The Middle Ages

In which direction did most trade run? Which regions did the Vikings raid and which did they settle?

Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

Saracens in the MediterraneanVikings in the NorthThe Danes and Alfred of Wessex (r. 871-899)The Norsemen in FranceViking Society: SagasBeowulfMagyars in the EastDefeat at Lechfeld, 955Seventy feet long and sixteen feet wide, a Viking long ship was capable of navigation over deep-sea water and up shallow river routes. How efficient would a vessel like this have been for carrying crew, provisions, and cargo?Rise in FeudalismNew & better farming techniquesFirst European universities Communal enterprises in governmentHigh Middle AgesWilliam, duke of Normandy, conquers England1300100011001150120012501066Constantinople fallsEarly Middle AgesAcre falls to the Muslims12911187Saladin defeats Crusaders1163Begin building Notre Dame CathedralLate Middle Ages1095Pope Urban II calls for the first crusade12041215King John signs Magna CartaLate Middle AgesThe Black Death/PlagueRise in Literature and literacyThreat from the east of the Ottoman Empire Increase in popular piety and religious ideasHigh Middle AgesAvignon papacy begins130013501400145015001305Constantinople falls for the last time1417Great Schism Ends1378Great Schism beginsRennaisance1347Black Death first appears in Italy1453Pop-Up QuizWhat were the reasons for the fall of Rome?ChristianityA series of eventsConstantineChapter 9Regional Rule, Local Views, 500-750Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750Question of the day:

What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?

Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750Power vacuum: who will fill the void?Barbarian leadersSmall political unitsIndependent from former Mediterranean ruleViolent and unstable

Three Civilizations, 800What might be the consequences of the diversity among Romes successors?Three civilizations emerged out of the old Roman world: the barbarian kingdoms in western Europe, the Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople, and the Muslims in the south and east. 9The Iberian and Italian PeninsulasVisigothic Rule in IberiaConversion from Arian to Roman ChristianityConquest by the Muslims, 718Italy and the LombardsTensions with the Church and PopeFrankish Protection of the Pope

Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750

The conversion of the Visigoths from Arian to Roman Christianity made them more acceptable as rulers to the people of the Iberian Peninsula. What does the fortress-like appearance of this church suggest about the role churches sometimes played in the sixth century?The Decline of TradeEconomic ChangesDecrease in Luxury GoodsChange from Gold to SilverHeightened Self-SufficiencyFewer MarketsThe Decline of CitiesLittle Safety in NumbersCities in the Italian PeninsulaThe Survival of Roman InfrastructureRegional Rule, Local Views 500-750Pop-Up Quiz

One of the major problems contributing to warfare in Merovingian Gaul was thatAll branches of the family were entitled to form their own dynastyAll property was divided equally among descendants, instigating fights for powerThey were on the border with the VandalsThere was much intermarriage between clans

On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

What impact did the disappearance of centralized authority have on the economy in western Europe?

Regional Rule, Local Views 500-750Chapter 8Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650Question of the Day:

In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?

Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650Remember: Three Civilizations, 800

Think Back/Look Back

In Chapter 7 on page 209 it discusses the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.Take a minute to look over the text.Then with your neighbor, take 2 minutes to discuss the differences with the West.Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650The Ambitions of Justinian I (r. 527-565)ReconquestThe Campaigns of Belisarius (505-565)Success in North Africa and the Italian PeninsulaEastern Threats: Persia and the SlavsThe Costs of EmpireCeremonyImperial DignityEmpress Theodora (497-548)The Nika Riot, 532Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650

Justinians EmpireWhat does this map reveal about the challenges that confronted Byzantium in its attempts to maintain Justinians ambitious reconquest and his plans to restore imperial glory? During costly campaigns in Justinians reign, the Byzantine Empire conquered lands held by several barbarian kingdoms in the west, including Italy.19Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650The Search for Christian UnityAuthorityThe Mystery of the MassThe Limitations of LaityBeliefThe Debate over the Nature of ChristThe Condemnation of the Monophysites

The asymmetrical eyes of this life-size icon of Jesus Christ are intended to signal Christs dual nature. Pop-Up Quiz

Which was the most costly of Justinians economic expenses?A. Building fortifications to fend off the SlavsB. Maintaining armies against PersiaC. Building the Hagia Sophia cathedralD. Retaking ItalyPop-Up Quiz

In Justinian's attempts to strengthen the church, in which he considered his power co-equal, he persecuted all of the following except theMonophysitesNicenesJewsNeoplatonics The Codification of Roman LawThe Body of Civil LawFamily LawThe Governance of the Patria PotestasCommerceThe Regulating Power of ContractsJustinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650Constantinople: The New RomeThe Grandeur of the Hagia SophiaThe Epicenter of CommerceBazaarsThe Ravages of Bubonic Plague

The immense dome of Constantinoples Hagia Sophia was meant to instill a sense of awe.

The Hagia SophiaJustinians Hagia Sophia dominated the urban landscape of sixth-century Constantinople and still stands out in the skyline of modern Istanbul.The Empire after JustinianNew PressuresLombards in the WestAvars in the EastHeraclius (r. 610-641)Reforms and StabilizationVictory against the PersiansJustinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

In what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief?

Justinian and the Revival of the Empire in the East, 500-650Chapter 9The Western Church, 500-800Question of the Day:

How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

The Western Church, 500-800The Christianization of Northern EuropeMission to BritainPope Gregory I (r. 590-604) and Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604) Aethelbert (r. ca. 593-631) and Bertha of Kent Synod of Whitby, 664Irish MonksColumba (521-597)Columbanus (543-615)Boniface (ca. 672-754)

Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe and the British Isles. He also wrote theological works that led to his inclusion among the Church Fathers.The BishopsRegional ConsultationAdministration: Bishopric/Diocese, Parish, CathedralMasses, Tithes, and DogmaSecular CooperationThe Bishop of RomeA Prestigious Office: the Papacy and Papal StatesFar-Reaching ClaimsThe Donation of ConstantineThe Western Church, 500-800The Western Church, 500-800Monasticism and LearningA Way of Life and PrayerBenedict of Nursia (ca. 480-543)Rules, the Divine Office, and CloisterIntellectual WorkScribes and IlluminationBede (ca. 673-735)Religious Women

Monks spent part of their day walking in silent contemplation around the cloister with their prayer books. In all honesty they did more than that!The Western Church, 500-800On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

How did bishops and monasteries help to preserve social order and literacy after the end of the empire in the West?

Chapter 9The Rise of Islam, 600-700 & The Expansion of Islam, 700-800The Rise & Expansion of IslamQuestion of the Day:

How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?

The Rise of Islam, 600-700The Setting: the Arabian PeninsulaTrade and the CaravansThe Coastal Plain and the TownsMecca and the Importance of the KaabaThe Domination of the Quraysh Tribe

The Life of Muhammad (570-632)ConversionThe Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran)The Spread of Muhammads MessageHostility in Mecca and Invitation to MedinaThe Hejira, 622Muhammads Leadership and DeathThe Rise of Islam, 600-700

During pre-Islamic times the Kaaba in Mecca served as an important destination for religious pilgrims.Religious BeliefsSubmission and Obedience to Gods WillThe Five Pillars of IslamOne GodAllahPrayerFasting During RamadanCharityThe Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca

The Rise of Islam, 600-700Christians and Jews: People of the BookContrasts in Ideas and Practices of AuthorityTreatment of the DhimmiMuslim FamiliesThe Practice of PolygamyPrivacy, Protection, and Restrictions for WomenThe Harem, Seclusion, and VeilingOpportunities: Property Management and Moral AuthorityThe Rise of Islam, 600-700The Expansion of Islam, 700-800The First Caliphs and Territorial ExpansionThe Umayyad DynastyThe Schism between Shiites and SunnisThe New Capital in Damascus, 661Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands

Under the leadership of the caliphs, Islam spread dramatically in the first one hundred years after the death of Muhammad.The Expansion of Islam, 700-800Conquest in the WestThe Conversion of the BerbersTariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of GibralterSettlement in Africa and IberiaDefeat by the Franks at Tours, 732The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at BaghdadThe Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba

The Expansion of Islam, 700-800Islamic CivilizationThe Influence of Older Cultures and TraditionsArt and LiteratureThe Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca. 747-813)Commerce and Urban LifeThe Promotion of TradeCultural Unification and the Arabic Language

Islamic art and architecture, as depicted in this mosque in Cordoba, Spain, retained their distinctive features throughout the Muslim world.On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean?

The Expansion of Islam, 700-800Chapter 9Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900Question of the Day:

Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900From Mayor (Major Domo) to KingThe CarolingiansCharles Martel (686-741), the HammerTours, 732Pepin (r. 714-768)Acting Like a KingFrom King to Emperor Charlemagne (r. 768-814)Reviving the Title of Emperor, 800

What might the difference in the size of Charlemagne and his wife signify besides relative height?Charlemagne, seen here with his wife, was the first ruler in the West to bear the title of emperor in over three hundred years. 44

Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 800Does the Frankish kingdom seem integrated into the old Mediterranean world or isolated from it?In the Treaty of Verdun, Charlemagnes grandsons, Louis the German, Lothar, and Charles the Bald, divided the Frankish kingdom among themselves. They continued the Frankish inheritance custom of dividing kingdoms equally among male heirs. 45Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the West, 700-900On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

Chapter 8Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Questions of the Day:

What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Losses and ReformsTerritorial Decline in the South and WestThe Loss of Syria, Palestine, and EgyptMilitary and Administrative PoliciesConstans II (630- 668) and the Creation of ThemesStrengthening DefensesThe Navy and Greek FireThe CataphractsCreating DissensionMiddle Byzantine Period, 600-1071

The Waning of Byzantine SocietyPlague and Population CollapseThe Decline of Education and LiteracyThe Controversy over IconsLeo III (r. 717-741) and the Initiation of IconoclasmIcons, like this depiction of Jacobs ladder from the twelfth century, served as a focus for worship in early Byzantine history, but few survived the period of iconoclasm.On a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship?What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Chapter 9Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth CenturiesOrder and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth CenturiesQuestion of the Day:

Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?

Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth CenturiesLords and VassalsLand Grants (Fiefs) and Fealty in Return for Military Service in Feudal ArmiesPeasants and the ManorWorking the DemesneSerfs: Labor and LimitationsBailiffs: Peasant Authority on the ManorThe Carolingian World

Merchants in Europe never ceased to supply slaves to the Byzantines and Muslims. Captives were sold in the major slave markets of Constantinople, Cordoba, Rome, and Alexandria. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth CenturiesThe Empire Under Otto (r. 936-963)Religious AuthorityConquestProvincial Administration: Dukes

The isolated setting of the monastery at Conques in southwestern France is typical of monasteries seeking refuge from invaders and warlords. Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth CenturiesOn a piece of paper, using RATS, answer the question of the day:

Which factors played a role in perpetuating the warfare and violence among the ruling families of the Frankish kingdoms?

Work CitedMaking Europe: The Story of the West. Kidner, Bucer, Mathisen McKee, and Weeks. Cengage Learning. (Boston, 2009).