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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2 Case Digest

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INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2

THENATUREOFTHECONSTITUTIONANDITSRELATIONWITHTHECOURTS

FRANCISCOVS HOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES

[415 SCRA 44; G.R. No. 160261; 10 Nov 2003]

Facts!

Impeachment proceedn!" #ere $%ed a!an"t S&preme Co&rt Che' (&"tce )%aro

*avde. +he ,&"tca-%e controver" po"ed n 'ront o' the Co&rt #a" the

con"tt&tona%t o' the "&-"e/&ent $%n! o' a "econd comp%ant to controvert the r&%e"o' mpeachment provded 'or - %a#

Iss"e!

hether or Not the $%n! o' the "econd mpeachment comp%ant a!an"t Che' (&"tce)%aro G. *avde (r. #th the )o&"e o' Repre"entatve" 'a%%" #thn the one ear -ar

provded n the Con"tt&ton and #hether the re"o%&ton thereo' " a po%tca% /&e"ton ha" re"&%ted n a po%tca% cr"".

He#d!

In an event t " #th the a-"o%&te certant that o&r Con"tt&ton " "&cent to

addre"" a%% the ""&e" #hch th" controver" "pa#n" that th" Co&rt &ne/&voca%%prono&nce" at the $r"t n"tance that the 'eared re"ort to etracon"tt&tona% method"

o' re"o%vn! t " nether nece""ar nor %e!a%% perm""-%e. oth t" re"o%&ton andprotecton o' the p&-%c ntere"t %e n adherence to not depart&re 'rom the

Con"tt&ton.In pa""n! over the comp%e ""&e" ar"n! 'rom the controver" th" Co&rt " ever

mnd'&% o' the e""enta% tr&th that the nvo%ate doctrne o' "eparaton o' po#er" amon!the %e!"%atve eec&tve or ,&dca% -ranche" o' !overnment - no mean" pre"cr-e"

'or a-"o%&te a&tonom n the d"char!e - each o' that part o' the !overnmenta% po#era""!ned to t - the "overe!n peop%e.

At the "ame tme the coro%%ar doctrne o' chec7" and -a%ance" #hch ha" -een

care'&%% ca%-rated - the Con"tt&ton to temper the oca% act" o' each o' the"e three-ranche" m&"t -e !ven e8ect #tho&t de"tron! ther nd"pen"a-%e coe/&a%t.

+here e"t" no con"tt&tona% -a"" 'or the contenton that the eerc"e o' ,&dca%reve# over mpeachment proceedn!" #o&%d &p"et the ""tem o' chec7" and -a%ance".

9er% the Con"tt&ton " to -e nterpreted a" a #ho%e and :one "ecton " not to -ea%%o#ed to de'eat another.: oth are nte!ra% component" o' the ca%-rated ""tem o'

ndependence and nterdependence that n"&re" that no -ranch o' !overnment act

-eond the po#er" a""!ned to t - the Con"tt&ton.

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hen "&n! a" a citizen the ntere"t o' the pettoner a""a%n! the con"tt&tona%t o' a"tat&te m&"t -e drect and per"ona%. )e m&"t -e a-%e to "ho# not on% that the %a# or

an !overnment act " nva%d -&t a%"o that he "&"taned or " n mmnent dan!er o'"&"tann! "ome drect n,&r a" a re"&%t o' t" en'orcement and not mere% that he

"&8er" there- n "ome nde$nte #a. It m&"t appear that the per"on comp%ann! ha"-een or " a-o&t to -e dened "ome r!ht or prv%e!e to #hch he " %a#'&%% entt%ed or

that he " a-o&t to -e "&-,ected to "ome -&rden" or pena%te" - rea"on o' the "tat&teor act comp%aned o'. In $ne #hen the proceedn! nvo%ve" the a""erton o' a p&-%c

r!ht the mere 'act that he " a ct" "&t

"ho&%d -e entertaned. +h" Co&rt opt" to !rant "tandn! to mo"t o' the pettoner"!ven ther a%%e!aton that an mpendn! tran"mtta% to the Senate o' the Artc%e" o'

Impeachment and the en"&n! tra% o' the Che' (&"tce #%% nece""ar% nvo%ve theependt&re o' p&-%c '&nd".

A" 'or a legislator he " a%%o#ed to "&e to /&e"ton the va%dt o' an oca% acton

#hch he c%am" n'rn!e" h" prero!atve" a" a %e!"%ator. Indeed a mem-er o' the)o&"e o' Repre"entatve" ha" "tandn! to mantan nvo%ate the prero!atve" po#er"

and prv%e!e" ve"ted - the Con"tt&ton n h" oce.?3

+he 'ramer" o' the Con"tt&ton a%"o &nder"tood ntaton n t" ordnar meann!. +h&"#hen a propo"a% reached the =oor propo"n! that :A vote o' at %ea"t onethrd o' a%% the

@em-er" o' the )o&"e "ha%% -e nece""ar to initiate impeachment proceedings: th"#a" met - a propo"a% to de%ete the %ne on the !ro&nd that the vote o' the )o&"e doe"

not ntate mpeachment proceedn! -&t rather the $%n! o' a comp%ant doe".

+o the ar!&ment that on% the )o&"e o' Repre"entatve" a" a -od can ntatempeachment proceedn!" -eca&"e Secton 3 B1 "a" :+he )o&"e o' Repre"entatve"

"ha%% have the ec%&"ve po#er to ntate a%% ca"e" o' mpeachment: +h" " am"readn! o' "ad prov"on and " contrar to the prncp%e o' reddendo singula

singulis - e/&atn! :mpeachment ca"e": #th :mpeachment proceedn!.:

)avn! conc%&ded that the ntaton ta7e" p%ace - the act o' $%n! and re'erra% orendor"ement o' the mpeachment comp%ant to the )o&"e Commttee on (&"tce or -

the $%n! - at %ea"t onethrd o' the mem-er" o' the )o&"e o' Repre"entatve" #th theSecretar Genera% o' the )o&"e the meann! o' Secton 3 B5 o' Artc%e DI -ecome"

c%ear. Ence an mpeachment comp%ant ha" -een ntated another mpeachmentcomp%ant ma not -e $%ed a!an"t the "ame oca% #thn a one ear perod.

+he Co&rt n the pre"ent petton" "&-,ected to ,&dca% "cr&tn and re"o%ved on themert" on% the man ""&e o' #hether the mpeachment proceedn!" ntated a!an"t

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the Che' (&"tce tran"!re""ed the con"tt&tona%% mpo"ed oneear tme -ar r&%e.eond th" t dd not !o a-o&t a""&mn! ,&r"dcton #here t had none nor

nd"crmnate% t&rn ,&"tca-%e ""&e" o&t o' decded% po%tca% /&e"ton". eca&"e t "not at a%% the -&"ne"" o' th" Co&rt to a""ert ,&dca% domnance over the other t#o

!reat -ranche" o' the !overnment.

No one " a-ove the %a# or the Con"tt&ton. +h" " a -a"c precept n an %e!a% ""tem#hch reco!n" mora%

a&thort and that o' t" a!ent" to "ec&re re"pect 'or and o-edence to t" command".erhap" there " no other !overnment -ranch or n"tr&menta%t that " mo"t


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the %e!"%at&re n the eerc"e o' t" "&ppo"ed o%ce o#er #th the p&rpo"e o'"a'e!&ardn! the hea%th o' pre!nant #omen %a-orer" n :'actor "hop or p%ace o' %a-or

o' an de"crpton: and o' n"&rn! to them to a certan etent rea"ona-%e "&pport 'orone month -e'ore and one month a'ter ther de%ver. +he tra% co&rt rendered a

dec"on n 'avor o' p%ant8 "entencn! the de'endant to pa the $ne o' $'t pe"o" andn ca"e o' n"o%venc to "&8er "&-"dar mpr"onment. )ence the ca"e #a" ra"ed to

the Co&rt o' Appea%" #hch armed the 'ormer dec"on.

Iss"e!

hether or not Secton 13 o' Act No. 30F1 " &ncon"tt&tona%.

hether or not the prom&%!aton o' the /&e"toned prov"on #a" a va%d eerc"e o'o%ce o#er.

He#d!

+he S&preme Co&rt dec%ared Secton 13 o' Act No. 30F1 to -e &ncon"tt&tona% 'or -en!

vo%atve or re"trctve o' the r!ht o' the peop%e to 'ree% enter nto contract" 'or thera8ar". It ha" -een decded "evera% tme" that the r!ht to contract a-o&t one>" a8ar"

" a part o' the %-ert o' the ndvd&a% protected - the :d&e proce"" o' %a#: c%a&"e o'the con"tt&ton. +he contractn! parte" ma e"ta-%"h an a!reement" term" and

condton" the ma deem adv"a-%e provded the are not contrar to %a# mora%" orp&-%c po%c

+he po%ce po#er o' the "tate " a ver -road and epandn! po#er. +he po%ce po#er

ma encompa"" ever %a# 'or the re"trant and p&n"hment o' crme" 'or thepre"ervaton o' the p&-%c peace hea%th and mora%". &t that po#er cannot !ro# 'a"ter

than the '&ndamenta% %a# o' the "tate nor tran"cend or vo%ate the epre"" nh-ton o'the con"tt&ton. +he o%ce o#er " "&-,ect to and " contro%%ed - the paramo&nt

a&thort o' the con"tt&ton o' the "tate and #%% not -e permtted to vo%ate r!ht""ec&red or !&aranteed - the %atter.

LA$&INOVS CO$ELEC

[G.R. No. 1F4153; 25 Ect 2006]

act"J

ettoner" BLam-no !ro&p commenced !athern! "!nat&re" 'or an ntatve pettonto chan!e the 1H?F con"tt&ton the $%ed a petton #th the CE@MLMC to ho%d a

p%e-"cte that #%% rat' ther ntatve petton &nder RA 6F35. Lam-no !ro&p a%%e!ed

that the petton had the "&pport o' 6@ ndvd&a%" '&%$%%n! #hat #a" provded - art1F o' the con"tt&ton. +her petton chan!e" the 1H?F con"tt&ton - mod'n!

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"ecton" 1F o' Art 6 and "ecton" 14 o' Art F and - addn! Art 1?. the propo"edchan!e" #%% "h't the pre"ent -camera% pre"denta% 'orm o' !overnment to

&ncamera% par%amentar. CE@MLMC dened the petton d&e to %ac7 o' ena-%n! %a#!overnn! ntatve petton" and nvo7ed the Santa!o 9". Come%ec r&%n! that RA 6F35

" nade/&ate to mp%ement the ntatve petton".

I""&eJ

hether or Not the Lam-no Gro&pP" ntatve petton comp%e" #th Secton 2 Artc%eD9II o' the Con"tt&ton on amendment" to the Con"tt&ton thro&!h a peop%eP"

ntatve.

hether or Not th" Co&rt "ho&%d rev"t t" r&%n! n Santa!o dec%arn! RA 6F35ncomp%ete nade/&ate or #antn! n e""enta% term" and condton"O to mp%ement

the ntatve c%a&"e on propo"a%" to amend the Con"tt&ton.

hether or Not the CE@MLMC commtted !rave a-&"e o' d"creton n denn! d&eco&r"e to the Lam-no Gro&pP" petton.

)e%dJ

Accordn! to the SC the Lam-no !ro&p 'a%ed to comp% #th the -a"c re/&rement" 'or

cond&ctn! a peop%eP" ntatve. +he Co&rt he%d that the CE@MLMC dd not !rave a-&"eo' d"creton on d"m""n! the Lam-no petton.

1. +he Intatve etton *oe" Not Comp% #th Secton 2 Artc%e D9II o' the

Con"tt&ton on *rect ropo"a% - the eop%e

+he pettoner" 'a%ed to "ho# the co&rt that the ntatve "!ner m&"t -e n'ormed

at the tme o' the "!nn! o' the nat&re and e8ect 'a%&re to do "o " deceptve andm"%eadn!O #hch render" the ntatve vod.

2. +he Intatve 9o%ate" Secton 2 Artc%e D9II o' the Con"tt&ton *"a%%o#n! Rev"onthro&!h Intatve"

+he 'ramer" o' the con"tt&ton ntended a c%ear d"tncton -et#een amendmentOand rev"on t " ntended that the thrd mode o' "tated n "ec 2 art 1F o' the

con"tt&ton ma propo"e on% amendment" to the con"tt&ton. @er!n! o' the%e!"%atve and the eec&tve " a radca% chan!e there'ore a con"tt&te" a rev"on.

3. A Rev"t o' Santa!o v. CE@MLMC " Not Nece""ar

Mven a""&mn! that RA 6F35 " va%d t #%% not chan!e the re"&%t -eca&"e the

pre"ent petton vo%ated Sec 2 Art 1F to -e a va%d ntatve m&"t $r"t comp% #ththe con"tt&ton -e'ore comp%n! #th RA 6F35

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etton " d"m""ed.

SANTIA%OVS CO$ELEC

[2F0 SCRA 106; G.R. No.12F325; 1H @ar 1HHF]

Facts!

rvate re"pondent Att. (e"&" *e%$n pre"dent o' eop%eP" Intatve 'or Re'orm"@odern


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!ranted the r!ht the peop%e cannot eerc"e t ' Con!re"" doe" not provde 'or t"mp%ementaton.

+he porton o' CE@MLMC Re"o%&ton No. 2300 #hch pre"cr-e" r&%e" and re!&%aton" on

the cond&ct o' ntatve on amendment" to the Con"tt&ton " vod. It ha" -een ane"ta-%"hed r&%e that #hat ha" -een de%e!ated cannot -e de%e!ated Bpote"ta" de%e!ata

non de%e!ar pote"t. +he de%e!aton o' the po#er to the CE@MLMC -en! nva%d the%atter cannot va%d% prom&%!ate r&%e" and re!&%aton" to mp%ement the eerc"e o' the

r!ht to peop%eP" ntatve.

+he %'tn! o' the term %mt" #a" he%d to -e that o' a rev"on a" t #o&%d a8ect otherprov"on" o' the Con"tt&ton "&ch a" the "nchron


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Con"tt&ton propo"ed n the a'orementoned Re"o%&ton" No. 1 and 3 -e "&-mtted 'orapprova% - the peop%e at the !enera% e%ecton" #hch "ha%% -e he%d on Novem-er 14

1H6F.

Iss"e!

hether or Not a Re"o%&ton o' Con!re"" actn! a" a con"tt&ent a""em-% vo%ate" the

Con"tt&ton.

He#d!

Ina"m&ch a" there are %e"" than e!ht B? vote" n 'avor o' dec%arn! Rep&-%c Act 4H13

and R. . ). No". 1 and 3 &ncon"tt&tona% and nva%d the petton" n the"e t#o B2ca"e" m&"t -e a" the are here- d"m"" and the #rt" theren praed 'or dened

#tho&t "peca% prono&ncement a" to co"t". It " "o ordered.

A" a con"e/&ence the tt%e o' a de 'acto ocer cannot -e a""a%ed co%%atera%%. It manot -e conte"ted ecept drect% - /&o #arranto proceedn!". Nether ma the va%dt

o' h" act" -e /&e"toned &pon the !ro&nd that he " mere% a de 'acto ocer. And therea"on" are o-vo&"J B1 t #o&%d -e an ndrect n/&r nto the tt%e to the oce; and

B2 the act" o' a de 'acto ocer ' #thn the competence o' h" oce are va%d n"o'ara" the p&-%c " concerned.

:+he ,&dca% department " the on% con"tt&tona% or!an #hch can -e ca%%ed &pon todetermne the proper a%%ocaton o' po#er" -et#een the "evera% department" andamon! the nte!ra% or con"tt&ent &nt" thereo'.:

Artc%e D9 o' the Con"tt&ton provde"J

. . . +he Con!re"" n ,ont "e""on a""em-%ed - a vote o' three'o&rth" o'

a%% the @em-er" o' the Senate and o' the )o&"e o' Repre"entatve" votn!"eparate% ma propo"e amendment" to th" Con"tt&ton or ca%% a

contenton 'or that p&rpo"e. S&ch amendment" "ha%% -e va%d a" part o'th" Con"tt&ton #hen approved - a ma,ort o' the vote" ca"t at an

e%ecton at #hch the amendment" are "&-mtted to the peop%e 'or therrat$caton.

rom o&r ve#pont the prov"on" o' Artc%e D9 o' the Con"tt&ton are "at"$ed "o %on!

a" the e%ectorate 7no#" that R. . ). No. 3 permt" Con!re""men to retan ther "eat" a"%e!"%ator" even ' the "ho&%d r&n 'or and a""&me the '&ncton" o' de%e!ate" to the

Conventon.

SANIDADVS CO$ELEC

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[F? SCRA 333; G.R. No. H0?F?; 2H (an 1HH0]

Facts!

+h" " a petton 'or certorar a""a%n! the con"tt&tona%t o' Secton 1H o' Come%ec

Re"o%&ton No. 216F on the !ro&nd that t vo%ate" the con"tt&tona% !&arantee" o' the

'reedom o' epre""on and o' the pre"". En Ecto-er 23 1H?H Rep&-%c Act No. 6F66entt%ed :AN AC+ RE9I*ING ER AN ERGANIC AC+ ER +)M CER*ILLMRAA+ENE@ES RMGIEN: #a" enacted nto %a#. &r"&ant to "ad %a# the Ct o' a!&o

and the Cord%%era" #hch con""t o' the provnce" o' en!&et @o&ntan rovnceI'&!ao A-ra and Qa%n!aApaao a%% compr"n! the Cord%%era A&tonomo&" Re!on

"ha%% ta7e part n a p%e-"cte 'or the rat$caton o' "ad Er!anc Act or!na%% "ched&%ed%a"t *ecem-er 2F 1H?H #hch #a" ho#ever re"et to (an&ar 30 1HH0 - vrt&e o'

Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 2226 dated *ecem-er 2F 1H?H. +he Comm""on on M%ecton"- vrt&e o' the po#er ve"ted - the 1H?F Con"tt&ton the Emn-&" M%ecton Code B

??1 "ad R.A. 6F66 and other pertnent e%ecton %a#" prom&%!ated Re"o%&ton No.216F to !overn the cond&ct o' the p%e-"cte on the "ad Er!anc Act 'or the Cord%%era

A&tonomo&" Re!on. In a petton dated Novem-er 20 1H?H heren pettoner a-%to 9.Sandad #ho c%am" to -e a ne#"paper co%&mn"t o' the :E9MR9IM: 'or the AGIE

@I*LAN* CERIMR a #ee7% ne#"paper crc&%ated n the Ct o' a!&o and theCord%%era" a""a%ed the con"tt&tona%t o' Secton 1H o' Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 216F#hch provde"J

ection !"# Prohibition on columnists, commentators or announcers# $

%uring the plebiscite campaign period, on the day beore and on the

plebiscite day, no mass media columnist, commentator, announcer or

personality shall use his column or radio or television time to campaign or

or against the plebiscite Issue#

It " a%%e!ed - pettoner that "ad prov"on " vod and &ncon"tt&tona% -eca&"e

t vo%ate" the con"tt&tona% !&arantee" o' the 'reedom o' epre""on and o' thepre"" en"hrned n the Con"tt&ton. n%7e a re!&%ar ne#" reporter or ne#"

corre"pondent #ho mere% report" the ne#" pettoner mantan" that a" aco%&mn"t h" co%&mn o-vo&"% and nece""ar% contan" and re=ect" h"

opnon" ve#" and -e%e'" on an ""&e or "&-,ect a-o&t #hch he #rte".ettoner %7e#"e mantan" that ' meda practtoner" #ere to epre"" ther

ve#" -e%e'" and opnon" on the ""&e "&-mtted to a p%e-"cte t #o&%d n 'acthe%p n the !overnment drve and de"re to d""emnate n'ormaton and hear a"

#e%% a" vent%ate a%% "de" o' the ""&e.

Iss"e!

hether or not Secton 1H o' Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 216F " &ncon"tt&tona%.

He#d!

+he S&preme Co&rt r&%ed that Secton 1H o' Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 216F "&ncon"tt&tona%. It " c%ear 'rom Art. IDC o' the 1H?F Con"tt&ton that #hat #a"

!ranted to the Come%ec #a" the po#er to "&perv"e and re!&%ate the &"e anden,oment o' 'ranch"e" permt" or other !rant" ""&ed 'or the operaton o'

tran"portaton or other p&-%c &t%te" meda o' comm&ncaton or n'ormaton to the

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end that e/&a% opport&nt tme and "pace and the r!ht to rep% nc%&dn!rea"ona-%e e/&a% rate" there'or 'or p&-%c n'ormaton campa!n" and 'or&m" amon!

canddate" are en"&red. +he ev% "o&!ht to -e prevented - th" prov"on " thepo""-%t that a 'ranch"e ho%der ma 'avor or !ve an &nd&e advanta!e to a

canddate n term" o' advert"n! "pace or rado or te%ev"on tme. +h" " a%"o therea"on #h a :co%&mn"t commentator anno&ncer or per"ona%t #ho " a canddate

'or an e%ectve oce " re/&red to ta7e a %eave o' a-"ence 'rom h" #or7 d&rn! thecampa!n perod B2nd par. Secton 11B- R.A. 6646. It cannot -e !an"ad that a

co%&mn"t or commentator #ho " a%"o a canddate #o&%d -e more epo"ed to thevoter" to the pre,&dce o' other canddate" &n%e"" re/&red to ta7e a %eave o' a-"ence.

)o#ever nether Artc%e IDC o' the Con"tt&ton nor Secton 11 B- 2nd par. o' R.A.

6646 can -e con"tr&ed to mean that the Come%ec ha" a%"o -een !ranted the r!ht to"&perv"e and re!&%ate the eerc"e - meda practtoner" them"e%ve" o' ther r!ht to

epre""on d&rn! p%e-"cte perod". @eda practtoner" eerc"n! ther 'reedom o'epre""on d&rn! p%e-"cte perod" are nether the 'ranch"e ho%der" nor the

canddate". In 'act there are no canddate" nvo%ved n a p%e-"cte. +here'ore Secton

1H o' Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 216F ha" no "tat&tor -a"".

%e-"cte I""&e are matter" o' p&-%c concern and mportance. +he peop%e>" r!ht to -e

n'ormed and to -e a-%e to 'ree% and nte%%!ent% ma7e a dec"on #o&%d -e -etter"erved - acce"" to an &na-rd!ed d"c&""on o' the I""&e nc%&dn! the 'or&m. +he

peop%e a8ected - the I""&e pre"ented n a p%e-"cte "ho&%d not -e &nd&% -&rdened- re"trcton" on the 'or&m #here the r!ht to epre""on ma -e eerc"ed. Come%ec

"pace" and Come%ec rado tme ma provde a 'or&m 'or epre""on -&t the do not!&arantee '&%% d""emnaton o' n'ormaton to the p&-%c concerned -eca&"e the are

%mted to ether "pec$c porton" n ne#"paper" or to "pec$c rado or te%ev"on tme".

+he n"tant petton " GRAN+M*. Secton 1H o' Come%ec Re"o%&ton No. 216F " dec%aredn&%% and vod and &ncon"tt&tona%.

&ONDOCVS PINEDA

[201 SCRA FH2; G.R. No. HFF10; 26 Sep 1HH1]

Facts!

In the e%ecton" he%d on @a 11 1H?F @arcano neda o' the L* and Mm!do ondoco' the N #ere canddate" 'or the po"ton o' Repre"entatve 'or the o&rth *"trct o'

ampan!a. neda #a" proc%amed #nner. ondoc $%ed a prote"t n the )o&"e o'Repre"entatve" M%ectora% +r-&na% B)RM+ #hch " compo"ed o' H mem-er" 3 o' #hom

are (&"tce" o' the SC and the remann! 6 are mem-er" o' the )o&"e o'Repre"entatve" B5 mem-er" -e%on! to the L* and 1 mem-er " 'rom the N.

+herea'ter a dec"on had -een reached n #hch ondoc #on over neda.Con!re""man Cama"&ra o' the L* voted #th the SC (&"tce" and Con!re""man

Cer%%e" o' the N to proc%am ondoc the #nner o' the conte"t.

En the eve o' the prom&%!aton o' the ondoc dec"on Con!re""man Cama"&ra

a!e 12


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receved a %etter n'ormn! hm that he #a" a%read epe%%ed 'rom the L* 'or a%%e!ed%he%pn! to or!an


14/280

Facts!

+he @ra"o%" are "&!ar%and o#ner" and p%anter". h%ppne Natona% an7 BN$nanced the @ra"o%"> "&!ar prod&cton vent&re RE@ 1HF31HF5 &nder a crop %oan

$nancn! "cheme. +he @ra"o%" "!ned Credt A!reement" a Chatte% @ort!a!e onStandn! Crop" and a Rea% M"tate @ort!a!e n 'avor o' N. +he Chatte% @ort!a!e

empo#ered N to ne!otate and "e%% the %atter>" "&!ar and to app% the proceed" tothe pament o' ther o-%!aton" to t.

re"dent @arco" ""&ed * 5FH n Novem-er 1HF4 a&thor


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ve"t" the po#er o' ,&dca% reve# or the po#er to dec%are a %a# treat nternatona% oreec&tve a!reement pre"denta% decree order n"tr&cton ordnance or re!&%aton

not on% n th" Co&rt -&t n a%% Re!ona% +ra% Co&rt".

+he p&rpo"e o' the mandator notce n R&%e 64 Secton 3 " to ena-%e the So%ctorGenera% to decde #hether or not h" nterventon n the acton a""a%n! the va%dt o' a

%a# or treat " nece""ar. +o den the So%ctor Genera% "&ch notce #o&%d -etantamo&nt to deprvn! hm o' h" da n co&rt. e m&"t "tre"" that contrar to

pettoner"> "tand the mandator notce re/&rement " not %mted to acton" nvo%vn!dec%arator re%e' and "m%ar remede". +he r&%e t"e%' provde" that "&ch notce "

re/&red n :an acton: and not ,&"t acton" nvo%vn! dec%arator re%e'. here there "no am-!&t n the #ord" &"ed n the r&%e there " no room 'or con"tr&cton. 15 In a%%

acton" a""a%n! the va%dt o' a "tat&te treat pre"denta% decree order orproc%amaton notce to the So%ctor Genera% " mandator.

ettoner" contend that .*. No. 5FH and t" mp%ementn! ""&ance" are vod 'or

vo%atn! the d&e proce"" c%a&"e and the proh-ton a!an"t the ta7n! o' prvatepropert #tho&t ,&"t compen"aton. ettoner" no# a"7 th" Co&rt to eerc"e t" po#er

o' ,&dca% reve#.

(&r"pr&dence ha" %ad do#n the 'o%%o#n! re/&"te" 'or the eerc"e o' th" po#erJ r"tthere m&"t -e -e'ore the Co&rt an act&a% ca"e ca%%n! 'or the eerc"e o' ,&dca% reve#.

Second the /&e"ton -e'ore the Co&rt m&"t -e rpe 'or ad,&dcaton. +hrd the per"oncha%%en!n! the va%dt o' the act m&"t have "tandn! to cha%%en!e. o&rth the

/&e"ton o' con"tt&tona%t m&"t have -een ra"ed at the ear%e"t opport&nt and

%a"t% the ""&e o' con"tt&tona%t m&"t -e the ver lis motao' the ca"e.

*@LAE9S. CE@MLMC[H5 SCRA 3H2; G.R. No.L52245; 22 (an 1H?0]

Facts!

ettoner *&m%ao /&e"ton" the con"tt&tona%t o' Sec. 4 o' ata" am-an"a %! 52 a"d"crmnator and contrar to e/&a% protecton and d&e proce"" !&arantee" o' the

Con"tt&ton. Sec. 4 provde" that an retred e%ectve provnca% or m&ncpa% oca%#ho ha" receved pament" o' retrement -ene$t" and "ha%% have -een 65 ear" o' a!e

at the commencement o' the term o' oce to #hch he "ee7" to -e e%ected "ha%% not-e /&a%$ed to r&n 'or the "ame e%ectve %oca% oce 'rom #hch he ha" retred.

Accordn! to *&m%ao the prov"on amo&nt" to c%a"" %e!"%aton. ettoner" I!ot andSa%apantan (r. a%"o a""a% the va%dt o' Sec. 4 o' ata" am-an"a %! 52 #hch "tate"

that an per"on #ho ha" commtted an act o' d"%oa%t to the State nc%&dn! tho"eamo&ntn! to "&-ver"on n"&rrecton re-e%%on or other "m%ar crme" "ha%% not -e

/&a%$ed 'or an o' the oce" covered - the act or to partcpate n an part"an

actvt therenJ provded that a ,&d!ment o' convcton o' tho"e crme" "ha%% -econc%&"ve evdence o' "&ch 'act and the $%n! o' char!e" 'or the comm""on o' "&ch

a!e 15


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crme" -e'ore a cv% co&rt or m%tar tr-&na% a'ter pre%mnar nve"t!aton "ha%% -eprma 'ace evdence o' "&ch 'act.

Iss"e!

hether or Not the a'orementoned "tat&tor prov"on" vo%ate the Con"tt&ton andth&" "ho&%d -e dec%ared n&%% and vod

hether or not the re/&"te" o' ,&dca% reve# are comp%ed #th

He#d!

No con"tt&tona% /&e"ton #%% -e heard and decded - the Co&rt &n%e"" there "

comp%ance #th the re/&"te" o' a ,&dca% n/&r #hch areJ 1 +here m&"t -e anact&a% ca"e or controver"; 2 +he /&e"ton o' con"tt&tona%t m&"t -e ra"ed - theproper part; 3 +he con"tt&tona% /&e"ton m&"t -e ra"ed at the ear%e"t po""-%e

opport&nt; and 4 +he dec"on o' the con"tt&tona% /&e"ton m&"t -e nece""ar tothe determnaton o' the ca"e t"e%'.

A" to B1 *&m%ao ha" not -een adver"e% a8ected - the app%caton o' the prov"on.

)" /&e"ton " po"ed mere% n the a-"tract and #tho&t the -ene$t o' a deta%ed'act&a% record. A" to B2 nether I!ot nor Sa%apantan ha" -een char!ed #th act" o'

%oa%t to the State nor d"/&a%$ed 'rom -en! canddate" 'or %oca% e%ectve po"ton".+he have no per"ona% nor "&-"tanta% ntere"t at "ta7e. I!ot and Sa%apantan have

n"tt&te the ca"e a" a tapaerP" "&t -&t the n"tt&ton o' a tapaerP" "&t per "e "no a""&rance o' ,&dca% reve#. A" to B4 there " no ca&"e o' acton n th" partc&%ar

ca"e. +here'ore the nece""t 'or re"o%vn! the ""&e o' con"tt&tona%t " a-"ent.

In re!ard" to the &ncon"tt&tona%t o' the prov"on" Sec. 4 o' %! 52 reman"con"tt&tona% and va%d. +he con"tt&tona% !&arantee o' e/&a% protecton o' the %a#" "

"&-,ect to ratona% c%a""$caton. Ene c%a"" can -e treated d8erent% 'rom anotherc%a"". In th" ca"e emp%oee" 65 ear" o' a!e are c%a""$ed d8erent% 'rom o&n!er

emp%oee". +he p&rpo"e o' the prov"on " to "at"' the need 'or ne# -%oodO n the#or7p%ace. In re!ard" to the "econd para!raph o' Sec. 4 t "ho&%d -e dec%ared n&%% and

vod 'or -en! vo%atve o' the con"tt&tona% pre"&mpton o' nnocence !&aranteed to anacc&"ed.

LACSONVS PERE'

[35F SCRA F56; G.R. No. 14FF?0 ;10 @a 2001]

Facts!

a!e 16


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re"dent @acapa!a%Arroo dec%ared a State o' Re-e%%on Broc%amaton No. 3? on @a1 2001 a" #e%% a" Genera% Erder No. 1 ordern! the A and the N to "&ppre"" the

re-e%%on n the NCR. arrant%e"" arre"t" o' "evera% a%%e!ed %eader" and promoter" o'the re-e%%onO #ere therea'ter e8ected. ettoner $%ed 'or proh-ton n,&ncton

mandam&" and ha-ea" corp&" #th an app%caton 'or the ""&ance o' temporar

re"trann! order andKor #rt o' pre%mnar n,&ncton. ettoner" a""a% the dec%aratono' roc. No. 3? and the #arrant%e"" arre"t" a%%e!ed% e8ected - vrt&e thereo'.ettoner" '&rthermore pra that the approprate co&rt #heren the n'ormaton a!an"t

them #ere $%ed #o&%d de""t arra!nment and tra% &nt% th" n"tant petton "re"o%ved. +he a%"o contend that the are a%%e!ed% 'aced #th mpendn! #arrant%e""

arre"t" and &n%a#'&% re"trant -en! that ho%d depart&re order" #ere ""&ed a!an"tthem.

Iss"e!

hether or Not roc%amaton No. 3? " va%d a%on! #th the #arrant%e"" arre"t" andho%d depart&re order" a%%e!ed% e8ected - the "ame.

He#d!

re"dent @acapa!a%Arroo ordered the %'tn! o' roc. No. 3? on @a 6 2006

accordn!% the n"tant petton ha" -een rendered moot and academc. Re"pondent"have dec%ared that the (&"tce *epartment and the po%ce a&thorte" ntend to o-tan

re!&%ar #arrant" o' arre"t" 'rom the co&rt" 'or a%% act" commtted pror to and &nt% @a1 2001. nder Secton 5 R&%e 113 o' the R&%e" o' Co&rt a&thorte" ma on% re"ort to

#arrant%e"" arre"t" o' per"on" "&"pected o' re-e%%on n "&ppre""n! the re-e%%on ' thecrc&m"tance" "o #arrant th&" the #arrant%e"" arre"t" are not -a"ed on roc. No. 3?.

ettonerP" praer 'or mandam&" and proh-ton " mproper at th" tme -eca&"e anndvd&a% #arrant%e""% arre"ted ha" ade/&ate remede" n %a#J R&%e 112 o' the R&%e" o'

Co&rt provdn! 'or pre%mnar nve"t!aton Artc%e 125 o' the Rev"ed ena% Codeprovdn! 'or the perod n #hch a #arrant%e""% arre"ted per"on m&"t -e de%vered to

the proper ,&dca% a&thorte" other#"e the ocer re"pon"-%e 'or "&ch ma -epena%


18/280

n ther -eha%' are here- en,oned 'rom arre"tn! ettoner" #tho&t the re/&red,&dca% #arrant" 'or a%% act" commtted n re%aton to or n connecton #th the @a 1

2001 "e!e o' @a%acaan!.

SANLA(AS VS E)ECUTIVESECRETAR*

[421 SCRA 656; G.R. No. 15H0?5; 3 e- 2004]

Facts!

*&rn! the #ee ho&r" o' (&% 2F 2003 "ome threeh&ndred ,&nor ocer" and en%"tedmen o' the A actn! &pon n"t!aton command and drecton o' 7no#n and &n7no#n

%eader" have "e


19/280

d"cretonar po#er to ca%% o&t the armed 'orce" and to determne the nece""t 'or theeerc"e o' "&ch po#er. h%e the Co&rt ma eamne #hether the po#er #a" eerc"ed

#thn con"tt&tona% %mt" or n a manner con"tt&tn! !rave a-&"e o' d"creton noneo' the pettoner" here have - #a o' proo' "&pported ther a""erton that the

re"dent acted #tho&t 'act&a% -a"". +he ""&e o' the crc&mventon o' the report " o'no mert a" there #a" no ndcaton that m%tar tr-&na%" have rep%aced cv% co&rt" or

that m%tar a&thorte" have ta7en over the '&ncton" o' Cv% Co&rt". +he ""&e o'&"&rpaton o' the %e!"%atve po#er o' the Con!re"" " o' no moment "nce the re"dent

n dec%arn! a "tate o' re-e%%on and n ca%%n! o&t the armed 'orce" #a" mere%eerc"n! a #eddn! o' her Che' Mec&tve and CommandernChe' po#er". +he"e are

p&re% eec&tve po#er" ve"ted on the re"dent - Secton" 1 and 1? Artc%e 9II a"oppo"ed to the de%e!ated %e!"%atve po#er" contemp%ated - Secton 23 B2 Artc%e 9I.

+he 'ear on #arrant%e"" arre"t " &nrea"ona-%e "nce an per"on ma -e "&-,ect to th"#hether there " re-e%%on or not a" th" " a crme p&n"ha-%e &nder the Rev"ed ena%

Code and a" %on! a" a va%d #arrant%e"" arre"t " pre"ent.

Le!a% "tandn! or locus standiha" -een de$ned a" a per"ona% and "&-"tanta% ntere"t

n the ca"e "&ch that the part ha" "&"taned or #%% "&"tan drect n,&r a" a re"&%t o'the !overnmenta% act that " -en! cha%%en!ed. +he !"t o' the /&e"ton o' "tandn! "#hether a part a%%e!e" :"&ch per"ona% "ta7e n the o&tcome o' the controver" a" to

a""&re that concrete adver"ene"" #hch "harpen" the pre"entaton o' I""&e &pon #hchthe co&rt depend" 'or %%&mnaton o' dc&%t con"tt&tona% /&e"ton". a"ed on the

'ore!on! pettoner" San%a7a" and @ and S(S Ecer"K@em-er" have no %e!a%"tandn! to "&e. En% pettoner" Rep. S&p%co et a%. and Sen. mente% a" @em-er" o'

Con!re"" have "tandn! to cha%%en!e the "&-,ect ""&ance". It "&"taned t" dec"on nh%ppne Con"tt&ton A""ocaton v. Mnr/&e" o' Ne#Tor7. Accordn! to the a!reement CGG "ha%% con"!n to C)RIS+IM>S 'or "a%e at p&-%c

a&cton the e!htt#o E%d @a"ter" antn!" then 'o&nd at the @etropo%tan @&"e&m o'a!e 1H


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@an%a a" #e%% a" the "%ver#are contaned n "eventone carton" n the c&"tod o' theCentra% an7 o' the h%ppne" and "&ch other propert a" ma "&-"e/&ent% -e

dent$ed - CGG and accepted - C)RIS+IM>S to -e "&-,ect to the prov"on" o' thea!reement.

En 26 Ecto-er 1HH0 the Comm""on on A&dt thro&!h then Charman M&'emo C.

*omn!o "&-mtted to re"dent A/&no the a&dt $ndn!" and o-"ervaton" o' CEA onthe Con"!nment A!reement o' 15 A&!&"t 1HH0 to the e8ect thatJ the a&thort o'

'ormer CGG Charman Capara" to enter nto the Con"!nment A!reement #a" o'do&-t'&% %e!a%t; the contract #a" h!h% d"advanta!eo&" to the !overnment; CGG

had a poor trac7 record n a""et d"po"a% - a&cton n the .S.; and the a""et" "&-,ecto' a&cton #ere h"torca% re%c" and had c&%t&ra% "!n$cance hence ther d"po"a% #a"

proh-ted - %a#.

A'ter the ora% ar!&ment" o' the parte" on H (an&ar 1HH1 #e ""&ed mmedate% o&rre"o%&ton denn! the app%caton 'or pre%mnar n,&ncton to re"tran the "ched&%ed

"a%e o' the art#or7" on the !ro&nd that pettoner" had not pre"ented a c%ear %e!a% r!ht

to a re"trann! order and that proper parte" had not -een mp%eaded.

En 11 (an&ar 1HH1 the "a%e at p&-%c a&cton proceeded a" "ched&%ed and the

proceed" o' V13302604.?6 #ere t&rned over to the &rea& o' +rea"&r.

Iss"e!

hether or not pettoner" have %e!a% "tandn!.

hether or not the E%d @a"ter" antn!" and ant/&e "%ver#are are em-raced n thephra"e :c&%t&ra% trea"&re o' the naton:.

hether or not the pantn!" and "%ver#are are properte" o' p&-%c domnon on #hch

can -e d"po"ed o' thro&!h the ,ont conc&rrence o' the re"dent and Con!re"".

hether or not CGG ha" comp%ed #th the d&e proce"" c%a&"e and other "tat&torre/&rement" 'or the eportaton and "a%e o' the "&-,ect tem".

hether or not the petton ha" -ecome moot and academc and ' "o #hether the

a-ove I""&e #arrant re"o%&ton 'rom th" Co&rt.

He#d!

+h" " prem"ed on Sec. 2 R&%e 3 o' the R&%e" o' Co&rt #hch provde" that everacton m&"t -e pro"ec&ted and de'ended n the name o' the rea% partnntere"t and

that a%% per"on" havn! ntere"t n the "&-,ect o' the acton and n o-tann! the re%e'demanded "ha%% -e ,oned a" p%ant8". +he Co&rt #%% eerc"e t" po#er o' ,&dca%

reve# on% ' the ca"e " -ro&!ht -e'ore t - a part #ho ha" the %e!a% "tandn! tora"e the con"tt&tona% or %e!a% /&e"ton. :Le!a% "tandn!: mean" a per"ona% and

"&-"tanta% ntere"t n the ca"e "&ch that the part ha" "&"taned or #%% "&"tan drectn,&r a" a re"&%t o' the !overnmenta% act that " -en! cha%%en!ed. +he term :ntere"t:

" matera% ntere"t an ntere"t n ""&e and to -e a8ected - the decree a"

d"tn!&"hed 'rom mere ntere"t n the /&e"ton nvo%ved or a mere ncdenta% ntere"t.

a!e 20


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@oreover the ntere"t o' the part p%ant8 m&"t -e per"ona% and not one -a"ed on ade"re to vndcate the con"tt&tona% r!ht o' "ome thrd and re%ated part.

+here are certan n"tance" ho#ever #hen th" Co&rt ha" a%%o#ed ecepton" to the r&%e

on %e!a% "tandn! a" #hen a ct" attenton. +he "&-mt that there"o%&ton - the Co&rt o' the I""&e n th" ca"e #%% e"ta-%"h '&t&re !&dn! prncp%e"

and doctrne" on the pre"ervaton o' the naton>" prce%e"" art"tc and c&%t&ra%po""e""on" 'or the -ene$t o' the p&-%c a" a #ho%e.

or a co&rt to eerc"e t" po#er o' ad,&dcaton there m&"t -e an act&a% ca"e o'

controver" W one #hch nvo%ve" a con=ct o' %e!a% r!ht" an a""erton o' oppo"te%e!a% c%am" "&"cept-%e o' ,&dca% re"o%&ton; the ca"e m&"t not -e moot or academc

or -a"ed on etra%e!a% or other "m%ar con"deraton" not co!n


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+he c&%t&ra% properte" o' the naton #hch "ha%% -e &nder the protecton o' the "tate arec%a""$ed a" the :mportant c&%t&ra% properte": and the :natona% c&%t&ra% trea"&re".:

En the other hand a :natona% c&%t&ra% trea"&re": " a &n/&e o-,ect 'o&nd %oca%%po""e""n! o&t"tandn! h"torca% c&%t&ra% art"tc andKor "cent$c va%&e #hch " h!h%

"!n$cant and mportant to th" co&ntr and naton. +h" Co&rt ta7e" note o' thecert$caton ""&ed - the *rector o' the @&"e&m that the Ita%an pantn!" and

"%ver#are "&-,ect o' th" petton do not con"tt&te protected c&%t&ra% properte" andare not amon! tho"e %"ted n the C&%t&ra% roperte" Re!"ter o' the Natona% @&"e&m.

)MRMERM 'or %ac7 o' mert the petton 'or proh-ton and mandam&" " *IS@ISSM*.

OPOSAVS FACTORAN, +R[224 SCRA FH2; G.R. No. 1010?3; 30 (&% 1HH3]

Facts!

rncpa% pettoner" are a%% mnor" d&% repre"ented and ,oned - ther re"pectveparent". Imp%eaded a" an addtona% p%ant8 " the h%ppne Mco%o!ca% Net#or7 Inc.

BMNI a dome"tc non"toc7 and nonpro$t corporaton or!an" vr!n tropca% 'ore"t".:

+he "ame #a" $%ed 'or them"e%ve" and other" #ho are e/&a%% concerned a-o&t the

pre"ervaton o' "ad re"o&rce -&t are :"o n&mero&" that t " mpractca-%e to -rn!them a%% -e'ore the Co&rt.:

En 22 (&ne 1HH0 the or!na% de'endant Secretar actoran (r. $%ed a @oton to

*"m"" the comp%ant -a"ed on t#o !ro&nd" name%J the p%ant8" have no ca&"e o'acton a!an"t hm and the ""&e ra"ed - the p%ant8" " a po%tca% /&e"ton #hch

proper% pertan" to the %e!"%atve or eec&tve -ranche" o' Government. In ther 12(&% 1HH0 Eppo"ton to the @oton the pettoner" mantan that the comp%ant "ho#"

a c%ear and &nm"ta7a-%e ca&"e o' acton the moton " d%ator and the acton pre"ent"a ,&"tca-%e /&e"ton a" t nvo%ve" the de'endant>" a-&"e o' d"creton.

En 1? (&% 1HH1 re"pondent (&d!e ""&ed an order !rantn! the a'orementoned moton

to d"m"". In the "ad order not on% #a" the de'endant>" c%am that the comp%ant"tate" no ca&"e o' acton a!an"t hm and that t ra"e" a po%tca% /&e"ton "&"taned

the re"pondent (&d!e '&rther r&%ed that the !rantn! o' the re%e' praed 'or #o&%dre"&%t n the mparment o' contract" #hch " proh-ted - the '&ndamenta% %a# o' the

%and.%ant8" th&" $%ed the n"tant "peca% cv% acton 'or certorar &nder R&%e 65 o' the

Rev"ed R&%e" o' Co&rt and a"7 th" Co&rt to re"cnd and "et a"de the d"m""a% orderon the !ro&nd that the re"pondent (&d!e !rave% a-&"ed h" d"creton n d"m""n! the

a!e 22


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acton. A!an the parent" o' the p%ant8"mnor" not on% repre"ent ther ch%dren -&thave a%"o ,oned the %atter n th" ca"e.

ettoner" contend that the comp%ant c%ear% and &nm"ta7a-% "tate" a ca&"e o'

acton a" t contan" "&cent a%%e!aton" concernn! ther r!ht to a "o&nd envronment-a"ed on Artc%e" 1H 20 and 21 o' the Cv% Code B)&man Re%aton" Secton 4 o'

Mec&tve Erder BM.E. No. 1H2 creatn! the *MNR Secton 3 o' re"denta% *ecreeB.*. No. 1151 Bh%ppne Mnvronmenta% o%c Secton 16 Artc%e II o' the 1H?F

Con"tt&ton reco!n"

na%ena-%e r!ht to "e%'pre"ervaton and "e%'perpet&aton em-oded n nat&ra% %a#.ettoner" %7e#"e re% on the re"pondent>" corre%atve o-%!aton per Secton 4 o' M.E.

No. 1H2 to "a'e!&ard the peop%e>" r!ht to a hea%th'&% envronment.

It " '&rther c%amed that the ""&e o' the re"pondent Secretar>" a%%e!ed !rave a-&"e o'd"creton n !rantn! +m-er Lcen"e A!reement" B+LA" to cover more area" 'or

%o!!n! than #hat " ava%a-%e nvo%ve" a ,&dca% /&e"ton.

Anent the nvocaton - the re"pondent (&d!e o' the Con"tt&ton>" nonmparmentc%a&"e pettoner" mantan that the "ame doe" not app% n th" ca"e -eca&"e +LA" are

not contract". +he %7e#"e "&-mt that even ' +LA" ma -e con"dered protected -the "ad c%a&"e t " #e%% "ett%ed that the ma "t%% -e revo7ed - the State #hen the

p&-%c ntere"t "o re/&re".

Iss"e!

hether or not the pettoner" have %oc&" "tand.

hether or not the petton " n a 'orm o' a c%a"" "&t.

hether or not the +LAP" can -e o&t r!ht% cance%%ed.

hether or not the petton "ho&%d -e d"m""ed.

He#d!

A" to the matter o' the cance%%aton o' the +LA" re"pondent" "&-mt that the "amecannot -e done - the State #tho&t d&e proce"" o' %a#. Ence ""&ed a +LA reman"

e8ectve 'or a certan perod o' tme W &"&a%% 'or t#ent$ve B25 ear". *&rn! t"e8ectvt the "ame can nether -e rev"ed nor cance%%ed &n%e"" the ho%der ha" -een

'o&nd a'ter d&e notce and hearn! to have vo%ated the term" o' the a!reement orother 'ore"tr %a#" and re!&%aton". ettoner"> propo"ton to have a%% the +LA"

nd"crmnate% cance%%ed #tho&t the re/&"te hearn! #o&%d -e vo%atve o' there/&rement" o' d&e proce"".

+he "&-,ect matter o' the comp%ant " o' common and !enera% ntere"t not ,&"t to

"evera% -&t to a%% ct


24/280

pre"ent -oth n the "ad cv% ca"e and n the n"tant petton the %atter -en! -&t anncdent to the 'ormer.

ettoner" mnor" a""ert that the repre"ent ther !eneraton a" #e%% a" !eneraton"et &n-orn. +her per"ona%t to "&e n -eha%' o' the "&cceedn! !eneraton" can on% -e

-a"ed on the concept o' nter!eneratona% re"pon"-%t n"o'ar a" the r!ht to a-a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o! " concerned. Nat&re mean" the created #or%d n t"

entret.Mver !eneraton ha" a re"pon"-%t to the net to pre"erve that rhthm andharmon 'or the '&%% en,oment o' a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o!. +he mnor">

a""erton o' ther r!ht to a "o&nd envronment con"tt&te" at the "ame tme theper'ormance o' ther o-%!aton to en"&re the protecton o' that r!ht 'or the !eneraton"

to come.

+he comp%ant 'oc&"e" on one "pec$c '&ndamenta% %e!a% r!ht the r!ht to a -a%ancedand hea%th'&% eco%o! #hch 'or the $r"t tme n o&r naton>" con"tt&tona% h"tor "

"o%emn% ncorporated n the '&ndamenta% %a#. Secton 16 Artc%e II o' the 1H?FCon"tt&ton.

h%e the r!ht to a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o! " to -e 'o&nd &nder the *ec%aratono' rncp%e" and State o%ce" and not &nder the %% o' R!ht" t doe" not 'o%%o# that t" %e"" mportant than an o' the cv% and po%tca% r!ht" en&merated n the %atter. S&ch

a r!ht -e%on!" to a d8erent cate!or o' r!ht" a%to!ether 'or t concern" nothn! %e""than "e%'pre"ervaton and "e%'perpet&aton W apt% and $ttn!% "tre""ed - the

pettoner" the advancement o' #hch ma even -e "ad to predate a%% !overnment"and con"tt&ton". A" a matter o' 'act the"e -a"c r!ht" need not even -e #rtten n

the Con"tt&ton 'or the are a""&med to e"t 'rom the ncepton o' h&man7nd. I' theare no# ep%ct% mentoned n the '&ndamenta% charter t " -eca&"e o' the #e%%

'o&nded 'ear o' t" 'ramer" that &n%e"" the r!ht" to a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o!and to hea%th are mandated a" "tate po%ce" - the Con"tt&ton t"e%' there-

h!h%!htn! ther contn&n! mportance and mpo"n! &pon the "tate a "o%emno-%!aton to pre"erve the $r"t and protect and advance the "econd the da #o&%d not

-e too 'ar #hen a%% e%"e #o&%d -e %o"t not on% 'or the pre"ent !eneraton -&t a%"o 'ortho"e to come !eneraton" #hch "tand to nhert nothn! -&t parched earth ncapa-%e

o' "&"tann! %'e.

Con'orma-% #th the en&ncated r!ht to a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o! and ther!ht to hea%th a" #e%% a" the other re%ated prov"on" o' the Con"tt&ton concernn!

the con"ervaton deve%opment and &t%" envronment and nat&ra%re"o&rce" "pec$ca%% 'ore"t and !ra


25/280

ma7e" partc&%ar re'erence to the 'act o' the a!enc>" -en! "&-,ect to %a# and h!hera&thort.

It ma ho#ever -e reca%%ed that even -e'ore the rat$caton o' the 1H?F Con"tt&ton

"pec$c "tat&te" a%read pad "peca% attenton to the :envronmenta% r!ht: o' thepre"ent and '&t&re !eneraton". En 6 (&ne 1HFF .*. No. 1151 and .*. No. 1152 #ere

""&ed. +h&" the r!ht o' the pettoner" to a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o! " a" c%eara" the *MNR>" d&t &nder t" mandate and - vrt&e o' t" po#er" and '&ncton" &nder

M.E. No. 1H2 and the Admn"tratve Code o' 1H?F to protect and advance the "adr!ht.

A dena% or vo%aton o' that r!ht - the other #ho ha" the corre%atve d&t or o-%!aton

to re"pect or protect the "ame !ve" r"e to a ca&"e o' acton. ettoner" mantan thatthe !rantn! o' the +LA" #hch the c%am #a" done #th !rave a-&"e o' d"creton

vo%ated ther r!ht to a -a%anced and hea%th'&% eco%o!; hence the '&%% protectonthereo' re/&re" that no '&rther +LA" "ho&%d -e rene#ed or !ranted.

It " "ett%ed n th" ,&r"dcton that n a moton to d"m"" -a"ed on the !ro&nd that thecomp%ant 'a%" to "tate a ca&"e o' acton; the /&e"ton "&-mtted to the co&rt 'orre"o%&ton nvo%ve" the "&cenc o' the 'act" a%%e!ed n the comp%ant t"e%'. No other

matter "ho&%d -e con"dered; '&rthermore the tr&th o' 'a%"t o' the "ad a%%e!aton" "-e"de the pont 'or the tr&th thereo' " deemed hpothetca%% admtted. o%c

'orm&%aton or determnaton - the eec&tve or %e!"%atve -ranche" o' Government "not "/&are% p&t n ""&e. hat " prncpa%% nvo%ved " the en'orcement o' a r!ht v"

av" po%ce" a%read 'orm&%ated and epre""ed n %e!"%aton. It m&"t nonethe%e"" -eempha"


26/280

A%AN+R VS PIATCO

[402 SCRA 612; G.R. No. 155001; 5 @a 2003]

Facts!

Some tme n 1HH3 " -&"ne"" %eader" ep%ored the po""-%t o' nve"tn! n the ne#

NAIA arport termna% "o the 'ormed A"an" Mmer!n! *ra!on Corp. +he "&-mttedpropo"a%" to the!overnment 'or the deve%opment o' NAIA Int%. a""en!er +ermna% IIIBNAIA I+ III. +he NM*A approved the NAIA I+ III pro,ect. dder" #ere nvted and

amon! the propo"a% eop%e" Ar Car!o Barcar!o#a" cho"en. AM*C prote"ted a%%e!n!that pre'erence #a" !ven toarcar!o -&t "t%% the pro,ect #a" a#arded to arcar!o.eca&"eo' that t ncorporated nto h%. Int%. Arport +ermna%" Co.BIA+CE. +he *E+Cand IA+CE entered nto a conce""on a!reement n1HHF to 'ranch"e and operate the"ad termna% 'or 21ear". In Nov.1HH? t #a" amended n the matter" o' pertann! tothe de$ntono' the o-%!aton" !ven to the conce""onare deve%opment o' 'ac%te"and proceed" 'ee" and char!e" and the termnaton o'contract. Snce @IAA " char!ed#th the mantenance and operaton"o' NAIA termna%" I and II t ha" a contract #th"evera% "ervce provder". +he #or7er" $%ed the petton 'or proh-ton c%amn! thatthe #o&%d %o"e ther ,o- and the "ervce provder" ,oned them $%ed a moton 'ornterventon. L7e#"e "evera% emp%oee" o' the @IAA $%ed a petton a""a%n! the%e!a%t o' arran!ement". A!ro&p o' con!re""men $%ed "m%ar petton". re". Arroodec%ared n her "peech that "he #%% not honor IA+CE contract" #hch the Mec.ranch>" %e!a% oce conc%&ded n&%% and vod.

Iss"e!

hether or Not the 1HHF conce""on a!reement " vod to!ether #th t" amendment"'or -en! contrar to the con"tt&ton.

He#d!

+he 1HHF conce""on a!reement " vod 'or -en! contrar to p&-%c po%c. +he

amendment" have the e8ect o' chan!n! t nto and entre% d8erent a!reement 'romthe contract -dded &pon. +he amendment" pre"ent ne# term" and condton" #hch

provde $nanca% -ene$t to IA+CE #hch ma have the a%tered the technca% and$nanca% parameter" o' other -dder" had the 7no# that "&ch term" #ere ava%a-%e.

+he 1HHF conce""on a!reement the amendment" and "&pp%ement" thereto are "et

a"de 'or -en! n&%% and vod.

a!e 26


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+he pettoner" have %oca% "tand. +he are pre,&dced - the conce""on a!reement a"ther %ve%hood " to -e ta7en a#a 'rom them.

U$ALIVS %UIN%ONA

[305 SCRA 533; G.R. No. 131124; 21 @ar 1HHH]

Facts!

E"m&ndo ma% the pettoner #a" apponted Re!ona% *rector o' the &rea& o'

Interna% Reven&e - re" de% 9. Ramo". )e a""!ned hm n @an%a Novem-er 2H1HH3 to @arch 15 1HH4 and @a7at @arch 16 1HH4 to A&!&"t 4 1HH4. En A&!&"t 1

1HH4 re"dent Ramo" receved a con$denta% memorand&m a!an"t the pettoner 'ora%%e!ed vo%aton" o' nterna% reven&e %a#" r&%e" and re!&%aton" d&rn! h" nc&m-enc

a" Re!ona% *rector more partc&%ar% the 'o%%o#n! ma%'ea"ance m"'ea"ance andnon'ea"ance. &pon recept o' the "ad con$denta% memorand&m 'ormer re"dent

a&thor" R!ht to Sec&rt o' +en&re.

hether or Not ettoner #a" dened d&e proce"" o' %a#

hether or Not the CAGC " a va%d% Con"tt&ted !overnment a!enc and #hether the

pettoner can ra"e the ""&e o' con"tt&tona%t -e%ated% n t" moton 'orrecon"deraton o' the tra% co&rt" dec"on.

hether or Not the om-&d"man>" re"o%&ton d"m""n! the char!e" a!an"t thepettoner " "t%% -a"" 'or the pettoner>" d"m""a% #th 'or'et&re o' -ene$t" a" r&%ed n

AE No. 152

a!e 2F


28/280

He#d!

ettoner mantan" that a" a career eec&tve "ervce ocer he can on% -e removed'or ca&"e and &nder the Admn"tratve Code o' 1H?F 6 %o"" o' con$dence " not one o'

the %e!a% ca&"e" or !ro&nd" 'or remova%. Con"e/&ent% h" d"m""a% 'rom oce on the!ro&nd o' %o"" con$dence vo%ated h" r!ht to "ec&rt o' ten&re pettoner theor


29/280

A'ter t" approva% man o' the &n"&cce""'&% po"t#ar canddate" $%ed petton" 'oradm""on to the -ar nvo7n! t" prov"on" #h%e other moton" 'or the rev"on o' ther

eamnaton paper" #ere "t%% pendn! a%"o nvo7ed the a'ore"ad %a# a" an addtona%!ro&nd 'or adm""on. +here are a%"o other" #ho have "o&!ht "mp% the

recon"deraton o' ther !rade" #tho&t ho#ever nvo7n! the %a# n /&e"ton. +o avod

n,&"tce to ndvd&a% pettoner" the co&rt $r"t reve#ed the moton" 'orrecon"deraton rre"pectve o' #hether or not the had nvo7ed Rep&-%c Act No. HF2.

Iss"e!

hether or Not RA No. HF2 " con"tt&tona% and va%d.

He#d!

RA No. HF2 ha" 'or t" o-,ect accordn! to t" a&thor to admt to the ar tho"e

canddate" #ho "&8ered 'rom n"&cenc o' readn! matera%" and nade/&atepreparaton.

In the ,&dca% ""tem 'rom #hch o&r" ha" -een evo%ved the adm""on "&"pen"on

d"-arment and ren"tatement o' attorne" at %a# n the practce o' the pro'e""on andther "&perv"on have -een nd"p&ta-% a ,&dca% '&ncton and re"pon"-%t. e have

"ad that n the ,&dca% ""tem 'rom #hch o&r" ha" -een derved the adm""on

"&"pen"on d"-arment or ren"tatement o' attorne" at %a# n the practce o' thepro'e""on " conceded% ,&dca%.

En th" matter there " certan% a c%ear d"tncton -et#een the '&ncton" o' the ,&dca%and %e!"%atve department" o' the !overnment.

It " o-vo&" there'ore that the &%tmate po#er to !rant %cen"e 'or the practce o' %a#

-e%on!" ec%&"ve% to th" Co&rt and the %a# pa""ed - Con!re"" on the matter " o'perm""ve character or a" other a&thorte" ma "a mere% to $ the mnm&m

condton" 'or the %cen"e.

Rep&-%c Act N&m-er HF2 " he%d to -e &ncon"tt&tona%.

REPU&LICACT-./0, INITIATIVEANDREFERENDU$ACT

R.A. No. 6F35 #a" a" t" h"tor revea%" ntended to cover ntatve to propo"e

amendment" to the Con"tt&ton. +he Act " a con"o%daton o' )o&"e %% No. 21505 andSenate %% No. 1F. +he 'ormer #a" prepared - the commttee on S&8ra!e and

a!e 2H


30/280

M%ectora% Re'orm" o' Repre"entatve" on the -a"" o' t#o )o&"e %%" re'erred to t v


31/280

THE FUNDA$ENTAL POWERS OF

THE STATE

THE POLICE POWER

A%USTINVS EDU

[?? SCRA 1H5; G.R. No. L4H112; 2 e- 1HFH]

Facts!

re"dent @arco" ""&ed the Letter o' In"tr&cton No. 22H #hch "tate" that a%% o#ner"

&"er" or drver" "ha%% have at a%% tme" one par o' ear% #arnn! dev"e BM* n thercar" ac/&re 'rom an "o&rce dependn! on the o#nerP" choce. +he Letter o' In"tr&cton

#a" a""a%ed - pettoner Leov%%o A!&"tn to have vo%ated the con"tt&ton !&aranteeo' d&e proce"" a!an"t )on Md& Land +ran"portaton Comm""oner )on. (&an once

Mnr%e @n"ter o' natona% *e'en"e )on. (&no @n"ter o' &-%c or7" +ran"portatonand Comm&ncaton and )on. A/&no @n"ter o' &-%c )!h#a". eca&"e o' "&ch

contenton" the Imp%ementn! R&%e" and Re!&%aton #a" ordered to -e "&"pended 'or aperod o' 6 month". ettoner a%%e!e" that M* are not nece""ar -eca&"e vehc%e"

a%read have ha


32/280

Conventon" on Road S!n" and S!na%" o&r co&ntr m&"t a-de #th the "tandard"!ven a" "tated n o&r Con"tt&ton that the h%ppne" adopt" the !enera%% accepted

prncp%e" o' Internatona% La# a" part o' the %a# o' the %and. In the ca"e at -ar the9enna Conventon a%"o re/&re" the &"e o' M*. 9ehc%e o#ner" are not o-%!ed to -&

an M*. +he can per"ona%% create a M* provded that t " n accordance to the"pec$caton" provded - %a#. ettonerP" a%%e!aton a!an"t the man&'act&rer" o' M*

-en! m%%onare" " deemed to -e an &n'o&nded "pec&%aton. here'ore the petton "d"m""ed. +he re"trann! order re!ardn! the mp%ementaton o' the Re=ector La# "

%'ted ma7n! the "ad %a# mmedate% eec&tor.

ICHON%VS HERNANDE'

[101 h% 111F; G.R. No. LFHH5; 31 @a 1H5F]

Facts!

Rep&-%c Act 11?0 or common% 7no#n a" An Act to Re!&%ate the Reta% &"ne""O #a"pa""ed. +he "ad %a# provde" 'or a proh-ton a!an"t 'ore!ner" a" #e%% a"

corporaton" o#ned - 'ore!ner" 'rom en!a!n! 'rom reta% trade n o&r co&ntr. +h"#a" prote"ted - the pettoner n th" ca"e. Accordn! to hm the "ad %a# vo%ate" the

nternatona% and treat o' the h%ppne" there'ore t " &ncon"tt&tona%. Spec$ca%%the +reat o' Amt -et#een the h%ppne" and Chna #a" vo%ated accordn! to hm.

Iss"e!

hether or Not Rep&-%c Act 11?0 " a va%d eerc"e o' po%ce po#er.

He#d!

Accordn! to the Co&rt RA 11?0 " a va%d eerc"e o' po%ce po#er. It #a" a%"o thenprovded that po%ce po#er can not -e -ar!aned a#a thro&!h the med&m o' a treat

or a contract. +he Co&rt a%"o provded that RA 11?0 #a" enacted to remed a rea% andact&a% dan!er to natona% econom po"ed - a%en domnance and contro%. I' ever the

%a# n'rn!e" &pon the "ad treat the %atter " a%#a" "&-,ect to /&a%$caton oramendment - a "&-"e/&ent %a# and the "ame ma never c&rtan or re"trct the "cope

o' the po%ce po#er o' the "tate.

LUT'VS ARANETA

[H? h% 14?; G.R. No. LF?5H; 22 *ec 1H55]

a!e 32


33/280

Facts!

a%ter L&t


34/280

+he ca"e " a petton $%ed - pettoner on -eha%' o' vdeo!ram operator" adver"e%a8ected - re"denta% *ecree No. 1H?F An Act Creatn! the 9deo!ram Re!&%ator

oard: #th -road po#er" to re!&%ate and "&perv"e the vdeo!ram nd&"tr.

A month a'ter the prom&%!aton o' the "ad re"denta% *ecree the amended theNatona% Interna% Reven&e Code provded thatJ

&'(# !)*# +ideo Tapes# $ There shall be collected on each processed

videotape cassette, ready or playbac-, regardless o length, an annual

tax o fve pesos. Provided, That locally manuactured or imported blan-

video tapes shall be sub/ect to sales tax#&

&ection !0# Tax on ale, 1ease or %isposition o +ideograms# $

2otwithstanding any provision o law to the contrary, the province shall

collect a tax o thirty percent 3)045 o the purchase price or rental rate, as

the case may be, or every sale, lease or disposition o a videogram

containing a reproduction o any motion picture or audiovisual program#6

7Fity percent 38045 o the proceeds o the tax collected shall accrue to

the province, and the other fty percent 38045 shall accrue to the

municipality where the tax is collected. P9:+I%'%, That in ;etropolitan

;anila, the tax shall be shared e" "pec$c am&"ement and other tae" there- re"&%tn!

n "&-"tanta% %o""e" e"tmated at 450 @%%on ann&a%% n !overnment reven&e".

9deo!ramB" e"ta-%"hment" co%%ectve% earn aro&nd 600 @%%on per ann&m 'rom

renta%" "a%e" and d"po"ton o' vdeo!ram" and the"e earnn!" have not -een"&-,ected to ta there- deprvn! the Government o' appromate% 1?0 @%%on ntae" each ear.

+he &nre!&%ated actvte" o' vdeo!ram e"ta-%"hment" have a%"o a8ected the va-%t

o' the move nd&"tr.

Iss"e!

hether or not ta mpo"ed - the *MCRMM " a va%d eerc"e o' po%ce po#er.

a!e 34


35/280

hether or nor the *MCRMM " con"tt&tona% .

He#d!

+aaton ha" -een made the mp%ement o' the "tate>" po%ce po#er. +he %ev o' the 30

ta " 'or a p&-%c p&rpo"e. It #a" mpo"ed prmar% to an"#er the need 'or re!&%atn!the vdeo nd&"tr partc&%ar% -eca&"e o' the rampant $%m prac the =a!rant

vo%aton o' nte%%ect&a% propert r!ht" and the pro%'eraton o' porno!raphc vdeotape". And #h%e t #a" a%"o an o-,ectve o' the *MCRMM to protect the move nd&"tr

the ta reman" a va%d mpo"ton.

e $nd no c%ear vo%aton o' the Con"tt&ton #hch #o&%d ,&"t' &" n prono&ncn!re"denta% *ecree No. 1H?F a" &ncon"tt&tona% and vod. h%e the &nder%n!

o-,ectve o' the *MCRMM " to protect the mor-&nd move nd&"tr there " no /&e"tonthat p&-%c #e%'are " at -ottom o' t" enactment con"dern! :the &n'ar competton

po"ed - rampant $%m prac; the ero"on o' the mora% $-er o' the ve#n! p&-%c-ro&!ht a-o&t - the ava%a-%t o' &nc%a""$ed and &nreve#ed vdeo tape" contann!

porno!raphc $%m" and $%m" #th -r&ta%% vo%ent "e/&ence"; and %o""e" n !overnmentreven&e" d&e to the drop n theatrca% attendance not to menton the 'act that the

actvte" o' vdeo e"ta-%"hment" are vrt&a%% &ntaed "nce mere pament o' @aor>"permt and m&ncpa% %cen"e 'ee" are re/&red to en!a!e n -&"ne"".:

)MRMERM the n"tant etton " here- d"m""ed. No co"t".

ASSO OFS$ALLLANDOWNERSVS SEC OFDAR

[1F5 SCRA 343; G.R. NE. LF?F42; 14 (L1H?H]

Facts!

Severa% petton" are the root o' the ca"eJ

a. A petton a%%e!n! the con"tt&tona%t o' * No. 2F ME 22? and 22H and RA

665F. S&-,ect" o' the petton are a Hhectare and 5 hectare Rce%and #or7ed- 'o&r tenant". +enant" #ere dec%ared '&%% o#ner" - ME 22? a" /&a%$ed

'armer" &nder * 2F. +he pettoner" no# contend that re"dent A/&no&"&rped the %e!"%at&reP" po#er.

-. A petton - %ando#ner" and "&!arp%anter" n 9ctoraP" @%% Ne!ro"

Eccdenta% a!an"t roc%amaton 131 and ME 22H. roc%amaton 131 " the

creaton o' A!raran Re'orm &nd #th nta% '&nd o' 50%%on.

a!e 35


36/280


37/280

S&preme Co&rt 'or re%e'. +he So%ctor Genera% commented that t #a" premat&re 'orthe acc&"ed to e%evate to the S&preme Co&rt the order" denn! ther moton" to

/&a"h. )o#ever the S&preme Co&rt $nd" t ,&"t$a-%e to ntervene 'or the reve# o'%o#er co&rt>" dena% o' a moton to /&a"h.

Iss"e!

hether or not 22 " con"tt&tona% a" t " a proper eerc"e o' po%ce po#er o' the

State.

He#d!

+he enactment o' 22 a va%d eerc"e o' the po%ce po#er and " not rep&!nant to thecon"tt&tona% nh-ton a!an"t mpr"onment 'or de-t.

+he o8en"e p&n"hed - 22 " the act o' ma7n! and ""&n! a #orth%e"" chec7 or a

chec7 that " d"honored &pon t" pre"entaton 'or pament. It " not the nonpamento' an o-%!aton #hch the %a# p&n"he". +he %a# " not ntended or de"!ned to coerce

a de-tor to pa h" de-t.

+he %a# p&n"he" the act not a" an o8en"e a!an"t propert -&t an o8en"e a!an"tp&-%c order. +he thr&"t o' the %a# " to proh-t &nder pan o' pena% "ancton" the

ma7n! o' #orth%e"" chec7" and p&ttn! them n crc&%aton. An act ma not -econ"dered - "ocet a" nherent% #ron! hence not ma%&m n "e -&t -eca&"e o' the

harm that t n=ct" on the comm&nt t can -e o&t%a#ed and crmna%% p&n"hed a"ma%&m proh-t&m. +he "tate can do th" n the eerc"e o' t" po%ce po#er.

(WON%SIN%VS CIT*OF$ANILA

[41 h% 103; G.R. No. 15HF2; 11 Ect 1H20]

Facts!

Q#on! Sn! n h" o#n -eha%' and o' other Chne"e %a&ndrmen #ho ha" !enera% andthe "ame ntere"t $%ed a comp%ant 'or a pre%mnar n,&ncton. +he %ant8" a%"o

/&e"toned the va%dt o' en'orcn! Erdnance No. 532 - the ct o' @an%a. ErdnanceNo. 532 re/&re" that the recept -e n d&p%cate n Mn!%"h and Span"h d&% "!ned

"ho#n! the 7nd and n&m-er o' artc%e" de%vered - %a&ndre" and den! andc%eann! e"ta-%"hment". +he permanent n,&ncton #a" dened - the tra% co&rt. +he

appe%%ant" c%am " that Erdnance No. 532 "avor" o' c%a"" %e!"%aton; p&ttn! n mnd

that the are Chne"e natona%". It &n,&"t% d"crmnate" -et#een per"on" n "m%arcrc&m"tance"; and that t con"tt&te" an ar-trar n'rn!ement o' propert r!ht".

a!e 3F


38/280

+he a%"o conte"t that the en'orcement o' the %e!"%aton " an act -eond the "cope o'ther po%ce po#er. In ve# o' the 'ore!on! th" " an appea% #th the S&preme Co&rt.

Iss"e!

hether or Not the en'orcement o' Erdnance no 532 " an act -eond the "cope o'po%ce po#er

hether or Not the en'orcement o' the "ame " a c%a"" %e!"%aton that n'rn!e"propert r!ht".

He#d!

Rea"ona-%e re"trant" o' a %a#'&% -&"ne"" 'or "&ch p&rpo"e" are perm""-%e &nder thepo%ce po#er. +he po%ce po#er o' the Ct o' @an%a to enact Erdnance No. 532 "

-a"ed on Secton 2444 para!raph" B% and Bee o' the Admn"tratve Code a"amended - Act No. 2F44 a&thor


39/280

Span"h or Mn!%"h -&t mo"t% Ara-c n&m-er" n order to proper% ""&e a recept t"eem" that the "ame -&rden" are ca"t &pon the them. Tet even ' prvate r!ht" o'

per"on or propert are "&-,ected to re"trant and even ' %o"" #%% re"&%t to ndvd&a%"'rom the en'orcement o' the ordnance th" " not "&cent !ro&nd 'or 'a%n! to &pho%d

the po#er o' the %e!"%atve -od. +he ver 'o&ndaton o' the po%ce po#er " the contro%o' prvate ntere"t" 'or the p&-%c #e%'are.

ndn! that the ordnance " va%d ,&d!ment " armed and the petton 'or a

pre%mnar n,&ncton " dened #th co"t" a!an"t the appe%%ant".

TA&LARINVS %UTIERRE'

[152 SCRA F30; G.R. No. F?164; 31 (&% 1H?F]

Facts!

+he pettoner" "o&!ht to en,on the Secretar o' Md&caton C&%t&re and Sport" the

oard o' @edca% Md&caton and the Center 'or Md&catona% @ea"&rement 'rom en'orcn!Secton 5 Ba and B' o' Rep&-%c Act No. 23?2 a" amended and @MCS Erder No. 52

"ere" o' 1H?5 dated 23 A&!&"t 1H?5 and 'rom re/&rn! the ta7n! and pa""n! o' theN@A+ a" a condton 'or "ec&rn! cert$cate" o' e%!-%t 'or adm""on 'rom

proceedn! #th acceptn! app%caton" 'or ta7n! the N@A+ and 'rom admn"tern! the

N@A+ a" "ched&%ed on 26 Apr% 1H?F and n the '&t&re. +he tra% co&rt dened "adpetton on 20 Apr% 1H?F. +he N@A+ #a" cond&cted and admn"tered a" prevo&"%"ched&%ed.

Rep&-%c Act 23?2 a" amended - Rep&-%c Act" No". 4224 and 5H46 7no#n a" the

:@edca% Act o' 1H5H: de$ne" t" -a"c o-,ectve" n the 'o%%o#n! mannerJ

:SMC+IEN 1. E-,ectve". W +h" Act provde" 'or and "ha%% !overn Ba the"tandard


40/280

B' +o accept app%caton" 'or cert$caton 'or adm""on to a medca%"choo% and 7eep a re!"ter o' tho"e ""&ed "ad cert$cate; and to co%%ect

'rom "ad app%cant" the amo&nt o' t#ent$ve pe"o" each #hch "ha%%accr&e to the operatn! '&nd o' the oard o' @edca% Md&caton;O

Secton F pre"cr-e" certan mnm&m re/&rement" 'or app%cant" to medca% "choo%"J

:Adm""on re/&rement". W +he medca% co%%e!e ma admt an "t&dent

#ho ha" not -een convcted - an co&rt o' competent ,&r"dcton o' ano8en"e nvo%vn! mora% t&rpt&de and #ho pre"ent" Ba a record o'

comp%eton o' a -ache%or>" de!ree n "cence or art"; B- a cert$cate o'e%!-%t 'or entrance to a medca% "choo% 'rom the oard o' @edca%

Md&caton; Bc a cert$cate o' !ood mora% character ""&ed - t#o 'ormerpro'e""or" n the co%%e!e o' %-era% art"; and Bd -rth cert$cate. Nothn! n

th" act "ha%% -e con"tr&ed to nh-t an co%%e!e o' medcne 'rome"ta-%"hn! n addton to the precedn! other entrance re/&rement"

that ma -e deemed adm""-%e.O

@MCS Erder No. 52 ". 1H?5 ""&ed - the then @n"ter o' Md&caton C&%t&re andSport" and dated 23 A&!&"t 1H?5 e"ta-%"hed a &n'orm adm""on te"t ca%%ed the

Natona% @edca% Adm""on +e"t BN@A+ a" an addtona% re/&rement 'or ""&ance o' acert$cate o' e%!-%t 'or adm""on nto medca% "choo%" o' the h%ppne" -e!nnn!

#th the "choo% ear 1H?61H?F. +h" Erder !oe" on to "tate thatJ :2. +he N@A+ anaptt&de te"t " con"dered a" an n"tr&ment to#ard &p!radn! the "e%ecton o'

app%cant" 'or adm""on nto the medca% "choo%" and t" ca%c&%ated to mprove the

/&a%t o' medca% ed&caton n the co&ntr. +he c&to8 "core 'or the "&cce""'&%app%cant" -a"ed on the "core" on the N@A+ "ha%% -e determned ever ear - theoard o' @edca% Md&caton a'ter con"&%taton #th the A""ocaton o' h%ppne @edca%

Co%%e!e". +he N@A+ ratn! o' each app%cant to!ether #th the other adm""onre/&rement" a" pre"ent% ca%%ed 'or &nder e"tn! r&%e" "ha%% "erve a" a -a"" 'or the

""&ance o' the pre"cr-ed cert$cate o' e%!-%t 'or adm""on nto the medca%co%%e!e".

Iss"e!

hether or not Secton 5 Ba and B' o' Rep&-%c Act No. 23?2 a" amended and @MCS

Erder No. 52 ". 1H?5 are con"tt&tona%.

He#d!

Te". e conc%&de that pre"cr-n! the N@A+ and re/&rn! certan mnm&m "core"theren a" a condton 'or adm""on to medca% "choo%" n the h%ppne" do not

con"tt&te an &ncon"tt&tona% mpo"ton.

a!e 40


41/280

+he po%ce po#er t " commonp%ace %earnn! " the perva"ve and non#ava-%e po#erand a&thort o' the "overe!n to "ec&re and promote a%% the mportant ntere"t" and

need" W n a #ord the p&-%c order W o' the !enera% comm&nt. An mportantcomponent o' that p&-%c order " the hea%th and ph"ca% "a'et and #e%% -en! o' the

pop&%aton the "ec&rn! o' #hch no one can den " a %e!tmate o-,ectve o'!overnmenta% e8ort and re!&%aton. erhap" the on% ""&e that need" "ome

con"deraton " #hether there " "ome rea"ona-%e re%aton -et#een the pre"cr-n! o'pa""n! the N@A+ a" a condton 'or adm""on to medca% "choo% on the one hand and

the "ec&rn! o' the hea%th and "a'et o' the !enera% comm&nt on the other hand. +h"/&e"ton " perhap" mo"t &"e'&%% approached - reca%%n! that the re!&%aton o' the

practce o' medcne n a%% t" -ranche" ha" %on! -een reco!n


42/280

Sec. H. At %ea"t " B6 percent o' the tota% area o' the memora% par7cemeter "ha%% -e "et a"de 'or chart -&ra% o' decea"ed per"on" #ho are

pa&per" and have -een re"dent" o' X&eno per"on "ha%% -e deprved o' %'e %-ert or propert #tho&td&e proce"" o' %a#> BArt. I%% Secton 1 "&-para!raph 1 Con"tt&ton. En the other

hand there are three nherent po#er" o' !overnment - #hch the "tate nter'ere" #ththe propert r!ht" name%. B1 po%ce po#er B2 emnent doman B3 taaton.

+he po%ce po#er o' X&e


43/280

+o ma7e "&ch '&rther ordnance and re!&%aton" not rep&!nant to %a# a"ma -e nece""ar to carr nto e8ect and d"char!e the po#er" and d&te"

con'erred - th" act and "&ch a" t "ha%% deem nece""ar and proper toprovde 'or the hea%th and "a'et and 'or the protecton o' propert

theren; and en'orce o-edence thereto #th "&ch %a#'&% $ne" or pena%te"

a" the Ct Co&nc% ma pre"cr-e &nder the prov"on" o' "&-"ecton B,, o'th" "ecton.O

+he po#er to re!&%ate doe" not nc%&de the po#er to proh-t. +he po#er to re!&%ate

doe" not nc%&de the po#er to con$"cate. +he ordnance n /&e"ton not on%con$"cate" -&t a%"o proh-t" the operaton o' a memora% par7 cemeter -eca&"e

&nder Secton 13 o' "ad ordnance >9o%aton o' the prov"on thereo' " p&n"ha-%e #tha $ne andKor mpr"onment and that &pon convcton thereo' the permt to operate and

mantan a prvate cemeter "ha%% -e revo7ed or cance%%edP. +he con$"cator c%a&"e andthe pena% prov"on n e8ect deter one 'rom operatn! a memora% par7 cemeter.

@oreover po%ce po#er " de$ned - re&nd a" >the po#er o' promotn! the p&-%c

#e%'are - re"trann! and re!&%atn! the &"e o' %-ert and propert>. It " &"&a%%eerted n order to mere% re!&%ate the &"e and en,oment o' propert o' the o#ner. I'

he " deprved o' h" propert o&tr!ht t " not ta7en 'or p&-%c &"e -&t rather tode"tro n order to promote the !enera% #e%'are.

It "eem" to the co&rt that Secton H o' Erdnance No. 611? Sere" o' 1H64 o' X&e


44/280

@@*A had no a&thort to do "o and the %o#er co&rt decded n 'avor o' theRe"pondent. ettoner appea%ed the dec"on o' the %o#er co&rt" and c%amed that t

ha" the a&thort to open Nept&ne Street to p&-%c trac -eca&"e t " an a!ent o' theState that can practce po%ce po#er n the de%ver o' -a"c "ervce" n @etro @an%a.

Iss"e!

hether or not the @@*A ha" the mandate to open Nept&ne Street to p&-%c tracp&r"&ant to t" re!&%ator and po%ce po#er".

He#d!

+he Co&rt he%d that the @@*A doe" not have the capact to eerc"e po%ce po#er.o%ce po#er " prmar% %od!ed n the Natona% Le!"%at&re. )o#ever po%ce po#er ma-e de%e!ated to !overnment &nt". ettoner heren " a deve%opment a&thort and not

a po%tca% !overnment &nt. +here'ore the @@*A cannot eerc"e po%ce po#er -eca&"et cannot -e de%e!ated to them. It " not a %e!"%atve &nt o' the !overnment. Rep&-%c

Act No. FH24 doe" not empo#er the @@*A to enact ordnance" approve re"o%&ton"and approprate '&nd" 'or the !enera% #e%'are o' the nha-tant" o' @an%a. +here " no

"%%a-%e n the "ad act that !rant" @@*A po%ce po#er.

It " an a!enc created 'or the p&rpo"e o' %an! do#n po%ce" and coordnatn! #th

varo&" natona% !overnment a!ence" peop%eP" or!an


45/280

m&ncpa% oca%" pettonerP" #areho&"e #a" con"tr&cted n vo%aton o' Erdnance No.13 "ere" o' 1H52 proh-tn! the con"tr&cton o' #areho&"e" near a -%oc7 o' ho&"e"

ether n the po-%acon or -arro" #tho&t mantann! the nece""ar d"tance o' 200meter" 'rom "ad -%oc7 o' ho&"e" to avod %o"" o' %ve" and properte" - accdenta% $re.

En the other hand pettoner contend" that Erdnance No. 13 " &ncon"tt&tona%.

Iss"e!

hether or not pettonerP" #areho&"e " a n&"ance #thn the meann! Artc%e 6H4 o'the Cv% Code

hether or not Erdnance No. 13 "ere" o' 1H52 o' the @&ncpa%t o' 9rac "

&ncon"tt&tona% and vod.

He#d!

+he "tora!e o' a-aca and copra n pettonerP" #areho&"e " a n&"ance &nder the

prov"on" o' Artc%e 6H4 o' the Cv% Code. At the "ame tme Erdnance No. 13 #a"pa""ed - the @&ncpa% Co&nc% o' 9rac n the eerc"e o' t" po%ce po#er. It " va%d

-eca&"e t meet" the crtera 'or a va%d m&ncpa% ordnanceJ 1 m&"t not contravenethe Con"tt&ton or an "tat&te 2 m&"t not -e &n'ar or oppre""ve 3 m&"t not -e

parta% or d"crmnator 4 m&"t not proh-t -&t ma re!&%ate trade 5 m&"t -e

!enera% and con""tent #th p&-%c po%c and 6 m&"t not -e &nrea"ona-%e. +hep&rpo"e o' the "ad ordnance " to avod the %o"" o' propert and %'e n ca"e o' $re#hch " one o' the prmorda% o-%!aton o' !overnment. +he %o#er co&rt dd not err n

t" dec"on.

a!e 45


46/280

THE POWER OF E$INENT DO$AIN

REPU&LICVS TA%LE

[2HH SCRA 54H; G.R. No. 12H0FH; 2 *ec 1HH?]

Facts!

rvate re"pondent )e%ena Y. ente< " the re!"tered o#ner o' t#o B2 parce%" o' %and%ocated n aran!a Sa%a#a! *a"mara" Cavte contann! an area o' 4?3331 "/&are

meter" more or %e"".

+he h%ppne Government thro&!h the h%ppne )&man Re"o&rce" *eve%opmentCenter B)R*C ne!otated #th the (apane"e Internatona% Cooperaton A!enc B(ICA

S&rve +eam on the technca%te" o' the e"ta-%"hment o' the ASMAN )&man Re"o&rce"

*eve%opment ro,ect n the h%ppne". Amon! the $ve B5 man pro!ram" o' thepropo"ed pro,ect #a" ro!ram III BCon"tr&cton @anpo#er *eve%opment #hch nvo%vedthe e"ta-%"hment o' a Con"tr&cton @anpo#er *eve%opment Center BC@*C. )R*C

and prvate re"pondent )e%ena Y. ente


47/280

-e eproprated.

He#d!

No. nder Secton F o' ME 1035 #hen the !overnment or t" a&thor


48/280

hether or not the co&rt" ma n/&re nto and hear proo' o' the nece""t o' theepropraton.

He#d!

+he co&rt" have the po#er o' re"trctn! the eerc"e o' emnent doman to the act&a%rea"ona-%e nece""te" o' the ca"e and 'or the p&rpo"e" de"!nated - the %a#. +he

moment the m&ncpa% corporaton or entt attempt" to eerc"e the a&thortcon'erred t m&"t comp% #th the condton" accompann! the a&thort. +he

nece""t 'or con'errn! the a&thort &pon a m&ncpa% corporaton to eerc"e the r!hto' emnent doman " admtted% #thn the po#er o' the %e!"%at&re. &t #hether or not

the m&ncpa% corporaton or entt " eerc"n! the r!ht n a partc&%ar ca"e &nder thecondton" mpo"ed - the !enera% a&thort " a /&e"ton that the co&rt" have the

r!ht to n/&re to.

REPU&LICVS PLDT

[26 SCRA 320; G.R. No. L1??41; 2F (an 1H6H]

Facts!

+he p%ant8 Rep&-%c o' the h%ppne" " a po%tca% entt eerc"n! !overnmentpo#er" thro&!h one o' t" -ranche" the &rea& o' +e%ecomm&ncaton. )eren

de'endant L*+ " a p&-%c "ervce corporaton ho%dn! a 'ranch"e to n"ta%% operate"and mantan" a te%ephone ""tem. A'ter t" creaton the E+ "et &p t" o#n

!overnment te%ephone ""tem - &t%" te%ephone ""tem thro&!ho&t the co&ntr &nder "&ch

condton" a" the co&rt ma con"der rea"ona-%e. +he CI rendered ,&d!ment "tatn!that t co&%d not compe% L*+ to enter nto "&ch a!reement. )ence th" petton.

Iss"e!

hether or Not L*+ ma -e compe%%ed to enter nto "&ch a!reement.

a!e 4?


49/280

He#d!

Te" the "tate ma n the ntere"t o' natona% #e%'are tran"'er &t%te" to p&-%co#ner"hp &pon pament o' ,&"t compen"aton there " no rea"on #h the "tate ma not

re/&re a p&-%c &t%t to render "ervce" n the !enera% ntere"t provded ,&"tcompen"aton " pad.

PEOPLEVS FA+ARDO

[104 h% 443; G.R. No. L121F2; 2H A&! 1H5?]

Facts!

+he m&ncpa% co&nc% o' -aao camarne" "&r "tatn! amon! other" that con"tr&cton o'a -&%dn! #hch #%% de"tro the ve# o' the p%a


50/280

A" the ca"e no# "tand" ever "tr&ct&re that ma -e erected on appe%%ant"> %andre!ard%e"" o' t" o#n -ea&t "tand" condemned &nder the ordnance n /&e"ton

-eca&"e t #o&%d nter'ere #th the ve# o' the p&-%c p%a


51/280

propert o' a m&ncpa% corporaton #ater #or7" cannot -e ta7en a#a ecept 'orp&-%c &"e and &pon pament o' ,&"t compen"aton. (&d!ment armed.

NATIONALPOWERCORP VS %UTIERRE'

[1H3 SCRA 1; G.R. No. 600FF; 1? (an 1HH1]

Facts!

ettoner $%ed an acton to ac/&re a r!ht o' #a over the %and o' Re"pondent" 'or the

con"tr&cton o' tran"m""on %ne". ettoner #a" ad,&d!ed to pa the '&%% mar7et va%&eo' %and traver"ed - the tran"m""on %ne". ettoner ar!&ed that t #a" on% a"7n! 'or

a r!ht o' #a.

Iss"e!

hether or Not the ac/&"ton o' the r!ht o' #a con"tt&te" :ta7n!: and "&ch theca"e #%% -e entt%ed ,&"t compen"aton.

He#d!

+he ac/&"ton o' the r!ht o' #a con"tt&te" ta7n!. It perpet&a%% deprve"Re"pondent" o' ther propretar r!ht". No p%ant h!her than three meter" " a%%o#ed-e%o# the tran"m""on %ne". eca&"e o' h!h ten"on c&rrent conveed thro&!h the

tran"m""on %ne" dan!er to %'e and %m-" cannot -e d"co&nted. +he o#ner o' thepropert " entt%ed to ,&"t compen"aton.

REPU&LICVS CASTELVI

[5? SCRA 336; G.R. No. L20620; 15 A&! 1HF4]

Facts!

In 1H4F the rep&-%c thro&!h the Armed orce" o' the h%ppne" BA entered nto a

%ea"e a!reement #th Ca"te%v on a eartoear -a"". hen Ca"te%v !ave notce totermnate the %ea"e n 1H56 the A re'&"ed. She then n"tt&ted an e,ectment

proceedn! a!an"t the A. In 1H5H ho#ever the rep&-%c commenced theepropraton proceedn!" 'or the %and n /&e"ton.

Iss"e!

a!e 51


52/280

hether or Not the compen"aton "ho&%d -e determned a" o' 1H4F or 1H5H.

He#d!

+he S&preme Co&rt r&%ed that the ta7n!O "ho&%d not -e rec7oned a" o' 1H4F and that

,&"t compen"aton "ho&%d not -e determned on the -a"" o' the va%&e o' the properta" o' that ear.

+he re/&"te" 'or ta7n! areJ 1 the eproprator m&"t enter a prvate propert 2 the

entr m&"t -e 'or more than a momentar perod 3 t m&"t -e &nder #arrant or co%oro' a&thorte" 4 the propert m&"t -e devoted 'or p&-%c &"e or other#"e n'orma%%

approprated or n,&ro&"% a8ected and 5 the &t%


53/280

Antono #o&%d -e 15 per "/&are meter #hch #a" o-,ected to - the %atter contendn!that &nder * 1533 the -a"" o' ,&"t compen"aton "ha%% -e 'ar and accordn! to the

'ar mar7et va%&e dec%ared - the o#ner o' the propert "o&!ht to -e eproprated or- the a""e""or #hchever " %o#er. S&ch o-,ecton and the "&-"e/&ent @oton 'or

Recon"deraton #ere dened and hearn! #a" "et 'or the recepton o' thecomm""onerP" report. MYA then $%ed th" petton 'or certorar and mandam&"

en,onn! the re"pondent 'rom '&rther hearn! the ca"e.

Iss"e!

hether or Not the ec%&"ve and mandator mode o' determnn! ,&"t compen"aton n* 1533 " &ncon"tt&tona%.

He#d!

+he S&preme Co&rt r&%ed that the mode o' determnaton o' ,&"t compen"aton n *

1533 " &ncon"tt&tona%.

+he method o' a"certann! ,&"t compen"aton con"tt&te" mperm""-%e encroachmentto ,&dca% prero!atve". It tend" to render the co&rt" n&t%e n a matter n #hch &nder

the Con"tt&ton " re"erved to t 'or $nanca% determnaton. +he va%&aton n the decreema on% "erve a" !&dn! prncp%e or one o' the 'actor" n determnn! ,&"t

compen"aton -&t t ma not "&-"tt&te the co&rtP" o#n ,&d!ment a" to #hat amo&nt"ho&%d -e a#arded and ho# to arrve at "&ch amo&nt. +he determnaton o' ,&"t

compen"aton " a ,&dca% '&ncton. +he eec&tve department or the %e!"%at&re mama7e the nta% determnaton -&t #hen a part c%am" a vo%aton o' the !&arantee n

the %% o' R!ht" that the prvate part ma not -e ta7en 'or p&-%c &"e #tho&t ,&"tcompen"aton no "tat&te decree or eec&tve order can mandate that t" o#n

determnaton "ha%% preva% over the co&rtP" $ndn!". @&ch %e"" can the co&rt" -eprec%&ded 'rom %oo7n! nto the ,&"tne"" o' the decreed compen"aton.

A@IGALM9S. CMNCA[43 SCRA 360; G.R. No. L26400; 2H e-. 1HF2]

Facts!

9ctora Am!a-%e " the re!"tered o#ner o' a partc&%ar %ot. At the -ac7 o' her +ran"'erCert$cate o' +t%e B1H24 there #a" no annotaton n 'avor o' the !overnment o' an

r!ht or ntere"t n the propert. tho&t pror epropraton or ne!otated "a%e the!overnment &"ed a porton o' the %ot 'or the con"tr&cton o' the @an!o and Gorordo

Aven&e". En 1H5? Am!a-%eP" co&n"e% #rote the re"dent o' the h%ppne"re/&e"tn! pament o' the porton o' the "ad %ot. It #a" d"a%%o#ed - the A&dtor

a!e 53


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Genera% n h" HthMndor"ement. ettoner then $%ed n the co&rt a /&o a comp%anta!an"t the Rep&-%c o' the h%ppne" and Nco%a" C&enca n h" capact a"

Comm""oner o' &-%c )!h#a" 'or the recover o' o#ner"hp and po""e""on o' the%ot. Accordn! to the de'endant" the acton #a" premat&re -eca&"e t #a" not $%ed $r"t

at the Ece o' the A&dtor Genera%. Accordn! to them the r!ht o' acton 'or therecover o' an amo&nt had a%read pre"cr-ed that the Government had not !ven t"

con"ent to -e "&ed and that p%ant8 had no ca&"e o' acton a!an"t the de'endant".

Iss"e!

hether or Not &nder the 'act" o' the ca"e appe%%ant ma proper% "&e the

!overnment.

He#d!

In the ca"e o' @n"tero v. Co&rt o' r"t In"tance o' Ce-& t #a" he%d that #hen the!overnment ta7e" a#a propert 'rom a prvate %ando#ner 'or p&-%c &"e #tho&t !on!

thro&!h the %e!a% proce"" o' epropraton or ne!otated "a%e the a!!reved part maproper% mantan a "&t a!an"t the !overnment #tho&t vo%atn! the doctrne o'

!overnmenta% mm&nt 'rom "&t #tho&t t" con"ent. In the ca"e at -ar "nce noannotaton n 'avor o' the !overnment appear" at the -ac7 o' the cert$cate o' tt%e and

p%ant8 ha" not eec&ted an deed o' conveance o' an porton o' the %ot to the!overnment then "he reman" the o#ner o' the %ot. She co&%d then -rn! an acton to

recover po""e""on o' the %and antme -eca&"e po""e""on " one o' the attr-&te" o'o#ner"hp. )o#ever "nce "&ch acton " not 'ea"-%e at th" tme "nce the %ot ha" -een

&"ed 'or other p&rpo"e" the on% re%e' %e't " 'or the !overnment to ma7e d&ecompen"atonWprce or va%&e o' the %ot at the tme o' the ta7n!.

PHILIPPINEPRESSINSTITUTEVS CO$ELEC

[244 SCRA 2F2; G.R. No. 11H6H4; 22 @a 1HH5]

Facts!

Re"pondent Come%ec prom&%!ated Re"o%&ton No. 2FF2 drectn! ne#"paper" to provde

'ree Come%ec "pace o' not %e"" than oneha%' pa!e 'or the common &"e o' po%tca%parte" and canddate". +he Come%ec "pace "ha%% -e a%%ocated - the Comm""on 'ree

o' char!e amon! a%% canddate" to ena-%e them to ma7e 7no#n ther /&a%$caton"ther "tand on p&-%c I""&e and ther p%at'orm" o' !overnment. +he Come%ec "pace "ha%%

a%"o -e &"ed - the Comm""on 'or d""emnaton o' vta% e%ecton n'ormaton.

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55/280

ettoner h%ppne re"" In"tt&te Inc. BI a nonpro$t or!an


56/280

re%ocate the "/&atter" 'rom the @etro @an%a area a" -orne o&t - the oc&%arn"pecton cond&cted - the tra% co&rt #hch "ho#ed that mo"t o' the eproprated

properte" reman &nocc&ped. ettoner" %7e#"e /&e"ton the p&-%c nat&re o' the &"e- re"pondent N)A #hen t entered nto a contract 'or the con"tr&cton o' %o# co"t

ho&"n! &nt" #hch " a%%e!ed% d8erent 'rom the "tated p&-%c p&rpo"e n theepropraton proceedn!". )ence t " c%amed that re"pondent N)A ha" 'or'eted t"

r!ht" and ntere"t" - vrt&e o' the epropraton ,&d!ment and the epropratedproperte" "ho&%d no# -e ret&rned to heren pettoner".

Iss"e!

hether or not the ,&d!ment o' epropraton #a" 'or'eted n the %!ht o' the 'a%&re o'

re"pondent N)A to &"e the eproprated propert 'or the ntended p&rpo"e -&t 'or atota%% d8erent p&rpo"e.

He#d!

+he S&preme Co&rt he%d n 'avor o' the re"pondent N)A. Accordn!% pettoner"cannot n""t on a re"trctve ve# o' the emnent doman prov"on o' the Con"tt&ton- contendn! that the contract 'or %o# co"t ho&"n! " a devaton 'rom the "tated

p&-%c &"e. It " no# "ett%ed doctrne that the concept o' p&-%c &"e " no %on!er %mtedto tradtona% p&rpo"e". +he term :p&-%c &"e: ha" no# -een he%d to -e "nonmo&"

#th :p&-%c ntere"t: :p&-%c -ene$t: :p&-%c #e%'are: and :p&-%c convenence.: +h&"#hatever ma -e -ene$ca%% emp%oed 'or the !enera% #e%'are "at"$e" the

re/&rement o' p&-%c &"e.:

In addton the epropraton o' prvate %and 'or "%&m c%earance and &r-an deve%opment" 'or a p&-%c p&rpo"e even ' the deve%oped area " %ater "o%d to prvate homeo#ner"

commerca%" $rm" entertanment and "ervce compane" and other prvate concern".@oreover the Con"tt&ton t"e%' a%%o#" the State to &nderta7e 'or the common !ood

and n cooperaton #th the prvate "ector a contn&n! pro!ram o' &r-an %and re'ormand ho&"n! #hch #%% ma7e at a8orda-%e co"t decent ho&"n! and -a"c "ervce" to

&nderprv%e!ed and home%e"" ct


57/280

Iss"e!

hether or Not an LG can eerc"e t" po#er o' emnent doman p&r"&ant to are"o%&ton - t" %a#ma7n! -od.

He#d!

nder Secton 1H o' the pre"ent Loca% Government Code BRA F160 t " "tated a" the

$r"t re/&"te that LG" can eerc"e t" po#er o' emnent doman ' there " anordnance enacted - t" %e!"%atve -od ena-%n! the m&ncpa% che' eec&tve. A

re"o%&ton " not an ordnance the 'ormer " on% an opnon o' a %a#ma7n! -od the%atter " a %a#. +he ca"e cted - ettoner nvo%ve" 33F #hch #a" the prevo&"

Loca% Government Code #hch " o-vo&"% no %on!er n e8ect. RA F160 preva%" overthe Imp%ementn! R&%e" the 'ormer -en! the %a# t"e%' and the %atter on% an

admn"tratve r&%e #hch cannot amend the 'ormer.

ASLP VS SEC OFA%RARIANREFOR$

[1F5 SCRA 343; G.R. NE. F?F42; 14 (L1H?H]

Facts!

Severa% petton" are the root o' the ca"eJ

e. A petton a%%e!n! the con"tt&tona%t o' * No. 2F ME 22? and 22H and RA

665F. S&-,ect" o' the petton are a Hhectare and 5 hectare Rce%and #or7ed- 'o&r tenant". +enant" #ere dec%ared '&%% o#ner" - ME 22? a" /&a%$ed

'armer" &nder * 2F. +he pettoner" no# contend that re"dent A/&no&"&rped the %e!"%at&reP" po#er.

'. A petton - %ando#ner" and "&!arp%anter" n 9ctoraP" @%% Ne!ro"

Eccdenta% a!an"t roc%amaton 131 and ME 22H. roc%amaton 131 " thecreaton o' A!raran Re'orm &nd #th nta% '&nd o' 50%%on.

!. A petton - o#ner" o' %and #hch #a" p%aced - the *AR &nder the covera!e

o' Eperaton Land +ran"'er.

h. A petton nvo7n! the r!ht o' retenton &nder * 2F to o#ner" o' rce andcorn %and" not eceedn! "e

consti ii case digests

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