Middle Ages Middle Ages (500–1400)(500–1400)

Medieval Medieval Art Art

Middle Ages (500–1400)

Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic

St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame, Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto

Viking Raids (793–1066); Battle of Hastings (1066); Crusades I–IV (1095–1204); Black Death (1347–1351); Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages“Knights, Castles, Roman “Knights, Castles, Roman

Catholicism, Barbarians……”Catholicism, Barbarians……”

The beginning…Early Middle The beginning…Early Middle AgesAges

Decline of Roman Empire Decline of Roman Empire Rise of Northern Europe Rise of Northern Europe New forms of government New forms of government Heavy “Heavy “RomanizationRomanization” ”

(religion, language, laws, (religion, language, laws, architecture, government)architecture, government)

Early Middle Early Middle AgesAges

Dark AgesDark Ages (500 CE- 1000 CE)- scholars (500 CE- 1000 CE)- scholars named this as a time when the forces of named this as a time when the forces of darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the darkness (barbarians) overwhelmed the forces of light (Romans) forces of light (Romans)

Rise of influence of Rise of influence of barbariansbarbarians as Roman as Roman Emperors had granted barbarian Emperors had granted barbarian mercenaries land with the Roman Empire in mercenaries land with the Roman Empire in return for military service and it was these return for military service and it was these barbarians who eventually became the new barbarians who eventually became the new rulers. rulers.

Warriors and Warbands in the Warriors and Warbands in the WestWest

Period of change in Western Europe as Period of change in Western Europe as barbarians were migrating in to areas given barbarians were migrating in to areas given up by Romansup by Romans

As more barbarians moved westward, other As more barbarians moved westward, other tribes were forced to movetribes were forced to move

Groups categorized by languages and little Groups categorized by languages and little elseelse

CelticCeltic: Gauls, Britons, Bretons: Gauls, Britons, Bretons GermanicGermanic: Goths, Frank, Vandals, Saxons: Goths, Frank, Vandals, Saxons SlavicSlavic: Wends: Wends

From Rome to From Rome to ConstantinopleConstantinople

ConstantinopleConstantinople

(former city of Byzantium) became new capital and (former city of Byzantium) became new capital and control centre for Roman Empirecontrol centre for Roman Empire

Was largest city by population in the world west of Was largest city by population in the world west of ChinaChina

Strategic location on trade routesStrategic location on trade routes One of largest natural harbours in the world linked One of largest natural harbours in the world linked

the east and westthe east and west Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency

of international tradeof international trade Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors, Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors,

bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and favouring of royal family and priests in trade and favouring of royal family and priests in trade and taxestaxes

Expanding Influence of the Expanding Influence of the ChurchChurch

Christian ChurchChristian Church has become an important has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europeforce in Europe

Leading officials of Church were the Leading officials of Church were the PopePope and and PatriarchPatriarch

Banning of Banning of heresyheresy (holding beliefs that (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)contradict the official religion)

Eventually in 11Eventually in 11thth Century, Church split Century, Church split into two independent branches into two independent branches Eastern Eastern OrthodoxOrthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople (Greek) based in Constantinople and and Roman CatholicRoman Catholic in Rome in Rome

You scratch my You scratch my back…back…

I’ll scratch yours…. I’ll scratch yours….

ChurchChurch was granted favours by was granted favours by Roman EmperorsRoman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption / Kings (land, exemption from taxes, immunity in courts, positions from taxes, immunity in courts, positions in courts) and in return the Church would in courts) and in return the Church would endorse kings to help secure their ruleendorse kings to help secure their rule

KingsKings looked to looked to ChurchChurch to supply to supply educated administrators to help run educated administrators to help run kingdoms and in return kings would kingdoms and in return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other enforce laws that prohibited other religionsreligions

Monasticism Monasticism and Saintsand Saints

MonksMonks were people who gave up worldly were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to possessions and devote themselves to a religious lifea religious life

Established between 400 -700 communities Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learningeducation, literacy and learning

Strict codes of monastic conduct called Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule Rule of St. Benedict of St. Benedict

Saints- one who performs miracles that are Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with Godrelationship with God

St. Augustine-St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of monastic tradition and the influence of ChurchChurch

Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages

Black DeathBlack Death “ “The Bubonic The Bubonic

Plague”Plague”a devastating a devastating worldwide worldwide pandemic that pandemic that first struck Europe first struck Europe in the mid 14in the mid 14thth centurycenturykilled about a killed about a third of Europe’s third of Europe’s population, an population, an estimated 34 estimated 34 million people.million people.

The Bubonic PlagueThe Bubonic PlagueCalled “black death” because of striking symptom Called “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skinblacken due to hemorrhages under the skinSpread by fleas and ratsSpread by fleas and ratspainful lymph node swellings called buboes painful lymph node swellings called buboes buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus and blood. and blood. damage to the skin and underlying tissue until damage to the skin and underlying tissue until they were covered in dark blotchesthey were covered in dark blotchesMost victims died within four to seven days after Most victims died within four to seven days after infection infection

EFFECTSEFFECTSCaused massive depopulation and changeCaused massive depopulation and change in social structure in social structureWeakened influence of ChurchWeakened influence of ChurchOriginated in Asia but was blamed on Originated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and lepersJews and lepers

The diagram below shows the process of fleas passing the disease to humans:

    Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague - This strain attacks the lymph nodes, found in the human - This strain attacks the lymph nodes, found in the human

neck, armpit and groin.  When infected with the plague, these areas become neck, armpit and groin.  When infected with the plague, these areas become very swollen and turn dark blue or nearly black in color.  Discoloration in very swollen and turn dark blue or nearly black in color.  Discoloration in these areas led people to dub the disease the "Black Death."  This is the these areas led people to dub the disease the "Black Death."  This is the least deadly of the three plagues because it cannot be transmitted between least deadly of the three plagues because it cannot be transmitted between humans without a carrier (such as a flea).humans without a carrier (such as a flea).

Images of death, tortured souls, and the macabre art produced during the Middle Ages that was highly influenced by the horrors of Black Death.

Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411).Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411).

Ideas, Inventions and Key FiguresIdeas, Inventions and Key Figures

Roger Bacon (gunpowder)Roger Bacon (gunpowder)Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey Chaucer Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey Chaucer (writer)(writer)Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War)Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War)Pope Urban II (indulgences)Pope Urban II (indulgences)Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions)Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions)Parliamentary Government in EnglandParliamentary Government in England

Standards Standards

Standard 1.0 Media, Techniques and Standard 1.0 Media, Techniques and ProcessesProcesses

Standard 2.0 Structures and FunctionsStandard 2.0 Structures and Functions

Standard 3.0 EvaluationStandard 3.0 Evaluation

Standard 4.0 Historical and Cultural Standard 4.0 Historical and Cultural RelationshipsRelationships

Standard 5.0 Reflecting and AssessingStandard 5.0 Reflecting and Assessing

Standard 6.0 Interdisciplinary Standard 6.0 Interdisciplinary ConnectionsConnections

ObjectivesObjectives

Explore The Middle Ages, focusing on the Explore The Middle Ages, focusing on the Dark Ages, Religion, The Black Death and Dark Ages, Religion, The Black Death and Barbarians. Barbarians.

Correctly answer questions about areas Correctly answer questions about areas discussed. discussed.

Create your own “Black Death” art using Create your own “Black Death” art using similar themes, colors and methods. similar themes, colors and methods.

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

1.  What percentage of Europe's 1.  What percentage of Europe's population was lost to the plague?population was lost to the plague?

3.  How was the disease transmitted?3.  How was the disease transmitted?

4.  What are some of the symptoms of the 4.  What are some of the symptoms of the Bubonic plague?Bubonic plague?

How was art effected by the Plague? How was art effected by the Plague?

What was the principle religion during The What was the principle religion during The Middle Ages? Middle Ages?

Directions for Art Making:Directions for Art Making:

Referenceshttp://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/powerpoints-overviews.html

http://www.medievalists.net/2009/05/18/how-the-black-death-affected-painters-and-art-history/

http://www.historyofpainters.com/black_death.htm