTgulad emsaxureba saxelmwifos da Tavis fizikur, Tu inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs misi keTildReobisaTvis iyenebs. cdilobs saku-Tari SromiT SesZinos sazogadoebas garkveuli codna, misces mSromeli da kul-turuli adamianis magaliTi momaval Taobebs. sasurveli da sworia, rodesac pi-rovneba im sarwmunoebas aRiarebs, romelsac misi saxelmwifo cnobs. migvaCnia rom pirovneba unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebis azrs Sexedulebebs, romlebic ga-batonebulia mis saxelmwifoSi da SesaZlebelia es azri sruliad uaryofuli iyos im meore saxelmwifoSi, romlis moqalaqeobis miRebasac igi apirebs. warmovidginoT ra moxdeba saqarTveloSi ormagi moqalaqeobis uflebis dakanone-bis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos eyoleba moqalaqeebi, romlebic sxva romelime sax-elmwifoSi cxovroben, msaxuroben jarSi, eziarebian iqaur wes- Cveulebebs anu am SemTxvevaSi isini mxolod Teoriulad gamodian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, sxvag-varad rogor SeiZleba CavTvaloT pirovneba Cveni saxelmwifos moqalaqed rode-sac is Tavis SesaZleblobebs ara sakuTar, aramed sxva saxelmwifos axmars, vam-bobT sxva saxelmwifoso anu vgulisxmobT im qveyanas, sadac pirovneba ar Sobila, sadac kavSiri ara aqvs mis sagvareulos, mis fesvebs, es xom sruliad ucxo qveya-naa, romelmac, rogorc Cans, mowoneba Tavisi mdgradi, Zlieri socialur - ekono-mikuri mdgomareobiT daimsaxura. bipatridi (ormagi moqalaqeobis mqone piri) es sityva garkveul agresiasac iwvevs CvenSi, rogor SeiZleba gsurdes iyo ori qveynis moqalaqe, rodesac Sens sakuTar qveyanas daxmareba da Tanadgoma sWirdeba, qarTuli mentaliteti albaT ar miscems amis saSualebas pirovnebas gauCndes survili icxovros da emsaxuros sxva sax-elmwifos. migvaCnia da es realobaa, rom saqarTvelo ar dgas im saxelmwifoTa doneze, romelTaTvisac ar warmoadgens aranair problemas maTi moqalaqis sxva saxelmwifoSi cxovreba da moRvaweoba. warmoidgineT ormagi moqalaqeobis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi rogor gaexsnebaT xel-fexi sxvadasxva saxelmwifos agenturuli Tu sxva jaSuSuri qselis warmomadgen-

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lebs, isini xom aucileblad ecdebian gamoiyenon es ufleba. sarwmunoebis kuTxiT ki uamravi seqta Semoutevs saqarTvelos da CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili dacvis ra meqanizmebic gaaCnia Cvens qveyanas dRes-dReobiT aseTi Semotevebis Tavidan asaci-leblad. Cven ar ganvixilavT ormagi moqalaqeobis sust mxareebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi, saubari gvaqvs mxolod saqarTveloze da migvaCnia, rom Cveni saxelmwifosaTvis sruliad arasasurveli da araxelsayreli iqneba am uflebis dakanoneba. migvaCnia, rom kanoni unda iyos mkacri am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, zemoT ki ukve avRniSneT, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia ar cnobs ormag moqalaqeobas da es savsebiT xel-sayrelia Cveni qveynisaTvis.

Ggamoyenebuli literaturis:

1. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali _ levan aleqsiZe 2. saqarTvelos konstitucia 3. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali _ paata cnobilaZe 4. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani _ sakanonmdeblo aqtebis kre-

buli. 5. disertacia moqalaqeobaze _ a. loria

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nino maTevosiani

adamianis uflebebi -Kklonireba

cxovelebisa da mcenareebis hibriduli tipis gamoyvana arc ise rTuli amocana aRmoCnda, dRes genetikisaTvis dRis wesrigSi ufro rTuli problema dgas _ es eTikuri xasiaTis problemaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval qveyanaSi miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad ikrZaleba klo-nireba, masze muSaoba da kvleva zogierT qveyanaSi mainc mimdinareobs. klonirebis kvleviTi muSaobis Taobaze gaeros generalurma asambleam gamoTqva Tavisi damokidebuleba. 2005 wlis 8 marts sxdomaze xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebuli iqna deklaracia klonirebis sayovelTao akrZalvis Sesaxeb. aikrZala ara marto Terapiuli, aramed reproduqciuli klonirebac. klonirebaze muSaobas mecnierebi mainc agrZeleben, radgan Tvlian, rom gaeros mier miRebuli akrZalva atarebs deklaraciul xasiaTs. did britaneTSi da samxreT koreaSi grZeldeba Terapiuli embrionis klonirebaze muSaoba da maT SeuerTdnen iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa brazilia, espaneTi da sa-frangeTi. ruseTSi jer-jerobiT moqmedebs droebiTi akrZalva, Tumca ukve ga-moiTqva mosazreba, rom momwifda sakiTxi kanonSi Sesatani cvlilebebis SesaZ-leblobis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq klonirebaze kvleva ar mimdi-nareobs, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo prevenciuli zoma, romelic gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 136-e muxlSi. Terapiuli klonirebis dargSi gamokvlevisaTvis pirveli licenzia gadaecaT didi britaneTis universitetis niukanslis eqspertebs. adamianis klonirebis problema ufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad italieli profesori severino antinori da amerikeli profesori pa-nos zavosi cdiloben gamoiyenon bioteqnologiuri klonireba uSvilo ojaxebi-saTvis klonirebuli bavSvebis Seqmnis mizniT. maT ukve 600-ma pacientma mimarTa, romlebmac gamoTqves survili mieRoT bavSvebi klonirebis gziT. mecnierma anti-norim Tavisi kvleva daiwyo 2004 wlis oqtombris TveSi. mas mxars uWers xmelTa-SuazRvis erT-erTi saxelmwifo, romelmac moisurva inkognitod darCena. msoflios mecnierTa didma nawilma sakmaod mwvaved moaxdines reagireba italie-li mecnieris gancxadebaze. saerTaSoriso akademiurma sabWom, romelSic Sedis 80-ze meti mecnieruli organi-zacia moTxovniT mimarTa gaeros adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobebisa, msoflioSi ukve cxovrobs xuTi klonirebuli bavSvi. franguli kompania Clonaidi acxadebs, rom pirveli kloni msoflios moevlina maT klinikaSi sruliad janmrTeli da igi dReisaTvis cxovrobs israelSi. igi daibada 2004 wlis 26 dekembers da mas daarqves eva. mecnierebis da eqspertebis damoukidebel komisias ar mieca saSualeba gane-sazRvra dedasa da Svils Soris genetikuri identuroba. dedasa da klonirebuli Svilis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili, vinaidan kompania Clonaid-ma ar waradgina cno-bebi maT Sesaxeb, garda imisa, rom deda aris 31 wlis amerikeli qalbatoni. yvelasaTvis sainteresoa ra aris klonireba da ra saxis SeiZleba iyos igi.

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rogorc xelmisawvdomi wyaroebidan irkveva klonireba aris ori saxis: repro-duqciuli da Terapiuli. reproduqciuli klonireba - warmoadgens nebismieri cocxali arsebis genetiku-rad zusti aslis xelovnurad Seqmnas laboratoriul pirobebSi. mdedrobiTi sqe-sis warmomadgenlisagan aiReba kvercxujredi, romelsac aclian birTvs, Semdeg ubirTvo kvercxujredSi SehyavT ujredi, romelic atarebs klonirebuli organiz-mis dnk-as. am ori ujredis Serwymis momentidan iwyeba ujredebis gamravlebis procesi da embrionis zrda. Terapiuli klonireba – warmoadgens imave klonirebas, magram am SemTxvevaSi em-brionis zrdis vada 14 dRiT aris SezRuduli. Terapiuli am saxes imitom hqvia, rom am 14 dRis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili embrionuri ujredebi SemdgomSi gamoiyeneba medicinaSi mZime da ganukurnebadi daavadebebis TerapiisaTvis. momavali organoe-bis aseT ujredebs hqvia embrionuri RerZuli ujredebi. es ujredebi arian TiTq-mis yvela organoebisa da ujredebis winaprebi, romlebsac SemdgomSi SeuZliaT gardaiqmnan calkeuli organoebis specialur qsovilovan ujredebad, rogoricaa magaliTad guli, Tirkmelebi, RviZli da a.S. mecnierTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom 14 dRiani vadis Semdeg embrionur ujredebSi iqmneba centraluri nervuli sistema e.i. or kviriani konglomeranti SeiZleba CaiTvalos cocxal arsebad. me-15e dRes ujredebis gamravlebis procesi wydeba, Tu ki Eembrioni ar iqna inplantirebuli dedis sxeulSi. mecnierTa azriT, medicinis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTareba momavalSi daeyrdnoba embrionuri RerZuli ujredebis gamoyenebas. am ujredebis didi rao-denobis Seqmna eqimebs miscems saSualebas ganumklavdnen aqamde ganukurnebad daa-vadebebs, magaliTad iseTebs, rogoricaa diabeti, parkinsonis daavadeba, kibo, Sid-si da a.S. miuxedavad arsebuli miRwevebisa klonirebis dargSi, mecnierebi mainc Tvlian, rom igi amoucnobi procesia. radganac ibadeba mravali kiTxva, romelzedac zust da swor pasuxs jer-jerobiT veravin iZleva. vinaidan klonirebuli adamiani ara marto mecnieruli aRmoCenaa, aramed sulieri arsebac, amdenad gasaTvaliswinebelia misi moralur- eTikuri da socialuri mxa-reebic. Cvenis azriT, pirvel rigSi, unda gaeces pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvas: SesZlebs Tu ara klonirebuli adamiani Tavisi adgilis povnas sazogadoebaSi\. igrZnobs Tu ara Tavs igi daCagrulad da rogori iqneba misi inteleqtualuri ganviTareba. rac Seexeba eklesias, igi aRSfoTebulia da miaCnia, rom am mecnierulma gamokvle-vebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios negatiuri, saSiSi da katastrofuli movlenebi. vinaidan Casaxuli adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis adreul stadiaze unda mokvdes im-isaTvis, rom gaxdes janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis sasargeblo nivTiereba, radgan SemkveTma amaSi gadaixada fuli. wminda luka aRTqmaSi uTanabrebs erTmaneTs nayofsa da axalSobils. nayofi ukve sulieri arsebaa da aqvs sicocxlis ufleba iseve, rogorc nebismier axalSobils. amdenad ar SeiZleba nayofi gamoyenebuli iqnes nebismieri adamianis organos Sec-vlisa Tu daavadebasTan brZolis mizniT. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi naTqvamia, rom yvela adamiani iba-deba Tavisufali da Tanaswori, sakuTari RirsebiTa da uflebiT. xolo klonire-buli adamiani ugulebelyofilia ara marto deklaraciiT, aramed daucvelia sa-zogadoebis mxridanac. zogis azriT, kloni aris janmrTelobis wyaro, zogi ki

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Tvlis, rom es didi gamarjvebaa bunebaze. magram aravin ar fiqrobs, rom kloni-rebuli bavSvi kargavs Tavis individualurobas da ubralod aris viRacis asli. aqedan gamomdinare, sanam klonirebuli bavSvis uflebebi ar iqneba daculi, isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen ZlierTa genetikur mZevlebad. yvelaferi kargia erTis garda, genetikur masalad gamoiyeneba daucveli bavSvi - kloni. gvinda gvjerodes, rom adamianebi seriozulad dafiqrdebian im dedebisa da bavS-vebis bedsa da uflebebze, romlebic uneblied arian Careulni klonirebis pro-cesSi da miiReben Sesabamis deklaracias klonirebuli bavSvebis uflebebis dasa-cavad. yoveli adamiani - moazrovne adamiani aris unikaluri arseba da ganumeorebeli individi. ar SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom adamiani Semoqmedisa yvelaze idealuri qmnileba miwaze, gadaaqcio genetikur masalad vinmes interesebis dasakmayofi-leblad.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 w 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi 1999 w 3. yoveldRiuri presa

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mariam ormocaZe

revoluciis ufleba

saxelmwifoSi umTavresi Tanamdeboba sazogadoebis rigiTi wevris –

moqalaqis Tanamdeboba. ( luis brendaisi )

rogorc cnobilia demokratiuli saxelmwifos qvakuTxedi, kargad informirebuli, sakuTar uflebebSi garkveuli, politikurad aqtiuri sazogadoeba da misi Ti-Toeuli wevria. miuxedavad imisa, rom demokratiuli faseulobebis didi nawili Cvenma sazogadoe-bam metnaklebad umtkivneulod miiRo da misi aucilebloba aRiara, maTi institu-cionalizeba realobad jer kidev ver iqca. saq-Si moqalaqeta Soris jer kidev ar aris fundamentalurad gamtkicebuli kanonis arsi, is, rom kanoni ara marto is meqanizmia, romelic moqalaqeebs raimes ukrZalavs, aramed is instrumentic, ro-melic maT moqmedebisa da ganviTarebis raodenobrivad metsa da xarisxobrivad ufro Rirebul Tavisuflebas aniWebs. ociode wlis winad, msoflios qveyanaTa mxolod 30% iyo demokratiuli, dRei-saTvis msoflios qveyanaTa 60% metnaklebad demokratiisaken swrafvadi mTavrobe-bi marTaven. Tanamedrove erovnul sax-fos imdenad gaaCnia demokratiuli politikuri sistema, ramdenadac misi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis mimRebni arian arCeuli samar-Tliani arCevnebis Sedegad, romelSic kandidatebi Tavisuflad paeqroben xmaTa mosapoveblad da romelSic mTliani srulwlovani moZaladeebi realurad ufle-bamosilni arian miiRon monawileoba. ar aris sakmarisi arCevnebis ritualuri procesis Catareba da imis mtkiceba, rom isini obieqturi dakvirvebis pirobebSi Catarda. demokratia samoqalaqo ganaTlebasa da codnas moiTxovs, radganac mas gadawyve-tilebis miRebis nebismier etapze Tavisufali da gaTviTcnobierebuli moqalaqeebi sWirdeba. swored amisaTvisaa saWiro axali Taobis – axali talRis monawileoba sax–fo marTvisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, im Taobisa, romelic ar azrovnebs sxva, adre arsebuli arademokratiuli reJimebis Sesabamisad. demokratiui ganviTareba SesaZlebeli mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac liderebs sjeraT, rom maT aqvT am procesisaTvis xelSewyobis motivacia an aseTi ganviare-bis miRwevis valdebuleba. saxelmwifo valdebulia adamians Seuqmnas pirobebi Tavisufali saqmianobisa da cxovrebisaTvis, xeli Seuwyos adamianis uflebaTa da RirsebaTa sayovelTao pa-tiviscemasa da dacvas, magram SeuZlia amaze saubari maSin, sax-fo TviTon xdeba masobrivad adamianis Rirsebis, pativisa da Tavmoyvareobis Semlaxavi. adamianis Rirseulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia sax-fos mxridan misi samar-Tliani socialuri pirobebisa da samarTlebrivi Tnasworobis uzrunvelyofa. adamianis Rirsebis darRvevis erT-erTi maCvenebelia maTi gamouval, uimedo mdgo-mareobaSi Cayeneba, saarsebo minimumis xelidan gamocla: individis mimarT socia-luri da samarTlebrivi sax-fos principidan gamomdinare pasuxismgeblobis maso-brivi uaryofa. usamarTloba, Cagvra da boroteba albaT yovelTvis icocxlebs, magram mas ar ZaluZs samudamod erT formasa Tu erT mxareSi gamomwyvdeulma iarsebos, rodesac borotebani sakmaod mravldebian, maSin dasasrulic ama Tu im

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formiT aucileblad modis. roca aTasobiT qali da kaci siduxWiresa da usaqmo-baSi itanjeba, roca gasamrjelo da Semosavali ganuwyveteli Semcirebis proces-Sia, roca aTasobiT arasrulwlovani maSin rodesac isini skolebsa da ojaxebSi unda iRebdnen aRzrdasa da ganaTlebas ,iZulebulia maTxovrobasa da mawanwalo-baSi eZios gamosavali ,roca moxucebi navsadgurSi eZeben lukmapurs , roca ko-rufcia Riadaa, aRiarebuli da sayovelTao mibaZvis sagnadaa qceuli da rac mTa-varia, roca arsebobs codna imisa, rom xalxis msaxurni, arCeulni imisaTvis, rom ukuRmarToba gamoasworon, TviTon xdebian ukuRmarTobis sulis Camdgmelebi da kerZo sargeblisTvis yidul-gayidulni, iryeva warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis safuZvelebi da axlovdeba Jami xalxis mouridebeli da uxeSi gamofxizlebisa. revoluciis ufleba adamianTa gulebSia Canergili da im grZnobis pirmSoa, ro-melic kacs Tavis SecnobaSi exmareba da aiZulebs daicvas Tavisuflad da damou-kideblad cxovrebisa piradi ufleba. es grZnoba usamarTlo SeviwroebiTa da damcirebiTaa ganpirobebuli da uamisod mas ganviTarebis araviTari Sansi ar gaaCnia. revoluciebi ar iqmnebian – isini ibadebian. mTeli msoflios agitatorebisa Tu konspiratorebis ar ZaluZT, nebismieri, angariSSi Casagdebi, ajanyebis mowyoba umcires sax-foSic ki. Tu saamiso Jami ar aris momwifebuli da piriqiT, mTeli miwa-wylis armiebsa da policiasac ki ar SeswevT unari Tundacx erTi ajanyebis Sesakaveblad, rodesac amis dro dadgeba. mTavaria RonisZieba iyos misaRebi da arsebobdes saTanado saSualebebi miznis misaRwevad. aseve aucilebelia, rom miza-ni da saSualeba erTmaneTTan gonivrul SesabamisobaSi iyos. arCeuli saSualeba unda iyos aucilebeli da saTanado. saSualeba saTanadoa maSin, roca zrdis da-saxuli miznis miRwevis albaTobas. aucilebeli ki niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs ufro "rbili" saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs da cinikurad fexqveS ar Telavs maT uflebebs, revolucia SeuZlebeli da praqtikulad gamoricxulic kia. TiToeuli adamianis mier sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmisa da mSvidobiani Sekrebis ufleba konstituciiTaa aRiarebuli. miuxedavad imisa es winaswaraa mom-zadebuli Tu spontanurad warmoSobili. evropuli sasamarTlo acxadebs, rom Se-krebebis Tavisufleba azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa da azris gamoxatvis Tavis mxriv Sekrebebis Tavisuflebis erT-erT ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens. azris gamoTqmisa da Sekrebis Tavisufleba ori ZiriTadi niSniT xa-siaTdeba: pirveli niSani kavSirSia Cveni konstituciiT aRiarebul demokratiis principTan. demokratiuli sax-fo ver iarsebebs, Tu mis moqalaqeebs ar eqnebaT SesaZlebloba Sekrebebze gamoTqvan TavianTi azri, mousminon sxva moqalaqeTa mo-sazrebebs, sajarod gamoxaton TavianTi politikuri Sexedulebebi; meore niSani mdgomareobis adamianis Rirsebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis pativiscemaSi da aRiarebaSi. da roca sazogadoebis did nawils saerTo azri, saerTo sirvulebi, saerTo problemebi da erTi mizani amoZravebs, mizani imisa, rom bolo moeRos maT gauTavebel Cagvrasa da damcirebas, Sedegi TavisTavad dgeba, martalia zogjer tragikuli, radgan arseboben qveynebi, sadac revolucias sisxlisRvra mohyva, ma-gram Cveni Taoba piradad gaxda usisxlo revoluciis momswre. aseve unda gvax-sovdes, rom is, vinc revolucias miuZRvnis sakuTar pirovnebas, Segnebulad ig-debs Tavs xifaTSi, rogorc mTavrobaTa, ise adamianTa winaSe da sasjeli elis nebismieri "rezultatisas", gamarjvebis garda. umetes Cvensagans swams, rom patriotia, magram ara am sityvis realuri gagebiT. patriotizmi, romelic adamianis gulSi Tundac mcire adgils imsaxurebs, ar aris Cvens garSemo arseboli. mTebisa da mdinareebis xedebiT, tyeebisa da sasazRvro xazebiT dabrmavebuli. mas garSemo myof qalTa, kacTa da bavSvTa budi adardebs. aseT patriotizms yvelaze metad is mxare uyvars, sadac yvelaze vrcelia ada-mianTaTvis Tavisufleba da yvelaze didia niWis gamovlenis asparezi. igi mouT-menlad moelis droebas, roca usamarTloba Sewyvets Tavisi qveynis Seurawyofas.

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namdvili patriotizmi ocnebobs dReze, rodesac erebi da adamianebi sabolood gaacnobiereben, rom mSvidoba bevrad ufro mo momgebiani da Rirseulia, vidre mtroba da omi. is elis im dRes, roca Tavisufleba, wesrigi da samarTlianoba erTad izeimebs dedamiwaze. swored amitom revoluciis ufleba aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gza, romeliTac adamians sakuTari uflebebis dacva.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi 1995 weli. 2. saqarTvelos konstitucis komentarebi. Tbilisi 2004 weli. 3. masmediis saSualebebi.

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nino ZnelaZe

azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba adamianis ufleba da Tavisufieba is fenomenia, demokratiis ideis is gamoxatule-baa, romelmac herakles droindeli aTenidan moyolebuli dRevandlamde mZlavrad daipyro adamianis goneba da inteleqti. istoriulad, ufleba-tavisuflebis ganvi-Tarebam metad rTuli, magram saintereso gza ganvlo. uflebis Teoriuli kvle-vis Sesaxeb pasuxis fundamenturi Zieba me-17-18 saukuneebSi bunebiTi samarTlis skolis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba. am periodidan moyolebuli pirovnebis Tavi-suflebis koncefcia, saxalxo suverenitetis, bunebiTi uflebebis, socialuri Tanxmobis ideebma, romlebic lokis, monteskies, rusos filosofiidan gamomdina-reobdnen, gansazRvres mravali qveynis mmarTvelobis xasiaTi. adamianisa da moqalaqis ufleba da Tavisufleba is centraluri sakiTxia, romel-ic safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebas da saxelmwifos mmarTvelobas da arsebiTad gansazRvravs mis demokratiulobas. demokratia da ufleba, marTalia, sinonimebs ar warmoadgenen, magram isini yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyenebian rogorc ur-TierTdamakavSirebeli cnebebi. calkeuli xasiaTis ufleba, romelic dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis nebisa da misi gamovlinebis iniciativasTan, konstituciaSi moxseniebulia rogorc Tavisufleba. uflebasa da TavisuflebaTa Soris gansxvaveba mxolod pirobiTi xasiaTisaa, e.i. principuli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. ise, rogorc ufleba, Tavi-suflebac niSnavs kanoniT gansazRvruli SesaZlo moqmedebis zomas. saqarTvelos konstituciaSi xSiria debulebebi, romlebic miuTiTeben pirovnebis uflebaze Ta-visuflad ganaxorcielos raime moqmedeba, "yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavisuf-lad miiRos da daavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari saSualebiT." azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da saerTod gamoxatvis Tavisufleba demokrati-uli sazogadoebis safuZvelia,radgan am uflebis gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebe-lia am uflebaTa realizacia. zedmetia saubari im qveynebis demokratiul ganvi-Tarebaze, sadac adamianebs ara aqvT TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. sazogadoebam, misma yovelma wevrma zustad gaiazros erTi ubralo WeSmariteba: mxolod warma-tebuli sazogadoeba SeiZleba gaxdes warmatebuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZve-li. xolo warmatebul saxelmwifod ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos is saxelmwifo, ro-melic moqalaqezea orientirebuli, emsaxureba mis interess da ara piriqiT. nebis-mieri xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia midrekileba xelisuflebis borotad gaoyenebisaken. aseT SemTxvevaSi azris Tavisufleba yvelaze metad zaraldeba. swored amitomaa, rom totalitaruli sistemebi warmoudgenelia sityvis Tavi-suflebis SezRudvis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba erT aTeul welze mets iTvlis, qveyanam jer kidev ver moaxerxa iseTi kanonmdeb-lobis miReba, romelic sityvis Tavisuflebas realur da mniSvnelovan garan-tiebs Seuqmnida. Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis ararsebobis garda, samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mxridan ar aris gaazrebuli da gaTavise-buli sityvis Tavisuflebis realuri Rirebuleba. sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba ara sazogadoebrivi interesis mqone sa-kiTxze sajaro debatebis caxalisebisaTvis, aramed adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli, sruliad dausabuTebeli da uxamsi informaciis gasavrceleblad azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba Tavisi bunebiT universaluri uflebaa,romelic geografiuli sazRvrabiT ar izRudeba da misi regulireba saerTaSoriso samar-Tals eqvemdebareba. Adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis me-19 muxli

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calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs adamia-nis”Tavisuflebas, damoukideblad misdios Tavis mrwamss da moiZios da gaavrce-los informacia da ideebi nebismieri saSualebiT,saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxeda-vad.” gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi saqarTvelos bolo rvawliani gamocdileba TvalnaTliv warmoaCens, rom sitkvisa da azris gamoxatvis uflebis ertgvarovani gageba, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi jer kidev did problemad rCeba. informaciisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze fun-damenturi uflebaa.is ar moicavs mxolod piris uflebas, Tavisuflad gamoTqvas Tavisi azri an mxolod presis Tavisuflebas. igi aseve gulisxmobs xelisuflebis Caurevlad informaciis moZiebis, miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisuflebas. infor-maciisa da azris Tavisufleba gulisxmobs im pirobebis codnasac, romlebic yve-la sxva uflebis ganxorcielebaze axdens zegavlenas. Tu pirs SezRuduli aqvs informaciis moZiebis,miRebis da gavrcelebis ufleba, aseve azris gamoxatvis Ta-visufleba, is ver iqneba srulfasovani moqalaqe, efeqturad ver gansazRvravs da ver gaakontrolebs Tavis momavals. sityvis Tavisufleba garantirebulia saqarT-velos konstituciiT. kerZod, konstituciis me-19 muxlSi miTiTebulia rom: ”yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba konstitucia icavs yvela moqalaqes pasuxismgeblobisagan sityvis Tavisuflebis gamoyenebisaTvis. amave muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom: ”daSvebulia adamianis devna sity-vis, azris, aRmsareblobis, an rwmenis gamo, agreTve misi iZuleba,gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb.” Tavisufleba, romelic azris Riad gamoxatvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, niSnavs, rom adamians ufleba aqvs hqondes sakuTari azri nebismier sakiTxze da Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos ideebi da informacia (kerZo saubarSi Tu sajarod) xeli-suflebis Carevis gareSe da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad. Azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas ara marto xelisufleba, aramed, xSirad opozicia an teroristuli organizaciebic ebrZvian,romlebic sxvadasxva formiT, ukrZalaven presas, politi-kosebs, an calkeul adamianebs sakuTari azris Riad gamoTqmas. magram amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvis Tavisufleba absuluturi ar aris da SesaZlebelia misi SezRudvac. am SezRudvisaTvis ki konstitucia mkacrad gan-sazRvrul pirobebs adgens. Konstitucia sityvis Tavisuflebis Sezgudvis mTavar pirobad sxvaTa uflebebis dacvas asaxelebs:” dauSvebelia TavisuflebaTa Se-zRudva, Tu maTi gamovlineba ar laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs.” demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi Tavisufali presis, efeqturi sasamarTlo xelisufleba da demokratiuli politikuri sistema arian azris gamoxatvis Tavi-suflebis garantebi. magaliTad presis Tavisufleba, Tavisuflebis is xarisxia, romliTac masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv problemebs aSuqeben. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im publikaciebs, romlebSic gakriti-kebulia xelisuflebis organoebi. presis Tavisufleba azris gamoxatvis Tavi-suflebazea damokidebuli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelo evropis sabWos wevri qveyanaa da, Sesabamisad masze vrceldeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, qarTuli kanonmdeblo-bis harmonizacia umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. Es ki naTlad miuTiTebs imaze, rom aucilebelia sityvisa da azris Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis SemuSaveba, sabolood ki minda moviyvano gamoCenili fizikosis albert ainStainis ukvdavi sityvebi, romelic ambobs rom ”mxolod kanonmdebloba ver daicavs gamoxatvis Ta-visuflebas. imisaTvis, rom yovelma adamianma usafrTxod gamoTqvas sakuTari Sex-eduleba, saWiroa, sazogadoeba iyos Semwynarebeli.”

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi 1995. 2. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba _ Tavisuflebis instituti. 3. zaza ruxaZe. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali. Tbilisi 2005

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levan goCaSvili

mitingebis, Sekrebebis manifestaciebis da demonstraciebis Catarebis Tavisufleba

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia mitingebis, Sekrebebis, manifestaciebis da demonstraciebis Catarebis Tavisufleba, romelic amavdroulad qveynis myari demokratiuli wyobilebis mSeneblobis da SemdgomSi SenarCunebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi, sakmaod mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sityvis TavisuflebasTan, romlis arsi, Tavis mxriv, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismier pirs Tavisi Sexedulebis gaTvaliswinebiT ufleba aqvs sajarod gamoTqvas Tavisi azri qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur Tu socialur movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, magram aRniSnuli uflebebis ganxorcieleba unda xdebodes saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, raTa ar moxdes adamianis an adamianTa garkveuli jgufis uflebebis uxeSi darRveva, maTi Rirsebis, pativis, saqmiani reputaciis SelaxviT da a.S. saqarTvelos kanoni „Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb“ aregulirebs aRniSnul sakiTxs, anu awesrigebs saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli uflebis ganxorcielebas _ winaswari nebarTvis gareSe Seikribon sajarod da uiaraRod, rogorc WerqveS, ise gareT. unda aRiniSnos agreTve is faqti, rom konstituciuri samarTlis mecnierebaSi da zogadad kanonmdeblobaSi ar iyo Camoyalibebuli is ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT mitingi, Sekreba, manifestacia, es garkveulwilad arTulebda maTi samarTlebrivi regulirebisa da diferenciaciis sakiTxs. Cveni azriT, aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT uSualod Sekreba da manifestacia. Sekreba warmoadgens moqlaqeTa SeuzRudav uflebas, Tavisuflad Seikribon daxurul SenobaSi, romelSic Sesvla garkveulwilad SeiZleba SeizRudos Sekrebis organizatorTa mier. rac Seexeba manifestaciis Tavisuflebas, igi warmoadgens Ria cis qveS mitingebis, demonstraciebis, msvlelobebis, piketebis Catarebas da sxva nebismieri gamosvlebis ganxorcielebas. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba im faqts, Tu sad, ra teritoriaze tardeba manifestacia, Sekreba. kanoniT SesaZlebelia dawesdes xelisuflebis winaswari gafrTxileba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sekreba an manifestacia xalxisa da transportis samoZrao adgilas imarTeba. gafrTxileba Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciisa da Catarebis Sesaxeb Setanili unda iqnes adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoSi mis mowyobamde araugvianes 5 dRisa. gafrTxilebaSi unda aRiniSnos: a) Sekrebis an manifestaciis forma, mizani, Catarebis adgili an svlagezi,

dawyebisa da damTavrebis dro, TariRi, monawileTa savaraudo raodenoba. b) marwmuneblis vinaoba. (marwmunebeli aris Sekrebis an manifestaciis

iniciatori politikuri partia, gaerTianeba, sawarmo, dawesebuleba, organizacia an moqalaqeTa sainiciativo jgufi).

g) pasuxismgebeli pirebis vinaoba sacxovrebeli adgili, sakontaqto telefonis nomeri, gafrTxilebis Setanis TariRi da dro. gafrTxilebas xels aweren Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciisa da CatarebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli pirebi.

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adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organo ar miiRebs gafrTxilebas, Tu: a) gafrTxileba ar akmayofilebs zemoaRniSnul moTxovnebs. b) Sekreba an manifestacia Catarebis formis, drois da adgilis mixedviT

emTxveva sxva Sekrebas, manifestacias, romlis Sesaxeb gafrTxileba ufro adre iqna wardgenili an sxva masobriv aqcias.

g) Sekrebis an manifestaciis Catareba arsebiT safrTxes Seuqmnis saxelmwifoebriv uSiSroebasa da wesrigs.

gafrTxileba ar aris savaldebulo calkeuli moqalaqeebisavis, romelTac surT Tavisi Sexedulebis sajarod gamoxatva plakatebiT, lozungebiT, transfarantebiT an sxva saxviTi saSualebebiT, magram maT ara aqvT ufleba, amisaTvis gamoiyenon Senobebis sadarbazoebi, kibeebi, Sesasvlelebi, gadaketon gzis savali nawili an Seaferxon transportisa da xalxis moZraoba. Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Catarebisas pasuxismgebeli pirebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen moqlaqeebi, romlebsac jer ar SesrulebiaT 18 weli, agreTve saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebi valdebulni arian uzrunvelyon Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciisa da CatarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi. rac Seexeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs, maTi mxridan Sekrebaze an manifestaciaze cnobebis miRebasa da gavrcelebaSi xelis SeSla isjeba kanoniT. rac Seexeba akrZalvebs, romelic SeiZleba Seexos Sekrebas Tu manifestacias, is SeiZleba gamoixatos SemdegSi: Tu Sekrebas an manifestacias aqvs danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi anu Tu is gadaizarda agresiul qcevaSi, aseve Tu masSi SemCneuli arian SeiaraRebuli adamianebi, _ xelisufleba uflebamosilia miiRos zomebi aseTi Sekrebisa Tu manifestaciis Sewyvetis mizniT. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organo uflebamosilia ar dauSvas manifestaciis an Sekrebis Catareba, Tu arsebobs policiis mier Semowmebuli aSkara monacemebi, romelTa Sesabamisad Sekrebis an manifestaciis Catarebis Sedegad uSualo safrTxe emuqreba konstituciur wyobilebas, moqalaqeTa sicocxlesa Tu janmrTelobas, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organos gadawyvetileba, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi, romelic 2 samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi iRebs gadawyvetilebas. akrZalulia Sekrebebis manifestaciebis Catareba: saqarTvelos parlamentis SenobaSi, prezidentis rezidenciaSi, sakonstitucio da uzenaes sasamarTloSi, sasamarTloebSi, prokuraturis, policiis, samxedro nawilebis obieqtebSi, rkinigzis sadgurebSi, aeroportSi, saavadmyofoebSi, diplomatiur dawesebulebebSi da a.S. dauSvebelia Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciisas da Catarebisas mowodeba saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxobis an ZaladobiT Secvlisaken, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevisaken, an iseTi mowodeba, romelic warmoadgens omisa da Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls. Sekrebebis an manifestaciebis organizaciisa da CatarebisTvis savaldebuloa politikuri partiebis, gaerTianebebis, sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebisa da organizaciebis, agreTve sainiciativo jgufebis rwmunebulebis mier saTanado gafrTxilebis Setana, adgilobriv mmarTvelobis organoebSi aqciis Catarebis adgilis mixedviT. manifestaciebis da Sekrebebis Catarebisas saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, Tanamdebobis pirebs da moqalaqeebs ufleba ar aqvT xeli SeuSalon mis

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organizacias da Catarebas moqlaqeTa mier sakuTari Sexedulebebis sajarod gamoxatvisas. Sekrebebis an manifestaciebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi, romelic sami samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi ganixilavs am gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis sakiTxs. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT (Sekrebebsa da manifestaciebTan) mocemulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 25-e muxlSi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom “yvelas aqvs sajarod Sekrebis ufleba, garda im pirebisa romlebic arian samxedro Zalebis, policiis da uSiSroebis samsaxuris SemadgenlobaSi”. mocemuli sakiTxi metad aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania dResac, vinaidan saqarTvelo dRes-dReobiT dgas demokratiuli da samarTliani saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze, romlis mTavroba, rogorc CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili revoluciis gziTaa xelisuflebaSi mosuli. swored am revoluciis safuZveli iyo is patar-patara manifestaciebi Tu saprotesto aqciebi, romlebmac aramarto TbilisSi, aramed saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo, imdroindeli mTavrobis gadayenebis mizniT. swored am permanentuli aqciebis gagrZeleba iyo 2003 wlis 23 noembris mravalricxovani aqcia saqarTvelos parlamentis Senobis win, romelic dagvirgvinda xalxis mier mTavrobis gadayenebiT. agreTve aRsaniSnavia 2005 wlis oqtomberSi salome zurabiSvilis mxardamWeri aqcia ipodromze, romlis ZiriTadi mizezi, _ misi sagareo saqmeTa ministrobidan gadayeneba, xolo mizani Sesabamisad axali politikuri moZraobis Seqmna iyo. zemoaRniSnuli aqcia ar atarebda danaSaulebriv xasiaTs da arc specialuri nebarTva sWirdebodaT mis organizatorebs am manifestaciebs gasamarTad, yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es aqcia jdeboda yvela samarTlebrivi normis farglebSi da Sesabamisad ar eqmneboda samarTaldamcav organoebs aranairi safuZveli am aqciis dasaSlelad, gansxvavebiT Cveni mezobeli azerbaijanisagan, romelic acxadebs pretenzias demokratiaze, Tumca Tundac is faqti, rom xdeba adamianTa uflebaTa da moTxovnaTa sruli ignorireba, _ ar aZlevs mas aseTi pretenziis wamoyenebis saSualebas. es ignorireba ZiriTadad gamoxatulebas poulobs dRes-dReobiT mimdinare demonstraciebsa da aqciebSi, romlis gamarTvis safuZvelia gayalbebuli saparlamento arCevnebi. aRniSnuli demonstraciebi gadazrdilia aqciis monawileTa da samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris sisxlian SetakebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba movaxdinoT Sedareba saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris, demkratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis miswrafebis progresebTan dakavSirebiT. erTgvari gadaxvevidan dRevandel realobaSi, davubrundeT isev mitingebis, demostraciebis, Sekrebebis da manifestaciebis definiciis sakiTxs. mecnierTa azriT, demonstracia warmoadgens quCebsa, gzebze adamianTa garkveuli jgufis moZraobas, romlebic TavianT azrs sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebisadmi, moTxovnebs xelisuflebisadmi, gamoxataven Sesabamisi transparantebiTa da plakatebiT, xolo mitingi, aseve mecnierTa azriT aris moqalaqeTa Sekreba Ria cis qveS, romelic misi organizatorebisa da masSi monawile pirebis sajaro gamosvlebis Semdeg mTavrdeba rezoluciiT, romelic Seicavs moTxovnebs xelisuflebisadmi an mimarTvas mosaxleobisadmi. saqarTveloSi gamarTuli demonstraciis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT igive salome zurabiSvilis organizaciis mier mowyobili demonstracia rusTavelis gamzirze, romelic mohyva saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris mier gakeTebul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom damnaSaveTa mier samarTaldamcavi organoebis

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warmomadgenelTaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevaSi moexdinaT misi adgilze likvidacia. rodesac adamianis ZiriTad uflebebze da Tavisuflebebze vsaubrobT, aRsaniSnavia is istoriuli faqti, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi konstitucia kompromisis Sedegi iyo. ramdenime Statma konstituciis teqsts mxolod im pirobiT dauWira mxari, rom Semdgom masSi Setanili iqneboda adamianis uflebebis ganmsazRvreli normebi. aSS-is 1787 wlis konstituciaSi SemdgomSi Sesuli cvlilebebidan 15 cvlileba exeboda adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs. aSS-is 1787 wlis konstitucia ar Seicavda kongresisaTvis xalxis mSvidobiani Sekrebis uflebis SemzRudveli kanonis gamocemis SesaZleblobis akrZalvas. aseTi akrZalva aSS-s konstituciaSi Sevida 1791 wlis I SesworebiT. Temis dasasruls, daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba Semdegi: mitingebis, Sekrebebis, manifestaciebis, demonstraciebis Catarebis Tavisufleba, nebismieri moqalaqis suverenuli uflebaa, romlis ganxorcieleba mas SeuZlia Tavisi azris gamosaxatavad, Tavisi Sexedulebis dasafiqsireblad da rac mTavaria, im moTxovnebis wasayeneblad, romelic mas yvelaze metad awuxebs, iqneba es xelisuflebis organoebis Tu sxvaTa mimarT. garda amisa, igi warmoadgens demokratiuli saxelmwifos arsebobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas. Cveni azriT, Sekrebis Tu manifestaciis Catarebis dros xelisuflebis mxridan udidesi yuradReba unda mieqces im ZiriTad moTxovnas, romelsac am SekrebaSi, manifestaciaSi Tu demonstraciaSi monawile pirebi ayeneben, vinaidan sazogadoebis es nawili warmoadgens mosaxleobis garkveul jgufs da Sesabamisad saxelmwifo da xelisuflebis organoebi gamoxataven da moqmedeben xalxis nebis Sesabamisad. rac Seexeba mosaxleobis moTxovnas, romelsac is gamoxatavs Sekrebasa Tu manifestaciaSi, _ SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes, rogorc yofiTi problemebidan, ise xelisuflebis organoebis moqmedebidan Tu umoqmedobidan.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2. saqarTvelos kanoni _ Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb. 3. paata cnobilaZe _ saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali. 4. oTar melqaZe _ sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwifo samarTali (wig. I). 5. oTar melqaZe _ konstitucionalizmis Teoriis sakiTxebi. 6. oTar melqaZe _ sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali (krebuliI). 7. zaza ruxaZe _ saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali.

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sofo lolaZe

sikvdiliT dasja sasjeli, rogorc damnaSavisaTvis fizikuri an fsiqikuri tanjvis miyeneba, Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebSi metad mravalferovani iyo. feodaluri sisxlis samarTlis istoria `Cven naTlad warmogvidgens adamianis iseTi gamomgoneblis samwuxaro suraTs, romelic mTlianad mimarTuli iyo, damnaSavisaTvis rac SeiZleba meti fizikuri da sulieri tanjvis miyenebis xerxebsa da saSualebebis gamoyenebisken~, magram aseT saerTo mravalferovnebaSi SeiZleba gamoiZebnos zogierTi iseTi niSani, romelic saSualebas iZleva dasjiTi RonisZiebebi daviyvanoT gansazRvrul tipebamde, aseT gamaerTianebel niSans warmoadgens im sikeTis, uflebis, an interesis Tviseba, romelsac sasjeli arTmevs an umcirebs damnaSaves dasjiTi RonisZiebebis sferos, Tavis aucilebel sazRvrebs poulobs im sikeTeTa SemosazRvraSi, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifom CamoarTvas an SeuzRudos damnaSaves. TiToeuli sasjeli Tavisi xerxebiT da Sedarebis pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxva damatebiTi sasjeli, rasakvirvelia iwvevs mniSvnelovan saxecvlilebebs. ufro metic, am niuansebis meSveobiT icvleba im tanjvis xarisxi, romelic mocemulma sasjelma unda miayenos damnaSaves, zogjer sasjelTa Soris gansxvavebis niSnebi iSleba da isini erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian. damasaxiCrebeli saqcieli cxviris, xelis moWris saxiT, damatebuli Tvalebis amoTxriT an enis moWriT, rasakvirvelia savsebiT SesaZlebelia gverdiT dauyenoT sikvdiliT dasjas. Zveli romis sazogado moRvawe lukreciusi ambobda ~sikvdili saSiSi ar aris-sanam Cven varT, is ar aris, xolo xolo roca is aris, Cven aRar varT~. es wminda ofistikaa, sainteresod mosasmeni mistika, magram im Sinagan simwvaves da tanjvas, romelsac adamianebi da maTi axloblebi ganicdian sikvdiliT dasjisas, veranairi sofisturi azrovnebis elvareba ver daaZlevinebs. Cven rom sikvdiliT dasjis Sedegi warmovaCinoT, sasurvelia gaviazroT, ra fsiqologiur zegavlenas axdens is sazogadoebaze. istoriulad sikvdiliT dasjis mizani mdgomareobs zogad prevenciaSi, anu sazogadoebis gafrTxilebaSi, Tavi Seikavon msgavsi qmedebisagan, amitom dasasjelad xalxmravali adgilebi iyo SerCeuli – gzajvaredinebi an moednebi, saerTod sasjeliT mizani damnaSavis gamosworeba iyo. sikvdiliT dasjisas ki erTgvar SeusabamobasTan gvaqvs saqme. is sasurvel Sedegs ver aRwevda, maSinac ki, roca saerTod aRsruldeboda, miT umetes arafers moitans axla (farulad), piriqiT, fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas axdenda sazogadoebaze, aseTi faqtebis SeCveva grZnobas auxeSebs, gauxeSebuli grZnobiT ki piri iolad Caidens axal danaSauls. yvela viTarebaSi sikvdiliT dasja unda iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc SurisZieba, jibri…, aq Cndeba sakiTxis meore aspeqti, msoflioSi sasjels yovelTvis ganixilavdnen, rogorc aRmrdelobiTi niSnis matarebels, sikvdiliT dasjis dros ki es momenti gamoZevebulia, radgan ~aRzrdis obieqti kvdeba, ixvriteba~. ar seiZleba ar vaxsenoT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelsac sasjelis am formis yvela momxre aRiarebs – es aris `Secdoma~, anu is SemTxveva, rom SecdomiT SeiZleba daixvritos samarTalSi micemuli, rac ukve araerTxel momxdara, cnobili maniakis, `Cikotelos~ mkvlelobebis seriis dros, rodesac mis magivrad sxvas sjidnen – erTma Tavi CamoixrCo, meorem TvalSi sinaTle dakarga nerviulobisagan, xolo mesame daxvrites. Sua saukuneebis udidesi ganmanaTleblebi Tomas jefersoni da jon loki adamianis sicocxles ganixilavdnen RmerTebisagan miniWebul Zalad, mis xelovnurad mospobas ewinaaRmdegebodnen. swored maTi ZalisxmeviT Sevida

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adamianis sicocxlis dacvis Sesaxeb muxli konstituciaSi, amgvarad adamianis sicocxle saxelmwifoebriv simaRleze avida - `aqedan gamomdinare adamianTa sicocxle xelSeuxebelia~. ironiulad JRers is faqtic, rom sikvdiliT dasja mravali qveynis iurispodenciaSi sasjelis saxeebSi ar Sedis da sasjelis es zoma droebiTobisuflebiT sargeblobs. ai ras ambobs cnobili rusi filosofosi nikoloz bordiaevi am faqqtis gamo: `romelman aRiRos maxvili maxviliTve ganigmiros~. es saxelmwifoze Tqva, vinaidan saxelmwifom, garda imisa, rom pirvelma airo xmali da sisxlian mkvlelobebiT daibada, mkvleloba kanonamde aamaRla, rom istoriulad sikvdiliT dasja sisxliani SurisZiebisgan ganviTarda, rom saxelmwifom mzrunveloba gamoiCina da Tavis Tavze airo SurisZiebis organizeba. sikvdiliT dasjis dros fexqveS iTeleba is RvTaebrivi arsi, rom adamianis seqmnaSi dedisa da mamis garda monawileobs suliwminda, fexqveSAiTeleba erT-erTi aTmcnebaTagani `ara kac hkla~. sikvdiliT dasjas eZRvneba ramdenime wigni. maT Soris aris safrangeTis revoluciis jalaTis `sansunis Canawerebi~ da me-20 saukunis safrangeTis, aseve profesionali jalaTis, andre obrextis wigni `Savi dRiuri~. jalaT-mkvlelebs da kriminalur mkvlelebsac gaaCniaT humanuri nazi damokidebuleba cxovrebisadmi, magram am saSinelebas mainc sCadian. cxovrebis garkveul epizodebSi maT aseTi amovardnebi aqvT (swrafva agresiisaken), Semdeg kvlav normalur dinebas mihyveba maTi goneba, es cikli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze muSaobs. sazogadoebaSi, romelsac konfliqtebi azanzarebs, sikvdiliT dasja urTierTgadajaWvuli agresiulobis da SiSis gamoxatulebaa, romelTac mTeli sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba moicavs. adamiani aseT sazogadoebaSi gamudmebul safrTxes grZnobs, sikvdiliT dasja Tavisi Semzaravi faqtiT mas mcireoden simSvides hmatebs, radgan man icis, adamianebs masaviT eSiniaT am sasjelis da maSasadame igi mas icavs ilozoruli dacvaa, romelic mogvagonebs bavSvs, sibneleSi siarulis rom eSinia da simReriT imxnevebs Tavs. kidev ufro SemaZrwunebelia sikvdilis fabrikebi, sadac adamianTa swrafi likvidirebisTvis sxvadasxva konveirebi Seqmnes, gazis saknebi, Rumelebi da sxva. ai ras wers meore samamulo omis monawile, ebraeli iakob vrniki, romelmac sakuTari TvaliT naxa es saSinelebani. `roca fexmZime qals wvavdnen, mas muceli uskdeboda da nayofi dedasTan erTad iwvoda, mkvlelebze es araviTar STabeWdilebas ar axdenda~... (ara erTxel momxdara, rom nacistebi mtiral bavSvs dedas mkerdidan moglejdnen da pirdapir koconSi agdebdnen, am dros icinodnen, dedebs mouwodebdnen, TavianTi Svilebis kvaldakval gmirulad Camxtariyvnen cecxlSi. arsaniSnavia, rom yovelive amis Camdeni, xSirad, albaT Seqspiris tragedias kiTxulobda da sakuTar col-SvilTan erTad cremlebad iRvreboda. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli da gansjili ki imis utyuari maCvenebelia, rom adamia-nis grZnoba-buneba gauxeSebulia. 1988 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda im 53 qveyanas, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. uamravi pirovneba dasajes sikvdiliT da rom ara es sazareli kanoni, maT didi sikeTis motana SeeZloT kacobriobisaTvis: fi-losofosi sokrate, jordano bruno, mariam stiuarti, karl I, ian husi, dekabris-tebi, lavuazie, koperniki da sxvebi. sikvdiliT dasjis kanonis winaaRmdeg brZola didi xania gascda iurispudenciis farglebs da zogad humanur problemad iqca. am sakiTxebs ucxoeTSi ikvlevdnen institutebi, romelTa monacemebiT, sikvdiliT dasjam xeli Seuwyo danaSaulTa zrdas. pirovneba romelic am danaSauls Cadis, sazogadoebis suli da xorcia, es didi organizmis nawilia, man am sazogadoebaSi miiRo es Cvevebi, romlebmac aiZu-

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la, Caedina mkvleloba da umjobesi iqneba avxsnaT, rogor SeiZleba gamovaZevoT sazogadoebidan agresiA. axla cota ram sikvdiliT dasjis aRsrulebis formebze. sikvdiliT dasjis arse-bobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganaCenis aRsrulebis formas. am SemTxvevaSi ka-cobriobas hqonda rogorc mwvalebluri, aseve gaiolebuli formebi. gaiolebul formebSi igulisxmeba siaxle wamlis miReba da masTan erTad sasikvdilo Sedegis dadgoma. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mxolod ramdenime StatSi, sikvdiliT dasjis aRsrulebis formad iyenebdnen eleqtroskams. frangma inJinerma giliotin-ma specialurad gamoiyena giliotina, raTanajaxiT Tavis mokveTis mosalodneli tanjva rogorme Seemsubuqebina, monRolTa oqros urdo iyenebda rogorc Tavis mokveTas, aseve mwvaleblur xerxebs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia, xerxemlis ga-datexva da cxenebze gamobmiT adamianis Suaze gaxleCa. romSi umetesad gamoyene-buli iyo kldidan sikvdilmisjilTa gadagdeba, Tavis mokveTa da ra Tqma unda jvarcma, es ukanaskneli ekuTvnis arsrulebis mZime formas. yvelaze mZimed maT Soris Tvlian Zelze gasmas, romlis dros adamianis swor nawlavSi SehyavT sari, romelzedac sikvdilmisjili iyo camokidebuli, sari uaRresad mtanjveli SgrZnebiT miiwevs adamianis sxeulis siRrmeSi da ase azdens mokvdinebas. sikvdi-lis aRsrulebis meore yvelaze mZime forma aris sikvdilmisjilis mikvra boZze ise, rom mas Tavis ganZreva ar SeeZlos. am dros mas ritmuli sizustiT gamudme-biT erT werilSi ecema wveTi wyali. am dros xSiria fsiqikuri aSliloba. wveTis Zala imdenad Zlieria, rom mas SeuZlia granitis lodi ramdenime dreSi gaxvri-tos. axla gadavxedoT bizantiur samarTalSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo Zegls eklogas. ekloga iseTi sakanonmdeblo Zeglia, romelSic bizantiur-berZnulma sasjelTa sistemam garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Semsubuqeba da SedarebiT humanizacia gviCvena. miuxedavad amisa, eklogaSi arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba sikvdi-liT dasja. eklogas mixedviT unda daisajon homoseqsualebi, ganzrax cecxlis camkidebi, jadoqrebi, Sxamis gamoyenebis meSveobiT mkvlelebi, ganzrax mkvlelebi, eretikosebi, saxelmwifos moRalateebi. jvarze gakvra, mxecebTan brZoliT sikv-dili, cecxlze dawva, aseTi saxis sasjelebi eklogam Seamcira da ZiriTadad isi-ni daiyvana klasikur samarTalSi cnobili martivi saxis sikvdiliT dasjaze-maxviliT, Tavis mokveTaze. klasikuri samarTlis iseTi saSineli sasjeli, rogor-ic iyo damnaSavis gvelTan, mamalTan da maimunTan erTad tomaraSi Casma, ukve aRar aris Setanili. didi iyo eklogas gavlena Semdgomi saukuneebis kanonmdeb-lobaze. gviandeli imperatorebis dadgenilebebs TandaTanobiT SemoaqvT mravali axali sasjeli, romlebic Sordebian eklogis sistemas, magram gviandelis dros kanonmdebloba eklogiis suliT mainc iyo gaJRenTili. am dros sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni iSviaTad moyavdaT sisruleSi. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi arsebul mdgomareobas X-XII saukuneebSi viTardeba Zlieri feodaluri monarqia. cxadia, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi sistema mZafri klasobrivi da Sinaklasobrivi brZolis pirobebSi Tavis amocanebis ganxorciele-bas mtkice saWiro sawyisebiT ganxorcielebuli sasjelTa sistemis gareSe ver SeZlebda, Tu ra zomiT xdeboda sasjelebis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyeneba, es mraval sxvadasxva faqtorze iyo damokidebuli. akad. i. javaxiSvili werda: `Zvel qarTul marTlmsajulebas sasjelTa mTeli sistema hqonda, romelic garkveul principze iyo damyarebuli. sasjelTa erTi jgufi qonebrivi xasiaTis iyo, meore jgufi damnaSavis xelisuflebis aRkveTisT-vis iyo gankuTvnili, mesame gvemiT iyo, romlis daniSnulebas fizikuri da zneo-brivi sasjelis miyeneba Seadgenda, meoTxes-asoTa miReba, anu ganpatiJeba ekuTvno-da da mexuTes – da umaRles sasjelTa gaTvaliswinebuli~. saqarTveloSi gamoye-nebulia sikvdilis ganaCenis aRsrulebis sami forma: Tavis mokveTa, CamoxrCoba da daxvreta. iyo epoqebi (mag. Tamaris dros), roca saqarTveloSi sasikvdilo ganaCeni

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ar arsebobda. unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi arsebobis manZilze umetesad miiswrafoda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebisaken da es saxe sasjelis ZiriTad sax-eebSi ar Sedioda. giorgi III-is 1170 wlis sigelis mixedviT, ganmeorebiT qurdobi-saTvis sasjelis RonisZiebad daniSnuli iyo CamoxrCoba, xolo danaSaulis raime Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis SemTxvevaSi - `ganpatiJeba~. sul ramdenime danaSaulisTvis sjidnen sikvdiliT. eseni iyo: mefisa da saxelmwi-fos Ralati, mefis piradi – sajaro Seuracxyofa, yaCaRoba – mekobreoba da gan-meorebiT qurdoba. TvalSi sacemia, rom religiuri danaSaulisaTvis ar iyo sikvdiliT sasjeli. sasjelTa sistema sasjelis Sesaxeb romelime gansazRvrul moZRvrebazea dafuZ-nebuli. iq, sadac sasjelTa sistemis centraluri punqtia sikvdiliT dasja da mkacri sxeulebrivi sasjelebi, TiTqos TavisTavad igulisxmeba rom sasjelTa sistemis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgenda daSinebisa da samagieros mizRvis Teoria. sasjelTa Sesaxeb moZRvreba didad aris damokidebuli qveynis socialur – ekono-miur da kulturul, agreTve saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis doneze. sikvdiliT dasja da sxeulebrivi sasjelebi feodaluri sazogadoebis imdenad ganuyrel Tanamgzavrebs warmoadgenen, rom man Suasaukuneebis miwuruls warmoSo-bil socialistur utopiebSic ki SeaRwia. feodalur samyaroSi sikvdiliT dasja xSirad ara marto sasjeli iyo, aramed politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa mospobis Cveulebrivi saSualebac. sikvdilmisjili aucileblad unda yofiliyo izolirebuli mkacri dacviT, sxeu-li dasamarxad ar gadaecemodaT naTesavebs da ar amxeldnen sad imarxeboda gva-mi.Tu ramden xanSi unda moeyvanaT ganaCeni sisruleSi, ama wyvetda sasamarTlo. sikvdiliT dasjaze da samudamo patimrobaze gamovida kanoni 1996 wlis 16 maiss, etapobrivad Sewyvetiliyo sikvdiliT dasja, ruseTis evropis sabWoSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT da ruseTi Tavis Tavze iRebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebu-lebas, amoiRos sikvdiliT dasja kanonidan an Seicvalos sasjelis saxeoba. mra-vali qveynis gamocdileba, aCvenebs, rom procesi sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvisa, Zalian Znelad da avadmyofurad sruldeba. amas gviCvenebs im qveynebis gamocdile-ba, romlebmac uaryves sikvdiliT dasja. saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda 1997 wlis 11 noembers miRebuli kanoniT. me-18 saukunis bolos evropaSi sikvdiliT dasja iyo bevr saxelmwifoSi gansaku-Trebuli brZolis saSualeba danaSaulis aRmofxvrisa, magram me-18 saukunis bo-los warmoiSva sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis idea. ar SeiZleba gverdi auaroT im sasargeblo kanons, romelic amcirebda sikvdiliT dasjas, iTvaliswinebda Sewya-lebas ese igi ganTavisuflebas sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenisagan. Sewyalebis komisia, romelSic Sedioda sul sxvadasxva xalxi da arc erTi sax-elmwifo warmomadgeneli, romlis meSveobiTac xdeboda Sewyaleba prezidentis saboloo TanxmobiT. es iyo umaRlesi istoriuli Sansi samudamod aRekveTaT qvey-nis Semarcxveneli sikvdiliT dasja. es gvWirdeboda ufro metad Cven, xalxs da ara sxva qveynebs da evropis sabWos. dauSvebelia sikvdiliT dasjis gagrZeleba. sikvdiliT dasja sastiki, Seubralebeli sasjelia, warmoidgineT Tuki es ganaCeni gamotanili iqneboda SecdomiT, maSin es iqneboda udanaSaulo adamianis mkvlelo-ba, adamianisa, romelsac yavs ojaxi, hyavs axloblebi da romelsac ar mieca saSu-aleba ecxovra, bevri sasikeTo ram gaekeTebina sazogadoebisTvis da saxelmwi-fosTvis. gavixsenoT rogor dasajes aristotele da rogor didxans inaniebdnen

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amas. sikvdiliT dasja saSinelebaa demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis, da kidev ufro saSinelia avtoritaruli da totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis. saxelmwi-foSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja warmoadgens ulmobel iaraRs uvargisi mTavrobi-saTvis, iaraRs, romelic aris erTi pirovnebis an ramdenime piris xelSi. istoriam icis sikvdiliT dasjis uamravi magaliTi, gamoyenebuli monarqebis, mefeebisa Tu generlebis mier. yvelas aqvs cxovrebis, Tavisuflebis da pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, ro-gorc cnobilia, RmerTma Zmis mkvlelobisaTvis kaeni sikvdiliT ar dasaja, mxo-lod uTxra: `sikvdils dauwyeb Zebnas, magram arc aravin mogklavs, xelsac aravin dagadebso~. swored sikvdilze didi da mZime ganaCeni martooba da yvelasgan gandgomaa. me-17 saukunis ingliseli poeti j. doni werda: `yoveli adamianis sikvdili makni-nebs mec, radgan mec nawili var kacobriobis da amitom, nurasodes nu ikiTxav – vis uxmobs zari. igi Sen gixmobs. aCrdilTa sauflos ki, romelsac Cven TandaTan uaxlovdebiT, unda SegveZlos vuTxraT, amaod ar vyofilvarT am qveyanaze mra-valsaukunovani humanuri weswyobilebis warmomadgeneli. mkvlelTa dasja ki RmerTs mivandoT, miT umetes, Tu gvjera imis, rom im qveynad sicocxle grZeldeba.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia- Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb’’Tbilisi 1997 wlis 11

noemberi 3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi,Tbilisi 1999 weli 4. iv. javaxiSvili, Txz. VI t ,Tbilisi ,gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba’’ 1982 w 5. giorgi III-is 1170 wlis sigeli 6. g. nadareiSvili “sikvdiliT dasja da misi saxeebi” 7. b. TezeliSvili “sikvdiliT dasjis zogadi mimoxilva” 8. i. javaxiSvili “qarTuli samarTlis istoria”.

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roman jaxiaSvili inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos konstituciis 23 muxli, demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobis kons-tituciebisagan gansxvavebiT calke gamoyofs da aRiarebs inteleqtualuri Semoq-medebis Tavisuflebas. konstituciis 23 muxlis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom xelovnebis Tavisufleba garanti-rebulia ara marto saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis, aramed yvela adamianisaTvis. maSasadme aRniSnuli Tavisufleba miekuTvneba ara “samoqalaqo” TavisuflebaTa kategorias aramed sayovelTao, “adamianis” TavisuflebaTa kategorias. garda amisa inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba SeiZleba vrceldeba iuridiul pireb-zec. vfiqrob arasworia rigi avtorebis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba unda CavTvaloT xelovnebis Tavisuflebis identuri, piriqiT inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba vrceldeba, rogorc xelovne-bis nawarmoebze, aseve literaturis, mecnierebis, gadamuSavebul da Sedgenil na-warmoebze, aseve nebismier sxva obiektze, romelic adamianis gonebrivi, inteleq-tualuri Semoqmedebis Sedegia. ase magaliTad, cnobilia rom gamogoneba aris mxolod inteleqtualuri, gonebrivi Semoqmedebis Sedegi. dauSvebelia xelovnebis Tavisuflebis garantia SeizRudos iseTi definiciiT, romelic gansxvavebulad afasebs gamosaxvis ramdenime formas da mxolod zo-gierTs aRiarebs ”xelovnebad”. ”xelovnebis” cneba ar Semoifargleba romelime konkretuli , gansazRvruli doniT an rame ”Zvirfasi” Tu klasikuri xelovne-biT.kanoni itvaliswinebs xelovnebis Tavisuflebis Sinaars, romlis mixedviTac, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia xelovnebis konkretuli nawarmi, anu maRalxarisxovnad aris igi Sesrulebuli, Tu saSualo an dabali donis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegia - saxelovnebo saqmianobis Sedegad miRe-buli nebismieri xarisxis produqti daculia inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Ta-viflebiT. xelovnebis mTavari arsi aris Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romlis drosac xelovanis STabeWdilebebi, gamocdileba da warmodgenebi uSualo gamoxatulebas povebs gamosaxvis konkretuli formis meSveobiT es procesi da mi-Rebuli Sedegi aris xelovnis pirovnebis uSualo gamoxatuleba, kerZod xelovne-ba. zemoaxniSnul debulebas xelovnebis materialur cnebasac uwodeben. Tumca gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis amomwuravad de-finireba SeuZlebelia. zemoxsenebuli materialuri cnebis garda gamoyofen xe-lovnebis kidev 2 cnebas : formalurs da Rias. xelovnebis formaluri cneba moicavs Semoqmedebis sxadasxva konkretul formas: mxatvrobas, poezias, prozas, musikas, Teatralur da kinoxelovnebas da a.S. xelovnebis e.w. Ria cnebis mixedviT ki, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mrvalferovno-bis gamo, SesaZlebelia xelovnebis yoveli konkretuli qmnileba (SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegi) farTo interpretaciis gamoyenebiT sruliad sxvadasxva mniSv-nelobiT gavigoT da amiT mnaxvels amouwuravi da mravalferovani informacia mi-vawodoT. saqarTvelos konstituciis 23 muxlis 2 punkti miuTiTebs rom SemoqmedebiT procesSi Careva dauSvebelia, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sferoSi cenzura dauS-vebelia. konstitucia am debulebit imperatiulad da garkveviT adgens, rom dauSvebelia saxelmwifom daudginos xelovans an gamomgonebels, Sesabamisad Tu rogor unda dainaxos is sinamdvile da rogor asaxos Tavis naSromSi, an Tu ra sferoSi SesaZlebeli iqneba axal gamogonebaze muSaoba da romel sferoSi ara. garda amisa, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sferoSi cenzuris dauSvebloba gulisx-

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mobs, rom akrZalulia SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis meTodebze, Sinaarsa da tendi-ciebze zemoqmedeba, an maTi gamoyenebis akrZalva garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac aseTi meTodebi sakuTriv akrZalulia an miTumetes danaSauls warmoadgenen. konstituciis 23 muxlis pirveli punktis 2 winadadeba inteleqtualuri sakuTre-bis uflebas xelSeuvlad acxadebs. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi cneba ”inteleqtu-aluri sakuTreba” miRebul terminad iqca 1967 w. 14 ivliss xelmowerili inte-leqtualuri sakutrebis msoflio organizaciis dafuZnebis konvenciis ZaliT. kanonmdebeli xazs usvams inteleqtualuri sakutrebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-bas. es imas niSnavs, rom inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebis ganuyofeli nawilia am Semoqmedebis Sedegze sakuTreba, da es sakuTreba daculia, rogorc konstituciuri, ise Sesabamisi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebiT. garda amisa inteleqtuakluri sakuTreba daculia aseve sisxlis samarTliT. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Semdegi ganmarteba misca am sakitxs: ”inteleqtualu-ri sakuTrebis xelSeuvaloba vrceldeba SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegebze li-teraturis, xelobnebis, mecnierebis, teqnikis, kulturis da sazogadoebrivi cxo-vrebis sxva sferoebSi”. inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis TavisuflebiT dacul sferoSi konstituciur- sa-marTlebrivad gamaTlebuli Careva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod Semoqmedebi-Ti nawarmoebis dayadaRebiT da misi gavrcelebis akrZalviT, Tanac mxolod maSin, rodesac nawarmoebis gavrceleba laxavs sxva adamianis kanonier uflebebs. 23 muxlis 2 da 3 punktebis kompleqsuri analizis Sedegad aSkara xdeba, rom jer erTi, konstituciiT am nawilSi inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba abso-luturad uzrunvelyofilia da, Sesabamisad dauSvebelia misi rame saxiT SezRud-va saxelmwifos mxridan, da meore: kontitucia garkveul SezRudvas awesebs mxo-lod inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Sedegis gavrcelebis mimarT. Sezrudvis sa-fuZveli rogorc zemoT iTqva warmoadgens sxva adamianis kanonieri uflebebi. dauSvebelia SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebis (mag. romanis) sxvadasxva nawilis ganxilva izolirebulad, erTmaneTisagan mowyvetilad da Semdeg masze msjeloba ara ro-gorc saxelovnebo saqmianobis erT gansaqrvrul formaze, aramed rogorc konkre-tuli azris gamoTqmaze, ris Semdegadac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba am SemoqmedebiTi na-warmoebis mimarT saqarTvelos konstituciiT azris TavisuflebisaTvis dadgeni-li SemzRudavi normebis gamoyeneba, romelic gacilebiT ufro mravalricxovani da farToa vidre 23-e muxlis me-3 punktiT dadgenili Sezrudva. garda amisa aseTi moqmedebebiT SeiZleba dairRvas ufleba nawarmoebis mTlianobaze. avtors ufleba aqvs SeewinaaRmdegos nawarmoebis mTlianobis nebismier darRvevas, rogorc Si-naarsobrivi, aseve formis erTianobis darRvevis TvalsazrisiT. sxva adamianis kanonier uflebebSi unda vigulisxmoT yvela is ufleba, romelic adamians miniWebuli aq kanoniT an konstituciiT. am uflebaTa Soris pirvel rig-Si unda gamovyoT adamianis Rirseba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebulia isic, rom xelovnebis Ta-visufleba da sxva ZiriTad uflebebs Soris dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi arc erT maTgans ara aqvs winaswar dadgenili e.w. generaluri upiratesoba inteleqtualu-ri Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebis mimarT. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Ziritad uflebata Soris asrTi komfliktis SemTxvevaSi, mocemuli garemebis mixedviT, unda Se-fasdes Tu romel ufleba mieces upiratesoba, dauSvebelia im misazrebis miReba. rom xelovnebis Tavisuflebisa da adamianis pirovnuli uflrbebis dacvis sasr-geblodTavidanvegadawyvetilia. yoveli konkrtuliSemTxvevis gadawyvetisa da ada-mianis pirovnul uflebebs Soris konflikti konstituciis doneze. da Tanac pi-rovnukli uflebebis sasrgeblod Tavidanve gadawyvetilia.yoveli konkretuli Semtxvevis unda gamoviyenoT Sedarebis meTodi,da arsebuli garemoebis gaTvalis-

winebჳt gadavwyvitoT, Tu romel samarTlebriv sikeTes mivaniWoot upiratesoba. Sedarebis meTodis gamoyenebisas SeiZleba 2 daskvnasTan mivideT:

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1. piri xelovanis mier imdenad Taviseburadaa warmodgenili, rom misi individu-alur-konkretuli saxe gamosaxvis sayovelTao-simbolur fontan SedarebiT ukana planze gadadis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi upiratesoba xelovans mieniWeba.

2. Tu xelovanma pirovneba warmosaxa sinamdvilesTan maqsimalurad miaxloebulad an kidev damatebiT uaryofiT Tvisebebi daumata, sakiTxi, rogorc wesi pirovne-bis sasargeblod wydeba.

gamogenebis, an sasargeblo modelis dayadaRebas an mis gavrcelebis akrZalvis dros inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis ufleba umetes wilad konfliktobs adamianis uflebasTan icxovros uSiSar sazogadoebaSi, adamianis uflebasTan sicocxleze an janmrTelobaze. rogorc wesi aseT SemTxvevaSi ukanaskneli ufleba upiratesi Zalis mqonea, rac imperatiulad aisaxeba kidevac sakanonmdeblo normebSi. janmrTelobaze adamianis uflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli CaiTvala adamianis msgavsi arsebis Seqmna , da danaSauladac gamoacxada is, Tumca Sesabamisi samec-niero kvlevebis Catareba dasjadi araa, ris garantiasac iZleva SemoqmedebiT saq-mianobaSi Caurevlobis konstiticiuri principi. maSasadme intelektualur-SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ganmaxorcielma pirma Tavisufalia manamde sanam iwyeba sxvaTa uflebebi, xolo Tu is am sazrvrebs gadava, mas SeZleba daekisros samo-qalaqo, admnistraciuli an Tundac sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. xelovnebis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebit gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praktika, radgan adamianis uflebaTa da ziri-tad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia,bevri demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstituciebis msgavsad da saqarTvelos konstituciisagan gansxvavebit calke muxlad ar gamoyofs xelovnebis Tavisuflebas. aq xelovnebis Tavisuflebas moi-cavs konvenciis me10 muxli - gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. evropuli sasamarTlos gan-martebiT termini ”gamoxatva” ar Semoifargleba Sexedulebis, azris gamoTqmis ze-piri formiT. igi moicavs nebismier Sexedulebas, azris gamoTqmis zepiri formiT. igi moicavs nebismier saSualebas, romelic ideebis gamoTqmasTan an informaciis gadacemasTan aris dakavSirebuli: informaciis warmoebis, gadacemis, gavrcelebis saSualebebi - beWdviTi masalebi, radiomauwyebloba, xelovnebis nimuSebi, filme-bi, elektronuli sainformacio sistemebi daculia me-10 muxliT. evropuli sasamarTlos ganmartebiT mxatvruli nawar,oebis Seqmna, agreTve misi gavrceleba,informaciis gavrcelebis elementia. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT samsaxi-obo Tavisuflebis, mxatvruli namuSevrebis gavrcelebis SezRudva mxolod to-talitaruli mmarTvelobisaTvisaa damaxasiTebeli. cnobili saqmis ”oto-premingeris instituti avstriis winaaRmdeg” ganxilvisas sa-samarTlom ganacxada: ” Semomqmedi Tavis nawarmoebSi gamoxatavs ara marto pirad msoflmxedvelobas, aramed azrs im samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic igi cxovrobs. am gagebiT xelovneba xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas da sazoga-doebis winaSe ayenebs aktualur sakiTxebs” konvenciis me-10 muxliT daculia uxeSi, utrirebuli formiT gamoTqmuli azric da xelovnebis nawarmoebiT aseve utrirebulad gamoxatuli Sexeduleba. aseTi Si-naarsis Sexedulebebis dacvis xarisxi, erTi mxriv, damokidebulia im konteqstze, romelSic gamoyenebulia gadmocemuli informacia, meore mxriv ki im miznebze, romelTac emsaxureba mocemuli kritika. amasTan erTad sxva saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom demokratiul sa-zogadoebaSi,ZiriTad uflebaTa SezRudvis Tanazomierebis (proporciulobis0 sa-fuZvelze, SeiZleba SeizRudos da sanqciac ki daedos religiuri grZnobebis mZimed Seuracmyofel moqmedebebs. amasTan, religiuri personaJebis da sagnebis provokaciulad gamoxatva arRvevs demokratiuli sazogadobisaTvisaTvis umniSv-

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nelovanes Semwynareblobisa da tolerantobis atmosferos. garda amisa sasamar-Tlos mosazrebiT saxelmwifos sqvs Tavisufali moqmedebis farTo are imis gan-sazRvrisas, Tu ra aris ”aucilebeli zneobis dasacavad”, da Sesabamisad ra far-glebSi unda SeizRudos gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. daviT ZamukaSvili. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali. gamomcemloba sani 2002 w.saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi 1995 weli

2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. Tbilis 1999 weli 3. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi. Tbilisi 2004 weli. 4. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze @”malxaz

mumlaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos prezidentisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo marTvis saministros winaaRmdeg”

5. Otto-Preminger Institut v. Austria 1994 wlis 20 seqtemberi

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giorgi talaSvili

adamianis uflebebi garemos dacvis sferoSi da ekologia

saqarTeelos kanonmdebloba garemos dacvis sferoSi moicavs saqarTvelos konstitucias, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, saqarTvelos kanons garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos kanons wylis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos kanons pesticidebisa da agroqimikatebis Sesaxeb, atmosferuli haeris Sesaxeb da sxva.

garemos dacvis Sesaxeb kanonis ZiriTadi mizania: gansazRvros garemos dacvis sferoSi samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa principebi da normebi;

daicvas garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos konstituciiT dadgenili adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi;

sazogadoebis ekologiuri da ekonomikuri interesebis Sesabamisad uzrunvelyos saxelmwifos mier garemos dacva, regionaluri bunebaTsargebloba da adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna;

SeinarCunos biologiuri mravalferovneba, qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iSviaTi, endemuri, safrTxis winaSe myofi florisa da faunis saxeobebi;

daicvas zRvis garemo da uzrunvelyos ekologiuri wonasworoba;

SeinarCunos da daicvas TviTmyofadi landSaftebi da ekosistemebi;

daicvas da SeinarCunos adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis uneblie garemo;

uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis optimaluri Tanafardoba da sxva.

bolo periodSi ekologiuri problemebisadmi gazrdili yuradReba ganpirobebulia maTi gansakuTrebuli adgiliT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. am problemebis gadawyvetis efeqturoba bevrad gansazRvravs kacobriobis xvalindeli dRis beds. bunebis dacva aris garemos dacvis, bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis, aRwarmoebis RonisZiebebis damuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. es RonisZiebebi unda iyos mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da xorcieldebodes sxvadasxva doneze: saerTaSoriso, saxelmwifoebriv, uwyebriv, sawarmoo, sazogadoebriv da individualurze. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze garemoze adamianis gavlena iyo umniSvnelo, magram mosaxleobis zrdasa da teqnikur progresTan erTad es gavlena TandaTanobiT gaZlierda. sazogadoeba sul ufro mets iRebs misgan da amiT zrdis damokidebulebas bunebasTan. bunebaze adamianis zemoqmedebis xasiaTi ganisazRvreba agreTve Segnebis ganviTarebis doniT da socialuri wyobis TaviseburebebiT. bunebis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis didia da mravalferovani. is SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri (adamianis mier gamoyenebuli yvela produqti iqmneba bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebiT), samecniero (buneba aris yvela codnis wyaro), gamajansaRebeli (buneba aris janmrTelobis da sulieri simdidris wyaro), aRmzrdelobiTi (bunebasTan urTierToba sasikeTo gavlenas axdens nebismieri asakis adamianebze) da esTetikuri. garemos dangrevis saSiSroebam ganapiroba sazogadoebis da bunebis urTierTmoqmedebis axali formis – garemos dacvis Camoyalibeba. Tavdapirvelad es forma exeboda bunebis Zeglebis, iSviaTi mcenareebis da cxovelebis dacvas. bunebaze sameurneo zemoqmedebis gaZlierebasTan erTad xdeboda am formis TandaTanobiT srulyofa. gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi bunebaTdacviTi

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saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebad iTvleboda bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba da bolos bunebaze zemoqmedebis gafarToebam gamoiwvia adamianis mier Seqmnili garemocvis mavne zemoqmedebisagan dacvis aucilebloba. ase gaCnda bunebaTdacviTi saqmis axali forma – adamianis garemos dacva, romelic xasiaTdeba bunebis dacvis humanizaciiT, garemos xarisxis uzrunvelyofiT, sameurneo saqmianobis ekologizaciiT, internacionalurobiT da mzardi antimilitaristuli xasiaTiT, rac saerTo jamSi, adamians emsaxureba Tavisi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis realizaciaSi. garemos dacvis da bunebaTdacviTi principebis realizacia xdeba saxelmwifos, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis da moqalaqeebis bunebaTdacviT saqmianobaSi. esaa maTi ekologiuri funqcia da mimarTulia garemos dacvis sferoSi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze, misi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebasa da kvlavwarmeobaze, adamianis garemos dacvaze. sazogadoebis da bunebis urTierTmoqmedebis samarTlebrivi regulireba moicavs sxvadasxva samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, kerZod miwis, samTo, wylis da garemos dacvis sxva urTierTobebs. saqarTvelos buneba odiTganve ipyrobda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. saqarTvelos saintereso aRwera aqvs berZen mecnier strabons. misi cnobiT saqarTvelo sakmaod ganviTarebuli qveyana iyo, mWidrod dasaxlebuli soflebiTa da qalaqebiT. xe-tye, cvili, xorbali savaWrod gahqondaT sazRvargareT. XIII saukuneSi bunebriv simdidreze metad saintereso cnobebi mohyavs cnobil mogzaurs, veneciel vaWars marko polos. misi TqmiT saqarTveloSi yvelaze lamazi abreSumis da oqros qsovilebi mzaddeboda. gasul saukuneSi mravlad Seicvala kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs sxva axali sakanomdeblo aqtebi ekologiuri samarTlis Sesaxeb, kerZod iseTi, rogoricaa 1996 wlis 15 oqtombris kanoni garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. iuridiuli midgomiT garemos qveS igulisxmeba adamianis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis adgili. bunebisagan gansxvavebiT garemos dacvas zogierTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs. garemos dacva pirvel rigSi mimarTulia adamiansa da bunebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis elementebs Soris (haeri, miwa, wyali). dResdReobiT sakmaod dabinZurebulia haeri Cvens dedaqalaqSi Tundac imitom, rom moZraobs aTasobiT avtomobili da aqedan umetesobis gamonabolqvi aris normebs gadacilebuli, avtomobilis gaumarTaobis an uxarisxo sawvavis bralia es yvelaferi. aseve aqtualuri Temaa qarxnebis samuSao pirobebi, marTalia sul ramdenime qarxana funqcionirebs, magram maTi ekologiuri dabinZureba sakmaod didia. ar aris aseve daregulirebuli qalaqis dasufTavebis problema. meezoveebi, romlebic dRes sakmaod cotani arian, ver axerxeben dabinZurebuli qalaqis da-sufTavebas. yovelive amaze Zalian seriozulad unda ifiqros qalaqis municipalurma samsax-urma, magram marto fiqri ar uSvelis am yvelafers, es unda daamtkicon saqmiT, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva dadebiTi tendenciebi. garemos samarTlebrivi dacvis mizania daicvas adamiani da misi uflebebi da garemo misi moRvaweobis Sedegebis mavne zemoqmedebebisagan. bunebriv garemoSi sa-sicocxlo problemebs qmnis TviT buneba. saqarTvelos kanonebi `garemos dacvis~ da `ekologiuri samarTali~ kargad asax-avs, Tu ra principebia daculi saqarTvelos ekosistemaSi. saqarTvelos garemo da ekologia ar aris kargad daculi, radgan ar xdeba misi dacva ise, rogorc saWi-

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roa. kanonebi ki iTvaliwinebs yovelive amas, magram qarTuli mentalitetidan ga-momdinare, es ase ar xdeba. ar aris daculi tyeebi da rekreaciuli zolebi, Za-lian aris dabinZurebuli haeri, riTac vsunTqavT. Tundac aviRoT tyis magaliTi. iCexeba asobiT heqtari tyis masivebi da mis sanacvlod ar irgveba arcerTi xe. Tu ase gagrZeldeba kidev, SeiZleba Cvenma STamomavlebma ixilon mxolod buCqe-biT da usargeblo mcenareebiT dafaruli teritoriebi da icodnen gadmocemiT, rom iq, sadac buCqebi da usargeblo mcenareebia, iyo gauvali tyis masivebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb’’ Tbilisi 1995 weli 3. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavi-

suflebani, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi 2005 w 4. m imdinare yoveldRiuri presa

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nika zaqaiZe

adamianis uflebebi saarCevno samarTalSi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arCevnebi sazogadebrivi politikuri urTierTobebis aucilebeli nawilia, arCevnebi sazogadoebis erT-erTi institutia, romelic uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi. konstituciur sammarTalSi termini `arCevnebi~ aRniSnavs sax-fosa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoTa Seqmnisa da Tanamdebobebis pirTa arCevis proceduras, romelsac kenWisyris meSveobiT asruleben uflebamosili pirebi; gaeros 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis Tanaxmad, `xelisuflebis safuZveli xalxis neba unda iyos; es neba unda gamovlindes periodul da gauyalbebel arCevnebSi, romelic unda gaimarTos da Tanaswori saarCevnos uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT an xmis micemis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelmyofi sxva wesiT~ aseve aRiarebulia, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba mxolod sayovelTao arCevnebiT unda Seiqmnas, romelic pirdapir aris aRniSnuli 1952 wlis adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis damatebiT pirvel oqmSi. arCevnebis meSveobiT xalxi iwvevs Tavis warmomadgenlebs da aniWebs maT Tavis suverenul uflebaTa ganxorcielebis mandats, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom xalxma gadasca maT Tavisi suvereniteti, vinaidan saxalxo suvereniteti ganusxvisebelia. arCeul warmomadgenlebs gadaecemaT mxolod saxalxo suverenitetis ganxorcielebis ufleba da isic mxolod konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi. amasTan amomrCeveli Tavisi arCevaniT saxelmwifos marTvis uflebas gadascems maT, visac ufro endoba. arCevnebis Sedegi ki saSualebas iZleva SevafasoT qveyanaSi demokratiis done. Tavisi saxeebis mixedviT arCevnebi iyofa pirdapir da irib, sayovelTao da nawilobriv, morig da riggareSe arCevnebad, agreTve erovnul, regionul da adgilobriv arCevnebad. pirdapiria arCevnebi, rodesac amomrCevlebi uSualod irCeven saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa wevrebisa da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebs. iribia arCevnebi, rodesac arCevis sakiTxs wyveten ara uSualod moqalaqeebi, aramed maT mier arCeuli pirebi - deputatebi, amomrCevlebi da a.S. (irib arCevnebs miekuTvneba mravalsafexuriani arCevnebic) sayovelTaoa (saerToa) arCevnebi, romelSic monawileobis ufleba aqvs qveynis yvela amomrCevels. nawilobrivia arCevnebi, romelic imarTeba warmomadgenlobiTi organos nawilobiTi ganaxlebisaTvis (rotaciisaTvis) an misi Semadgenlobis Sesavsebad. (zogan amas damatebiT arCevnebsac uwodeben) morigia arCevnebi, romelic imarTeba konstituciis Sesabamisad xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis piris uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlis gamo. riggareSea arCevnebi, romelic imarTeba warmomadgenlobiTi organos vadamde daTxovnis, arCeuli sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis piris Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadadgomis, gadayenebis an gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. arCevnebs ganasxvaveben agreTve im teritoriis mixedviT, sadac igi imarTeba, aq Sedis erovnuli, regionaluri,adgilobrivi arCevnebi.

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erovnulia arCevnebi, rodesac igi mTel qveyanaSi imarTeba qveynis xelisuflebis asarCevad. regionulia, rodesac igi qveynis regionSi imarTeba, regionis xelisuflebis asarCevad. adgilobrivia, rodesac igi qveynis administraciul erTeulebSi imarTeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis asarCevad. termini ,,saarCevno sistema’’ ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: farTo da viwro gagebiT. farTo gagebiT, aris sajaro xelisuflebis anu saxelmwifo xelisuflebis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa Seqmnis wesi. xolo viwro gagebiT aris amomrCevelTa (an sxva uflebamosil pirTa) kenWisyris Sedegebis mixedviT sajaro xelisuflebis organoSi asarCev kandidatTa Soris mandatTa ganawilebisa da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirTa arCevis wesi. adamianis politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba aqtiuri da pasiuri saarCevno uflebebi. aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba aris moqalaqis ufleba, xmis micemis meSveobiT monawileoba miiRos sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi xalxis warmomadgenelTa arCevaSi, sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis piris arCevansa da referendumSi. xolo pasiuri saarCevno ufleba_ kenWi iyaros sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgelobiT organoSi asarCevad da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. saarCevno samarTlis wyaroebs miekuTvneba:

saxelmwifos konstitucia;

saarCevo kanonmdebloba;

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebani;

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948w.),

adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvencia (1952w.) da misi #1 oqmi me-3 muxli, (1954w).

saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (1966w);

saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb me-5 muxli, (1965w)

konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, me-4 muxli (1981w.)

evropis qartia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, (1985w) parizis qartia axali evropisaTvis, (1990w)

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebani. saarCevno samarTlis principebia sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri an iribi saarCevno uflebis, faruli kenWisyrisa da nebis Tavisufali gamovlinebis principebi. swored am principebis dacvis done gansazRvravs arCevnebis demokratiulobis xarisxs. sayovelTao saarCevno uflebas exeba rogorc aqtiuri, aseve pasiuri saarCevno ufleba, romelic gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs qveynis yvela zrdasrul, fsiqikurad janmrTel mcxovrebs, magram ase farTod es ufleba ar xorcieldeba. igi SezRudulia sxvadasxva saarCevno cenzebiT. saarCevno cenzi aris konstituciiTa da kanonTa dadgenili SemzRudveli pirobebi, romlebic gansazRvraven saarCevno uflebis mqone adamianTa wess. aseTi saarCevno cenzebia:

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asakobrivi cenzi _ aqtiuri sarCevno ufleba saxelmwifos udides nawilSi pirs 18 wlis asakidan aqvs, zogierT qveyanaSi 19-21 wlis asakidan da sul ramdenimeSi - 16 wlis asakidan. rac Seexeba asakobriv cenzs pasiuri saarCevno uflebisaTvis, igi, rogorc wesi, ufro maRalia. mag: saqarTvelos prezidenti 35 wlis asakidan airCeva. moqalaqeobis cenzi _ saarCevno ufleba, rogorc wesi, mxolod mocemul saxelmwifos moqalaqes aqvs. zogan am uflebis (pasiur saarCevno uflebas) misaRebad moqalaqed yofnis savaldebulo minimumia dadgenili, iSviaTad es ufleba ar eZleva naturalizebul moqalaqes, zogan ki adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi monawileobis ufleba eZleva Sesabamisi administraciuli erTeulis yvela mcxovrebs, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisa. magaliTad aSS-Si. binadrobis cenzi _ aris saxelmwifoSi an mis administraciul erTeulSi cxovrebis minimaluri dro, romlis Sedegadac, piri iRebs saarCevno uflebas. binadrobis cenzi SeiZleba exebodes, rogorc pasiur, aseve aqtiur saarCevno uflebas. ganaTlebis cenzi _ dRes TiTqmis arsad ar arsebobs, Tumca jer kidev xSirad gvxvdeba saxelmwifos enaze wera-kiTxvis codnis cenzi pasiuri saarCevno uflebisaTvis. gamonaklisia mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba _ mosamarTled SeiZleba airCes mxolod umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone piri. qonebrivi, rasobrivi, sqesobrivi da religiuri cenzebi _ ukve kargaxania TiTqmis arsad aris, radgan igi demokratizmis daSlisa da ganadgurebis xelisSemwyobia. qmedunarianobis cenzi _ im pirs, romelic sasamarTlom scno qmeduunarod ar eZleva saarCevno ufleba. moralur cenzs _ miekuTvneba saarCevno uflebis CamorTmeva im pirebisaTvis, romlebic sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sasjels ixdian Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi, magaliTad, bankrotirebisaTvis (did-britaneTSi), narkomanobis, mawanwalobisa da loTobisaTvis (meqsikaSi); mSoblebis ufleba CamorTmeuli pirebisaTvis (niderlandebSi); saqarTveloSi, yvelas, vinc ki sasjels ixdis. SeuTavseblobis cenzi niSnavs rom ar SeiZleba im piris arCeva sajaro xelisuflebis organoSi, romelic sxva warmomadgenlobiT organos wevria, romelic raime gansazRvrul saqmianobas eweva, an romelsac ukavia zogierTi Tanamdeboba. (mxolod im SemTxvevebSi Tu ar apireben am saqmianobis Sewyvetas) aurCevlobis cenzi _ aris is, rom im kanoniT gansazRvrul Tanamdebobis pirebs ufleba ara aqvT kenWi iyaron ama Tu im xelisuflebis sajaro organoSi, Tu arCevnebamde dadgenil droze ar gadadgebian Tanamdebobidan. Tanaswori saarCevno uflebiT yovel amomrCevels, iseve rogorc yovel kandidats, arCevnebis Sedegebze zemoqmedebis erTnairi SesaZlebloba unda hqondes. faruli kenWis yris principiT aravis ar unda mieces SesaZlebloba, daakvirdes, gaakontrolos, da miT ufro zemoqmedeba moaxdinos amomrCevlis nebis gamoxatvaze. amasTan, kenWisyris faruli dacva amomrCevelis valdebulebacaa da Tu igi daarRvevs farulobas, biuleteni unda gauqmdes. absentizmis movlena gulisxmobs amomrCevelTa nebayoflobiT armonawileobas arCevnebSi an referendumSi. es amomrCevlis neba-survilzea damokidebuli, magram arsebobs iseTi sistema, sadac arCevnebis Casatareblad dadgenilia monawileebis savaldebulo minimumi. xolo absentizmis Sesamcireblad zogierT qveyanaSi

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SemoRebulia savaldebulo votumi, romelic arCevnebSi amomrCevls monawileobis valdebulebas niSnavs. zogan es moraluri valdebulebaa, zogan ki misi darRvevisaTvis sxvadasxva sanqciaa dawesebuli. mag.: avstraliaSi amomrCeveli jarimdeba, belgiaSi jer sayveduriT ucxadeben, xolo Semdeg ajarimeben, saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi ki Tavisuflebis aRkveTasac ki usjian. saarCevno procesi aris kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli saqmianoba, romelsac ewevian moqalaqeni, politikuri partiebi, sajaro xelisuflebis organoebi, sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebani da sxvadasasxva droebiTi organizebuli jgufebi. sajaro xelisuflebis organoTa arCevnebis mosamzadeblad da gasamarTavad, romlebic erTi-meoris momdevno stadiebad SeiZleba daiyos: esenia: _arCevnebis daniSvna_aris pirveli stadia. arCevnebis daniSvna niSnavs kenWisyris TariRis dadgenas. zogan es TariRi konstituciiT an kanoniT aris zustad gansazRvruli subieqti, vinc unda daniSnos arCevnebis TariRi. _saarCevno olqebi da saarCevno ubnebi. saarCevno olqebi teritoriuli erTeulebia, romlebic iqmneba sajaro xelisuflebis organoebSi moqalaqeTa warmomadgenelTa asarCevad, romelic SeiZleba iyos erTmandatiani anu iseTi romlebSic TiTo deputati airCeva da mravalmandatiani anu sadac ramdenime deputati airCeva. saarCevno ubnebi ki yvelaze mcire teritoriuli erTeulebia, romlebic iqmneba saarCevno olqSi kenWisyris gamarTvisa da xmebis daTvlisaTvis. saarCevno ubnebi, Cveulebriv, ise iqmneba, rom TiToeul maTganSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba 800 - 2000 amomrCevels ar aRematebodes. _saarCevno administracia aris is organo, romelic organizaciulad uzrunvelyofs arCevnebis gamarTvasa da misi Sedegebis Sejamebas, romelic sam an oTx doniania: centraluri, saolqo, da saubno, zogan ki teritoriuli saarCevno organoebic.

saubno saarCevno organos daniSnuleba aris amomrCevelTa registracia, anda amomrCevelTa siebis dazusteba, xmis micemis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa da saarCevno ubnis mixedviT, kenWisyris Sedegebis Sejameba.

saolqo saarCevno organos ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa saarCevno olqSi wardgenil kandidatTa registracia, winasaarCevno kampaniis msvlelobis uzrunvelyofa da arCevnebis Sejameba.

teritoriuli saarCevno organos ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa mis qvemdebare teritoriaze gamarTuli arCevnebis Sedegebis ganzogadeba da gamoqveyneba.

centraluri saarCevno organos ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa saarCevno administraciis mTeli sistemis saqmianobis organizeba, uzrunvelyofa da kontroli, arCevnebisas warmoSobili zogierTis davis gadawyveta, qveyanaSi gamarTuli arCevnebis Sedegebis Sejameba da gamoqveyneba.

_amomrCevelTa registracia _ saarCevno procesis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementia, radgan amomrCeveli siaSi ar iqneba Seyvanili, igi ver miscems xmas, xolo Tu siaSi mkvdari sulebi iqnen Seyvanilni, gaCndeba arCevnebis gayalbebis realuri SesaZlebloba, (,,mkvdari sulebis” Seyvana saarCevno siaSi saqarTvelos saarCevno samarTlis sistemis paradoqsuli samarcxvino movlenaa) _kandidatebis warmodgeniT yalibdeba im pirTa wre, visganac Semdgom airCeva parlamentisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis organos wevri, qveynis prezidenti, qalaqis meri Tu sxva kandidatTa wardgena sxvasasxvanairia. kerZod: TviTwardgenis, dros piri, romelsac surs kenWi iyaros warmomadgenlobiT organoSi an sajaro Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad, gancxadebiT mimarTavs Sesabamis saolqo saarCevno organos da waradgens kanoniT gansazRvrul informaciasa da sabuTebs. wardgena

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amomrCevelTa jgufis mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi iqmneba amomrCevelTa sainiciativo jgufi, romelic registrirdeba da saarCevno administraciis organos warudgens kandidatis Sesaxeb kanoniT gansazRvrul informaciasa da sabuTebs. wardgena politikuri partiebisa da partiebis saarCevno blokebis mier. es arCevnebi gamoiyeneba yovelTvis, rodesac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT imarTeba.

_saarCevno kampania_ saarCevno procesis is nawilia, romlis ganmavlobaSic arCevnebis monawile politikuri partiebi da asarCevi kandidatebi amomrCevels acnoben Tav-Tavis politikur platformebsa da samoqmedo programebs da cdiloben, moipovon maTi mxardaWera. _kenWisyra _ xmis micema romlis meSveobiTac xdeba xalxis nebis uSualo gamovlena – sajaro xelisuflebis organoebSi mis warmomadgenelTa da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanmamdebobis pirTa arCeva, kenWisyra teritoriulad saarCevno biuletenebiT imarTeba. zogan ki specialuri manqanebi gamoiyeneba. arCevnebis dafinanseba _ ganapirobebis partiebisa da kandidatebis mier saarCevno kampaniis gamarTvis sisrulesa da xarisxs. _kenWisyrisa da arCevnebis Sedegebis dadgena _ arCevnebis Sedegebis dadgena saarCevno ubnebSi kenWisyris Sedegebis SejamebiT iwyeba. rogorc wesi, kenWisyris dasrulebisTanave iwyeba. biuletenebis daTvlis procesi sajaroa da mas eswrebian partiebisa da kandidatebis warmomadgenlebi da arCevnebis monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebis mier daniSnulTa meTvalyureebi. kenWisyris Sedarebis Semdeg dgeba oqmi, romelic Semdgom gadaecema saolqo saarCevno organos, xolo aslebi gadaecema zemoxsenebul warmomadgenlebsa da meTvalyureebs. Tu saWiro gaxda ganmeorebiTi kenWisyris meore turis an xelaxali arCevnebis gamarTva, pirveli ori, Cveulebriv orkvirian vadaSi, xolo xelaxali arCevnebi – orTvian vadaSi Catardeba. arCevnebis saboloo Sedegebs adgens an amtkicebs da oficialurad aqveynebs cen-traluri an teritoriuli saarCevno organo. Cemi Tema adamianis uflebebi saar-Cevno samarTalSi dawerilia zogadi principiT, kerZod ar aRmiweria erTi kon-kretuli saxelmwifos saarCevno sistema, aramed ganxiluli maqvs zogadad, ro-melic sxvadasxva saxiT aris gamoyenebuli ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi. Cemis azriT, adamianis uflebebi da demokratiuli saxelmwifo saarCevno uflebis gareSe war-mougenelia, radgan saarCevno samarTalSi gamoxatulia adamianis is farTo ufle-bebi (pasiuri da aqtiuri saarCevno uflebebi da a. S.), romelic demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebas warmoadgens.

gaumarjos damoukidebel arCevnebs ! ! !

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 1995w 2. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni ,,saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 2003 3. l.izoria,k.korkelia, wk.kublaSvili, g.xubua. saqarTvelos konstituciis ko-

mentarebi.adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, meridiani 2005 w.

4. p.cnobilaZe,saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, nawili I, Tbilisi 2004 w

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giorgi CaCua

proceduruli garantiebi Tavisuflebis warTmevis SemTxvevaSi wayenebul braldebebze informaciis miRebis ufleba

konvenciis me-5 muxlSi gansazRvruli proceduruli garantiebidan zogierTi gamoiyeneba dakavebis, rogorc sisxlis samarTlebrivi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi formebisadmi, xolo zogierTi mxolod dakavebis sisxlis samarTlis wesis me-5(2) muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs pirovnebis uflebas, dauyovnebliv iyos informirebuli misTvis gasageb enaze, dapatimrebisa da mis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebebis Sesaxeb, gamoiyeneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis mimarT, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis, aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis konteqsSi. sasamarTlom daadgina me-5(2) muxlis darRveva saqmeSi van der leeri niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (1990), radgan niderlandebis xelisuflebis organoebma ar miawodes ganmcxadebels informacia fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi ara mxolod misi dakavebis mizezebis Taobaze, aramed aseve ar acnobes ganmcxadebels, rom mas, faqtobrivad, CamorTmeuli hqonda Tavisufleba. sisxlis samarTlis, iseve, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis konteqstSi, komisiam da sasamarTlom miiRes mosazreba, rom mowodebuli informacia SeiZleba arc iyos iseTive detaluri da zusti, rogoric moiTxoveba konveciis me-6(3) muxliT samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvaze uflebis mimarT. winasawari dakaveba me-5(3) muxlis debuleba, romelic moiTxovs, rom 5(1)(c) muxlis Sesabamisad dakavebuli pirebi dauyovnebliv unda waredginon mosamarTles an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebis mqone sxva pirs, uzrunvelyofs aseTi pirebis, rogorc procedurul, aseve arsebiTi xasiaTis dacvas. saqmeSi Sizeri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schiesse v. Switzerland 1979) sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom mosamarTle, an xelisuflebis organo, romlis winaSec xdeba pirovnebis wardgena, valdebulia mousminos Sesabamis pirs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fizikuri piri piradad unda iqnes wardgenili sasamarTlos xelisuflebis winaSe. Sizeris saqmeSi evropulma sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom sasamarTlom unda ganixilos dakavebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi, xolo saboloo gadawyvetileba unda miiRos obieqtur samarTlebriv kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT. am funqciis Sesrulebisas xelisuflebis organom es gadawyvetileba unda miiRos damoukideblad, kanoniT gansazRvruli procedurebis da samarTliT dadgenili normebis Sesabamisad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zogjer am moTxovnebTan winaaRmdegobaSia saxelmwifo moxelis mier, rogorc bralmdeblis, aseve gamomZieblis funqciebis Sesruleba (skoogStriomi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Skoogstrom v.Sweden,1984) da huberi Seicariis winaaRmdeg (Huber v. Switzerland, 1990). me-5(3) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli termini `dauyovnebliv~ warmoadgens ufro mkacr standarts, vidre termini `swrafad~. romelic mocemulia 5(4) muxlSi. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom komisias da sasamarTlos ar daudgeniaT standartis minimu-mi, cxadia, rom konvenciis me-15 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sagangebo mdgomareobis drosac ki, pirovnebis dakaveba ori kviriT an meti xniT kompetenturi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organos winaSe misi wardgenis gareSe, warmoadgens 5(3) muxlis darRvevas (aqsio TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, Aksoy v. Turkey, 1996). saqmeSi brougeni gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1988), sasamarTlom daadgina, rom oTxi dRe da eqvsi saaTi Zalzed xangrZlivi vada iyo saimisod, rom Sesabami-sobaSi yofiliyo debulebis moTxovnebTan, miuxedavad im specifikuri siZneleebi-sa, romlebic Tan sdevs teroristuli danaSaulis gamoZiebas.

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sasamarTlom dakavebis sawyis safuZvlad miiRo iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa saxelmwifos teritoriidan gaqcevis SesaZlebloba (nomaisteri avstriis winaaRm-deg. Neumeister v. Austria 1968), Stogmiuleri avstriis winaaRmdeg (Strogmuller v. Austria, 1969) da macneteri avstriis winaaRmdeg (atznetter v. Avstria 1969) da Semdgomi danaSaulis Cadenis riski (macneteris saqme). Tumca sasamarTlom aseve ganmarta, rom 5(3) muxli uflebas ar aniWebs saxelmwifos ganusazRvreli vadiT daakavos pirovneba. Stogmiuleris saqmeSi sasamarTlom aRniSna, Tuki 5(1)(c) mux-liT gaTvaliswinebuli `safuZvliani eWvis~ kriteriumi ar SeiZleba iqnas gamoye-nebuli, dakavebis gagrZeleba ukanono xdeba 5(1) muxlis debulebaTa mixedviT. sa-samarTlom Semdgom aRniSna, rom Tu safuZvliani eWvi kvlavac arsebobs, nebismier SemTxvevaSi igi ar unda iyos erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori xangrZlivi daka-vebis gasamarTleblad. noimaisteris, Stogmiulerisa da macneteris saqmeebSi sasa-marTlom aRniSna, rom giraos SemoRebis SesaZlebloba minimumamde amcirebs pi-rovnebis gaqcevis risks da amdenad, dakavebis gaxangrZliveba aseT SemTxvevebSi miuRebelia. Tumca, macneteris saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina, pirovnebis mier SemdgomSi danaSaulis Cadenis riski imdenad didi iyo, rom am safuZvelze gamar-Tlebuli iyo piris dakavebis gaxangrZliveba, Tumca, sasamarTlom uaryo es argu-menti Stogmiulerisa da ringaizenis saqmeebSi. pirovnebis dakavebis gasaxangrZli-veblad nebismieri safuZvlis arsebobis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo valdebulia sa-Tanado gulisyuriT moekidos sakiTxze samarTalwarmoebis Catarebas (leteie sa-frangeTis winaaRmdeg, Letellier v. France, 1991), van der tangi espaneTis winaaRm-deg (Van der Tang v. Spain 1995) da skoti espaneTis winaaRmdeg (Scott v. Spain 1996). sasamarTlom ar gaiziara saxelmwifoTa argumentebi imis Taobaze, rom Se-saZlebelia pirovnebis xangrZlivi dakaveba samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli pre-zumfciebis safuZvelze, daadgina ra darRvevebi saqmeebSi iaRji da sargini Tur-qeTis winaaRmdeg (agci and Sargin v. Turkey, 1995) da mansuri TurqeTis winaaRm-deg (ansur v. Turkey, 1995); am saqmeebSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad gasaCivrebuli iyo pirovnebis dakavebisas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli im prezumfciis gamoyeneba, romlis mixedviTac arsebobs sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi braldebu-li piris gaqcevis riski. 5(3) muxli aseve uzrunvelyofs, samarTlian sasamarTlo procesze gonivrul va-daSi, Tuki piri ar iqna acilebuli pirovnebis ganusazRvreli vadiT dakaveba sax-elmwifos mier Sesabamisi saqmis gamoZiebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlom daafiqsira am debulebis darRveva saqmeSi, romelSic pirovneba winaswar patimrobaSi imyofe-boda oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom man gamoZiebis dasawyisSive aRiara danaSaulis Cadena (miuleri safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, Miuller v. France, 1997)rogorc sasamarTlom aRniSna saqmeSi vemhofi germaniis federaciuli respub-likis winaaRmdeg (1968), dakavebul pirs ufleba aqvs, mis saqmes mieniWos prioriteti Tavisuflebis piris saqmesTan SedarebiT. Tumca, amave dros, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom braldebuli piris dakavebidan droebiTi gamoSveba mas ar arTmevs sasamarTlos mier misi saq-mis gonivrul vadaSi ganxilvis uflebas. 5(3) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli `goni-vruli vadis~ standarti ar aris im normis analogia, romelic dadgenilia 6(1) muxliT samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvaze uflebis mimarT. H abeas corpus 5(4) muxli uzrunvelyofs dapatimrebiT an dakavebiT TavisuflebaCamorTmeuli pi-ris uflebas, gaasaCivros sasamarTloSi misi dakavebis kanoniereba. aseTi saCivari unda ganxilul iqnas swarafad da pirovneba gaTavisufldes, Tuki sasamarTlo gadawyvets, rom dakaveba mocemul SemTxvevaSi ukanonoa. 5(4) muxli avtonomiuria: SeiZleba dadgindes, rom saxelmwifom daarRvia es debuleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Sesabamisi pirovnebis dakavebis safuZveli dasaSvebia me-5 muxlis sxva debu-

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lebis mixedviT. 5(4) muxliT gaTvaliswinebul arsebiT uflebas warmoadgens daka-vebis kanonierebis ganxilvis SesaZlebloba. 5(4) muxlis mixedviT Semosul saqmeTa umravlesoba Seicavda mtkicebas, rom daka-vebis kanonzomierebis regularuli da perioduli gadasinjvis meqanizmis ararse-boba warmoadgens am muxlis darRvevas. am sferoSi komisiam da sasamarTlom Sei-muSaves sakmaod mniSvnelovani praqtika. Tumca, daadgines ra, rom 5(1)(a) muxlis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli dakaveba kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier pirovnebis damnaSaved cnobis Semdeg, gansxvaveba dakavebis sxva formebisagan, romlebic ufro metad eqcevian 5(4) muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi, komisiam da am sasamarTlom operatiul standartad miiRes axali sakiTxebis an Secvlili garemoebebis warmoCena, ramac SeZleba gamoiwvios dakavebis Sesaxeb Tavdapirveli kanonieri gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva. saqmeebi huseini gaerTiene-buli samefos winaaRmdeg (Hussain v. the United Kingdom, 1996) da singi gaerTiane-buli samefos winaaRmdeg (Singh v. the United Kingdom, 1996) sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom pirovnebebs, romlebsac arasrulwlovan asakSi Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvis garkveuli vadiT miesajaT patimroba, xolo Semdeg isini kvlavac rCebodnen `misi udidebulesobis Zaluflebis qveS~, ufleba hqondaT moeTxovaT dakavebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva Tavdapirveli vadis moxdis Semdeg, kerZod, im faqto-ris gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semdgomi dakaveba dafuZnebuli ar iyo obieqtur Sefa-sebaze, Tu ramdenad warmoadgendnen pirovnebebi sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxes. saqmeSi vinterverpi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (1979) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dakavebul pirovnebas ufleba unda hqondes miiRos zomebi, raTa gonivruli peri-odulobiT moiTxovos misi dakavebis kanonierebis gadaxedva. saqmeSi beZikeri italiis winaaRmdeg (Bezikeri v. Italy, 1989) sasamarTlom ganmar-ta, rom winaswari dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisaTvis dawesebuli drois intervalebi SedarebiT mokle unda iyos, xolo fsiqiatriul saavadmyofo-Si dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis intervali SeiZleba ufro xangrZlivi iyos konveciis darRvevis gareSe. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi xuTTve-naxevris intervali winaswari patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze meore apela-ciis gansaxilvelad Zalzed did vadad iqna miCneuli. saqmeSi de iongi, balieti da van der brinki niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (e Jong, aljet and Van der Brink v. the Natherlands, 1984) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom eqvsidan TerTmet dRemde dayovneba Zalzed didi vada iyo dakavebis Sesaxeb gada-wyvetilebis pirveli gadasinjvisaTvis. or saqmeSi, romlebic exebodnen gadawyvetilebas piris fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-foSi moTavsebis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlo aseve mivida daskvnamde, rom oTxi Tve (koenjbihari niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 1990) da rva kvira (norvegiis winaaRm-deg, 1990) Zalzed xangrZlivi dro iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom habeas corpus samarTalwarmoebis mimarT ar gamoiyeneba me-6 muxlSi samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis mimarT gansazRvruli yvela moT-xovna, komisiam da sasamarTlom daadgines, rom samarTlianobis garkveuli atri-butebi aseve saxeze unda iyos 5(4) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTalwarmoebis drosac. samarTlianobis principebi daculi unda iyos im SemTxvevaSic ki, rode-sac saxelmwifo moixmobs erovnul usafrTxoebas calkeuli pirovnebis dakavebis gasamarTleblad. daadgina ra 5(4) muxlis darRveva saqmeSi Cahali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1996) sasamarTlom gamoTqva Semdegi mosazreba: `sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom konfidencialuri masalebis gamoyeneba SeZleba auci-lebeli iyos, rodesac sakiTxi exeba erovnul usafrTxoebas Tumca, es ar niSnavs,

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rom xelisuflebis erovnuli organoebi Tavisufldebian Sida sasamarTloebis efeqtiani kontrolisagan im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es organoebi amtkiceben, rom saqme exeba erovnul usafrTxoebasa da terorizms... yovelTvis arseboben ise-Ti saSualebebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas iZlevian dakmayofildes usafrTxoe-basTan dakavSirebuli kanonieri interesebi saidumlo informaciis bunebisa da wyaroebis konfidencialurobis SenarCunebis mimarT da pirovnebas, meore mxriv, mieniWos arsebiTi proceduruli uflebebi.~ saqmeSi sanCes-rise Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Sanchez-reisse v. Switzerland, 1986). sasamarTlom dadgina, rom saSualebaTa Tanasworobis principi aseve gamoiyeneba habeas corpus samarTalwarmoebaSi. saqmeSi lami belgiis winaaRmdeg (Lamy v Bel-gium, 1989) sasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom braldebuli pirisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos sagamoZiebo organoebis mier gamoyenebuli masalebi, rodesac es orga-noebi ganixilaven gadawyvetilebas braldebulis winaswari dakavebis Sesaxeb. xo-lo saqmeSi buamari belgiis winaaRmdeg (1988) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Tuki Zalzed axalgazrda piri daobs misi dakavebis kanonierebis Taobaze, man SeiZleba isargeblos samarTlebrivi daxmarebiT, im mizniT, rom uzrunvelyofili iqnas 5(4) muxlidan gamomdinare misi fundamenturi proceduruli uflebis dacva. mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom 5(4) muxli konvenciis mxare saxelmwifoebisagan moiT-xovs efeqtiani Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebis uzrunvelyofas. saqmeSi sakiki da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Sakik and Others v. Turkey, 1997) sasamarTlom daafiqsira am debulebis darRveva nawilobriv imis gamo, rom xelisuflebam ver SeZlo warmoedgina imis damadasturebeli magaliTebi, rom pirovnebam warmatebiT moixmo 5(4) muxli an TurqeTis konstituciis Sesabamisi, analogiuri muxli.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia Tbilisi 1995 weli 2. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia 3. evrosasamarTlos masalebi moqalaqeebi Sveicariis, avstriis, espaneTis, germa-

niisa sa a.S.winaaRmdeg (masalebi 1979,1984, 1990,1995 da sxva wlebSi)