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Europe: Middle Ages

to Today

Mr. Cummings

World History

Essential Question

What new developments changed

European society during the Medieval

Era?

Questions to Consider

• What were the Middle Ages?

• When did the Middle Ages occur?

• Countries involved?

• Important people and events?

• How did the Middle Ages affect the development of our country?

Defining the Medieval PeriodClassical Civilization

(Beginning of European Civilization Roman Empire)

Medieval Europe(Fall of Rome Before the Renaissance)

Modern Times(Renaissance Today)

Known By Three Different But Equally Acceptable Names

Middle Ages

Dark Ages

Medieval Era

Periodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

The Medieval Era is actually three separate eras.

Middle Ages Defined

• Period after fall of Roman Empire-between ancient and modern times in western Europe

• 475-1200’s

• Churches stabilize barbaric Europe

• Japanese Feudalism=Europe Feud.

– Most people lived poor, illiterate, uneducated + without rights

Europe Today

• Area + Population

– Second-smallest continent

– 11,000,000 sq. miles

– 785,000,000 people (2010)

Europe Today

• 47 countries

– Largest: Russia (107,000,000)

– Smallest: Vatican City (1,000 people)

– England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, CIS

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Major Physical Features

• Rhine River (Germany)

• Danube River (Austria + Germany)

• Thames River (England)

• Ural Mountains (Eastern Europe)

• The Alps + Pyrenees

• Surrounded by Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea – provide means of transportation and food

Other Important Facts

• Agriculture- 50% of the land used for crops- most efficient in world

– Produce beef, chicken, potatoes, sugar, wheat, olives, figs, wine

• Wide range of economies + cultures

– Currencies: Euro, Pound, Franc

– Gov’t: Republic, Parliamentary Monarchy

Middle Ages Events

• Arthurian Legend (500’s)

• Knights and Castles (900-1100’s)

• Split of the Catholic Church (1054)

• Battle of Hastings (1066)

• Domesday Book (1086)

• Crusades (1096-1291)

• Magna Carta (1215)

• “Black Death” (1347-1352)

Europe in the 6c Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

The Medieval Catholic Church Filled a power vacuum left from collapse of Rome & increasing Viking attacks.

‘The Church’ controlled about 1/3 of theland in Western Europe.

Crusades & The Inquisition replace logic & technological achievements.

Monasticism reigns after Rome’s collapse.

Rules of St. Benedict stress poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Provided schools for the children ofthe upper class (the poor are left out).

Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

A Medieval Monk’s Day

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A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium Illuminated Manuscripts FeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military

service.

Life in Medieval Towns• For safety/defense, people formed small

villages around a lord/master (MANOR)– Castle, church, village, farmland

• Homes were cramped, one-room dwellings with a central fire pit.

• Literacy plunged to 5%, while towns battled health/hygiene problems– Used non-scientific methods like

prayer to seek cures• Chanting, music, and religious art became

essential parts of church life, especially after Feudalism’s collapse.

The Medieval Manor Stability Fosters Trade & Guilds

Guild Hall

Groups of workers in the same business:

Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product & prices charged (FIRST MONOPOLY?)

Changes in Gov’t: Magna Carta, 1215 King John I

“Great Charter”

Monarchs were notabove the law.

Kings had to consult a council ofadvisors.

Kings could not taxarbitrarily.

Representative Gov’tfirst established

The Magna Carta (1215)The Black Death (mid 1300’s)

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Spread of the Plague• Started in

China• Reached

Europe in 1347 via a merchant ship on the island of Sicily

• 1347–48: southern Europe

• 1349–50: central Europe and the British Isles

Popular Medical “Cures”

for the Plague• Doctors wore strange

costumes• Bathing in human urine• Wearing excrement• Placing dead animals in

homes • Wearing leeches• Drinking molten gold

and powdered emeralds • Burning incense to get

rid of the smell of the dead

Effects of the Plague

• Killed 25–30 million Europeans

• Undermined faith in religion

• Economy• Culture

influenced

REAL…… or IMAGINED?

King Arthur

Carolingian Miniscule Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval Castle The Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

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Chivalry: Code of Honor and Behavior William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Life on the Medieval Manor

Serfs at work

Romanesque Architectural Style Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West Medieval Universities Oxford University

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Development of Parliament

• Henry III (1216–1272)• Edward I (1239–1307)• Original parliament

– House of Lords: nobles and church lords

– House of Commons: knights and residents

• Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the monarch to make laws

Edward I

The Crusades & Pope Urban II Legacy of the Medieval Era• Transitional

period• New

kingdoms evolved

• The Church became a dominant force

• Modern institutions originated

Essential Question

What new developments changed

European society during the Medieval

Era?