The period in Western history from the fall The period in Western history from the fall of the Roman empire (476 A.D. to the fall of the Roman empire (476 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453 A.D.)of Constantinople to the Turks (1453 A.D.)

WHI.9WHI.9The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. in terms of during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. in terms of its impact on Western civilization byits impact on Western civilization bySequencing events related to the spread and influence of Sequencing events related to the spread and influence of Christianity and the Catholic Church throughout EuropeChristianity and the Catholic Church throughout EuropeExplaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, Explaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effectssocial, and political effectsSequencing events related to the invasions, settlements, and Sequencing events related to the invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons, influence of migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and vikings.Magyars, and vikings.

http://www.irtc.org/stills/2001-04-30/view.html

Middle AgesMiddle AgesAlso known as the Medieval Period Also known as the Medieval Period

and the "Dark Ages," the Middle and the "Dark Ages," the Middle Ages were characterized by Ages were characterized by feudalismfeudalism (rule by independent (rule by independent war-lords and a subjected war-lords and a subjected peasantry) and the dominance of peasantry) and the dominance of the Catholic Church. the Catholic Church.

This era was preceded by Antiquity This era was preceded by Antiquity and followed by the Renaissance.and followed by the Renaissance.

Barbarian Barbarian KingdomsKingdoms

By the sixth century, the Western Roman Empire By the sixth century, the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by smaller kingdoms ruled by had been replaced by smaller kingdoms ruled by barbarian kings granting only nominal barbarian kings granting only nominal recognition to the Emperor.recognition to the Emperor. http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kishlansky_cw_5/0,6472,268318-,00.html

http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/skyelander/celts10.html

http://www.gaucin.to/history.htm

GothsGoths

The Goths were an East Germanic tribe which according The Goths were an East Germanic tribe which according to their own traditions originated in Scandinavia to their own traditions originated in Scandinavia (specifically Götaland and Gotland). They migrated (specifically Götaland and Gotland). They migrated southwards and conquered parts of the Roman empire. southwards and conquered parts of the Roman empire. Two closely related tribes, the Götar and the Gutar, who Two closely related tribes, the Götar and the Gutar, who remained in Scandinavia and are often called Goths, are remained in Scandinavia and are often called Goths, are separately treated, as Geats and Gotlanders. separately treated, as Geats and Gotlanders.

http://www.answers.com/topic/goths

Visigoths & OstrogothsVisigoths & Ostrogoths

The Visigoths were one of the two The Visigoths were one of the two main branches of the Goths, main branches of the Goths, Ostrogothi being the other. Ostrogothi being the other. Together these tribes were one of Together these tribes were one of the loosely-termed "Germanic the loosely-termed "Germanic tribes" that disturbed the late tribes" that disturbed the late Roman Empire. After the "fall" of Roman Empire. After the "fall" of the western Roman Empire, the the western Roman Empire, the Visigoths continued to play a Visigoths continued to play a major role in western European major role in western European affairs for another 250 years. affairs for another 250 years.

http://www.answers.com/topic/goths

VandalsVandals

The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. The Vandals centered on the city of Carthage. The Vandals may have given their name to the province of may have given their name to the province of Andalusia (originally, Vandalusia, then Al-Andalusia (originally, Vandalusia, then Al-Andalus), in Spain, where they temporarily Andalus), in Spain, where they temporarily settled before pushing on to Africa.settled before pushing on to Africa.

http://www.newacropolis.org.il/Philosopher.asp?name=augustine

The Vandals were actually two tribes, the The Vandals were actually two tribes, the AsdingAsding and the and the Siling VandalsSiling Vandals..

The English word The English word vandalismvandalism comes from this comes from this group. group.

Other InvadersOther Invaders

There were six major German tribes. In There were six major German tribes. In addition to the addition to the VisigothsVisigoths, the , the OstrogothsOstrogoths, & , & the the VandalsVandals, there were the , there were the BurgundiansBurgundians, , the the LombardsLombards, and the , and the Franks. Franks. All six All six groups participated in the fragmentation and groups participated in the fragmentation and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

http://www.teachinghearts.org/dre17hdan02.html

The Franks were a group of Germanic peoples The Franks were a group of Germanic peoples inhabiting the lower and middle Rhine Valley inhabiting the lower and middle Rhine Valley by the 3d century AD, when they are first by the 3d century AD, when they are first mentioned by classical authors. mentioned by classical authors.

The Burgundians were people from the historical region and The Burgundians were people from the historical region and former province of eastern France. The area was first former province of eastern France. The area was first organized into a kingdom by the Burgundii, a Germanic organized into a kingdom by the Burgundii, a Germanic people, in the 5th century A.D. At the height of its later people, in the 5th century A.D. At the height of its later power in the 14th and 15th centuries, Burgundy controlled power in the 14th and 15th centuries, Burgundy controlled vast territories in present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and vast territories in present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and northeast France. It was incorporated into the French crown northeast France. It was incorporated into the French crown lands by Louis XI in 1477. lands by Louis XI in 1477.

The Lombards were a Germanic people who The Lombards were a Germanic people who established a kingdom in Northern Italy. They established a kingdom in Northern Italy. They were originally from Scandinavia and entered were originally from Scandinavia and entered the late Roman Empire. the late Roman Empire.

Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons

Tall, blue-eyed blond Germanic invaders of Tall, blue-eyed blond Germanic invaders of Britain during the second half of the 5th Britain during the second half of the 5th century AD. These Angles, Saxons, and century AD. These Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came from areas in and around what is Jutes came from areas in and around what is now Denmark. By A.D. 600 they were well now Denmark. By A.D. 600 they were well established in Britain, having driven the established in Britain, having driven the Romanised Celtic Britons westward into Romanised Celtic Britons westward into Wales and Cornwall. Initially they were Wales and Cornwall. Initially they were pagans but by the end of the 7th century they pagans but by the end of the 7th century they had been converted to Christianity by St. had been converted to Christianity by St. Augustine of Canterbury and other Augustine of Canterbury and other missionaries from the continent. missionaries from the continent.

MagyarsMagyars

The Magyars were an Asiatic group who The Magyars were an Asiatic group who burst over the Danube river at the close of burst over the Danube river at the close of the 10th Century, ravaging wide areas of the 10th Century, ravaging wide areas of central Europe.central Europe.

In central Europe, the Magyars started moving out In central Europe, the Magyars started moving out from their base in Hungary, which they had earlier from their base in Hungary, which they had earlier seized from the Bulgar Huns. They launched seized from the Bulgar Huns. They launched raiding parties as far afield as Bremen in Germany, raiding parties as far afield as Bremen in Germany, Orleans in France and Constantinople, raping, Orleans in France and Constantinople, raping, pillaging, looting and destroying where they went. pillaging, looting and destroying where they went. In 954, a Magyar raiding party consisting of an In 954, a Magyar raiding party consisting of an estimated 100,000 soldiers crossed Bavaria and estimated 100,000 soldiers crossed Bavaria and the Rhine River, penetrating France as far as the Rhine River, penetrating France as far as Rhiems and Burgundy, then crossing the Alps to Rhiems and Burgundy, then crossing the Alps to pillage Lombardy in Italy. pillage Lombardy in Italy.

NormansNormans

The The NormansNormans (adapted from the name "Northmen" or (adapted from the name "Northmen" or "Norsemen") were a mixture of the Gauls of France "Norsemen") were a mixture of the Gauls of France and the Viking invaders under the leadership of and the Viking invaders under the leadership of Rollo (Gange Rolf). Danish or Norwegian Vikings Rollo (Gange Rolf). Danish or Norwegian Vikings began to occupy the northern area of France now began to occupy the northern area of France now known as Normandy in the latter half of the 9th known as Normandy in the latter half of the 9th century. century.

Under the leadership of Hrolf Ganger, who adopted Under the leadership of Hrolf Ganger, who adopted the French name Rollo, they swore allegiance to the the French name Rollo, they swore allegiance to the king of France (Charles the Simple) and received king of France (Charles the Simple) and received the small lower Seine area from him in 911. This the small lower Seine area from him in 911. This area expanded over time to become the Duchy of area expanded over time to become the Duchy of Normandy.Normandy.

http://www.doyle.com.au/images/normans.jpg

ReligionReligion The Catholic Church was the only church in The Catholic Church was the only church in

Europe during the Middle Ages, and it had its Europe during the Middle Ages, and it had its own laws and large coffers. own laws and large coffers.

Church leaders such as bishops and Church leaders such as bishops and archbishops sat on the king's council and archbishops sat on the king's council and played leading roles in government. Bishops, played leading roles in government. Bishops, who were often wealthy and came from noble who were often wealthy and came from noble families, ruled over groups of parishes called families, ruled over groups of parishes called "diocese." "diocese."

Parish priests, on the other hand, came from Parish priests, on the other hand, came from humbler backgrounds and often had little humbler backgrounds and often had little education. The village priest tended to the education. The village priest tended to the sick and indigent and, if he was able, taught sick and indigent and, if he was able, taught Latin & the Bible to the youth of the villageLatin & the Bible to the youth of the village..

http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=History/Middle_Ages/Religion&image=MRL_366A.jpg&img=&tt=

ReligionReligionThe Roman Catholic church The Roman Catholic church

was important because itwas important because itgave religious teaching to all gave religious teaching to all of Europe under the of Europe under the guidance of the Popeguidance of the Popeprovided most formal provided most formal education & preserved education & preserved learninglearningwas an important political was an important political elementelementdeveloped drama through developed drama through the mystery, miracle, and the mystery, miracle, and morality playsmorality plays

http://encarta.msn.com/media_461517471_761564555_-1_1/Monk_in_Scriptorium.html

http://www.asaplive.com/iKnow/LocalHistory.cfm?ccs=212&cs=672

CrusadesCrusadesA series of military campaigns fought during A series of military campaigns fought during

the 11the 11thth, 12, 12thth, and 13, and 13thth centuries. Originally centuries. Originally they were Roman Catholic attempts to they were Roman Catholic attempts to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims.

http://kspark.kaist.ac.kr/1st%20Crusades.htm

CrusadesCrusadesHowever, some were directed against other However, some were directed against other

Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern Crusade against the Cathars of southern France and the Northern Crusade. France and the Northern Crusade.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades

http://www.catholiceducation.org/images/history/Crusades%20Jerusalem.jpg

First CrusadeFirst CrusadePope Urban II (1088-1099) was Pope Urban II (1088-1099) was

responsible for assisting Emperor responsible for assisting Emperor Alexus I (1081-1118) of Alexus I (1081-1118) of Constantinople in launching the Constantinople in launching the first crusade.first crusade.

He made one of the most influential He made one of the most influential speeches in the Middle Ages, speeches in the Middle Ages, calling on Christian princes in calling on Christian princes in Europe to go on a crusade to Europe to go on a crusade to rescue the Holy Land from the rescue the Holy Land from the Turks. Turks.

In the speech given at the Council of In the speech given at the Council of Clermont in France, on November Clermont in France, on November 27, 1095, he combined the ideas 27, 1095, he combined the ideas of making a pilgrimage to the Holy of making a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels.war against infidels.

http://kspark.kaist.ac.kr/1st%20Crusades.htm

http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/crusades.stm

FeudalismFeudalismThe main form of social The main form of social organization in medieval Europe; organization in medieval Europe; the term was first used in 1839. the term was first used in 1839. A system based primarily on land, A system based primarily on land, feudalism involved a hierarchy of feudalism involved a hierarchy of authority, rights, and power that authority, rights, and power that extended from the monarchy extended from the monarchy downwards. downwards. At the head of the system the At the head of the system the crown owned all the land. crown owned all the land. Beneath the crown, an intricate Beneath the crown, an intricate network of duties and obligations network of duties and obligations linked royalty, tenants-in-chief linked royalty, tenants-in-chief (such as the barons), under-(such as the barons), under-tenants (knights), and villeins tenants (knights), and villeins (serfs). (serfs).

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006447.html

FeudalismFeudalismIn return for military In return for military service the monarch service the monarch allowed powerful vassals allowed powerful vassals (feudal tenants) to hold (feudal tenants) to hold land, and often also to land, and often also to administer justice and administer justice and levy taxes. levy taxes. They in turn ‘sublet’ such They in turn ‘sublet’ such rights, usually keeping rights, usually keeping part of the land (the part of the land (the demesnedemesne) for ) for themselves. themselves.

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006447.html

http://mboullic.club.fr/la_feodalite.htm

http://members.tripod.com/~F1Girl/ladyc.gif

ManorsManorsManors each consisted of up to three Manors each consisted of up to three

classes of land:classes of land:DemesneDemesne, the part controlled , the part controlled immediately by the lord and immediately by the lord and exploited directly for the benefit of exploited directly for the benefit of his household and dependents; his household and dependents; Dependent (Dependent (serfserf or or villeinvillein) holdings ) holdings carrying the obligation that the carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a with specified labour services or a part of its output (or cash in lieu part of its output (or cash in lieu thereof), subject to the custom thereof), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and attached to the holding; and Free peasant land, without such Free peasant land, without such obligation but otherwise subject to obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.time of the lease.

http://www.answers.com/topic/manorial-system

http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/engravings/

ManorManorAn agricultural estate under An agricultural estate under the control of a single the control of a single individual or lordindividual or lord

Often a manor was a small Often a manor was a small holding, typically from 1,200 holding, typically from 1,200 to 1,800 acres, with its own to 1,800 acres, with its own court and probably its own court and probably its own hall, but not necessarily hall, but not necessarily having a manor house. The having a manor house. The manor as a unit of land was manor as a unit of land was generally held by a knight generally held by a knight (knight's fee) or managed by (knight's fee) or managed by a bailiff for some other a bailiff for some other holder. holder.

http://www.maybole.org/history/castles/waughton.htm

ManorManor

http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/manor.html

The demense was the The demense was the lord’s personal land, lord’s personal land, providing for their needs, providing for their needs, while the land worked by while the land worked by the peasants provided the peasants provided additional income or additional income or food consumed by the food consumed by the lord or his retainers.lord or his retainers.

Generic Generic ManorManor

Open-field strip Open-field strip farmingfarmingSome enclosuresSome enclosuresTriennial crop Triennial crop rotationrotationDemesneDemesneManseManseCommon woodlandCommon woodlandPasturagePasturageMeadowMeadow

http://www.answers.com/topic/manorial-system

Feudal Feudal SystemSystem

http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/BayeuxAfter.htm

Laborer who is bound to the Laborer who is bound to the landlandLowest social class of the Lowest social class of the feudal societyfeudal societyDiffered from slaves in that Differed from slaves in that they were not property they were not property themselves and could not themselves and could not be sold apart from the land be sold apart from the land which they workedwhich they workedProvided rent in the form of Provided rent in the form of goods and services in goods and services in return for protection and the return for protection and the right to work on their leased right to work on their leased fieldsfields

SerfsSerfshttp://perso.wanadoo.fr/vtt.compostelle/paysans.htm

Document signed by King Document signed by King John of England in A. D. John of England in A. D. 1215 that limited the king’s 1215 that limited the king’s power and guaranteed power and guaranteed certain basic rights certain basic rights

Considered the beginning Considered the beginning of constitutional of constitutional government in Englandgovernment in England

Gave 'freemen' inalienable Gave 'freemen' inalienable rights; notably trial by juryrights; notably trial by jury

Magna CartaMagna Cartahttp://www.royal.gov.uk/files/images/john-lackland_lrg.jpg

CastlesCastles

http://www.maybole.org/history/castles/

Life in the Castle: Skipton Life in the Castle: Skipton CastleCastle

http://www.skiptoncastle.co.uk/family.htm

Life in the Castle: Skipton Life in the Castle: Skipton CastleCastle

http://www.skiptoncastle.co.uk/family.htm

Life in the Castle: Skipton Life in the Castle: Skipton CastleCastle

http://www.skiptoncastle.co.uk/family.htm

Medieval TimelineMedieval Timeline

Clovis, founder of the Clovis, founder of the Frankish state, Frankish state, conquers most of conquers most of France and Belgium, France and Belgium, converting his converting his territories to Western territories to Western Catholic ChristianityCatholic Christianity

http://duguesclin.free.fr/merovingien/page/Clovis_et_les_Alamans.htm

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelinePope Gregory widens Pope Gregory widens the gulf between the gulf between Eastern & Western Eastern & Western Churches. He begins Churches. He begins conversion of England conversion of England to Christianity.to Christianity.

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineHeraclius becomes Heraclius becomes Emperor in Emperor in Constantinople in 610 Constantinople in 610 as the Persian Empire is as the Persian Empire is attempting the takeover attempting the takeover of Byzantine civilization. of Byzantine civilization. Persia is conquered by Persia is conquered by Byzantine forces in 627.Byzantine forces in 627.

http://www.wga.hu/tours/arezzo/trumpete.html

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelinePepin of Heristal, a Merovingian Pepin of Heristal, a Merovingian ruler, unites the Frankish ruler, unites the Frankish territories. He is succeeded by territories. He is succeeded by his son Charles Martel, who his son Charles Martel, who forms an alliance with the forms an alliance with the Church.Church.

http://www.boydhouse.com/alice/Green/SalisburyThirtyFirstGeneration.htm

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineThe Battle of Tours was fought on The Battle of Tours was fought on October 25, 732 between forces under October 25, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel and the Frankish leader Charles Martel and an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman. During the battle, the Franks Rahman. During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The result of this er Rahman was killed. The result of this battle stopped the northward advance battle stopped the northward advance of Islam from Spain.of Islam from Spain.

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineArabs attempt to conquer Arabs attempt to conquer Constantinople for 2Constantinople for 2ndnd time, but time, but Byzantine Emperor Leo the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian defeats the Arab forces Isaurian defeats the Arab forces & reconquors most of Asia & reconquors most of Asia Minor. He uses “Greek Fire.”Minor. He uses “Greek Fire.”

http://www.patriarchate.org/ecumenical_patriarchate/chapter_4/html/chora__page_2.html

Greek Fire (also called Byzantine Fire and liquid fire) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis, probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, and was very effective both on sea and land, but it was used primarily at sea.

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineVenerable Bede, an Anglo-Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the writes the History of the English History of the English Church and PeopleChurch and People in Latin, in Latin, perhaps the best historical perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.writing of medieval history.

http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/medeng.htm

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineThe first great English epic The first great English epic poem, poem, BeowulfBeowulf, is written in , is written in Old English. It is a Christian Old English. It is a Christian poem that shows early poem that shows early medieval society in England medieval society in England and shows roots in Old and shows roots in Old Testament law.Testament law.

http://www.gpc.edu/~shale/humanities/literature/world_literature/beowulf.html

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineCarolus Magnus (Charlemagne), Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne), son of Pepin, succeeds his father son of Pepin, succeeds his father and is one of the most important and is one of the most important rulers of medieval history. In rulers of medieval history. In time, his empire—known as the time, his empire—known as the Carolingian dynasty, is huge.Carolingian dynasty, is huge.

Charlemagne’s empire includes Charlemagne’s empire includes the greater section of central the greater section of central Europe, northern Italy and central Europe, northern Italy and central Italy in addition to realms already Italy in addition to realms already conquered by Frankish rule.conquered by Frankish rule.Charlemagne’s system of Charlemagne’s system of government divides the vast government divides the vast realm into different regions, ruled realm into different regions, ruled by local “counts” who are by local “counts” who are overseen by Charlemagne’s overseen by Charlemagne’s representatives.representatives.

http://www.w3perl.com/www/histoire/france/carolingiens.html

In addition, to aid expansion and In addition, to aid expansion and administration of the kingdom, administration of the kingdom, Charlemagne promotes what is Charlemagne promotes what is called later, the “Carolingian called later, the “Carolingian Renaissance.” Prior to this revival Renaissance.” Prior to this revival of learning, practically the entire of learning, practically the entire realm (with the exception of realm (with the exception of Benedictine England) is illiterate Benedictine England) is illiterate due to the decay of the Roman due to the decay of the Roman Empire.Empire.The director of the “renaissance’ is The director of the “renaissance’ is Anglo-Saxon Benedictine Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon Benedictine Alcuin, who sets up schools, sees to who sets up schools, sees to copying of classical Latin texts and copying of classical Latin texts and develops a new handwriting.develops a new handwriting.

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineKing Alfred the Great of England King Alfred the Great of England constructs a system of constructs a system of government and education which government and education which allows for the unification of allows for the unification of smaller Anglo-Saxon states in smaller Anglo-Saxon states in the ninth and tenth centuries.the ninth and tenth centuries.

Alfred is responsible for the Alfred is responsible for the codification of English law, codification of English law, public interest in local public interest in local government, and the government, and the reorganization of the army.reorganization of the army.He founds schools and He founds schools and promotes Anglo-Saxon promotes Anglo-Saxon literacy and the literacy and the establishment of a national establishment of a national culture.culture.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/sermon_04.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_sermon

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineOtto the Great is named emperor Otto the Great is named emperor in Rome after defeating the in Rome after defeating the Hungarians (Magyars). This Hungarians (Magyars). This provides Germany with the provides Germany with the power to resist invasion.power to resist invasion.

Medieval TimelineMedieval TimelineWilliam the Conqueror invades William the Conqueror invades England and asserts his right to England and asserts his right to the English throne at the the English throne at the Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings. William is both the . William is both the King of England and the Duke of King of England and the Duke of Normandy.Normandy.

The language of England The language of England evolves into Middle English evolves into Middle English with an English syntax and with an English syntax and grammar and a heavily grammar and a heavily French vocabulary.French vocabulary.French art and literature French art and literature prevail over previous English prevail over previous English art and literature.art and literature.William introduces feudal William introduces feudal system.system.

http://www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/we.are.all.cousins.htm

http://www.traceit.com/hastings.htm

Bubonic Bubonic PlaguePlague

Bubonic Plague was a Bubonic Plague was a disease carried by rats disease carried by rats and spread by fleas. and spread by fleas.

It killed a third of the It killed a third of the people in medieval people in medieval Europe. Europe.

It was nicknamed the It was nicknamed the Black Death because its Black Death because its victims developed black victims developed black sores on their skin.sores on their skin.

http://www.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/plague.html

https://secure.college.hmco.com/passkeyauth/college_loginandregister.html?targeturl=%2Fhistory%2Fwest%2Fmosaic%2Fchapter6%2Fimage75.html

End of the Middle End of the Middle AgesAges

http://www.ndaviess.k12.in.us/elemshare/Teachers/jweathers/process.htm

Extending LearningExtending Learning

Works CitedWorks CitedAmor MedievalAmor Medieval. Jam Music. 2001. 17 November 2005. <http://www.jammusic.com.br>.. Jam Music. 2001. 17 November 2005. <http://www.jammusic.com.br>.

Anderson, Thomas. Anderson, Thomas. Barbara Allen Revisited.Barbara Allen Revisited. 16 November 2005 16 November 2005 <http://www.angryyounggradstudent.com/>.<http://www.angryyounggradstudent.com/>.

End of Europe’s Middle Ages. Brittanica. 17 November 2005 End of Europe’s Middle Ages. Brittanica. 17 November 2005 <http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/>.<http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/>.

Feudalism. Tascali Reference. Online Encyclopedia. 2005. Helicon Publishing. 17 November 2005 Feudalism. Tascali Reference. Online Encyclopedia. 2005. Helicon Publishing. 17 November 2005 <http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006447.html>.<http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006447.html>.

High Middle Ages, TheHigh Middle Ages, The. AIMS Multimedia. 2004. Unitedstreaming. 17 November 2005 . AIMS Multimedia. 2004. Unitedstreaming. 17 November 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>.<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>.

Medieval Times Reality AdventureMedieval Times Reality Adventure. Encarta. 2004. Microsoft Corporation. 17 November 2005 . Encarta. 2004. Microsoft Corporation. 17 November 2005 <http://www.ndaviess.k12.in.us/elemshare/Teachers/jweathers/Medieval.htm>.<http://www.ndaviess.k12.in.us/elemshare/Teachers/jweathers/Medieval.htm>.

Medieval Times: Life in the Middle AgesMedieval Times: Life in the Middle Ages (1000-1450 A.D.). United Learning. 1992. unitedstreaming. (1000-1450 A.D.). United Learning. 1992. unitedstreaming. 17 November 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>.17 November 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>.

Medieval VillageMedieval Village. Music of Avalon. 2001. 17 November 2005 . Music of Avalon. 2001. 17 November 2005 <http://music.tnbavalon.com/avalon.htm>. <http://music.tnbavalon.com/avalon.htm>.

Wikipedia: The Free EncyclopediaWikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 1 November 2005. 16 November 2005 . 1 November 2005. 16 November 2005 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>.