The Resurgence of Europe

The Renaissance and the Reformation

Economically the Feudal system declines

What has gone before

PolitalType Title Here

local nobels rule

EconomicType Title Here

ManoralismBarter (non cash) economy

SocialType Title Here

Belief system contoled by the Catholic Uinversal Chr

The Middle AgesType Title Here

Begins with the fall of RomeEnds with the resugerance of Europe and the Reniassance

Population growth

• A growing population and renewed interest in trade led to the growth of cities and urban centers.

The middle class• Merchants• Traders• Artisans• Craftsmen

• They took the economic position between the upper

• (wealthy) and the peasants.

• Many formed Guilds.• (likeminded

businessmen)• Regulated prices and

work conditions. • Provided for guild

members injured or for their families if they are killed or died.

• Trained new guild members apprentices

Craftsmen and merchants form guilds

Guilds:• Regulated prices and work conditions. • Provided for guild members injured or for

their families if they are killed or died.• Trained apprentices (new guild members)

they protected their trade.

• Who Protected them before? _____________

The Rise of Capitalism / Market Economy

• Trade and opportunities for commerce not only created the need for a cash economy but also an opportunity for individuals to gain wealth by investing in themselves or others

• When demand for goods increased, investors made more profits, when demand decreased investors took losses,

• Capital means investment.

• Economic power shifted away from the nobles (who controlled the manors) to the capitalists who now controlled both the trade and the profits

Businesses

• Groups of merchants further increased their economic power by pooling their cash resources. They formed partnerships and joint stock companies

• Individual or groups of merchants formed banks.– Currency exchange

– Investment in other businesses

– Create loans

Insurance companies

Charged a fee to reduce business risks and losses

How were these Capitalists meeting their needs? Who met their needs before?

The Economy Transforms

From To

Barter

Cash

$$$$

Capitalism replaces Manoralism as the dominant Economic System

Barter Economy (less efficient)

Goods /stuff Goods / stuff

Given in exchange for

In the Manorial barter system, the (local) nobles owned almost of the goods on the manor.

Therefore, they had almost all of the economic power to control the flow of goods.

All that changed, especially in the cities and towns

The CASH economyCash Economy / Capitalism

Goods or stuffis sold (traded ) for cash

The cash obtained from theTrade (sale)

can be saved for later useInvested in self or others

Merchant guildsform banks and insurance companies

encourage Capitliam creating investment opportunities reducing investment losses

Cash investments(Capital) Capitalism

Create business profitsCreate bunisess losses

The cash obtained from theTrade (sale)

can be used totrade (buy) other goods / stuff

Cash Economy in ActionGrowth of Capitalism

The Capitalist (cash) Economy offers more options than the Manoral (barter) economy

How many options do you have with your cash?

Your loss is my gain

In order to compete in a cash economy, the local nobles had to convert their assets to cash.Serfs (labor) Land ( fields)

In order to maintain their manors, some nobles borrowed from banks.

The manorial / feudal systems fall apart.

• Serfs now can:– now buy their freedom

and work for themselves.

– be trained as craftsmen and artisans.

– act independently from the local noble.

LOSERS GAINERS

Transference of political power

• The local nobles who formerly exercised most of the real political power lost much of their power

• The kings who formerly had little power gain much of the political power lost by the local nobles.

The Renaissance / Rebirth

• Excess wealth caused by trade enabled merchants and eventually others to think about more than just survival.

• The Renaissance began as an attempt to rebuild the greatness of Greece and Rome.

I’ve got a new way of thinking…

• HUMANISM• More philosophical than

religious (5 things)• Applauded the

accomplishments of the Individual.

Yes it’s a BELIEF SYSTEM

Renaissance Thinkers• Alighieri Dante- (Italian writer) wrote the Divine

Comedy, the Inferno. He elevated the status of humankind to question, evaluate and commentate on the actions of God.

• Miguel de Cervantes- (Spanish writer) wrote Don Quixote. He poked fun at the ideals of unquestioned loyalty, knighthood and chivalry.

• William Shakespeare- (English writer) wrote exclusively about the human experience with its joys sorrows, gains and losses.

• Niccolo Machiavelli- In his writings, he advised rulers how to gain and maintain political power. Most famous quote, “ the end justifies the means”.

Renaissance Artists

• Leonardo da Vinci- (painter, sculptor, inventor, musician and engineer) He painted the Mona Lisa thought up plans for flying machines and submarines.

• Michelangelo- sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, architect. He sculpted the statue of David.

• Raphael- (painter) was a student of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

• Sofonisba Anguissola (a woman artist )

Leonardo da Vinci

• The Mona Lisa• One of da Vinci’s

most famous portraits.

Raphael

• Raphael’s depiction of the crucifixion of Christ.

Michelangelo’s frescos the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo’s Pieta

Guttenberg's Printing press

• By the 1300s Europe's received the papermaking and printing technology from China.

• Johann Guttenberg’s invention of movable type and the printing press enabled the mass production of books.

• Books become more available.

• Literacy rate increased• Ideas spread more rapidly.

Causes of the Reformation

• Roman Catholic Church became worldly.

• Humanists urged return to simple religion.

• Strong kings resented the power of the Roman Catholic Church.

• Indulgences were sold.• Printing press helps

spread reformist ideas.• Reformers call for

change.

What were indulgences and how did they work?

The Reformation• Martin Luther a Catholic Priest is 1517 nailed a list of

95 Theses ( arguments) to the church door at Wittenberg which is used as a local bulletin board. In his list Luther condemned the sale of indulgences and other corruptions in the Church. He also argued that faith in God not obedience to Church rules enabled people to go to heaven.

• Others who called for reforms in the Catholic Church were John Wycliffe, John Hus and John Calvin. Like them Luther gets excommunicated but by now the call for reforms have gained steam. The Reformation has begun.

The beliefs of the Reformers• Martin Luther

– Christians reached heaven only by faith in God.

– Did not believe priests had special powers or privilege.

– Ideas spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia.

– Followers are later called Protestants

• John Calvin

– Christians reach heaven only through faith in God.

– Believed people are born sinners.

– Preached Predestination.

– Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England and Scotland.

Counter-Reformation

• Pope Paul III calls the Council of Trent 1545-1563. The Council abolished the sale of indulgences and reaffirms the Catholic faith, Sacraments.

• Recommended that schools be set up to train clergy

• Ignatius Loyola – Founded the Society of

Jesus also called the Jesuits.

– The Jesuits become the defenders of the Catholic faith.

– They emphasize strict spiritual and moral discipline and obedience to Catholic authority

Church’s response to the Reformation

Fallout from the Reformation

• Religious divisions• Religious conflicts.• Political divisions.• More Anti-Semitism

– Many Jews fled to Eastern Europe

• Fear of more nonconformity.– Caused witch hunts

• Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and other Protestant churches were founded.

• Religious wars break out in Europe.

• The Inquisition became more driven and intense.

What was the Inquisition?

A Tale of Two Kingdoms

• During the late Middle Ages, the power of the local nobles declined.

• The Kings of England and France in an effort to increase their own political power competed with both the local nobles and the Roman Catholic Church.

• Each kingdom (France & England) found different solutions to this problem of who was to rule.

France

• France• Hugh Carpet became king in 987. The local

nobles did not object to him because as king he had little political power

• His heirs the Carpathians established hereditary succession to the French throne and began to challenge the authority of the local nobles.

England

• After the death of Angelo Saxon King Edward, his brother in law was selected to succeed him as King of England. However, Duke William of Normandy (his cousin) also claimed the throne.

• After he invaded and conquered England, he became king and won the name William the Conquer.