Middle AgesMiddle AgesThe High Middle AgesThe High Middle Ages

• 1/30 Focus1/30 Focus:– The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain

control of the holy lands, had profound economic, political, and social impacts on Europe and the Muslim world

• Do NowDo Now:–What is the significance of the Magna

Carta?

•

Power of the PopesPower of the Popes

• Popes were powerful spiritual leaders but also developed political power during the Middle Ages – Popes claimed

authority over rulers• This often led to conflicts

between Popes and kings– The investiture

controversy

Power of the PopesPower of the Popes• Pope Gregory VII tried to

expand the political power of the pope– The pope can be judged by no one; – The Roman church has never erred and

never will err till the end of time; – The pope alone can depose and restore

bishops; – He alone can call general councils and

authorize canon law

– He can depose emperors; – He can absolve subjects from their

allegiance; – All princes should kiss his feet.

The CrusadesThe Crusades• A series of wars

fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East over control of the holy lands – 8 Crusades

between 1095-1271

•

The Holy LandsThe Holy Lands• The city of

Jerusalem and the areas near it were known as the holy lands– Birthplace of Jesus – Site where

Muslims believed Muhammad rose to heaven

– Jewish Homeland

The CrusadesThe Crusades• Seljuk Turks

invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1071– Byzantine

Emperor asked Pope Urban II for help

The Council of ClermontThe Council of Clermont• Pope Urban asks

Christians to launch a crusade or holy war to liberate the holy lands from Muslims– Attracted large

numbers of people willing to fight

Reasons for the Reasons for the CrusadesCrusades

• Pope Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe

• Get European rulers to stop fighting each other

• Reunite Eastern and Western Churches

ClosureClosure

• Identify one reason that Pope Urban called for a Crusade against Muslims.

• Identify two reasons that people answered the pope’s call for a crusade to free the holy lands

• 1/31 Focus:1/31 Focus:– For nearly 200 years, Christians and

Muslims fought for control of the Holy Lands

• Do Now:Do Now:–What does the Holy Lands refer to? – Identify why the Holy lands were so

important to Christians?

Reasons for the Reasons for the CrusadesCrusades

• Pope promised Crusaders they would receive salvation and forgiveness for sins

• Promise of glory and riches

• Serfs hoped to escape feudal system

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

• Crusaders fell into two groups– Peasants • Attacked Jewish

communities in Germany on their way to Holy land• Were quickly

defeated by the Seljuk Turks

– Experienced Knights

•

The First CrusadesThe First Crusades• Difficulties faced by

Crusaders– Lacked organization

• Could not agree on a leader

– Lacked knowledge of climate, terrain, and geography

– No supply lines • Often ran out of food

and water– Heat stroke and

disease killed many crusaders

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

• Despite difficulties crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 – Massacred

Muslims, Jews, and Eastern orthodox Christians

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

• “Some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and horses. But these were small matters compared to what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place where religious services ware ordinarily chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.”

Account of the capture of Jerusalem from a Account of the capture of Jerusalem from a Crusader:Crusader:

The Crusader StatesThe Crusader States

• Crusaders established feudal kingdoms from territory captured in First Crusade– Edessa– Antioch – Tripoli – Jerusalem

•

The Second CrusadeThe Second Crusade

• Turks capture Crusader State of Edessa– Edessa was the

capital of the Crusader States

• Crusade to retake Crusader States lost to Turks fails

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade

• Muslim leader Saladin unites Muslim world (late 1100’s)– Captures Jerusalem

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade

• 3 European Kings launch Crusade to re-take Jerusalem– Frederick Barbarossa

• Drowns while trying to cross a river

– Phillip Augustus • Returns to France

before reaching Jerusalem

– Richard the Lionhearted

•

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade

• Richard the Lionhearted is unsuccessful in retaking Holy Lands from Saladin – Truce allows

Christians to visit holy lands

– Returns to England

The Fourth CrusadeThe Fourth Crusade

• 1198 Pope Innocent III calls for Crusade to capture Jerusalem

• Crusaders on their way to holy lands decide to attack/loot Constantinople in 1204

The Fourth CrusadeThe Fourth Crusade

• Effects– Fail to retake

the Holy Lands

– Byzantine never recovers

The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade

• 30,000 French children and 20,000 German children march to Jerusalem

• Thousands die or are captured or sold into slavery

• Never reached the Holy Lands

ClosureClosure

• Identify two reason why Christians responded to the popes call for a crusade to take control of the Holy lands?