Introduction to Smart Grid

Naebboon Hoonchareon, Ph.D.

(naebboon@gmail.com)

November 06, 2015

ภาควชิาวศิวกรรมไฟฟ้า รว่มกบัศนูยเ์ชีย่วชาญพเิศษเฉพาะดา้นเทคโนโลยไีฟฟ้าก าลงั

คณะวศิวกรรมศาสตร ์จฬุาลงกรณ์มหาวทิยาลยั

Outline

• Concept, driving forces, key

characteristics

• Technology components in Smart Grid

• Development models

What is Smart Grids?

การอธบิายความหมายของ “สมารท์กรดิ” อาจจะมคีวามแตกตา่งกนัไป

สมารท์กรดิ ในบางประเทศ หมายถงึ โครงขา่ยไฟฟ้าทีส่ามารถ ตรวจวดั มอนเิตอร ์และควบคมุส ัง่การจากระยะไกลได ้

สมารท์กรดิ ในหลายประเทศ หมายถงึ โครงขา่ยไฟฟ้าทีส่ามารถบรูณาการแหลง่ผลติไฟฟ้ากระจายตวั (DG) จากชวีมวล ลม และ เซลลแ์สงอาทติย ์ซึง่จะชว่ยลดการปลอ่ยกา๊ซเรอืนกระจก

What is Smart Grids?

• How would you see evolution of the power grids in the next 10-20 years?

• E.g. Smart Energy, Energy Internet, Eco- Intelligent Grid

Design Concept

• AMR/AMI • IEC 61850 Substation Automation • DER/EV • WAMS/WAPC • Etc.

Enabling Technology

Smart Grids: Design Concept

AMR/AMI

WAM/WAPC

Renewable Energy

CHP, CCHP DCH

Electric Vehicle: EV

Smart Appliances

Communication and Cyber Security

SAS/DAS

Energy Storage

Clean Technology

Advanced Control and Optimization CEMS, FEMS, BEMS, HEMS: Microgrid, DR, VPP)

HVDC/FACTS/Superconductor

Smart Grids: Enabling Technology

Thailand Electric Power Industry

VSPP

(<<1%)

EGAT

(45%)

IPP

(42%)

Neighbors

(3%)

SPP

(10%)

EGAT Transmission SO

Direct

(2%)

MEA

(32%)

PEA

(66%)

End-uses End-uses

Government (Policy Framework)

ERC/OERC (Regulator)

(Source: OERC, 2009; Approximate percentage based on energy produced)

Enhanced Single Buyer (ESB) Model

Utilization

Distribution

Transmission

Generation

Thailand’s Current Status

Installed Capacity: 31,450.7 MW

(as of 30 Aug 2012)

Combined Cycle

17,474.0 MW 55.6%

Thermal

7,929.7 MW 25.2%

Renewable 3,733.5 MW 11.8% (Hydro 10.9%)

EGAT-TNB 300 MW 1.0%

Lao PDR 1,884.6 MW 6.0%

GT & Diesel 129 MW 0.4%

Peak Demand: 26,121.1 MW

(26 Apr 2012)

(Source: EGAT, 2012)

Thailand’s Current Status

Source: OERC, 2009.

1%2%

65%

20%

6% 6%

Thailand’s Current Status *ข้อมูลเดือน ม.ค.-มิ.ย. 55

ลิกไนต์/ถ่านหิน

พลังน ้า น ้ามัน

ก๊าซธรรมชาติ

ไฟฟ้า น้าเข้า พลังงาน

หมุนเวียน กิกะวัตต์ – ชั่วโมง (GWh)

การผลิตไฟฟ้าในแต่ละเชื อเพลิง มีอัตราเพิ่มขึ นเฉลี่ยปีละ 4.6 %

สัดส่วนผลิตไฟฟ้าด้วยเชื อเพลิงชนิดต่างๆ

(Source: EPPO, 2012)

Thailand’s Current Status

Source: OERC, 2009.

System Efficiency at Present

Generation:

• Steam turbine efficiency 35-45%

• Gas turbine efficiency 25-30%

• Combined cycle efficiency 50-55%

• Station use 2-7%

Tran & Dist:

• EGAT’s transmission loss 2.5-5%

• MEA’s distribution loss 3-5%

• PEA’s distribution loss 7-10%

Combined Cycle

Thermal

Hydro

Total G&T&D loss: 2012- > 60%, 2030 expected < 55% (approx.)

System Efficiency at Present

End-use:

• Elasticity (Electricity : GDP) 1 (approx.)

(average over the past 20 years)

• Load factor (Average/Peak) 74-75%

System Efficiency at Present MW

00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

26,000

18,500

Peak Demand

TIME

Average Power

7,000 Base Load

Peak Load Units

Peak

Load Units

Peak Load Units

Intermediate Load Units

System Efficiency at Present MW

00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

26,000

18,500

TIME

7,000

Base Load Units

Conventional Grid

Serving successfully for more than 120 Years!

Gen

Gen

Gen

Load Load

Load Load

Load

Load Load

Load

Load

Load 500kV

230kV 115kV

24,12kV

33,22kV

Conventional Grid

Can not be separated! (Islanding)

Gen

Gen

Gen

Load

Load Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load Load

Load

Driving Forces for Smart Grid

• Reliability: stability, security, self-healing

• Efficiency Affordable Price (CAPEX, OPEX)

• Renewable energy

• Greenhouse gas emission (Sustainability)

Challenges in Demand Forecast

• Economic growth V.S. Global uncertainty

• DG (VSPP) penetration

• Effectiveness of DSM/DR

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

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45,000

50,000

1996

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Year

MW

Forecast Demand 2009-2021 Peak Demand 1992-2008

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50,000

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350,000

1992

1993

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Year

GW

h

Forecast Consumption 2009-2021 Energy Consumption 1992-2008

From Conventional …to Smart Grid

Utilization

Distribution

Transmission

Generation

Main Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

Circuit Breaker / Smart Metering

Active Demand

TSO

DSO

Micro-EMS

CEMS

FEMS

BEMS

HEMS

From Conventional to Smart Grid (1)

Gen

Gen

Gen

Load Load

Load Load

Load

Load Load

Load

Load

Load

Smart Grid (1)

Expectedly more clean, efficient, and reliable!

Load

Load

Load Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Smart Grid (1)

Self-sustainable microgrid when islanding!

Load Load

Load

Load

Load

Load Load

Load Load

Load

Gen Gen

Gen

Gen Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Gen

Load

Load

Load

How to shape-up hourly load curve?

Two SG key design concepts, especially for

accommodating the continued increase of

intermittent, non-firm RE, are:

• Supply side: Energy Storage (ES)

• Demand side: Demand Response (DR)

Peak Load Units

Peak

Load Units

Peak Load Units

Intermediate Load Units

System Efficiency at Present MW

00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

26,000

18,500

TIME

7,000

Base Load Units

Discharge Energy

Base Load Units

Discharge Energy

Discharge Energy

Store Energy

System Efficiency Improved by Storage MW

00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

26,000

18,500

TIME

7,000

Store Energy

Intermediate Load Units

MW

00.00 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

20,000

17,000

TIME

14,000

Base Load Units

System Efficiency Improved by Demand Control

Intermittent Generation

US: New Markets, New Economy

Service Providers-Markets-Customers

Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid, 2010.

US: Domains and ICT connection

Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid, 2010.

US: Service Provider ICT

Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid, 2010.

US: Power Market ICT

Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid, 2010.

US: Customer ICT & Power Networks

Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid, 2010.

European : Low Carbon Society

Source: European Technology Platform SmartGrids Strategic Deployment, 2006.

Living in harmony with nature

European: Low Carbon Society

• Ten-year network development plan of

European Transmission Network (ENTSO-E)

– Actual case with 28% wind power in 2011

– Prepared case with 50% wind power in 2020

– Wind-hydro solution with pump storage

European: Low Carbon Society

A concept that could change the World Energy Scenario

Japan-Korea: Leader in SC/SG Tech

Source: KEPCO

Japan-Korea: Leader in SC/SG Tech

Source: KEPCO

Japan: Smart Community Concept

Source: METI, Japan

Japan: Smart Community Approach

Source: NEDO, Japan

4 SC Development models as a demonstration site.

China: Domestic Growth & Storage

Source: China Smart Grid Strategy, 2009.

Smart Grid with Different Focuses

China • Strong grid for domestic growth

• T&D loss reduction

by UHV AC&DC

• E-transportation & Storage

EU-UK-AUS • Low-carbon society

• Green house gas emission reduction

• RE/EE technology and management

• AUS-UK: competitive market, customer satisfaction

US • T&D reliability improvement

• Customer services & satisfaction

• Maximize benefits of installed ICT

• Ancillary markets & services • EM: CEM, BEM, HEM

Japan-South Korea • Leader in SC/SG technology

• Unified efforts and collaboration

among government-industrial sectors university and research center • Japan: low-carbon society &

RE accommodation & System stability

Thailand: The Good Mix of 4 ??

Domestic Growth • Fundamental needs

• Policy makers

• Regulator • EGAT/PEA/MEA

Low-carbon Society • Sufficiency community grid

• Agricultural towns • Tourist towns • Foods & Energy balance

• Increased incomes for agricultural sector

New Markets • Maximize benefits of installed ICT

• Ancillary markets & services

• Niche markets: CEM, BEM, HEM • PEA, MEA- to the homes

Leader in SC/SG Tech • Selective technology

• Leaders in ASEAN markets

• University, research center, and

utility collaboration

• University, research center, and SME collaboration

Development of Smart Grid in Thailand

Being studied by EPPO, expected to be complete early of 2013.

Thailand’s Smart Grid Master Plan (Approved by NEPC, Feb 2015)

Policy makers

Utilities Customers

Stakeholders Drivers Dimension

45

Power Reliability and Quality

Energy Sustainability and Efficiency

Utility Operation and Service

Integration and Interoperability

Economic and Industrial Stimulus

• Improved Quality of Services / New Services • Work Process Efficiency

• Improved Reliability (e.g. SAIDI, SAIFI) • Improved Power Quality (V, F)

• RE/Domestic Energy Dependency • Improved Generation Dispatching

• Primary Energy Efficiency • Microgrid Development

• Device and ICT Upgrading for Interoperability • Accessibility and Interchangeability

• Human Capacity Building • Enhanced EMS for Competitiveness • SG Technology, Product and Service

Development & Export

Security

Sufficiency

Efficiency Awareness

Competitiveness

Thailand’s Smart Grid Master Plan (Approved by NEPC, Feb 2015)

PEA Smart Grid “PEA’s Smart Grid focus is to improve quality of life while maintaining the environment.”

47

MEA Smart Grid

MEA Smart Grid

• SAS/DAS, SCADA-DMS

• Smart Meters @large customers for EMS

• EV-related business development and technical impacts; with 10 charging stations

EGAT

SMART

GRID

[SG]2

3 DOMAINS

17 INITIATIVES

MHS Smart Grid National Pilot Project

VISION: The Smart Grid pilot site of the nation, as well as of the region (ASEAN), for

Research, Development & Demonstration through knowledge and technology

integration, where the key elements of success are increased competency of human

resources and strategic collaboration among all concerned parties.

The Conclusion

The Old V.S. The New Grid Structure

Utilization

Distribution

Transmission

Generation

Main Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

Micro

Grid

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

AD

Circuit Breaker / Smart Metering

Active Demand

Key Success Factors

• Technology convergence

• Drivers

• Design concept

• Focus

• Timing

• At affordable price?

Enabling Smart Grid Technology

• Accommodate, rely on much more renewable energy

• Pervasive use of Co-gen, CHP or CCHP

• Enhancing DSM to effective Demand Response

• Reduce energy intensity, improve elasticity

• Improve load factor; hence reduces required installed

capacity and operational reserve, and improves supply

efficiency

• Improved efficiency in transmission and distribution

• Enable regional interconnection

New Economy: From Oil to EV

• The country’s competitiveness

Oil economy: 1 liter 10-20 km. 30 – 40 baht

EV economy: 1 kWh 5-10 km. 4 baht

The Ultimate Goals!

• Super reliable power network minimizes economic loss and social impact

• The country’s competitiveness

• Clean environment all and around

• Sustainable development through active participation of all individuals

• Towards “Smart Community”: The well balance of Energy-Economics-Environment

Conclusion

57

Smart Grid Solution to

energy “trilemma”

• Efficiency

• Renewable energy

• Reliability

• GHG emission

• Affordable price

(CAPEX, OPEX)

Thank you for your kind attention … to the well being of all of us

Thailand Smart Grid Knowledge Hub

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