the middle ages unit 8. the term middle ages covers the time between the fall of rome and the...
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The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages
Unit 8Unit 8
The term The term Middle Ages Middle Ages covers the covers the
time time between the between the fall of Rome fall of Rome
and the and the beginning of beginning of
what is what is known as known as modern modern
history. history.
What exactly What exactly is the Middle is the Middle
Ages?Ages?
In Latin, In Latin, the term the term
for for Middle Middle Ages is Ages is called called
MedievaMedievall
The Fall of the Western Roman The Fall of the Western Roman Empire Empire 476 A.D.476 A.D.
Do you remember what Do you remember what happened?happened?
Visigoths move in… etc.Visigoths move in… etc.Let’s refresh our memory with the Let’s refresh our memory with the
map.map.
German Successors German Successors to Rometo Rome
Notice the Ostrogoths
They are both divisions of the same people
The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireJustinian’s Reign (527-565)Justinian’s Reign (527-565)
Three major contributionsThree major contributions
1. Had restored the Roman Empire in the 1. Had restored the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean temporarily (Italy, Carthage)Mediterranean temporarily (Italy, Carthage)
2. Codification of Roman Law (2. Codification of Roman Law (The Body of Civil The Body of Civil Law)Law)
• The basis of modern lawThe basis of modern law
3. Hagia Sophia (Church-Mosque)3. Hagia Sophia (Church-Mosque)
•Though Justinian’s accomplishments are viewed as Though Justinian’s accomplishments are viewed as excellent achievements, it could also be said that his excellent achievements, it could also be said that his mistakes actually create the foundation of history. mistakes actually create the foundation of history. (Spreading-thin theory)(Spreading-thin theory)
The current building was originally constructed as a church between The current building was originally constructed as a church between
A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor JustinianA.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian
The Hagia The Hagia SophiaSophia
A New A New Way of Way of
LifeLifeGermanGermanic Lawic Law
• Roman and Germans Roman and Germans began to intermarrybegan to intermarry
• This created a new set This created a new set of customs and lawsof customs and laws
• WergeldWergeld - A payment - A payment for wrongdoingfor wrongdoing
Germanic LawGermanic Law• CompurgationCompurgation- -
swearing of an oath swearing of an oath by the accused by the accused person~as well as person~as well as others who others who acknowledged the acknowledged the accuser was telling accuser was telling the truth.the truth.
• The Ordeal-The Ordeal- the means the means of determining a of determining a person’s guilt based person’s guilt based on the idea of divine on the idea of divine intervention. intervention.
• Some sort of trial to Some sort of trial to overcome- a joust overcome- a joust perhaps, walking over perhaps, walking over red-hot coals, etc.red-hot coals, etc.
Trial by red - hot iron
The Christian The Christian ChurchChurch
• According to the According to the Christian Church Christian Church tradition, Jesus gave the tradition, Jesus gave the keys of the kingdom of keys of the kingdom of Heaven to Heaven to PeterPeter
• Considered to be first Considered to be first bishop of Rome.bishop of Rome.
• Each city was headed by Each city was headed by a bishopa bishop
• The bishops of four major The bishops of four major cities, Jerusalem, Rome, cities, Jerusalem, Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria Antioch, and Alexandria held positions of special held positions of special power.power.
• Each area was referred to Each area was referred to as a as a diocesediocese or or bishopricbishopric
One of the first Christian Churches in England
• Later bishops of Rome Later bishops of Rome were viewed as Peter’s were viewed as Peter’s successors. successors.
• They came to be known They came to be known as as popespopes (from Latin (from Latin word, word, papapapa, meaning , meaning father) of the Catholic father) of the Catholic Church.Church.
• Though every Christian Though every Christian believed the pope believed the pope should be the head of should be the head of the church, they did not the church, they did not agree on how much agree on how much power the pope should power the pope should have.have.
• Gregory IGregory I strengthened the strengthened the power of the power of the papacypapacy. .
• Christianity spread Christianity spread further through the further through the monastic movementmonastic movement.. Gregory
I
• MonkMonk - one who sought to live a life cut off from ordinary - one who sought to live a life cut off from ordinary human society in order to pursue total dedication to God.human society in order to pursue total dedication to God.
• Saint Benedict-Saint Benedict- established the basic form of monastic life: established the basic form of monastic life:
~~Benedictine ruleBenedictine rule~~• Prayer and manual laborPrayer and manual labor• Monks gathered seven times a day to pray togetherMonks gathered seven times a day to pray together• Monks were the social workers for communities.Monks were the social workers for communities.• Provided schools for the young, hospitality for travelers, and Provided schools for the young, hospitality for travelers, and
hospitals for the sick.hospitals for the sick.• Women would also join the movement (Women would also join the movement (NunsNuns))• The head of the nuns was called the The head of the nuns was called the abbessabbess• The most important part of the monastic movement however, is The most important part of the monastic movement however, is
the spreading of Christianity to the entire European worldthe spreading of Christianity to the entire European world
The Monastic The Monastic MovementMovement
Whitby Whitby AbbeyAbbeySaint Saint HildaHilda
The Empire of the FranksThe Empire of the FranksFranks (France and Western Germany)
• 1st leader is Clovis• Clovis was asked by his wife to convert to
Christianity. • He says no, but will convert to Christianity after a
key battle in which he calls upon Jesus like???• This helped unite the Europeans• After Clovis came the Merovingian Kings.• Da Vinci Code note, some believe these kings
were descendants of Jesus Christ.• Charles Martel was the leader of the Franks at
the Battle of Tours 732 A.D. • Battle helped preserve Western Europe from
Muslim super-expansion.• New leader emerges, Carolus Magnus, or
Charles the Great, or best known as Charlemagne.
Sorry Wrong Franks
Islamic CaliphateRemember?
Charles MartelAt the battle ofTours 732 AD
CharlemagCharlemagnene
• Charlemagne Charlemagne ~ leader of the ~ leader of the Carolingian EmpireCarolingian Empire
• Largest empire covering much Largest empire covering much of western and central Europe of western and central Europe since the Romans. since the Romans.
• As Charlemagne’s power grew, As Charlemagne’s power grew, so did his popularity. so did his popularity.
• In 800 AD, Charlemagne In 800 AD, Charlemagne acquired a new title, Holy acquired a new title, Holy Roman Emperor.Roman Emperor.
• This demonstrated the This demonstrated the strength of the idea of an strength of the idea of an enduring Roman Empire. enduring Roman Empire.
• However, this Empire However, this Empire combined Roman, Christian, combined Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements. and Germanic elements.
• Moreover, the papacy now had Moreover, the papacy now had a defender of great stature. a defender of great stature.
• Charlemagne had other Charlemagne had other impacts as well. Next Page…impacts as well. Next Page…
Little Little “Horse “Horse
Nuggets”Nuggets”• A statue in the park of a A statue in the park of a person on a horse has person on a horse has both front legs in the air, both front legs in the air, the person died in battle. the person died in battle.
• If the horse has one If the horse has one front leg in the air the front leg in the air the person died as a result person died as a result of wounds received in of wounds received in battle. battle.
• If the horse has all four If the horse has all four legs on the ground, the legs on the ground, the person died of natural person died of natural causes.causes.
An Intellectual An Intellectual RenewalRenewal
“The Renaissance, “The Renaissance, before the before the
Renaissance”Renaissance”
• Charlemagne had a strong desire to revive learning in his kingdom
• Revival of classical Greek and Roman works
• Preserve all classical works by establishing scriptoriascriptoria, or writing rooms.
• Monks spent months copying!
• If they made a mistake, they had to start from scratch! AGAIN & AGAIN!
Movement to Movement to FeudalismFeudalism
• The Carolingian Empire The Carolingian Empire began to fall apart soon began to fall apart soon after Charlemagne’s after Charlemagne’s death in 814 ADdeath in 814 AD
• Many forces invade Many forces invade Europe... Muslims, Europe... Muslims, Magyars, and The Magyars, and The VikingsVikings (the (the Norsemen). Norsemen).
• These groups These groups disintegrated the disintegrated the central authority in central authority in Europe. Europe.
• It became important to It became important to establish local authority establish local authority and protection.and protection.
• Therefore, people Therefore, people sought a powerful lord sought a powerful lord who could offer who could offer protection in return for protection in return for service. service.
• This led to a new This led to a new system called system called FeudalismFeudalism
How Feudalism WorksHow Feudalism Works
The KingThe King The King was in complete control under the Feudal System. He owned all the land in the country and decided who he would lease land to. However, before they were given any land they had to swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at all times. The men who
leased land from the King were known as Barons.
The Barons The Barons Barons leased land from the King which was known as a manor. They were known as the Lord of the Manor. They established their own system of justice, minted their own money and set their own taxes. In return for the land they had been given by the King,
the Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it. They also had to provide lodging and food for the King and his court when they traveled around the country. The Barons divided the
rest of their land among their Knights. Later this land became known as a fief.
The KnightsThe Knights Knights were given land by a Baron in return for military service when demanded by the King. They also had to protect the Baron and his family from attack. The Knights kept as
much of the land as they wished for their own personal use and distributed the rest to serfs. Although not as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite wealthy.
Peasants and SerfsPeasants and SerfsPeasants were given land by Knights. They had to provide the Knight with free labor,
food and service whenever it was demanded. Serfs had no rights. They were not allowed to leave the Manor and had to ask their Lord's permission before they could
marry. Serfs were poor.
Life of the Knight in Life of the Knight in the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages
•Vassalage•Subinfeudation•Feudal Contracts•Duty•The Code of Chivalry•Process of Knighthood•Armor•Tournaments and Jousting
•See Handout
FEUDALISMFEUDALISM
Feudalism & ManorialismFeudalism & Manorialism• Feudalism - political
ties between lords and other lords
• Manorialism - economic ties between lords and peasants
• The Manor was the principal dwelling on the Lord's property or estate.
Serfs working on the manorSerfs working on the manor
The Magna Carta The Magna Carta ((The Great “Charter” = The Great “Charter” =
Paper)Paper)
• Magna CartaMagna Carta was the was the most significant early most significant early influence of influence of constitutional law today. constitutional law today.
• Magna CartaMagna Carta influenced influenced the development of:the development of:
• The United States The United States ConstitutionConstitution
• The United States Bill of The United States Bill of RightsRights
• And… is considered one And… is considered one of the most important of the most important legal documents in the legal documents in the history of democracy.history of democracy.
• Why?Why?• It proposed that a It proposed that a
monarch’s power was monarch’s power was limited, not absolutelimited, not absolute
• It will create the idea It will create the idea behind Parliament, behind Parliament, Congress, and the Congress, and the American Revolution.American Revolution.
814 AD