wwii erupts in europe. a brief period of prosperity some countries, like the u.s., were strong...
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WWII Erupts in Europe
A Brief Period of Prosperity
Some countries, like the U.S., were strong during the post-WWI era
Europe after WWI
WWI caused the deaths of millions and destruction of property
The Treaty of Versailles left many Europeans unhappy France thought treaty too easy on Germany Italy felt they should have been given land
since they were on the winning side German government (Weimar
Republic) was weak
Ensuring Peace & Protecting New Nations?
The League of Nations is weak It cannot convince countries
to disarm Why might that be the case?
It cannot help all of the new, struggling nations that were created
It does not include the U.S., Germany, or the newly created Soviet Union Why would this make it
weaker?
Adolf Hitler
Austrian- entered German politics because angry over Treaty of Versailles
Joined small political party called National Socialists (Nazi)
Became German Chancellor in 1933
Set up totalitarian dictatorship
Secretly began to build up German Military
The Situation in 1929
Germany relied on American money under the Dawes Plan to be able to pay for the Reparations.
When the American Stock Market crash on Wall Street, the USA stopped lending money to Germany.
The German economy went into recession.
Germany 1933
By January 1933, unemployment had reached 6,000,000.
No one would loan Germany money. The Weimar Government couldn’t do anything to help the unemployed.
Hitler was elected on a promise to give the German people ‘Bread & Jobs.’
Impact of Hitler’s Policies on Unemployment
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
Series1 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
Series2 6,014,000 3,773,000 2,974,000 2,520,000 1,853,000 1,052,000 302,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
How did Hitler put Germany back to work?
RAD – The National Labour Service
Gave men jobs in public work schemes
Men in RAD had to wear a uniform & live in camps.
They were given free meals and pocket money.
Built: drainage ditches, schools, a new network of motorways and planted new forests.
What was the aim of Hitler’s Public Works
Programme?
Kick start the Cycle of
Prosperity
To improve the public transport network for
industrial & military use
To improve the living conditions of the German
people
To build impressive buildings so that the
German people would feel proud
Autarky – National Self Sufficiency
Hitler wanted to Germany a strong independent country that was sufficient in food and materials.
Germany had lost the WWI because it had run out of food and war materials.
German scientist developed all sorts of artificial substitutes such as petrol from coal and coffee from acorns.
These new substitutes were made in Germany and gave the unemployed jobs in new industries.
Hitler also encouraged the growth of the car industry.
The Car Industry
Designed by Porsche and nicked named ‘The Peoples Car’, known today as the ……?
The Car Industry
Recognise the design of this German Jeep called a Kubelwagen?
Car Industry
Created Jobs in other industries because of
the need for standardised parts.
Car Production could easily be switched to the
production of military vehicles
Produced low cost cars which helped to keep the German people
happy
Steel
Glass
Rubber
Leather
Cycle of Prosperity
What other measures did Hitler introduce in order to reduce unemployment?
By 1934 all Jews were fired from civil service jobs which were then given to German workers.
Unemployed Jews were not registered.
Women lost their jobs which were given to men.
People who refused jobs offered by the labour service were arrested and put into concentration camps.
Benito Mussolini
In control in Italy by 1922
Founded Nationalist Fascist Party
Established a dictatorship that allowed no other political parties
Had total control over daily life of citizens
Other Totalitarian Regimes
Spain Francisco
Franco took control after Spanish Civil war of 1930’s Fascist
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin
Crushed political
opposition
Japan Torn by
political conflict
Military leaders used violence to
gain control of govt.
Tojo
Adolph Hitler Increases Power Hitler takes steps to increase German
power1. Tries to unite Germany and Austria. Invades
when Austria refuses (Anschluss-1938)2. Sends troops into the Rhineland (1939)
Munich Conference: September 1938 Britain, France, Italy and Germany meet Britain and France agree to Hitler’s demands for
land in exchange for peace (Appeasement) Allowed to annex German speaking portions of
Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland)
Hitler Invades
In 1939, Hitler will move into other countries March- Hitler sends troops into what
remained of independent Czechoslovakia Establishes a pact with Italy, and a non-
aggression treaty with Stalin - Stalin won’t stop Hitler, and Hitler won’t attack Soviet Union
September 1st- Invades Poland Uses Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)
Poland falls within a month
War Declared
September 3, 1939- Great Britain and France declare war on Germany (Allies)
April 1940- Hitler invades Denmark and Norway
May 1940- Germans invade France June 1940- Most of France falls to
Germany French leaders flee to Great Britain
American Neutrality
Neutrality Legislation Isolationist ideals became stronger in 1930’s
because many European countries could not pay debts to US.
Congress will pass the Neutrality Act of 1935 Made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any
country at war (many believed this was what brought the US into WWI)
After further violent escalation in Europe, Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1937 Added to the 1935 Act- required anyone who
wanted to purchase non-military supplies from US had to do so on “cash and carry” basis
Destroyers for Bases Deal
Roosevelt officially proclaimed the US neutral two days after Britain and France declared war on Germany
1940- Britain asked US to transfer old US Destroyers to Britain, who had lost nearly half of
theirs
• Roosevelt used loopholes in American neutrality acts that required cash for purchases.
• Exchanged the right to build bases on British controlled islands (Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean) in exchange for 30 old American destroyers
The Lend-Lease Act
Proposed by Roosevelt in December 1940 Allowed the US to lend or lease arms to any
country It considered “vital to the defense of the United States”
Allowed the US to send weapons to the British if British promised to pay rent after the war was over.
Passed- By end of program- US had lent more than $40 Billion in weapons, vehicles and supplies to the Allied war effort
The Atlantic Charter
August 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met on American
and British warships anchored near Newfoundland
Agreed to Atlantic Charter Committed both nations to a postwar world of
democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas
By late September, an additional 15 non-Axis nations had signed
The United States Enters World War II
• Between August, 1939, and December, 1941, Roosevelt’s primary goal was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany– Knew Britain had to keep
much of its navy in Asia to protect British territories from Japanese attack.
– When German submarines began sinking British ships in the Atlantic, British had to move warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic
– This left the British Empire vulnerable to attack by Japan
• Roosevelt introduced policies to Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empireattacking the British Empire– Japan relied on the US for many key materials
(scrap iron, steel, and oil- 80% of Japan’s oil came from U.S)
– July 1940- US Congress passes Export Control Act which restricts sale of strategic materials
• Roosevelt immediately blocked sale or airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.
– Japan immediately signs alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming part of the Axis power
Additional Action Against Japan
• In 1941, Roosevelt also begins sending lend-lease aid to China– Japan had invaded China in 1937, and
controlled much of the Chinese coast– Roosevelt hoped that the lend-lease aid would
tie up the Japanese and prevent them from attacking elsewhere
– Failed- Japan sends troops into southern Indo-China, and were threatening British ports
– Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the U.S, reduced the amount of oil being shipped to Japan, and sent General Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there.
• Roosevelt made it clear that he would lift the oil embargo ONLY if Japan left Indochina and made peace with China
• Japanese oil resources are running low– Japanese military began making
plans to attack resource-rich British and Dutch Colonies in SE Asia
– Decide to seize the Philippines– Make plans to attack the
American fleet at Pearl Harbor– Could not risk leaving the US
navy viable to stop their plans for conquest
• Negotiations continue, but neither side would back down– November 26, 1941- 6 Japanese
aircraft carriers, two battleships, and several other warships set sail for Hawaii
Japanese Japanese ResponseResponse
• Nov. 27, 1941– American
intelligence decodes a Japanese communication that makes clear that Japan is planning to go to war with the United states
– US commanders at Pearl Harbor receive a warning about attack from Washington
– Hawaii not mentioned as a target
– Washington doubted Japan would launch such a long-range attack
• Japan attacks on the morning of December 7, 1941– Sank or damaged 21 ships of
the US Pacific Fleet which included
• 8 battleships• 3 cruisers• 4 destroyers• 6 other vessels• 188 airplanes
– Killed 2,403 Americans- Injured 1,178
Roosevelt asks Roosevelt asks Congress for a Congress for a
declaration of war declaration of war on the next dayon the next day
Roosevelt’s Request
to Congress
Play: Roosevelt’s Speech
(4:49)
Germany and Italy both declare war Germany and Italy both declare war on the United States on December on the United States on December
1111thth, 1941, 1941
Mobilizing for War
• American industrial output was astounding- workers were more productive
• US converted the economy to war production– Was able to do so quickly because the
US economy had already started converting to war production even before a declaration of war
– Preventative measure when Germany began to invade
Tanks Replace CarsTanks Replace Cars• Following the attack on Pearl Harbor,
even more factory owners were willing to switch to war production
– American car producers began to produce trucks, jeeps and tanks
– Automobile factories also produced artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, and cooking pots.
– Automobile industry produced nearly 1/3 of the military equipment manufactured during the war
Building an Army
• Within days of Germany’s attack on Poland, Roosevelt expanded the army to 227,000 soldiers
• When France surrendered in June 1940, Congress introduced the Selective Service and Training Act– Plan for the first peacetime draft in
American history– Approved in September by a wide margin
Non-Traditional Soldiers• African American
Soldiers– Still segregated– “Double V” Campaign
• Women– Enlisted for first time but
barred from combat– Mostly assigned to
administrative and clerical positions
The The AmericaAmerican Home n Home FrontFront
World World War IIWar II
Women and Minorities Gain Women and Minorities Gain GroundGround
• In contrast to Europe, WWII had a positive effect on society in America
• Put an end to the Great Depression• Created almost 19 million new jobs•At the start of the war, defense factories wanted to hire white men• Lack of white men caused factory owners to recruit women and minorities to work in factories
Women in the Defense Women in the Defense PlantsPlants
• During the Depression, many people believed married women should not work, especially if it meant taking jobs away from men
• Due to the wartime labor shortage during WWII, married women were recruited to do industrial jobs that were traditionally reserved for men
“Rosie the Riveter” was the symbol of the campaign to hire women
- 2.5 Million women will work in industry
African Americans Demand African Americans Demand War WorkWar Work
• Factories continued to resist hiring African Americans
• A. Philip Randolph informed Roosevelt that he was planning a large march on Washington to secure jobs
• Roosevelt issued Executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941– Declared “There shall be no
discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin
Japanese American Japanese American RelocationRelocation
• Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, many West Coast Americans turned their anger against Japanese Americans– Mobs attacked business and homes– Banks would not cash their checks– Grocers wouldn’t sell them food
Japanese American Japanese American RelocationRelocation
• Newspapers printed rumors about Japanese spies in the American community
• Many members of Congress, mayors, and business leaders demanded that all people of Japanese ancestry be removed from the West Coast– Did not believe
Japanese Americans would remain loyal to the US when at war with Japan
Japanese American Japanese American RelocationRelocation
• February 19, 1942– President Roosevelt
issues Executive Order– Ordered all people of
Japanese ancestry to evacuate to 10 internment camps
– Forced to sell businesses and could only take what they could carry
Japanese American Japanese American RelocationRelocation
Daily Daily LifeLife• Demand for raw
materials and supplies created shortages
• The government began rationing or limiting the availability of materials to make sure there was enough for the military– Meat– Sugar– Gasoline
Victory Gardens
• Americans planted gardens to produce food
• Any food they could grow would be less they needed to take from the soldiers
Scrap Drives• Certain raw
materials were so vital to the war effort that the government organizes scrap drives– Spare rubber, tin,
aluminum and steel
• Oils and fats were vital to production of explosives– Americans would
exchange bacon grease and meat drippings for extra ration coupons
War BondsWar Bonds
• To raise money for the war, the government raised taxes• To raise the rest of the money, the government sold bonds
which could be cashed in in the future• Sold at $18.85, could be redeemed after 10 years for $25• Raised nearly $150 Billion
PropaganPropagandada
“Der Fuhrer’s Face” and “The Spirit of ’43”