WELCOME TO QIMPRO’S SECOND

CHALLENGE

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Introduction to Flowcharting

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What is a Flowchart?

•A flowchart is a diagram that depicts the “flow of control” of a program.

START

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Display message “How much do you get paid per

hour?”

Read PayRate

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

END

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Basic Flowchart Symbols

• Notice there are three types of symbols in this flowchart:– rounded rectangles– parallelograms– a rectangle

• Each symbol represents a different type of operation.

START

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Display message “How much do you get paid per

hour?”

Read PayRate

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

END

Rounded Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rectangle

Rounded Rectangle

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Basic Flowchart Symbols

• TerminalsTerminals– represented by represented by

rounded rounded rectanglesrectangles

– indicate a indicate a starting or starting or ending pointending point

START

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Display message “How much do you get paid per

hour?”

Read PayRate

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

END

Terminal

START

END Terminal

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Basic Flowchart Symbols

• Input/Output Operations– represented by

parallelograms

– indicate an input or output operation

START

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Display message “How much do you get paid per

hour?”

Read PayRate

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

END

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Input/Output Operation

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Basic Flowchart Symbols

• Processes– represented by rectangles

– indicates a process such as a mathematical computation or variable assignment

START

Display message “How many

hours did you work?”

Read Hours

Display message “How much do you get paid per

hour?”

Read PayRate

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

END

Multiply Hours by PayRate.

Store result in GrossPay.

Process

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Three Flowchart Structures

• Sequence

• Selection

• Iteration

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Sequence Structure

• A series of actions are performed in sequence• The pay-calculating example was a sequence

flowchart.

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Selection Structure

• One of two possible actions is taken, depending on a condition.

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Selection Structure

• A new symbol, the diamond, indicates a yes/no question. If the answer to the question is yes, the flow follows one path. If the answer is no, the flow follows another path

YESNO

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Selection Structure

• In the flowchart segment below, the question “is x < y?” is asked. If the answer is no, then process A is performed. If the answer is yes, then process B is performed.

YESNO

x < y?

Process BProcess A

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Selection Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure is expressed in C++ as an if/else statement.

YESNO

x < y?

Calculate a as x times 2.

Calculate a as x plus y.

if (x < y)

a = x * 2;

else

a = x + y;

Flowchart C++ Code

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Selection Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with only one action to perform. It is expressed as an if statement in C++ code.

if (x < y)

a = x * 2;

Flowchart C++ Code

YESNO

x < y?

Calculate a as x times 2.

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Iteration Structure

• An iteration structure represents part of the program that repeats. This type of structure is commonly known as a loop.

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Iteration Structure

• Notice the use of the diamond symbol. A loop tests a condition, and if the condition exists, it performs an action. Then it tests the condition again. If the condition still exists, the action is repeated. This continues until the condition no longer exists.

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Iteration Structure

• In the flowchart segment, the question “is x < y?” is asked. If the answer is yes, then Process A is performed. The question “is x < y?” is asked again. Process A is repeated as long as x is less than y. When x is no longer less than y, the iteration stops and the structure is exited.

x < y? Process A

YES

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Iteration Structure

• The flowchart segment below shows an iteration structure expressed in C++ as a while loop.

while (x < y)

x++;

Flowchart C++ Code

x < y? Add 1 to x

YES

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Controlling an Iteration Structure

• The action performed by an iteration structure must eventually cause the loop to terminate. Otherwise, an infinite loop is created.

• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop starts, it will never end.

• QUESTION: How can thisflowchart be modified soit is no longer an infiniteloop?

x < y? Display x

YES

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Controlling an Iteration Structure

• ANSWER: By adding an action within the iteration that changes the value of x.

x < y? Display x

Add 1 to x

YES

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Connectors

• Sometimes a flowchart will not fit on one page.

• A connector (represented by a small circle) allows you to connect two flowchart segments.

A

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Connectors

A

A

START

END

•The “A” connector indicates that the second flowchart segment begins where the first segment ends.

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Modules

•The position of the module symbol indicates the point the module is executed.

•A separate flowchart can be constructed for the module.

START

END

Read Input.

Call calc_pay function.

Display results.

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Combining Structures

• Structures are commonly combined to create more complex algorithms.

• The flowchart segment below combines a selection structure with a sequence structure.

x < y? Display x

Add 1 to x

YES

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• This flowchart segment shows two selection structures combined.

Combining Structures

Display “x is within limits.”

Display “x is outside the limits.”

YESNOx > min?

x < max?

YES NO

Display “x is outside the limits.”

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FLOW CHART REGARDING ADMISSION PROCESS

macro flowchart

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MICRO FLOWCHART

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THREE TROUBLE SPOTS OF

ADMISSION PROCESS

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Standardized test (SAT & ACT) Scores

are less and less important• Today colleges are relying on standardized test

scores when making admissions decisions to a far larger degree than they have in years. the reason is that the no. of application at most top colleges is scoring.

• That’s not because more kids are applying to more colleges, schools are using SAT &ACT scores to make a fast, easy cut of the applicant pool.

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Asking for financial aid wont have an impact on the admission decision.• Today more & more college admission

officers want-and need-to know whether the kid can pay full freight. And if there is a choice between two virtually identical applicants. One who needs financial aid and one who doesn’t the flag is going to go to the kid who can pay full tuition fee.

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There is a level playing field in college

admission• It should be not surprised that many foreign

students applying to American colleges have very high SAT scores. Colleges love that unfortunately a shockingly large no. of Chinese applicants also lie about their English abilities and academic transcripts. And colleges are pretending they don’t know this. That combination of high scores and full tuitions are simply to enticing to ignore.

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learning'sManaging own learning.Having enthusiasm for ongoing learning.Being open to new ideas and techniques.Being prepared to invest time and effort in

learning new skills.Acknowledging the need to learn in order to

accommodate change.

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THANK YOUMade by:NISHA VERMASHREYA GUPTANIKITA

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