Levels of Organization

Organism

Organ

Organelle

Tissue

Organ System

Cell

PAGE 3

1

2

34

5

6

What are the differences between plant & animal cells?

square shape

centriole

circular shape

cell wall

chloroplasts

large vacuole

small vacuole

PAGE 3

Biotic vs Abiotic

soil

oxygen

human

earthworm

mushroom

sunlight

maple tree

PAGE 4

How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

Why do animals shed their skin?

A. Living Organisms have a Life Cycle

1. Begins with the organism’s formation

2. Followed by growth & development

3. Ends in death

PAGE 4

B. Cells also have life cycles.

C. The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next.

PAGE 4

1. It takes different cells different amounts of time to complete a cell cycle

2. Some cells constantly repeat the cyclea. example: Red blood cells

Skin cells

PAGE 4

Cytokinesis

Prop

hase

Interphase

Telophase

Anaphase

Met

apha

se

Cell growthDNA

(chromosomes) are duplicated

Cell prepares for divisionM

itosis

Cell DivisionResponsible for:

1.Growth2.Repair3.Replacement4.Reproduction

PAGE 5

1. Mitosis

a. Part of a larger cell cycle b. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic

cellsc. Responsible for growth and repair,

replacement. d. Replaces the entire lining of the

small intestine

1)Liver cells only divide for repairing

2) Nerve cells do not divide

3) New cells arise by division of existing cells; Resulting cell is capable to divide again

Mitosis Notes

Cell division occurs in a series of stages or phases

PAGE 6

Preparation for mitosis:

Interphase not a part of mitosis

genetic material is (doubled)duplicated.

CELL MEMBRANENucleus

CytoplasmPAGE 6

Interphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htmPAGE 6

1. Prophase

Mitosis beginsnuclear envelope disappearschromosome pairs appear and

spindle fibers form between the poles

CentriolesSister chromatids

Spindle fibersPAGE 6

Prophase

Prophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Spindle fibers

Centrioles

2. Metaphase

Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell

Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers

PAGE 6

Centrioles

Spindle fibers

Metaphase

PAGE 6

Metaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

3. Anaphase

Chromosomes separate & are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Centrioles

Spindle fibers

Anaphase

PAGE 6

Anaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

4. Telophase

nuclear envelope forms againchromosomes begin to

separate begin to see two cells

mitosis ends

NucleiNuclei

Chromatin

Telophase

Telophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides cell membrane moves inward

(animal cell) to create 2 daughter cells each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei

Cytokinesis(animal cell)

Cytokinesis:Pinching InANIMAL CELLS

Cytoplasm divides cell plate forms in the middle

of the cell

(plant cell) each cell has its own nucleus with

identical nuclei

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis(plant cell)

Cytokinesis: Cell plateANIMAL CELLS

Pink Mice Are Totally Cute

Mitosis Animation

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/MitosisFlash.html

Mitosis in PlantsMitosis in Plants

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

                                                   

         

Prophase

                                                  

          

Metaphase

                                                   

         

Anaphase

                                                  

          

Telophase

                                                   

         

Interphase

                                                  

          

Plant Mitosis -- ReviewInterphase

                                                            

Prophase

                                                            

Metaphase

                                                            

Anaphase

                                                            

Telophase

                                                            

Interphase

                                                            

2. Meiosis

a. Cell divides twice to become a gamete (sex cell)

b. Will not divide any further until fertilization.

E. There are two types of reproduction among living organisms.

PAGE 8

1. Asexual Reproduction – a new organism is produced from one organism.

a. The new organism has hereditary material identical to the parent.

PAGE 8

Name of organism Type of Asexual Reproduction

potato budding

Strawberry plant runners

Hydra budding

Sea star, planaria, sponges

regeneration

PAGE 8

F. Sexual Reproduction 1. Two sex cells join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism that is

not identical to the parents.

a. There are two types of sex cells.

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2. Eggs are made in the female reproductive organs called the ovaries.

Eggs

Sperm

1. Sperm are made in the male reproductive organs, called the testes.

Page 9

haploid + haploid = diploid 23 + 23 = 46

+

3. Sperm + Egg zygote

This is called fertilization.

Page 9

Cells

Body Sex Diploid Haploid

46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes

Page 10

2. Meiosis – produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell, this makes sure that offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms.

Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals through sexual reproduction.

Page 10

3.What is the difference between diploid & haploid?

a. diploid – cell whose similar chromosomes occur in

pairs (2n)

b. haploid – cell that has half (n) the number of chromosomes as body cells.

Page 10

46 Chromosomes(diploid)

23 Chromosomes(haploid)

Skin Cell

Heart Cell

Muscle Cell

Liver CellStomach Cell Sperm CellEgg Cell

Draw this table in your notes on the bottom of page 10.

Page 10

Let’s Practice!

Organism Diploid Number Haploid Number

Mouse 20

Chicken 78

Tomato 12

Housefly 12

Human 46

24

23

40

6

39

Page 11

What is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Contains the genetic information: located in the nucleus

Shape of it is a double helix: looks like a spiral staircase

DNA is made up of many repeating units called nucleotides

5 carbon sugar

Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base

Twisted ladder

DNA Structure – Watson and Crick (1953)

Rosalind Franklin X-Ray photo of DNA

(1952)

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

What is a nucleotide?

1. Sugar (5 carbon)2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base (there are four

bases) Cytosine C Thymine T

Adenine A Guanine G

Each base has a compliment. That means that it normally bonds with another base.

For example: A always bonds with T

C always bonds with G

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

nucleotide

5 carbon sugar

Hydrogen bond

A T

T A

C G

G C

Let’s Practice

T-C-G-A-A-T-T-G-C-C-

C-G-T-C-T-A-A-T-G-G-C-T-

GCAGATTACCGA

AGCTTAACGG

Original Strand

Complimentary Strand

Chromosome Number

DNA

Transcription Translation

TraitRNA Protein

RNA processing

Making Proteins

Step 1: DNA replication Step 2: RNA synthesis (Using a piece of

DNA to make RNA, called transcription) Step 3: Amino acids form proteins (called

translation)

DNA RNA Protein

Is single-stranded Contains the sugar ribose Has the base U (uracil) instead of T (thymine) There are 3 types:

mRNA – messenger RNArRNA – ribosomal RNAtRNA – transfer RNA

RNA

Making a protein from the plans in the DNA is a two step process.

Transcription:

A messenger RNA copy of the gene is made.

Translation:

The mRNA is sent to a ribosome where a protein is made.